Fan of jet engine
阅读说明:本技术 喷气发动机的风机 (Fan of jet engine ) 是由 劳伦特·雅布隆斯基 菲利普·杰拉德·埃德蒙·乔利 克里斯托弗·波德里根 达米恩·墨尔乐 哈维 于 2014-11-26 设计创作,主要内容包括:本发明提出一种风机,特别地用于小尺寸的涡轮机,诸如喷气发动机的风机,具有对应于风机叶片(10)前缘径向内端处的进气口气流(26)的内界限的直径除以风机叶片外端围绕通过的圆形的直径的比率的0.20和0.265之间数值的毂比率。(The invention proposes a fan, in particular for small-sized turbines, such as a fan of a jet engine, having a hub ratio corresponding to a value between 0.20 and 0.265 of the ratio of the diameter of the inner limit of the inlet airflow (26) at the radially inner end of the leading edge of the fan blade (10) divided by the diameter of the circle through which the outer end of the fan blade passes.)
1. A fan for a jet engine comprising fan blades (132), an annular casing, a hub rotating about an axis (130) of the turbine, and a fan disc (56) constructed in one piece with the fan blades (132), in an annular flow (144) delimited internally of the hub and externally of the annular casing (146), the fan blades (132) extending radially with respect to said axis, wherein said fan has an inlet diameter (a) of a value between 900mm and 1550mm, corresponding to the diameter of a circle containing the radially outer ends of the fan blades, and a hub ratio of a value between 0.20 and 0.265, corresponding to the ratio of the diameter of the inner limit of the flow at the radially inner ends of the leading edges of the fan blades divided by the inlet diameter.
2. The fan of claim 1, wherein: the inlet diameter is between 900mm and 1200 mm.
3. The fan of claim 1, wherein: the fan disc includes an annular row of axial splines (214) of the fan disc (56) that interact with an annular row of axial splines (216) of the drive shaft (208) centered on the axis (130) to ensure torque transfer between the fan disc and the drive shaft.
4. The fan of claim 3, wherein: splines (214) of a fan disc (56) are formed on an inner surface of a cylindrical wall (212) of the fan disc, wherein the cylindrical wall (212) surrounds a drive shaft (208).
5. The fan of claim 4, wherein: a cylindrical wall (212) is formed at the downstream end of the fan disk (56) and connects the remainder of the fan disk by a frusto-conical wall (210) that opens outwardly in the upstream direction.
6. The fan according to claim 3 or 4, wherein: at least one annular shoulder (218, 220) is formed on the surface of the drive shaft (208) and axially abuts downstream against a stop (212, 222) of the disc (56).
7. The fan of claim 6, wherein: the stop (212, 222) is formed by a downstream end of the cylindrical wall (212) and/or a radial annular edge (222) extending within the frustoconical wall (210).
8. The fan of claim 6, wherein: a nut (224) is disposed on the threads of the outer surface of the upstream end of the drive shaft (208) and forms an axial abutment on at least one of the fan disks (56) stop from the upstream direction to maintain the stop axially clamped between the nut and a shoulder (220) of the drive shaft (208).
9. The fan of claim 8, wherein: the nut (224) has a diameter of between 105mm and 135mm, and preferably between 115mm and 125 mm.
10. The fan of claim 1, wherein: a frusto-conical inner bore opening downstream forms a balancing profile for a fan disc (56), with the upstream end of the bore forming an inner limit for the fan disc.
11. The fan of claim 1, wherein: the fan disk has between 17 and 21 fan blades, preferably between 18 and 20 fan blades.
12. The fan of claim 1, wherein: the fan disks are made of titanium alloy, and more specifically of TA6V or TU7(TA5CD4) alloy.
13. A jet engine characterized by: comprising a fan according to any of the preceding claims 1-12; and a low pressure compressor disposed downstream of the fan disk and directly abutting against the downstream end of the fan disk.
Technical Field
The present invention relates to obtaining specific dimensions of a fan, in particular of a turbine, such as a fan of a jet engine.
Background
The present invention constitutes a real technical challenge and is particularly significant when it concerns turbines whose external dimensions have been designed to suit the field of commercial aviation. Typically, these turbines, being relatively small in size, have an air inlet diameter of between 900mm and 1550mm, defined by the upstream diameter of the turbine flow, so as to have dimensions closely related to the overall mass and suitable for installation on commercial jet engine type aircraft.
Since on any type of turbine the development regarding small size turbines of this type is mainly related to improved performance, reduced consumption and reduced weight. In this respect there are many development routes which may for example involve the selection of materials, the study of the shape of the blade, the optimization of the mechanical connection between the components, the prevention of leakage, etc.
One of the development routes generally sought involves reducing the hub ratio of the turbine fan. The hub ratio is the ratio between the outer diameter of the hub at the leading edge of the fan blades and the diameter of the circle around which the radial ends of the fan blades pass. A reduction in the hub ratio generally refers to a reduction in the radial dimension of the hub and therefore a reduction in weight, but also involves an increase in the air intake section of the turbine, resulting in an increase in the airflow propelling the turbine and therefore enhanced performance. However, considering the current technical secrets in the design and manufacture of small size turbines, such as those having the above defined inlet diameter, this type of turbine is considered to not allow reducing the outer diameter of the hub, in particular at the leading edge of the fan blades, to below the currently used diameter, which is typically between 570 and 585 mm. In fact, the current dimensions of the mechanical elements forming the hub are not considered reducible, mainly for obvious reasons of radial mechanical strength of the blades, torsional resistance, manufacturing tolerances and methods and accessibility of the tools.
Disclosure of Invention
In contradiction to these technical prejudices, the present invention proposes the selection of a specific size of the turbine fan, which offers a significant performance and weight improvement.
To this end, the invention proposes a fan, in particular for a turbine, such as a fan of a jet engine, wherein the fan comprises a fan blade at an air inlet, an annular housing, a hub rotating about an axis of the turbine and carrying the blade, in an annular flow delimited internally of the hub and externally of the annular housing, which extends radially with respect to said axis, wherein said fan has an air inlet diameter of a value between 900mm and 1550mm, corresponding to the diameter of a circle containing the radially outer end of the blade, and a hub ratio of a value between 0.20 and 0.265, corresponding to the ratio of the diameter of the inner limit of the flow at the radially inner end of the fan blade leading edge divided by the air inlet diameter.
According to a first embodiment, the hub comprises a fan disc constructed in a single piece with the blades.
According to a second embodiment, the hub comprises a fan disc comprising, on its outer circumference, substantially axial ribs alternating with grooves in which the roots of the blades engage.
More specifically, an air inlet diameter of between 900mm and 1200mm is recommended to obtain even more advantageous results in terms of weight. As will be explained later, this particular choice of outer diameter is still subject to technical prejudice.
Moreover, a specific mechanical arrangement of the fan rotor is proposed, which is particularly adapted to the dimensioning.
Typically, a turbomachine fan rotor comprises a disc constructed in a single piece with the blades or bearing against the blades of its outer circumference, the roots of the blades engaging in substantially axial grooves of the outer circumference of the disc.
With the blades engaged on the disc, the blades are radially retained on the disc by positive interlocking of their roots with the disc grooves, wherein the roots of the blades are of the dovetail type, for example. The inter-blade platform is mounted on the disc between the fan blades. The disks are typically equipped with a radially inwardly extending balancing system (known as "leeks").
In the current art, the blades are axially retained on the disc upstream and downstream of the blades by means mounted on the disc, which prevent the blade roots from moving axially in the grooves of the disc.
The retaining means downstream of the blades comprise, for example, at least one blade root hook which engages in a notch machined on the upstream end portion of the low-pressure compressor arranged downstream of the fan. To allow these hooks to be mounted in the slots of the low pressure compressor, it is necessary to expand the disk grooves radially with respect to the blade root. Thus, it is possible to move the blade axially in the bottom of the groove and to position the blade root hook radially aligned with respect to the slot. The blade may then be raised radially in the groove using a shim provided at the bottom of the groove that is thick enough to engage the blade root hook in the notch and hold the blade in the top position.
The upstream retaining means comprise, for example, an annular flange connected and fixed to the upstream end of the disc. The flange is coaxially mounted on the disc and includes a scalloped portion that interacts with a corresponding scalloped portion of the disc. The flange axially secures the ring to the disk and secures the flange against rotation relative to the disk. The outer circumference of the flange is axially supported on the blade root for their axial retention in the downstream direction, while its inner circumference is applied to and fixed to a corresponding annular flange of the disc. The outer circumference of the flange also includes a fastening pin for the upstream end of the platform between the blades.
Upstream of the blades, a substantially frustoconical housing mounted on the disk internally defines an annular inlet flow into the turbine. The casing comprises, near its downstream end, a radially inner annular flange applied axially to the above-mentioned flange and fixed by bolts to the flange of the disc together with the flange.
The frustoconical fairing is also mounted on the casing by means of further bolts which engage in holes in the flanges of the fairing and casing, the holes being radially internal, the bolts serving to fix the casing to the disc.
Whether it is a disc constructed as a single piece with the blades or a disc comprising a groove in which the blades are engaged, the disc is fixed to the downstream drive shaft via a radial annular flange of the disc fixed to the radial annular flange of the shaft, by means of a series of nuts circumferentially aligned and axially screwed through the flange.
In order to carry out the assembly and disassembly of the fan rotor, it is necessary to be able to obtain axial access to these nuts using tools. For this purpose, the operator must have sufficient space available around the central axis. The above-mentioned prior art structure does not allow to reach the above-mentioned nut if the fan diameter is small, and in particular if the hub ratio of the fan is the hub ratio mentioned in this patent application. In fact, in this case, the balancing system of the disc ("leek") is formed on the axial alignment of the nut and considerably reduces the space available around the central axis upstream of the drive shaft for reaching the nut.
Moreover, the loads transmitted by the shaft to the disks are carried entirely by the bolted aforementioned flanges, which are particularly sensitive elements to deformations and break in the torque transmission chain from the shaft to the fan disks. In the above case, since the radial and circumferential dimensions of these flanges are very small, there is a great risk of deformation and breakage of the flanges during operation.
The prior art does not allow the formation of a fan of the dimensions and hub ratio defined by the present invention, according to the technical prejudice mentioned, both in relation to a disc constructed in a single piece with the blades and a disc comprising grooves in which the blades engage.
Document EP 1357254 also discloses a fan rotor whose structure has a large radial and axial appearance casing.
Providing a simple, effective and economical solution to this problem is the object sought herein, and is itself an object, possibly independent of the above-mentioned and claimed limitations of air inlet diameter and hub ratio.
To this end, it is proposed and proposed that the torque transmission between the fan disc and the downstream conductive shaft, centred on the same axis, is obtained via an annular row of axial splines of the disc interacting with an annular row of axial splines of the shaft.
Preferably, the splines of the disc are formed on the inner surface of a cylindrical wall of the disc, wherein the cylindrical wall surrounds the drive shaft.
According to another feature, the cylindrical surface is formed at the downstream end of the disc and connects the remaining parts of the disc via a frustoconical wall opening out in the upstream direction.
Advantageously, at least one annular shoulder is formed on the surface of the drive shaft and abuts axially downstream against the stop of the disc.
The stop may be formed by the downstream end of the cylindrical wall and/or by a radial annular edge extending within the frustoconical wall.
Preferably, the nut is mounted on a thread on the outer surface of the upstream end of the shaft and forms an axial abutment on at least one stop of the disc from the upstream direction, to keep the stop axially clamped between said nut and the shoulder of the shaft.
The nut typically has a diameter of between 105mm and 135mm, and preferably between 115mm and 125 mm.
The above-defined structure provides a more durable method of torque transmission than a structure including bolted radial flanges. Indeed, when the flange connection involves the presence of a relatively weak radial wall during bending and the presence of bolts inserted into a limited number of holes concentrating the load along the circumference of the flange, the splined connection allows distributing the torque over the entire circumference of the splined cylindrical wall, enabling better resistance to high shear loads.
The construction defined above solves the problem of transmitting the mechanical strength between the shaft and the disc in the case of a fan of the dimensions and hub ratio defined in the present invention, both in relation to a disc constructed in a single piece with the blades and in relation to a disc comprising grooves in which the blades engage.
The above-mentioned fan rotors have further been developed in the technical context of the following, the proposed design of which directly relates to the choice of hub ratio in the case of implementing small-sized turbines. The environment proposed by the inventors allows in particular the creation of a specific arrangement of the fan rotor, which provides a solution for mounting the disks on the drive shaft to obtain the splined connection described in the present patent application.
The particular choice of hub ratio referred to in the present patent application actually involves an overall reduction in the size of the turbine fan disk relative to the prior art. The disc has an outer diameter, in which case its value is generally comprised between 245 and 275 mm. If the blades are engaged on a disc, it is necessary that the disc should meet the constraints regarding the retention of the fan blades in operation, the number and dimensions of which remain relatively the same with respect to the prior art. For this purpose, the number of blades is preferably between 17 and 21 blades, more particularly between 18 and 20 blades. And according to the knowledge of the current art, the height and width of the groove of the disc must not undergo any reduction in size, to allow, on the one hand, the engagement of the downstream hooks to axially retain the blade, as mentioned in the present application, and, on the other hand, to adapt to the size of the blade root, which has not been reduced yet, to carry the rotating blade.
While requiring the preservation of the dimensions of the grooves of the disc and the reduction of the overall diameter of the disc, in this case necessarily involves a reduction in the width, i.e. the circumferential dimensions of the ribs of the disc. The ribs of the fan disc, in this case thinner than the prior art, present a higher hub ratio and therefore show a greater weakness and a higher risk of breakage with respect to the torque maintained during operation than the prior art ribs.
To solve this problem, it is proposed to construct a inconel fan disk that is very strong. However, this alloy is very heavy, which impairs the overall performance of the turbomachine and therefore does not represent a satisfactory solution.
In the context of the above-described fan rotor, it is surprising to note that with such an assembly that the inventors have developed, the axial fixing of the blades, carried out by the specific arrangement of the disc, the retaining flange upstream of the disc, the ring and the fan cowling, is sufficiently effective and durable to distribute the axial fixing carried out by the downstream hooks of the root of the fan engaged in the low-pressure compressor, the dimensions of which have been detailed above with respect to the turbine.
This particular arrangement of the axial fixing of the blades comprises an annular fairing mounted on the disk upstream of the blades and an axial retention device of the blades on the disk, comprising a flange mounted in an annular recess of the disk and an axial abutment forming the root of the blades, wherein the flange comprises a scalloped radial annular edge interacting with a scalloped radial annular edge of the annular recess of the disk to ensure the annular fixing of the flange in the annular recess of the disk and of the device preventing the rotation of the flange, comprising a housing fitted with radially inwardly extending ears and a ring formed with the device when fixed on the upstream radial face of the disk, wherein the housing is fixed to the disk by being jointly fixed to a device which is a device fixing at least some of the ears of the ring to the disk, wherein the ring further comprises at least one radial projection interacting with a further stop of the flange, to prevent rotation of the flange relative to the ring.
The inventors have therefore advantageously eliminated the downstream hooks for the axial fixing of the blades and thus made it possible to reduce the radial height of the grooves of the fan disk, a portion of which was previously reserved for mounting the downstream hooks, at a height typically comprised between 18 and 22 mm.
The reduction in the radial dimension of the grooves directly relates to the radial reduction of the ribs, which allows the formation of the inner surface of the disc, by a balancing profile deriving from a frustoconical drilling coaxial with the axis of the fan, and the increase in the drilling radius from upstream to downstream. The balancing profile, apart from being sufficient to balance the fan disc, has a minimum diameter whose upstream value is generally comprised between 120 and 140mm, which is greater than the minimum diameter of the balancing profile with the "leek" for the higher grooves, for an equivalent outer diameter of the disc.
As described in this patent application, by utilizing the arrangement of the spline connection, the new disk balancing profile provides a larger annular space in the middle of the fan disk for axial passage through the tool that is required for mounting and clamping the fan disk on the drive shaft of the turbine.
Moreover, the reduction in radial dimension of the fan disk grooves gives the fan disk grooves a more compact proportion that better withstands shear torque during operation. With the solution shown here, the structure of the ribs of the fan disc thus creates a structure that is sufficiently strong to be formed of a titanium alloy that is lighter than inconel.
In the case of a fan rotor comprising blades engaged on a disk, it is therefore proposed that said fan rotor is free from axial retention means of the fan blades on the fan disk downstream of the blades. The fan rotor comprises only an upstream flange as described in the present patent application as axial retention means for the blades. This particular feature is particularly relevant in the context of wind turbines related to the present invention and small size turbines having the above dimensions and hub ratio. It is therefore proposed here that for such fans, the fan disks may be constructed from titanium alloys, more particularly from TA6V or TA17(TA5CD4) alloys.
Moreover, if the disk and vanes are implemented in a single piece, another further aspect of the present subject matter relates to shims that are typically used at the bottom of the grooves to hold the vanes upright against the ribs. These shims must in this case have the function of limiting the displacement of the blade root in the groove during operation, of protecting the bottom of the groove and of damping the blade in the event of breakage of the latter or during the intake of large objects by the turbine. In order to satisfy these constraints in the best possible way, in particular in the new circumstances mentioned above, and in particular in the circumstances of reducing the radial dimensions of the grooves mentioned in the present patent application, the present patent application proposes a gasket that is radially thinner than the previous solutions and has a radial thickness generally comprised between 1 and 3mm, more particularly equal to 2mm, it being stated that such a gasket can be provided even independently of the constraints of the above-mentioned claimed intake diameter and hub ratio. Each spacer is more particularly in the form of a two-sided sheet, lying along the axis of the fan and able to rest against the bottom of one of the grooves. Preferably, the spacer is axially, radially and circumferentially three-way symmetrical, which avoids any mounting errors. Each side face of the gasket advantageously has a lateral or circumferential edge, which are chamfered, wherein each chamfer forms an angle of 10 ° plus or minus 2 ° with one side face. According to another particular, each of the radially opposite side chamfers is connected at a lateral end of the gasket, forming two lateral edges of the gasket. The connection angle between the side faces of the gasket and the chamfer may be tapered to exhibit a radius of curvature of between 1.50mm and 1.80mm, and more particularly between 1.60mm and 1.70mm, and preferably equal to a radius of curvature of 1.65 mm. The connection angle between the chamfers forming the lateral edges of the gasket may be tapered to exhibit a radius of curvature of between 0.45mm and 0.75mm, and more particularly between 0.52mm and 0.68mm, and preferably equal to a radius of curvature of 0.6 mm. According to a particular embodiment, each shim has a lateral dimension of between 17.0mm and 18.2mm and more particularly a lateral dimension of 17.6 mm.
Drawings
Various aspects of the solution presented herein will be better understood and other details, features and advantages thereof will become more clearly apparent upon reading the following description, which is made by way of non-limiting example with reference to the accompanying drawings,
wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a turbine with a portion removed, according to the prior art.
FIG. 2 is a view of a partial, cross-sectional axial schematic half of a turbomachine, according to the prior art.
Fig. 3 is a view of a true-scale part, cross-sectional axial schematic half of a turbomachine fan according to the invention, in this case with blades engaged in grooves of a disc.
Fig. 4 is a view of a true-scale part, axially schematic half of a section of a turbomachine fan according to the invention, in this case the blades being formed in one piece with the disc.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a renewed fan rotor with the fairing removed for the condition of FIG. 3.
Fig. 6 is a front view of the same assembly as shown in fig. 5.
Fig. 7, 8 and 9 are respective views of sections a-A, B-B and C-C of fig. 6.
Fig. 10 is a perspective view of a spacer for use in the blower according to the invention for the situation in fig. 3.
Fig. 11 is a cross-sectional view of the same gasket. First, reference is made to fig. 1 and 2, which thus illustrate a turbomachine fan according to the prior art of the invention.
Detailed Description
The fan comprises blades 10 carried by a disc 12, an outer annular casing 8 surrounding the disc 12, inter-blade platforms (not shown) being interposed between the blades, wherein the disc 12 is fixed to the upstream end of a turbine shaft 13.
Each fan blade 10 comprises a blade body 16 connected at its radially inner end to a root 18, the root 18 being engaged in a substantially axial groove 20 shaped to match the disc 12, the groove 20 being formed between two ribs 22 of the disc 12 and allowing to radially retain the blade 10 on the disc 12. Shims 24 are interposed between the root 18 of each blade 10 and the bottom of the respective groove 20 of the disk 12 to fix the blades 10 radially on the disk 12. A Leeks type 14 extending inwardly toward the fan is formed on the inner surface of the disc 12 to balance the disc 12.
Disc 12 includes a frustoconical wall 200, wall 200 being closed in the downstream direction and extending from a portion of disc 12 located radially between groove 20 and leek 14. The downstream end of the frustoconical wall 200 comprises a radial annular flange 202 featuring an axial aperture formed upstream of the drive shaft 13 for interacting with an axial aperture of a radial annular flange 204 for passing a bolt 206.
The inter-blade platforms form walls between the grooves 20 which internally delimit the air flow 26 entering the turbine and comprise means which interact with matching means provided on the disc 12 to secure the platforms to the disc.
The fan blade 10 is axially retained in the groove 20 of the blade 12 by suitable means mounted on the disc 12 upstream and downstream of the blade 10.
The upstream retaining means comprise an annular flange 28 coaxially connected and fixed to the upstream end of the disc 12.
The flange 28 comprises an inner annular edge 30, which edge 30 is scalloped or toothed and interacts with an outer annular edge 32 of the toothing or scalloping of the disc 12 to axially secure the flange 28 on the disc 12. The flange 28 is supported by an outer edge 34 on the shim 24 of the blade root 18.
The flange 28 also comprises an inner annular flange 36 interposed between a respective annular flange 38 of the disc 12 and an inner annular flange 40 of a casing 42 provided upstream of the fan disc 12. The flanges 36, 38, 40 include axial apertures (not visible) through which screws 44 or the like pass to clamp the flanges to one another.
The casing 42 has a substantially frustoconical shape opening out in the downstream direction, wherein the inter-vane platform extends in an axial extension of the casing 42. The housing includes radial bores 46 for mounting balance screws and a flange 48 at its upstream end. A conical fairing 50 is mounted to an upstream portion of the outer casing 42. More specifically, the downstream end of the cowl 50 includes a flange 52 that is secured to the upstream flange 48 of the casing 42 by screws 54.
Downstream of the blade 10, a hook 120 formed at the downstream end of the blade 10 allows axial retention and engagement in a notch 122 formed at the upstream end of a compressor 124 that extends the fan downstream airflow 26.
This structure has the above-mentioned disadvantages. In particular, it is not suitable for a relatively small-sized blower.
Fig. 3 and 4 illustrate an embodiment of a fan according to the solution developed in this patent application and comprise, with reference to fig. 3, a
The
More specifically, the
The
The
This mounting between the
In the particular case of fig. 3, each
With reference to fig. 5-9, and the
Spacers 142 are interposed between the root 138 of each
The
The
The hub ratio of the illustrated fan corresponds to the distance B between the
Finally, the
Thus, the
Moreover, considering the new disc weight distribution due to the groove height changes, the inner wall of the
In the particular case of fig. 4, the
Reference is now made to fig. 5 to 9, which more particularly illustrate the axial retention means of the blade in the situation described with reference to fig. 3. The disk includes an
The fan rotor is equipped with axial retention of the blades on the disk in the upstream direction. These means comprise a
The
The
The
Thus, the
A
As can be seen in fig. 9, all but one of the
The inner edge 98 of the fairing 96 also includes a cylindrical neck flange 108 extending in the downstream direction, the end of which bears against the inner end of the
The fairing 96 also includes radial threads 110 for mounting balance screws, as is known in the art. To ensure proper positioning of these screws, it is necessary to correct the positioning of the fairing 96 relative to the fan rotor. To this end, as illustrated in FIG. 8, a rotation pin 112 is mounted in the
Referring now to fig. 10 and 11, a shim 142 is shown wherein the shim 142 has been adapted to reduce the depth of the
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