阅读说明：本技术 一种李树早产丰产调控栽培管理技术 (Plum tree premature high-yield regulation and control cultivation management technology ) 是由 陈劲松 于 2019-11-07 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种李树早产丰产调控栽培管理技术,本发明中通过在李树的园地选择中以山地建园为优,主要是山地建园因海拔高而直射光及紫外线增加,使果实色泽鲜艳,营养物质含量高、品质佳、耐贮运、易丰产,而且在进行栽苗时要将根系舒展开,苗木扶正,嫁接口朝迎风方向,边填土边向上提苗、踏实,使根系与土壤充分密接,栽植深度以嫁接口与地面相平,栽植后即浇水封埯,从而有利于提高着果率和增加产量,同时利用李的发枝特性,夏季还可对长新梢进行摘心或剪梢,促讲分枝,加快枝组的培养,或缩短整形年限,从而解决了现有的李树早产丰产调控栽培管理技术方法可能由于栽培技术导致李树的产量不稳定的问题。(The invention discloses a plum tree premature high-yield regulation cultivation management technology, which is characterized in that the garden of plum trees is selected to be superior to mountainous garden building, mainly the direct light and ultraviolet rays of the mountainous garden building are increased due to high altitude, so that the fruits are bright in color, high in nutrient content, good in quality, resistant to storage and transportation and easy to realize high yield, when planting seedlings, the root system is spread, the seedlings are righted, the grafting opening faces to the windward direction, the seedlings are lifted upwards while filling soil, the seedlings are compacted, the root system and the soil are fully sealed, the planting depth is equal to the ground by the grafting opening, watering is carried out after planting, dibbling is sealed, thereby being beneficial to improving the fruit bearing rate and increasing the yield, simultaneously utilizing the branch characteristics of the plums, picking off or clipping long young shoots in summer to promote branching and accelerate the cultivation of branch groups, or the shaping period is shortened, so that the problem that the yield of the plum trees is unstable possibly caused by the cultivation technology in the conventional plum tree premature high-yield regulation and control cultivation management technical method is solved.)

1. A plum tree premature high-yield regulation cultivation management technology is characterized in that: the operation steps of the plum tree premature high-yield regulation cultivation management technology are as follows:

the method comprises the following steps: selecting a garden, namely selecting mountain lands, barren beaches and flat lands to build the garden, and preferably building the garden on the mountain lands; the direct light and ultraviolet rays are increased due to high altitude in mountain land building gardens, so that the fruits are bright in color, high in nutrient content, good in quality, resistant to storage and transportation and easy to produce in high yield;

step two: selecting varieties, namely selecting crisp plums in the Chinese plum variety and hybrid plums with market prospects generally;

step three: the planting density and the planting mode are that the variety with small soil barren mountains, barren beaches and tree crowns can be planted slightly densely, otherwise, the density is dilute, the density is generally 3 x 4 meters or 2 x 4 meters, and in order to improve the fruit setting rate, one to three pollinated varieties are matched outside the main planting variety or one to two branches are taken from the middle of each tree to graft the pollinated variety branches for cross pollination;

step four: the method includes the steps of firstly, aligning lines, then digging holes, adding farmyard manure, vertically placing plum seedlings in the centers of the holes, unfolding root systems, enabling the root systems to be evenly distributed in soil in the holes, enabling root tips to face downwards, then slightly lifting tree trunks while filling soil, enabling the root systems to be closely connected with the soil without gaps, enabling root necks of the seedlings to be slightly higher than the ground by about 5 cm, treading tightly in layers during soil refilling, finally filling core soil on the surfaces of the holes, building soil around the planting holes to form rings with the diameter of 1 m for planting, conveniently irrigating more water, and immediately filling enough root fixing water after the seedlings are planted.

2. The plum tree premature labor high yield regulation cultivation management technology as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the soil, fertilizer, water and flower and fruit management operation steps of the plum tree premature high-yield regulation and control cultivation management technology are as follows:

the method comprises the following steps: soil is changed, hole expanding is carried out in autumn and winter every year by combining intertillage weeding, and deep green pressing is carried out all the year round;

step two: applying fertilizer, namely applying quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer once a month after sprouting and applying a proper amount of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer simultaneously, and controlling fertilizer water in 7-8 months to promote flower bud differentiation by applying fertilizer to young trees on the principle of thin application service; applying base fertilizer for 9-10 months, wherein 2000 kg of organic fertilizer and 50 kg of calcium superphosphate are applied per mu; fertilizing mature trees: fertilizing for 2-3 times all year round, and fertilizing before flowering: applying 1500 kg of human and animal manure and 10 kg of potassium sulfate per mu half a month before blooming, and applying fruit strengthening fertilizer: in the middle and late ten days of 5 months, early-maturing varieties are advanced, middle and late-maturing varieties are pushed, 2000 kg of human and animal manure, 25 kg of urea, 20 kg of potassium sulfate and base fertilizer are applied to each mu: organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are applied in 9-10 months, and the tree vigor can be recovered by applying once after the tree vigor is weakened after fruit picking;

step three: watering and controlling water, watering properly under drought, covering grass on an orchard, draining water in time in rainy season, paying attention to control water, and keeping the field water capacity;

step four: spraying 15% paclobutrazol 300 times, controlling the spindling of the young shoots and forming a large amount of flower buds;

step five: carrying out artificial pollination and orchard bee-keeping technology;

step six: the flower thinning and the fruit thinning are insisted to ensure the fruit quality.

3. The plum tree premature labor high yield regulation cultivation management technology as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the trimming operation steps of the plum tree premature labor high yield regulation cultivation management technology are as follows:

the method comprises the following steps: shaping, generally popularizing two tree types, namely a natural open heart shape and a Y shape and a natural open heart shape, wherein the natural open heart shape is fixed at a position of 40-50 cm for trunk, selecting and reserving 3-4 new shoots growing strongly from the new shoots growing under a cut, the new shoots are suitable in direction, the new shoots with larger included angles are used as main branches, and the rest of the shoots are thinned or cut off vigorously; in the whole growing season, 2 to 3 times of pruning is preferably carried out, each branch is controlled to grow uniformly, two new shoots extending vertically to the row space can be selected to be cultured as main branches by the method, and the rest branches are removed or pinched;

step two: pruning, cutting short, cutting off a part of 1-year-old branches of the plum tree, wherein nutrition can meet the requirement of supplying the cut branches, thinning and pruning are carried out, the branches on the crown of the plum tree are too dense, light and wind penetration is influenced, flower bud differentiation is not facilitated, some branches are moderately cut off from the base, shrinking and pruning are carried out on the perennial branches with weak growth vigor on the plum tree, the pruning is carried out in summer and winter every year, summer pruning is generally carried out for 3-5 times, buds with different directions or weak buds in double buds are wiped off when spring sprouting is carried out for the first time, flowers are thinned and thinned after blossom for the second time, competitive branches are controlled, and the branches which grow vigorously are cut off after hard cores for the third time, secondary shoots are promoted to grow, fruiting area is increased, and winter pruning is carried out on the basis of summer pruning for some supplement.

4. The plum tree premature labor high yield regulation cultivation management technology as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the method for preventing and controlling diseases and pests of the plum tree premature birth high yield regulation and control cultivation management technology comprises the following steps:

(1) and dichocrocis punctiferalis: the control time is from 6 months to the beginning of 7 months, and 1000 times of pesticide of 25 percent chlorbenzuron No. 3 suspending agent or 3000 times of pesticide of 2.5 percent cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate and 20 percent pyrethrin emulsifiable concentrate are used;

(2) and fruit piercing moth: spraying 5.7% Baishude or 2000 times solution on the trees from the last ten days of 6 months for 4-5 times every 10-15 days;

(3) and myzus persicae: starting from the control time of 5-month late ten days, spraying by 4000-6000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder, 6000-8000 times of 1.8% abamectin emulsifiable solution or 2000 times of 50% pirimicarb wettable powder;

(4) and gummosis: scraping the affected part before germination in spring and applying Baume 5 degree lime sulphur and wound protecting agent;

(5) and oriental fruit moth:

first, physical prevention and cure

The phototaxis, chemotaxis and chemotaxis of the imagoes are utilized, black light lamps and yellow spots or sugar-vinegar liquid is used for trapping and killing the imagoes, and the prediction work is well done;

biological control

The method comprises the following steps: suspending sex attractant or sex pheromone in the orchard in the middle ten days of 3 months, and changing once every month until the end of 8 months;

step two: protecting natural enemies from trichogramma in the orchard;

chemical prevention and cure

Spraying Baume lime sulfur mixture before germination, spraying trunk, killing overwintering larva, spraying chlorbenzuron and pyrethroid insecticide before the larva hatches the tip of spider in 4-6 months, and taking the insecticide once every 10-15 days in an orchard with serious damage;

(6) bacterial perforation disease

The method comprises the following steps: agricultural control, water and fertilizer management enhancement, water drainage attention, biological organic bacterial manure application increase, reasonable pruning and improvement of ventilation and light transmission conditions of an orchard;

step two: cleaning the garden in winter, trimming in the late autumn and early winter, cutting diseased branches and dead branches, removing dead fruits, stumps and fallen leaves, burning out or burying in a centralized manner, and spraying medical liquids such as lime sulphur, Bordeaux mixture, Xinjunan and the like to the whole garden to reduce the overwintering germs;

step three: the medicament control, bacterial medicaments such as eubiotic and organic copper preparations can be selected for spraying medicament control in the early stage of disease attack;

(7) powdery mildew of fish

The method comprises the following steps: agricultural control, field management enhancement, reasonable close planting, watering control, removal of honey branches and diseased branches, prevention of partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, and ventilation and light transmission of crowns;

step two: the method comprises the following steps of (1) preventing and treating by using a medicament, trimming in the late autumn and the early winter, pruning diseased branches and dead branches, removing dead fruits, stumps and fallen leaves, burning or burying intensively, spraying medical liquids such as lime sulfur, Bordeaux mixture and Xinjunan to the whole garden, and reducing overwintering germs;

(8) fruit diseases of plum bag

The method is characterized in that winter garden cleaning is regarded, withered branches and fallen leaves are timely cleaned after winter pruning, whole plant spraying, agents such as lime sulphur, Bordeaux mixture, Xinjunan, Zhengsheng and Amimiao harvest are used for sterilization, and after the trunk is dried, the trunk can be coated with a Sonar liquid film to block germ infection, so that the disease incidence rate in the second year can be effectively reduced, reasonable pruning is realized, the ventilation and light transmission are improved, fertilizer and water management is enhanced, and organic fertilizers are additionally applied;

(9) brown rot of rice and wheat

The method comprises the following steps: agricultural control, namely clearing up the runt fruits on the trees by combining winter garden cleaning, reasonably pruning, enhancing ventilation and light transmission, timely draining water after rain to prevent moisture retention, reasonably and comprehensively applying fertilizers and additionally applying organic fertilizers;

step two: the pesticide is used for preventing and treating plum trees, wherein Bordeaux mixture is sprayed before plums sprout to eradicate overwintering bacteria source, and procymidone and pesticides such as hymexazol, berberine and fenbuconazole can be eaten after fruits are hardened and pitted to perform alternate prevention and treatment.

5. The plum tree premature labor high yield regulation cultivation management technology as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the method for delaying the leaf falling of the plum tree comprises the following steps:

the method comprises the following steps: spraying 21 Noxingx 1500 times or 5 Baoerpeng 1200 times or 70 Saisheng 800 times or 70 Yinuo Dasheng for alternate use immediately after picking fruits, and spraying 1:1:200 folds Bordeaux solution for 2 times for a plurality of years after 10 days;

step two: the management of soil, fertilizer and water is enhanced, the tree vigor is enhanced, and the resistance of the tree body to drought, waterlogging and freezing damage is improved; the plant diseases and insect pests of the branches and the trunks are prevented and controlled in time, the tree body is protected, and the wound is reduced; for gummosis, the colloid is scraped off, a knife is longitudinally scratched for dry rot, and then 5 to 10 times of enemy of fungus or 30 times of nongfengling is smeared.

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field related to fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a plum tree premature high yield regulation cultivation management technology.

Background

Plum is widely cultivated in China and is one of important stone fruit tree species. The fruit is mature earlier, and the variety is many, and the fruit is mainly sold for fresh, and has certain effect on enriching early fruit markets. The plum can be eaten fresh, and can be processed into preserved fruits, dried fruits, jam, candy cans and the like. Both fresh fruits and processed products have rich nutritional value and unique flavor, and in recent years, the processed products such as fresh plums, preserved fruits and the like are sold to the markets of hong Kong and Australia and have good comment.

The prior art of the plum tree premature high-yield regulation cultivation management technology has the following problems: the existing plum tree premature high-yield regulation cultivation management technical method is easy to damage by late frost due to the early flowering phase of the plum tree during cultivation, and meanwhile, the cultivation yield of some varieties is unstable in some areas.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a plum tree premature high-yield regulation and cultivation management technology to solve the problem that the yield of plum trees is unstable due to the cultivation technology in the conventional plum tree premature high-yield regulation and cultivation management technical method proposed in the background art.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:

the plum tree premature high-yield regulation and cultivation management technology comprises the following operation steps:

the method comprises the following steps: and (4) garden selection, namely mountain land, barren beach and flat land are selected for building a garden, and mountain land building is preferred. The direct light and ultraviolet rays are increased due to high altitude in mountain land building gardens, so that the fruits are bright in color, high in nutrient content, good in quality, resistant to storage and transportation and easy to produce in high yield;

step two: selecting varieties, namely selecting crisp plums in the Chinese plum variety and hybrid plums with market prospects generally;

step three: the planting density and the planting mode are that the variety with small soil barren mountains, barren beaches and tree crowns can be planted slightly densely, otherwise, the density is dilute, the density is generally 3 x 4 meters or 2 x 4 meters, and in order to improve the fruit setting rate, one to three pollinated varieties are matched outside the main planting variety or one to two branches are taken from the middle of each tree to graft the pollinated variety branches for cross pollination;

step four: the method includes the steps of firstly, aligning lines, then digging holes, adding farmyard manure, vertically placing plum seedlings in the centers of the holes, unfolding root systems, enabling the root systems to be evenly distributed in soil in the holes, enabling root tips to face downwards, then slightly lifting tree trunks while filling soil, enabling the root systems to be closely connected with the soil without gaps, enabling root necks of the seedlings to be slightly higher than the ground by about 5 cm, treading tightly in layers during soil refilling, finally filling core soil on the surfaces of the holes, building soil around the planting holes to form rings with the diameter of 1 m for planting, conveniently irrigating more water, and immediately filling enough root fixing water after the seedlings are planted.

Preferably, the soil, fertilizer, water and flower and fruit management operation steps of the plum tree premature high-yield regulation and control cultivation management technology are as follows:

the method comprises the following steps: soil is changed, hole expanding is carried out in autumn and winter every year by combining intertillage weeding, and deep green pressing is carried out all the year round;

step two: applying fertilizer, namely applying quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer once a month after sprouting and applying a proper amount of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer simultaneously, and controlling fertilizer water in 7-8 months to promote flower bud differentiation by applying fertilizer to young trees on the principle of thin application service; and applying the base fertilizer for 9-10 months, wherein 2000 kg of organic fertilizer and 50 kg of calcium superphosphate are applied per mu. Fertilizing mature trees: fertilizing for 2-3 times all year round, and fertilizing before flowering: applying 1500 kg of human and animal manure and 10 kg of potassium sulfate per mu half a month before blooming, and applying fruit strengthening fertilizer: in the middle and late ten days of 5 months, early-maturing varieties are advanced, middle and late-maturing varieties are pushed, 2000 kg of human and animal manure, 25 kg of urea, 20 kg of potassium sulfate and base fertilizer are applied to each mu: organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are applied in 9-10 months, and the tree vigor can be recovered by applying once after the tree vigor is weakened after fruit picking;

step three: watering and controlling water, watering properly under drought, covering grass on an orchard, draining water in time in rainy season, paying attention to control water, and keeping the field water capacity;

step four: spraying 15% paclobutrazol 300 times, controlling the spindling of the young shoots and forming a large amount of flower buds;

step five: carrying out artificial pollination and orchard bee-keeping technology;

step six: the flower thinning and the fruit thinning are insisted to ensure the fruit quality.

Preferably, the trimming operation steps of the plum tree premature labor high yield regulation cultivation management technology are as follows:

the method comprises the following steps: shaping, two types of trees are generally popularized, namely a natural open heart shape, a Y shape and a natural open heart shape, wherein the natural open heart shape is fixed at a position of 50-60 cm, 3-4 new shoots growing strongly and are selected from the new shoots growing under the cut, the direction is proper, the new shoots with larger included angles are used as main branches, and the rest branches are thinned or cut off vigorously. In the whole growing season, 2 to 3 times of pruning is preferably carried out, each branch is controlled to grow uniformly, two new shoots extending vertically to the row space can be selected to be cultured as main branches by the method, and the rest branches are removed or pinched;

step two: pruning, cutting short, cutting off a part of 1-year-old branches of the plum tree, wherein nutrition can meet the requirement of supplying the cut branches, thinning and pruning are carried out, the branches on the crown of the plum tree are too dense, light and wind penetration is influenced, flower bud differentiation is not facilitated, some branches are moderately cut off from the base, shrinking and pruning are carried out on the perennial branches with weak growth vigor on the plum tree, the pruning is carried out in summer and winter every year, summer pruning is generally carried out for 3-5 times, buds with different directions or weak buds in double buds are wiped off when spring sprouting is carried out for the first time, flowers are thinned and thinned after blossom for the second time, competitive branches are controlled, and the branches which grow vigorously are cut off after hard cores for the third time, secondary shoots are promoted to grow, fruiting area is increased, and winter pruning is carried out on the basis of summer pruning for some supplement.

Preferably, the method for controlling diseases and pests by the plum tree premature labor high yield regulation cultivation management technology comprises the following steps:

(1) and dichocrocis punctiferalis: the control time is from 6 months to the beginning of 7 months, and 1000 times of pesticide of 25 percent chlorbenzuron No. 3 suspending agent or 3000 times of pesticide of 2.5 percent cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate and 20 percent pyrethrin emulsifiable concentrate are used;

(2) and fruit piercing moth: spraying 5.7% Baishude or 2000 times solution on the trees from the last ten days of 6 months for 4-5 times every 10-15 days;

(3) and myzus persicae: starting from the control time of 5-month late ten days, spraying by 4000-6000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder, 6000-8000 times of 1.8% abamectin emulsifiable solution or 2000 times of 50% pirimicarb wettable powder;

(4) and gummosis: scraping the affected part before germination in spring and applying Baume 5 degree lime sulphur and wound protecting agent;

(5) and oriental fruit moth:

first, physical prevention and cure

The phototaxis, chemotaxis and chemotaxis of the imagoes are utilized, black light lamps and yellow spots or sugar-vinegar liquid is used for trapping and killing the imagoes, and the prediction work is well done;

biological control

The method comprises the following steps: suspending sex attractant or sex pheromone in the orchard in the middle ten days of 3 months, and changing once every month until the end of 8 months;

step two: protecting natural enemies from trichogramma in the orchard;

chemical prevention and cure

Spraying Baume lime sulfur mixture before germination, spraying trunk, killing overwintering larva, spraying chlorbenzuron and pyrethroid insecticide before the larva hatches the tip of spider in 4-6 months, and taking the insecticide once every 10-15 days in an orchard with serious damage;

(6) bacterial perforation disease

The method comprises the following steps: agricultural control, water and fertilizer management enhancement, water drainage attention, biological organic bacterial manure application increase, reasonable pruning and improvement of ventilation and light transmission conditions of an orchard;

step two: cleaning the garden in winter, trimming in the late autumn and early winter, cutting diseased branches and dead branches, removing dead fruits, stumps and fallen leaves, burning out or burying in a centralized manner, and spraying medical liquids such as lime sulphur, Bordeaux mixture, Xinjunan and the like to the whole garden to reduce the overwintering germs;

step three: the medicament control, bacterial medicaments such as eubiotic and organic copper preparations can be selected for spraying medicament control in the early stage of disease attack;

(7) powdery mildew of fish

The method comprises the following steps: agricultural control, field management enhancement, reasonable close planting, watering control, removal of honey branches and diseased branches, prevention of partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, and ventilation and light transmission of crowns;

step two: the method comprises the following steps of (1) preventing and treating by using a medicament, trimming in the late autumn and the early winter, pruning diseased branches and dead branches, removing dead fruits, stumps and fallen leaves, burning or burying intensively, spraying medical liquids such as lime sulfur, Bordeaux mixture and Xinjunan to the whole garden, and reducing overwintering germs;

(8) fruit diseases of plum bag

Paying attention to winter garden cleaning, timely cleaning dead branches and fallen leaves after winter pruning, spraying the whole plant, cleaning the garden with medicaments such as lime sulphur, Bordeaux mixture, Xinjunan and the like for sterilization, after the trunk is dried, coating the trunk with a pine liquid film, blocking germ infection, effectively reducing the disease incidence rate in the second year, reasonably pruning, improving ventilation and light transmittance, strengthening fertilizer and water management and additionally applying organic fertilizers;

(9) brown rot of rice and wheat

The method comprises the following steps: agricultural control, namely clearing up the runt fruits on the trees by combining winter garden cleaning, reasonably pruning, enhancing ventilation and light transmission, timely draining water after rain to prevent moisture retention, reasonably and comprehensively applying fertilizers and additionally applying organic fertilizers;

step two: the pesticide is used for preventing and treating plum trees, wherein Bordeaux mixture is sprayed before plums sprout to eradicate overwintering bacteria source, and procymidone and pesticides such as hymexazol, berberine and fenbuconazole can be eaten after fruits are hardened and pitted to perform alternate prevention and treatment.

Preferably, the method for delaying the leaf fall of the plum tree comprises the following steps:

the method comprises the following steps: spraying 21 Noxingx 1500 times or 5 Baoerpeng 1200 times or 70 Saisheng 800 times or 70 Yinuo Dasheng for alternate use immediately after picking fruits, and spraying 1:1:200 folds Bordeaux solution for 2 times for a plurality of years after 10 days;

step two: strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer and water, strengthen the tree vigor and improve the resistance of the tree body to drought, waterlogging and freezing damage. Prevent and cure the branch and trunk diseases and insect pests in time, protect the tree body and reduce the wound. For gummosis, the colloid is scraped off, a knife is longitudinally scratched for dry rot, and then 5 to 10 times of enemy of fungus or 30 times of nongfengling is smeared.

Compared with the prior art, the invention provides a plum tree premature high yield regulation and control cultivation management technology, which has the following beneficial effects:

in the invention, the garden of the plum tree is selected to be superior to the garden of the mountain land, mainly the direct light and the ultraviolet ray are increased due to the high altitude of the garden of the mountain land, so that the fruit has bright color, high nutrient content, good quality, storage and transportation resistance and easy high yield, when planting seedlings, the root system is spread, the seedlings are righted, the grafting opening faces to the windward direction, the seedlings are lifted upwards while filling soil, the seedlings are compacted, the root system and the soil are fully sealed, the planting depth is equal to the ground by the grafting opening, watering is carried out after planting, dibbling is sealed, thereby being beneficial to improving the fruit bearing rate and increasing the yield, simultaneously utilizing the branch characteristics of the plums, picking off or clipping long young shoots in summer to promote branching and accelerate the cultivation of branch groups, or the shaping period is shortened, so that the problem that the yield of the plum trees is unstable possibly caused by the cultivation technology in the conventional plum tree premature high-yield regulation and control cultivation management technical method is solved.

Detailed Description

The invention provides a technical scheme that:

a plum tree premature high yield regulation cultivation management technology comprises the following operation steps:

the method comprises the following steps: and (4) garden selection, namely mountain land, barren beach and flat land are selected for building a garden, and mountain land building is preferred. The direct light and ultraviolet rays are increased due to high altitude in mountain land building gardens, so that the fruits are bright in color, high in nutrient content, good in quality, resistant to storage and transportation and easy to produce in high yield;

step two: selecting varieties, namely selecting crisp plums in the Chinese plum variety and hybrid plums with market prospects generally;

step three: the planting density and the planting mode are that the variety with small soil barren mountains, barren beaches and tree crowns can be planted slightly densely, otherwise, the density is dilute, the density is generally 3 x 4 meters or 2 x 4 meters, and in order to improve the fruit setting rate, one to three pollinated varieties are matched outside the main planting variety or one to two branches are taken from the middle of each tree to graft the pollinated variety branches for cross pollination;

step four: the method includes the steps of firstly, aligning lines, then digging holes, adding farmyard manure, vertically placing plum seedlings in the centers of the holes, unfolding root systems, enabling the root systems to be evenly distributed in soil in the holes, enabling root tips to face downwards, then slightly lifting tree trunks while filling soil, enabling the root systems to be closely connected with the soil without gaps, enabling root necks of the seedlings to be slightly higher than the ground by about 5 cm, treading tightly in layers during soil refilling, finally filling core soil on the surfaces of the holes, building soil around the planting holes to form rings with the diameter of 1 m for planting, conveniently irrigating more water, and immediately filling enough root fixing water after the seedlings are planted.

The soil, fertilizer, water and flower and fruit management operation steps of the plum tree early-term high-yield regulation and control cultivation management technology are as follows:

the method comprises the following steps: soil is changed, hole expanding is carried out in autumn and winter every year by combining intertillage weeding, and deep green pressing is carried out all the year round;

step two: applying fertilizer, namely applying quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer once a month after sprouting and applying a proper amount of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer simultaneously, and controlling fertilizer water in 7-8 months to promote flower bud differentiation by applying fertilizer to young trees on the principle of thin application service; and applying the base fertilizer for 9-10 months, wherein 2000 kg of organic fertilizer and 50 kg of calcium superphosphate are applied per mu. Fertilizing mature trees: fertilizing for 2-3 times all year round, and fertilizing before flowering: applying 1500 kg of human and animal manure and 10 kg of potassium sulfate per mu half a month before blooming, and applying fruit strengthening fertilizer: in the middle and late ten days of 5 months, early-maturing varieties are advanced, middle and late-maturing varieties are pushed, 2000 kg of human and animal manure, 25 kg of urea, 20 kg of potassium sulfate and base fertilizer are applied to each mu: organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are applied in 9-10 months, and the tree vigor can be recovered by applying once after the tree vigor is weakened after fruit picking;

step three: watering and controlling water, watering properly under drought, covering grass on an orchard, draining water in time in rainy season, paying attention to control water, and keeping the field water capacity;

step four: spraying 15% paclobutrazol 300 times, controlling the spindling of the young shoots and forming a large amount of flower buds;

step five: carrying out artificial pollination and orchard bee-keeping technology;

step six: the flower thinning and the fruit thinning are insisted to ensure the fruit quality.

The shaping and trimming operation steps of the plum tree early-term high-yield regulation cultivation management technology are as follows:

the method comprises the following steps: shaping, two types of trees are generally popularized, namely a natural open heart shape, a Y shape and a natural open heart shape, wherein the natural open heart shape is fixed at a position of 50-60 cm, 3-4 new shoots growing strongly and are selected from the new shoots growing under the cut, the direction is proper, the new shoots with larger included angles are used as main branches, and the rest branches are thinned or cut off vigorously. In the whole growing season, 2 to 3 times of pruning is preferably carried out, each branch is controlled to grow uniformly, two new shoots extending vertically to the row space can be selected to be cultured as main branches by the method, and the rest branches are removed or pinched;

step two: pruning, cutting short, cutting off a part of 1-year-old branches of the plum tree, wherein nutrition can meet the requirement of supplying the cut branches, thinning and pruning are carried out, the branches on the crown of the plum tree are too dense, light and wind penetration is influenced, flower bud differentiation is not facilitated, some branches are moderately cut off from the base, shrinking and pruning are carried out on the perennial branches with weak growth vigor on the plum tree, the pruning is carried out in summer and winter every year, summer pruning is generally carried out for 3-5 times, buds with different directions or weak buds in double buds are wiped off when spring sprouting is carried out for the first time, flowers are thinned and thinned after blossom for the second time, competitive branches are controlled, and the branches which grow vigorously are cut off after hard cores for the third time, secondary shoots are promoted to grow, fruiting area is increased, and winter pruning is carried out on the basis of summer pruning for some supplement.

The method for preventing and controlling diseases and pests of the plum tree by the premature birth high yield regulation and control cultivation management technology comprises the following steps:

(1) and dichocrocis punctiferalis: the control time is from 6 months to the beginning of 7 months, and 1000 times of pesticide of 25 percent chlorbenzuron No. 3 suspending agent or 3000 times of pesticide of 2.5 percent cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate and 20 percent pyrethrin emulsifiable concentrate are used;

(2) and fruit piercing moth: spraying 5.7% Baishude or 2000 times solution on the trees from the last ten days of 6 months for 4-5 times every 10-15 days;

(3) and myzus persicae: starting from the control time of 5-month late ten days, spraying by 4000-6000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder, 6000-8000 times of 1.8% abamectin emulsifiable solution or 2000 times of 50% pirimicarb wettable powder;

(4) and gummosis: scraping the affected part before germination in spring and applying Baume 5 degree lime sulphur and wound protecting agent;

(5) and oriental fruit moth:

first, physical prevention and cure

The phototaxis, chemotaxis and chemotaxis of the imagoes are utilized, black light lamps and yellow spots or sugar-vinegar liquid is used for trapping and killing the imagoes, and the prediction work is well done;

biological control

The method comprises the following steps: suspending sex attractant or sex pheromone in the orchard in the middle ten days of 3 months, and changing once every month until the end of 8 months;

step two: protecting natural enemies from trichogramma in the orchard;

chemical prevention and cure

Spraying Baume lime sulfur mixture before germination, spraying trunk, killing overwintering larva, spraying chlorbenzuron and pyrethroid insecticide before the larva hatches the tip of spider in 4-6 months, and taking the insecticide once every 10-15 days in an orchard with serious damage;

(6) bacterial perforation disease

The method comprises the following steps: agricultural control, water and fertilizer management enhancement, water drainage attention, biological organic bacterial manure application increase, reasonable pruning and improvement of ventilation and light transmission conditions of an orchard;

step two: cleaning the garden in winter, trimming in the late autumn and early winter, cutting diseased branches and dead branches, removing dead fruits, stumps and fallen leaves, burning out or burying in a centralized manner, and spraying medical liquids such as lime sulphur, Bordeaux mixture, Xinjunan and the like to the whole garden to reduce the overwintering germs;

step three: the medicament control, bacterial medicaments such as eubiotic and organic copper preparations can be selected for spraying medicament control in the early stage of disease attack;

(7) powdery mildew of fish

The method comprises the following steps: agricultural control, field management enhancement, reasonable close planting, watering control, removal of honey branches and diseased branches, prevention of partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, and ventilation and light transmission of crowns;

step two: the method comprises the following steps of (1) preventing and treating by using a medicament, trimming in the late autumn and the early winter, pruning diseased branches and dead branches, removing dead fruits, stumps and fallen leaves, burning or burying intensively, spraying medical liquids such as lime sulfur, Bordeaux mixture and Xinjunan to the whole garden, and reducing overwintering germs;

(8) fruit diseases of plum bag

The method is characterized in that winter garden cleaning is regarded, dead branches and fallen leaves are timely cleaned after winter pruning, liquid medicines such as a lime sulphur agent, Bordeaux mixture, Xinjunan and the like are sprayed on the whole plant, and after the trunk is dried, the trunk can be coated with a pine liquid film to block germ infection, so that the disease incidence rate in the second year can be effectively reduced, reasonable pruning is realized, the ventilation and light transmission are improved, the fertilizer and water management is enhanced, and organic fertilizers are additionally applied;

(9) brown rot of rice and wheat

The method comprises the following steps: agricultural control, namely clearing up the runt fruits on the trees by combining winter garden cleaning, reasonably pruning, enhancing ventilation and light transmission, timely draining water after rain to prevent moisture retention, reasonably and comprehensively applying fertilizers and additionally applying organic fertilizers;

step two: the pesticide is used for preventing and treating plum trees, wherein Bordeaux mixture is sprayed before plums sprout to eradicate overwintering bacteria source, and procymidone and pesticides such as hymexazol, berberine and fenbuconazole can be eaten after fruits are hardened and pitted to perform alternate prevention and treatment.

The method for delaying the leaf falling of the plum tree comprises the following steps:

the method comprises the following steps: spraying 21 Noxingx 1500 times or 5 Baoerpeng 1200 times or 70 Saisheng 800 times or 70 Yinuo Dasheng for alternate use immediately after picking fruits, and spraying 1:1:200 folds Bordeaux solution for 2 times for a plurality of years after 10 days;

step two: strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer and water, strengthen the tree vigor and improve the resistance of the tree body to drought, waterlogging and freezing damage. Prevent and cure the branch and trunk diseases and insect pests in time, protect the tree body and reduce the wound. For gummosis, the colloid is scraped off, a knife is longitudinally scratched for dry rot, and then 5 to 10 times of enemy of fungus or 30 times of nongfengling is smeared.

The working principle and the using process of the invention are as follows:

the method comprises the following steps: seedling raising and planting, the stock uses wild peach or plum, the northern uses wild peach or apricot, the peach stock has strong drought resistance, the plum stock has moisture resistance and heavy soil adhesion, and can be selected according to local conditions. The row spacing is (3-5) m x (4-6) m, the row spacing of peach stock, fertile land and strong growth vigor varieties can be larger, the plum stock, barren land and weak growth vigor varieties are small, and more than 10-20 pollinated varieties are required to be matched during planting. Even if the variety capable of bearing fruit by self-pollination is planted in a pollination tree or is planted in a way of dividing rows by 2-3 varieties in a mixed way, the fruit bearing rate is improved and the yield is increased.

Step two: shaping and pruning, wherein the proper tree shape of the plum is determined according to the strength of the central trunk. The variety with weak or unobvious central stem is preferably shaped like a natural open heart, and the variety with obvious central stem is preferably shaped like a two-layer open heart or a regular stem. The specific shaping method can be selected from peach, apricot and plum. In the pruning of the plum sapling period, except for the need of cutting short the culture trunk branches, the rest branches are slightly cut and lengthened to relieve the tree vigor and promote the formation of most short branches to bear fruits early. For varieties with more branches and vigorous growth, the branches need to be cut less or not, and the branches with vigorous standing branches and dense branches are easy to remove. By utilizing the branching characteristic of plum, long and new shoots can be pinched or cut in summer, branching is promoted, cultivation of branch groups is accelerated, or the shaping period is shortened.

The short fruit branches and bouquet-shaped fruit branches of the plum trees in the full bearing period have extremely large quantity, the growth vigor is easy to weaken after a large number of fruits are fruited, the base branches and the fruit branch groups of the fruit branches can be retracted in batches, the weak and strong fruits can be removed, the old and new fruits can be removed, the fruits can be continuously renewed and rejuvenated, and a certain growth vigor can be maintained. And properly thinning some aged bouquet-shaped fruit branch groups which grow for years. The newly grown branches can be slowly released for 1-2 years, and then retracted year by year to be cultured into a new fruiting branch group, the plum hidden buds have long service life, and when the tree body tends to age, the overgrowth technique grown in the inner bore of the tree crown can be fully utilized to appropriately cut or pull the branches to form fruiting branches, so that the vacant parts of the tree crown are supplemented, the yield is ensured, and the branch can also be used for updating the skeleton branches.

Step three: soil fertilizer and water management, large plum blossom amount, large fruit quantity, short fruit growth period, especially large consumption of nitrogen and potassium, and need to be supplemented, wherein the base fertilizer is applied in early autumn, the consumption accounts for all 70 phosphate fertilizers of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers all year round, the top dressing is performed on early and medium maturing varieties generally once after harvesting, and the top dressing is performed on late maturing varieties once after fruit setting so as to promote fruit expansion and flower bud differentiation. The nitrogen fertilizer can be applied once before flowers of old and weak flowers, so as to promote the growth of new shoots and improve the fruit bearing rate, the root system of the plum tree is shallow, besides soil deep ploughing is carried out by combining with application of a base fertilizer, intertillage and soil loosening are frequently carried out in the middle of growth, and loose and moist soil of a tree tray is kept. In rainy season, timely drainage and waterlogging prevention are required. In dry season, irrigation or covering the tree with grass should be carried out.

Step four: fruit thinning is carried out when the fruits of the plum trees are too many, so that the fruit quality is improved, the fruits are enlarged, and the plum trees are helpful for preventing the old and the young. Thinning is performed immediately after the physiological fruit drop is finished. Generally, 1 fruit is left in each short fruit branch, and no fruit can be left in the short fruit branch with few leaves. In general, 1 fruit is reserved in a small fruit variety of 7-10 cm, 1 fruit is reserved in a large fruit variety of about 15 cm, and the fruits are not contacted with each other when the fruits are ripe.

Step five: the main pests and diseases on the plum tree include scab, brown rot, bacterial perforation, gummosis, aphid picking, red spider, dichocrocis punctiferalis, plum fruit peak, etc. Most of the plant diseases and insect pests are common to peach trees, and can be controlled by referring to the peach trees, and the plum bees are harmful to eating kernels by larvae, so that pulp and kernels are empty. The generation of 1 generation in one year is affected by cocooning of the mature larva in the soil and overwintering, and eclosion and oviposition of the adult plum in the flowering period in the next year. The control method comprises the following steps: deeply ploughing the soil of the tree plate and deeply burying the insect and fruit. Spraying pesticide on the ground and the tree crown in the adult emergence period, but avoiding the full-bloom period.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.