Carrier capability signaling for multiple carrier digital schemes
阅读说明：本技术 关于多个载波数字方案的载波能力信令 (Carrier capability signaling for multiple carrier digital schemes ) 是由 A·里科阿尔瓦里尼奥 S·侯赛尼 A·法拉吉达纳 A·恰托维奇 陈万士 U·蒲亚尔 T· 于 2019-01-31 设计创作，主要内容包括：概括而言,本公开内容的各个方面涉及无线通信。在一些方面中,用户设备(UE)可以确定与UE的载波配置有关的UE的能力,其中,载波配置与至少两个不同的数字方案的载波有关；以及发送标识能力的信息,其中,标识能力的信息标识针对第一数字方案的载波所支持的带宽或载波数量以及与除了第一数字方案之外的一个或多个数字方案相关联的一个或多个缩放值。基站可以接收标识与UE的载波配置有关的UE的能力的信息,其中,载波配置与至少两个不同的数字方案的载波有关；以及至少部分地基于标识能力的信息来确定用于与UE的通信的配置。提供了大量其它方面。(In general, various aspects of the disclosure relate to wireless communications. In some aspects, a User Equipment (UE) may determine a capability of the UE related to a carrier configuration of the UE, wherein the carrier configuration is related to carriers of at least two different digital schemes; and transmitting information identifying capabilities, wherein the information identifying capabilities identifies a number of carriers or bandwidths supported for the first digital scheme and one or more scaling values associated with one or more digital schemes other than the first digital scheme. The base station may receive information identifying capabilities of the UE in relation to a carrier configuration of the UE, wherein the carrier configuration relates to carriers of at least two different digital schemes; and determining a configuration for communication with the UE based at least in part on the information identifying the capabilities. Numerous other aspects are provided.)
1. A method of wireless communication performed by a User Equipment (UE), comprising:
determining capabilities of the UE related to carrier configurations of the UE, wherein the carrier configurations relate to carriers of at least two different numerical schemes; and
transmitting information identifying the capability, wherein the information identifying the capability identifies a number of carriers or bandwidths supported for a carrier of a first numerology and one or more scaling values associated with one or more numerologies other than the first numerology.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the carrier configuration is a multimedia multicast broadcast service (MBMS) carrier configuration, and wherein the carrier is an MBMS carrier.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the capability identifies a number of carriers that the UE can concurrently support.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the information identifying the capability is based at least in part on a baseband limitation of the UE.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more scaling values and the bandwidth or number of carriers indicate whether the UE concurrently supports a combination of a bandwidth or number of carriers with the first numerology and a bandwidth or number of carriers with a second numerology of the one or more numerologies other than the first numerology.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the information identifying the capability is provided in association with a multimedia multicast broadcast service (MBMS) Receive Only Mode (ROM) session based at least in part on a radio resource control message.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the carrier is based at least in part on a carrier with which the UE is associated with active multicast broadcast single frequency network reception.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the capability relates to a maximum bandwidth of the UE within a subframe.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
starting a multimedia multicast broadcast service (MBMS) Receive Only Mode (ROM) session; and
transmitting an interest indicator associated with the MBMS ROM session.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the information identifying the capability is provided to a base station associated with unicast communication with the UE.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the interest indicator further comprises at least one of a numerical scheme for the MBMS ROM session or a bandwidth for the MBMS ROM session.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein transmitting the information identifying the capability or the interest indicator comprises: a tracking area update is initiated with respect to the network in association with the MBMS ROM session.
13. The method of claim 9, wherein transmitting the information identifying the capabilities comprises: re-attach to the network.
14. A method of wireless communication performed by a Base Station (BS), comprising:
receiving information identifying capabilities of a User Equipment (UE) in relation to a carrier configuration of the UE, wherein the carrier configuration relates to carriers of at least two different digital schemes, wherein the information identifying the capabilities identifies a bandwidth or a number of carriers supported for a carrier of a first digital scheme and one or more scaling values associated with one or more digital schemes other than the first digital scheme; and
determining a configuration for communication with the UE based at least in part on the information identifying the capability.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the carrier configuration is a multimedia multicast broadcast service (MBMS) carrier configuration, and wherein the carrier is an MBMS carrier.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more scaling values and the bandwidth or number of carriers indicate whether the UE concurrently supports a combination of a bandwidth or number of carriers with the first numerology and a bandwidth or number of carriers with a second numerology of the one or more numerologies other than the first numerology.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein the capability relates to a maximum bandwidth of the UE within a subframe, and wherein the configuration is determined based at least in part on the maximum bandwidth within the subframe.
18. The method of claim 14, wherein the communication is a unicast communication with the UE, and wherein the method further comprises:
receiving an interest indicator associated with a multimedia multicast broadcast system (MBMS) Receive Only Mode (ROM) session of the UE.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the interest indicator further comprises at least one of a numerical scheme for the MBMS ROM session or a bandwidth for the MBMS ROM session.
20. A User Equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising:
a memory; and
one or more processors operatively coupled to the memory, the memory and the one or more processors configured to:
determining capabilities of the UE related to carrier configurations of the UE, wherein the carrier configurations relate to carriers of at least two different numerical schemes; and
transmitting information identifying the capability, wherein the information identifying the capability identifies a number of carriers or bandwidths supported for a carrier of a first numerology and one or more scaling values associated with one or more numerologies other than the first numerology.
21. The UE of claim 20, wherein the carrier configuration is a multimedia multicast broadcast service (MBMS) carrier configuration, and wherein the carrier is an MBMS carrier.
22. The UE of claim 20, wherein the one or more scaling values and the bandwidth or number of carriers indicate whether the UE concurrently supports a combination of a bandwidth or number of carriers with the first numerology and a bandwidth or number of carriers with a second numerology of the one or more numerologies other than the first numerology.
23. The UE of claim 20, wherein the information identifying the capability is provided in association with a multimedia multicast broadcast service (MBMS) Receive Only Mode (ROM) session based at least in part on a radio resource control message.
24. The UE of claim 20, further comprising:
starting a multimedia multicast broadcast service (MBMS) Receive Only Mode (ROM) session; and
transmitting an interest indicator associated with the MBMS ROM session.
25. The UE of claim 24, wherein the information identifying the capability is provided to a base station associated with unicast communication with the UE.
26. The UE of claim 24, wherein the interest indicator further comprises at least one of a numerical scheme for the MBMS ROM session or a bandwidth for the MBMS ROM session.
27. A base station for wireless communication, comprising:
a memory; and
one or more processors operatively coupled to the memory, the memory and the one or more processors configured to:
receiving information identifying capabilities of a User Equipment (UE) in relation to a carrier configuration of the UE, wherein the carrier configuration relates to carriers of at least two different digital schemes, wherein the information identifying the capabilities identifies a bandwidth or a number of carriers supported for a carrier of a first digital scheme and one or more scaling values associated with one or more digital schemes other than the first digital scheme; and
determining a configuration for communication with the UE based at least in part on the information identifying the capability.
28. The base station of claim 27, wherein the carrier configuration is a multimedia multicast broadcast service (MBMS) carrier configuration, and wherein the carrier is an MBMS carrier.
29. The base station of claim 27, wherein the communication is a unicast communication with the UE, and wherein the method further comprises:
receiving an interest indicator associated with a multimedia multicast broadcast system (MBMS) Receive Only Mode (ROM) session of the UE.
30. The base station of claim 29, wherein the interest indicator further comprises at least one of a numerical scheme for the MBMS ROM session or a bandwidth for the MBMS ROM session.
Technical Field
Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to techniques and apparatus for carrier capability signaling with respect to multiple carrier digital schemes.
Background
Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasting. A typical wireless communication system may employ multiple-access techniques capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmit power, etc.). Examples of such multiple-access techniques include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems, single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems, and Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE/LTE-advanced is an enhanced set of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile standards promulgated by the third generation partnership project (3 GPP).
A wireless communication network may include a plurality of Base Stations (BSs) capable of supporting communication for a plurality of User Equipments (UEs). A User Equipment (UE) may communicate with a Base Station (BS) via a downlink and an uplink. The downlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link from the BS to the UE, and the uplink (or reverse link) refers to the communication link from the UE to the BS. As will be described in greater detail herein, the BS may be referred to as a node B, gNB, an Access Point (AP), a radio head, a Transmit Receive Point (TRP), a New Radio (NR) BS, a 5G node B, etc.
The above multiple access techniques have been employed in various telecommunications standards to provide a common protocol that enables different user equipment to communicate on a city, country, region, and even global level. New Radios (NR), which may also be referred to as 5G, are an enhanced set of LTE mobile standards promulgated by the third generation partnership project (3 GPP). NR is designed to better integrate with other open standards by improving spectral efficiency, reducing costs, improving services, utilizing new spectrum, and using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with Cyclic Prefix (CP) (CP-OFDM) on the Downlink (DL), CP-OFDM and/or SC-FDM (e.g., also known as discrete fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM)) on the Uplink (UL), to better support mobile broadband internet access, and to support beamforming, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna techniques, and carrier aggregation. However, as the demand for mobile broadband access continues to grow, there is a need for further improvements in LTE and NR technologies. Preferably, these improvements should be applicable to other multiple access techniques and telecommunications standards employing these techniques.
Disclosure of Invention
In some aspects, a method of wireless communication performed by a User Equipment (UE) may comprise: determining capabilities of the UE related to carrier configurations of the UE, wherein the carrier configurations relate to carriers of at least two different numerical schemes; and transmitting information identifying the capability, wherein the information identifying the capability identifies a supported bandwidth or number of carriers for a first digital scheme and one or more scaling values associated with one or more digital schemes other than the first digital scheme.
In some aspects, a UE for wireless communication may include a memory and one or more processors operatively coupled to the memory. The memory and the one or more processors may be configured to: determining capabilities of the UE related to carrier configurations of the UE, wherein the carrier configurations relate to carriers of at least two different numerical schemes; and transmitting information identifying the capability, wherein the information identifying the capability identifies a supported bandwidth or number of carriers for a first digital scheme and one or more scaling values associated with one or more digital schemes other than the first digital scheme.
In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may store one or more instructions for wireless communication. The one or more instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the UE, may cause the one or more processors to: determining capabilities of the UE related to carrier configurations of the UE, wherein the carrier configurations relate to carriers of at least two different numerical schemes; and transmitting information identifying the capability, wherein the information identifying the capability identifies a supported bandwidth or number of carriers for a first digital scheme and one or more scaling values associated with one or more digital schemes other than the first digital scheme.
In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication may comprise: means for determining capabilities of the apparatus in relation to carrier configurations of the apparatus, wherein the carrier configurations relate to carriers of at least two different digital schemes; and means for transmitting information identifying the capability, wherein the information identifying the capability identifies a number of carriers or bandwidths supported for a carrier of a first digital scheme and one or more scaling values associated with one or more digital schemes other than the first digital scheme.
In some aspects, a method of wireless communication performed by a base station may comprise: receiving information identifying capabilities of a UE in relation to a carrier configuration of the UE, wherein the carrier configuration relates to carriers of at least two different digital schemes, wherein the information identifying the capabilities identifies a bandwidth or a number of carriers supported for a carrier of a first digital scheme and one or more scaling values associated with one or more digital schemes other than the first digital scheme; and determining a configuration for communication with the UE based at least in part on the information identifying the capability.
In some aspects, a base station for wireless communication may include a memory and one or more processors operatively coupled to the memory. The memory and the one or more processors may be configured to: receiving information identifying capabilities of a UE in relation to a carrier configuration of the UE, wherein the carrier configuration relates to carriers of at least two different digital schemes, wherein the information identifying the capabilities identifies a bandwidth or a number of carriers supported for a carrier of a first digital scheme and one or more scaling values associated with one or more digital schemes other than the first digital scheme; and determining a configuration for communication with the UE based at least in part on the information identifying the capability.
In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may store one or more instructions for wireless communication. The one or more instructions, when executed by one or more processors of a base station, may cause the one or more processors to: receiving information identifying capabilities of a UE in relation to a carrier configuration of the UE, wherein the carrier configuration relates to carriers of at least two different digital schemes, wherein the information identifying the capabilities identifies a bandwidth or a number of carriers supported for a carrier of a first digital scheme and one or more scaling values associated with one or more digital schemes other than the first digital scheme; and determining a configuration for communication with the UE based at least in part on the information identifying the capability.
In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication may comprise: means for receiving information identifying capabilities of a UE related to a carrier configuration of the UE, wherein the carrier configuration relates to carriers of at least two different digital schemes, wherein the information identifying the capabilities identifies a number of carriers or bandwidths supported for a carrier of a first digital scheme and one or more scaling values associated with one or more digital schemes other than the first digital scheme; and means for determining a configuration for communication with the UE based at least in part on the information identifying the capability.
Aspects include, in general, methods, apparatuses, systems, computer program products, non-transitory computer-readable media, user equipment, base stations, wireless communication devices, and processing systems substantially as described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the accompanying drawings and description.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of examples according to the present disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described hereinafter. The conception and specific examples disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. The nature of the concepts disclosed herein (both their organization and method of operation), together with the advantages associated therewith, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. Each of the figures is provided for the purposes of illustration and description and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the claims.
Drawings
So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only certain typical aspects of this disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the description may admit to other equally effective aspects. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
Fig. 1 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of a wireless communication network in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
Fig. 2 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of a base station in a wireless communication network communicating with a User Equipment (UE), in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of carrier capability signaling with respect to a multiple carrier digital scheme in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of carrier capability signaling with respect to a multiple carrier digital scheme for configuration of a multimedia multicast broadcast service receive-only mode in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, by a user device, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, by a base station, in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.
Detailed Description
Various aspects of the disclosure are described more fully below with reference to the accompanying drawings. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to any specific structure or function presented throughout this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Based on the teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that the scope of the present disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the present disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or in combination with any other aspect of the present disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. Moreover, the scope of the present disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method implemented with other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than the various aspects of the present disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the present disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
Several aspects of a telecommunications system will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and techniques. These apparatus and techniques are described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, procedures, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as "elements"). These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
It should be noted that although aspects may be described herein using terms commonly associated with 3G and/or 4G wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may be applied in other generation-based communication systems, such as 5G and beyond (including NR technologies).
Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating a
The BS may provide communication coverage for a macrocell, a picocell, a femtocell, and/or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a residence) and may allow restricted access by UEs having an association with the femto cell (e.g., UEs in a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG)). The BS for the macro cell may be referred to as a macro BS. The BS for the pico cell may be referred to as a pico BS. The BS for the femto cell may be referred to as a femto BS or a home BS. In the example shown in fig. 1, BS110 a may be a macro BS for
In some aspects, the cell may not necessarily be stationary, and the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of the mobile BS. In some aspects, BSs may be interconnected to each other and/or to one or more other BSs or network nodes (not shown) in the
The
UEs 120 (e.g., 120a, 120b, 120c) may be dispersed throughout
Some UEs may be considered Machine Type Communication (MTC) or evolved or enhanced machine type communication (eMTC) UEs. MTC and eMTC UEs include, for example, a robot, a drone, a remote device, a sensor, a meter, a monitor, a location tag, etc., which may communicate with a base station, another device (e.g., a remote device), or some other entity. The wireless node may provide a connection to or to a network (e.g., a wide area network such as the internet or a cellular network), for example, via a wired or wireless communication link. Some UEs may be considered internet of things (IoT) devices and/or may be implemented as NB-IoT (narrowband internet of things) devices. Some UEs may be considered Customer Premises Equipment (CPE). UE120 may be included inside a housing that houses components of UE120, such as a processor component, a memory component, and the like.
In general, any number of wireless networks may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless network may support a particular RAT and may operate on one or more frequencies. A RAT may also be referred to as a radio technology, air interface, etc. Frequencies may also be referred to as carriers, channels, etc. Each frequency may support a single RAT in a given geographic area in order to avoid interference between wireless networks of different RATs. In some cases, NR or 5G RAT networks may be deployed.
In some aspects, two or more UEs 120 (e.g., shown as UE120 a and UE120 e) may communicate directly using one or more sidelink (sidelink) channels (e.g., without using BS110 as an intermediary to communicate with each other). For example, the UE120 may communicate using peer-to-peer (P2P) communication, device-to-device (D2D) communication, vehicle-to-anything (V2X) protocol (e.g., which may include vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) protocol, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) protocol, etc.), mesh network, and/or the like. In this case, UE120 may perform scheduling operations, resource selection operations, and/or other operations described elsewhere herein as being performed by BS 110.
As noted above, fig. 1 is provided by way of example only. Other examples may differ from the example described with respect to fig. 1.
Fig. 2 shows a block diagram of a design 200 of BS110 and UE120 (which may be one of the base stations and one of the UEs in fig. 1). BS110 may be equipped with T antennas 234a through 234T and UE120 may be equipped with R antennas 252a through 252R, where T ≧ 1 and R ≧ 1 in general.
At BS110, transmit processor 220 may receive data for one or more UEs from a data source 212, select one or more Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs) for each UE based at least in part on a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) received from the UE, process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data for each UE based at least in part on the MCS selected for the UE, and provide data symbols for all UEs. Transmit processor 220 may also process system information (e.g., for semi-Static Resource Partitioning Information (SRPI), etc.) and control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, upper layer signaling, etc.), as well as provide overhead symbols and control symbols. Transmit processor 220 may also generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signals (CRS)) and synchronization signals (e.g., Primary Synchronization Signals (PSS) and Secondary Synchronization Signals (SSS)). A Transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, the overhead symbols, and/or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide T output symbol streams to T Modulators (MODs) 232a through 232T. Each modulator 232 may process a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator 232 may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. T downlink signals from modulators 232a through 232T may be transmitted via T antennas 234a through 234T, respectively. According to various aspects described in greater detail below, a synchronization signal may be generated using position coding to convey additional information.
At UE120, antennas 252a through 252r may receive downlink signals from BS110 and/or other base stations and may provide received signals to demodulators (DEMODs) 254a through 254r, respectively. Each demodulator 254 may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator 254 may further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. A MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from all R demodulators 254a through 254R, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols (if applicable), and provide detected symbols. A receive processor 258 may process (e.g., demodulate and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for UE120 to a data sink 260, and provide decoded control information and system information to a controller/processor 280. The channel processor may determine Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), and the like.
On the uplink, at UE120, a transmit processor 264 may receive and process data from a data source 262 and control information from a controller/processor 280 (e.g., for reporting including RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, CQI, etc.). Transmit processor 264 may also generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals. The symbols from transmit processor 264 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 266 if applicable, further processed by modulators 254a through 254r (e.g., for DFT-s-OFDM, CP-OFDM, etc.), and transmitted to BS 110. At BS110, the uplink signals from UE120 and other UEs may be received by antennas 234, processed by demodulators 232, detected by a MIMO detector 236 (if applicable), and further processed by a receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 120. Receive processor 238 may provide decoded data to a data sink 239 and decoded control information to controller/processor 240. BS110 may include a communication unit 244 and communicate with
In some aspects, one or more components of UE120 may be included in a housing. Controller/processor 240 of BS110, controller/processor 280 of UE120, and/or any other component in fig. 2 may perform one or more techniques associated with carrier capability signaling for a multiple carrier digital scheme, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. For example, controller/processor 240 of BS110, controller/processor 280 of UE120, and/or any other component in fig. 2 may perform or direct the operations of, for example,
In some aspects, UE120 may include: means for determining a capability of the UE120 related to a carrier configuration of the UE 120; means for transmitting information identifying capabilities; means for starting a multimedia multicast broadcast service (MBMS) Receive Only Mode (ROM) session; means for re-attaching to a network associated with a base station; means for sending an interest indicator associated with the MBMSROM session; means for initiating a tracking area update with respect to a network in association with an MBMS ROM session; and so on. In some aspects, such means may include one or more components of UE120 described in conjunction with fig. 2.
In some aspects, BS110 may comprise: means for receiving information identifying capabilities of the UE related to a carrier configuration of the UE; means for determining a configuration for communication with the UE based at least in part on the information identifying the capabilities; means for receiving an interest indicator associated with an MBMS ROM session of a UE; means for receiving or obtaining information identifying at least two different digital schemes; and so on. In some aspects, such means may comprise one or more components of BS110 described in conjunction with fig. 2.
As noted above, fig. 2 is provided by way of example only. Other examples may differ from the example described with respect to fig. 2.
The UE may communicate using two or more different numerologies. The numerology may correspond to subcarrier spacing, symbol duration, and/or cyclic prefix length, and may be indicated by a numerology index. For example, in the case of MBMS communication, a possible numerology may have a subcarrier spacing of 15kHz (corresponding to a 16.7us cyclic prefix), 7.5kHz (corresponding to a 33 microsecond cyclic prefix), and 1.25kHz (corresponding to a 200 microsecond cyclic prefix). The carrier may be associated with one or more digital schemes. For example, the carrier may be a dedicated carrier associated with a single digital scheme or a mixed carrier that may include subframes or communications of two or more different digital schemes. Subframes or communications of two or more different digital schemes, as well as subframes for broadcast/multicast communications and subframes for unicast communications, may be time division multiplexed in a carrier by a transmitting device.
However, for UEs that are to process carriers, carriers of different digital schemes may be associated with different requirements. For example, assuming a 20MHz carrier bandwidth, a 15kHz digital scheme may require a 2048 point DFT, a 7.5kHz digital scheme may require a 4096 point DFT, and a 1.25kHz digital scheme may require a 24576 point DFT. Therefore, a UE using carrier aggregation can support a different maximum bandwidth for one digital scheme than for another digital scheme due to baseband processing limitations and the like. For example, when MBMS carriers with smaller digital schemes (e.g., 7.5kHz, 1.25kHz, etc.) are used, the UE may not be able to concurrently operate the maximum number of supported component carriers at the same time.
Further, in some cases, the UE may receive a receive-only mode MBMS carrier from the first base station (e.g., a carrier on which the UE may receive MBMS communications without being authenticated and/or transmitting an uplink), and may receive unicast communications from the second base station. In this case, the UE may need to signal capability or configuration information in view of the receive-only mode MBMS carrier, so that the second base station can configure communication with the UE without exceeding the capability of the UE. This may be useful for receive-only mode MBMS carriers associated with digital schemes that impose a high processing burden on the UE.
Some of the techniques and apparatus described herein provide signaling of UE capabilities with respect to multiple different combinations of carrier-to-digital schemes. For example, the UE may signal a combined set of carrier-to-number schemes that the UE is capable of using. As another example, the UE may signal a total bandwidth capability for a first digital scheme and may determine a bandwidth capability for other digital schemes based at least in part on a scaling factor. Further, some techniques and apparatus described herein may provide signaling of such capability to a base station associated with unicast communication with a UE, which allows the base station to configure communication with the UE such that limitations or maximum bandwidth requirements of the UE are met. Accordingly, the performance of the UE with respect to carriers of different digital schemes (e.g., MBMS carriers) is improved, and the efficiency of bandwidth allocation is increased. This also improves network operation involving communication with the UE.
Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example 300 of carrier capability signaling with respect to a multiple carrier digital scheme in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 3 and by reference numeral 310, UE120 may be associated with carriers having subcarrier spacings of 15kHz, 7.5kHz, and 1.25 kHz. For example, UE120 may be able to communicate using carriers having subcarrier spacings of 15kHz, 7.5kHz, and 1.25 kHz. In such a case, UE120 may communicate using different numbers of resources (e.g., baseband resources, etc.) with respect to different digital schemes. Accordingly, UE120 may transmit information identifying the capabilities of UE120 with respect to different numerologies, as described in more detail below. In some aspects, one or more of the number schemes may be associated with an MBMS carrier.
As indicated by reference numeral 320, the UE120 can determine a maximum bandwidth capability for one of the number schemes associated with the UE 120. Here, although the UE120 determines the maximum bandwidth capability for the 15kHz digital scheme, the UE120 may determine the maximum bandwidth capability of any digital scheme associated with the UE 120. The maximum bandwidth capability may be based at least in part on a baseband processing configuration of the UE120, a Radio Frequency (RF) throughput capability of the UE120, and/or other factors. Here, the maximum bandwidth capability is 100MHz at 15kHz (not shown in connection with reference numeral 320).
As indicated by reference numeral 330, the UE120 may determine the capabilities of the combination of carriers for different numerology schemes. For example, UE120 may determine capabilities for multiple different combinations of carriers for 15kHz, 7.5kHz, and 1.25kHz digital schemes. In some aspects, UE120 may determine the combination set based at least in part on a worst case digital scheme for each carrier. For example, assume that UE120 supports 3 Carrier Aggregation (CA) for a particular configuration of UE 120. In such a case, UE120 may determine a maximum number of carriers that may be supported for each digital scheme (e.g., 15kHz, 7.5kHz, and 1.25kHz) and may provide information identifying the maximum number of carriers.
In some aspects, UE120 may determine a maximum number of carriers in which UE120 may support MBMS. For example, UE120 may determine the maximum number of MBMS carriers for the band combination associated with UE120 based at least in part on the bandwidth of the band combination, the digital scheme of the MBMS carriers, and/or the baseband capabilities of UE 120. In some aspects, the UE120 may determine and/or provide a maximum number of component carriers in which the UE120 may support MBMS for each band combination. Additionally or alternatively, the UE120 may determine and/or provide information identifying a respective combined set of a first number of carriers of the first numerology and a second number of carriers of the second numerology for each frequency band combination.
In some aspects, the UE120 may determine the capability or maximum number of carriers based at least in part on a default bandwidth for the component carriers. For example, UE120 may determine and/or provide information identifying capabilities using a bandwidth of 20MHz or an assumption of different values. In such a case, if the component carriers are associated with different bandwidths, UE120 may scale the determined capabilities appropriately. For example, if UE120 provides information identifying the capability to support a single MBMS carrier at 20MHz, UE120 may also support 2 MBMS carriers each at 10 MHz.
In some aspects, the UE120 may determine a scaling factor for the maximum bandwidth capability. For a particular maximum bandwidth capability, the scaling factor may identify a relationship between the number of carriers associated with the first numerology and the number of carriers associated with the second numerology. For example, assume that UE120 may use 10 carriers for a particular maximum bandwidth at a 15kHz digital scheme and 1 carrier for the particular maximum bandwidth at a 1.25kHz digital scheme. In this case, the scaling factor between the 15kHz digital scheme and the 1.25kHz digital scheme may be 10 (e.g., 10/1).
In some aspects, UE120 may determine a plurality of different scaling factors. For example, the UE120 may determine a maximum bandwidth capability for one carrier-to-number scheme (e.g., a non-MBMS carrier-to-number scheme) and may determine scaling factors for other carriers or number schemes associated with the UE 120. Additionally or alternatively, scaling factors for other carriers or digital schemes may be defined in specifications associated with UE 120.
In some aspects, the UE120 may determine a capability to identify a maximum bandwidth capability of the UE120 and one or more scaling factors associated with the UE120, referred to herein as explicit baseband capabilities. As an example, assume that UE120 is associated with a carrier-to-digital scheme of 15kHz, 7.5kHz, and 1.25 kHz. In this case, UE120 may determine the explicit baseband capability in the form of:
T>n(15kHz)+An(7.5kHz)+Bn(1.25kHz)
in this equation, T is the maximum bandwidth capability (in MHz, number of physical resource blocks, or different units), n (15kHz) is the bandwidth or number of carriers for a 15kHz digital scheme, n (7.5kHz) is the bandwidth or number of carriers for a 7.5kHz digital scheme, n (1.25kHz) is the bandwidth or number of carriers for a 1.25kHz digital scheme, a is the scaling factor for a 7.5kHz digital scheme, and B is the scaling factor for a 1.25kHz digital scheme. In some aspects, the UE120 may determine a plurality of different explicit baseband capabilities, such as an explicit baseband capability for each band combination associated with the UE 120. In some aspects, UE120 may determine T by the number of component carriers. For example, the number of component carriers may be based at least in part on a bandwidth assumption regarding the bandwidth of the component (e.g., 20MHz, 10MHz, etc.). In this manner, the UE120 may determine information identifying the maximum bandwidth capability with a scaling factor for each digital scheme associated with the UE 120.
In some aspects, the UE120 may determine the maximum bandwidth capability such that the maximum bandwidth capability applies only to cells that include Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Networks (MBSFN) that use the MBMS digital scheme (e.g., 7.5kHz, 1.25kHz, etc.). In this way, the UE120 may effectively underestimate the actual maximum bandwidth capability of the UE120, which may save resources of the UE120 that would otherwise be used to handle communications of the actual maximum bandwidth. Similarly, the UE120 may determine the maximum bandwidth capability based at least in part on the carrier in which the UE120 is associated with active MBSFN reception. For example, the UE120 may be configured with a carrier or cell that is associated with a 15kHz numerology by default and may include subframes having a 1.25kHz numerology. In such a case, UE120 may consider the carrier or cell to be associated with a 15kHz digital scheme unless a subframe having a 1.25kHz digital scheme is received on the carrier or cell.
In some aspects, the capabilities may be based at least in part on a number of antennas supported in each frequency band. For example, if a frequency band supports 4 antennas, UE120 may need to perform a greater number of Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) than a frequency band that supports only 2 antennas. In some aspects, UE120 may determine the capabilities based at least in part on the following equation:
wherein T may beThe maximum bandwidth capability of the antenna set is exceeded and C is the total number of aggregated carriers. For each aggregated carrier c, RcMay be the number of receiving antennas in the corresponding frequency band, and BcMay be the bandwidth of the corresponding carrier (e.g., in MHz, resource blocks, or B for the case where T refers to the number of CCsc1). If the corresponding carrier has a "worst case digital scheme" of X kHz, thenOtherwise it is 0.
In some aspects, the UE120 may determine the capabilities based at least in part on assumptions regarding the number of antennas. For example, UE120 may determine the capability based at least in part on an assumption that two receive antennas are used for MBSFN subframes. In such a case, UE120 may determine the capability based at least in part on the following equation, where values identifying the number of antennas are removed with respect to the MBMS digital scheme of 7.5kHz and 1.25 kHz:
as indicated by reference numeral 340, the UE120 may transmit information identifying the capabilities. Information identifying capabilities is shown by reference numeral 350. As shown, the information identifying capabilities may identify a maximum bandwidth (e.g., 100MHz at a 15kHz digital scheme). As further shown, the information identifying capabilities may identify a scaling factor (e.g., 2) associated with a 7.5kHz digital scheme and a scaling factor (e.g., 10) associated with a 1.25kHz digital scheme. In some aspects, the information identifying capabilities may identify a maximum bandwidth for a plurality of different frequency bands. Additionally or alternatively, the information identifying capabilities may identify a combined set of a first number of carriers of the first numerology and a second number of carriers of the second numerology that may be concurrently supported by the UE.
In some aspects, UE120 may determine and/or transmit information identifying a time window and/or one or more subframes associated with a capability. For example, the UE120 may provide information identifying the maximum bandwidth capability in a particular subframe L based at least in part on the following equation:
T>n15l+An7.5l+Bn1.25l
in some aspects, the UE120 may provide information identifying a maximum bandwidth capability for a time window of length L (or a set of windows of length L1, L2, L3, etc.) based at least in part on the following equation, where n15lIdentify the number of 15kHz component carriers in subframe l:
in this way, UE120 may consider different processing times for different digital schemes. In some aspects, UE120 may use multiple different window lengths. In this case, BS110 may determine the maximum bandwidth capability for different values of L and may schedule traffic with UE120 accordingly.
As indicated by reference numeral 360, BS110 may determine a configuration for communication with UE120 based at least in part on the information identifying the capabilities of UE 120. For example, BS110 may determine a combination of component carriers associated with a respective numerology that does not exceed the baseband capability of UE 120. BS110 may use the configuration to communicate with UE120, as indicated by reference numeral 370. For example, BS110 may establish a component carrier combination for UE120 and may use the component carrier combination to communicate with UE120 or to schedule traffic for UE 120. In this manner, UE120 provides information identifying the capabilities of UE120 with respect to multiple different carrier-digital schemes, and BS110 communicates with UE120 based at least in part on the capabilities.
As noted above, fig. 3 is provided as an example. Other examples are possible and may differ from the example described with respect to fig. 3.
Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 of carrier capability signaling with respect to a multiple carrier digital scheme for configuration of a multimedia multicast broadcast service receive-only mode in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
As shown in fig. 4 and by reference numeral 410, the UE120 may configure an MBMS reception-only mode (ROM) service. The MBMS ROM service is a service that can provide a UE with data reception on an MBMS carrier without authentication to a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) associated with the MBMS carrier. For example, assume that UE120 is associated with subscription or authentication with respect to a first cellular network. UE120 may also receive communications from the second cellular network on the MBMS carrier without being authenticated on the second cellular network. However, the MBMS carrier may use resources (e.g., radio frequency resources, baseband resources, etc.) of the UE120, particularly in cases where the MBMS carrier is associated with a digital scheme associated with a higher baseband processing burden. It may be beneficial for BS110 associated with the first cellular network to know the capabilities of UEs 120 with respect to the MBMS carrier so that BS110 does not exceed the limitations of UEs 120 with respect to communications scheduled by BS110, as described in more detail below.
As indicated by reference numeral 420, the UE120 may transmit an MBMS interest indication for configuration of the MBMS ROM service. UE120 may send an MBMS interest indication to BS110 associated with unicast communication with UE 120. For example, the MBMS interest indication may be associated with information identifying the capability of the UE120 with respect to one or more MBMS carrier digital schemes. The MBMS interest indicator may include information identifying a numerical scheme of a bandwidth and/or a carrier on which the UE is receiving the MBMS ROM service. Additionally or alternatively, BS110 may receive the MBMS interest indication separately from the information identifying the capabilities of UE 120. BS110 may use the information identifying the capabilities to determine a configuration for communication with UE 120. As indicated by reference numeral 430, the MBMS interest indication may include information identifying a maximum bandwidth capability of the UE120 and one or more scaling factors for different digital schemes for the UE 120.
In some aspects, UE120 may provide information identifying capabilities based at least in part on detachment and re-attachment with respect to a network associated with BS 110. For example, the UE120 may initiate an MBMS ROM service. UE120 may determine information identifying the capabilities of UE120 with respect to one or more MBMS carriers. The UE120 may determine a carrier aggregation capability or category based at least in part on the information identifying the capability. For example, UE120 may downgrade the carrier aggregation capability or class of UE120 so that the limitations of UE120 are not exceeded with respect to BS 110. The UE120 may detach and re-attach to a network associated with the BS, and may provide information identifying a carrier aggregation capability or category of the UE120 in association with the re-attaching to the network. In some aspects, BS110 may process the information identifying the carrier aggregation capability or class of UE120 as usual.
In some aspects, the UE120 may provide information identifying the capabilities based at least in part on the tracking area update. For example, UE120 may perform or request a tracking area update when initiating or ending an MBMS ROM service. A network device (e.g., a Mobility Management Entity (MME)) associated with BS110 may receive the tracking area update and may notify BS110 that UE120 has initiated the MBMS ROM service. In such a case, BS110 may request information identifying the capability from UE 120.
In some aspects, the UE120 may provide information identifying the capabilities based at least in part on a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message. For example, there may be an event defined in the RRC configuration associated with the initiation of the MBMS ROM service that causes BS110 to request information identifying the capabilities of UE 120. For example, UE120 may provide an RRC message to UE120 indicating that the MBMS ROM service has started, and BS110 may request information identifying the capabilities based at least in part on the RRC message. Additionally or alternatively, the RRC message may include information identifying the capabilities.
As indicated by reference numeral 440, BS110 may determine a unicast configuration for communication with UE 120. For example, BS110 may determine a configuration that does not exceed a maximum bandwidth capability of UE120, an RF capability of UE120, and/or the like based at least in part on the information identifying the capability of UE 120. As indicated by reference numeral 450, BS110 may communicate with UE120 using a unicast configuration. For example, BS110 may schedule traffic with UE120 based at least in part on the unicast configuration such that the capabilities of UE120 are not exceeded.
In some aspects, BS110 may determine a digital scheme for an MBMS carrier associated with an MBMS ROM service. For example, BS110 may detect that the UE is associated with an MBMS ROM service (e.g., based at least in part on a temporary mobile group identity provided in the MBMS interest indication), and may obtain information identifying the digital scheme of the MBMS carrier (e.g., from a common database providing such information). In some aspects, the information identifying capabilities may identify a digital scheme of the MBMS carrier. In some aspects, BS110 may determine the digital scheme information for the MBMS ROM service and may share the digital scheme information with other BSs 110 and/or UEs 120 (e.g., in a common database, based at least in part on requests from other BSs 110 and/or UEs 120, etc.).
As noted above, fig. 4 is provided as an example. Other examples are possible and may differ from the example described with respect to fig. 4.
Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an
As shown in fig. 5, in some aspects,
As shown in fig. 5, in some aspects,
In some aspects, the carrier configuration is a multimedia multicast broadcast service (MBMS) carrier configuration, and the carrier is an MBMS carrier. In some aspects, the capability identifies a number of carriers that the UE is capable of concurrently supporting. In some aspects, the information identifying capabilities identifies a maximum number of carriers for one or more band combinations. In some aspects, the information identifying capabilities identifies a combined set of a first number of carriers of a first numerology and a second number of carriers of a second numerology that the UE is capable of concurrently supporting.
In some aspects, the information identifying the capability is associated with a particular carrier bandwidth associated with the carrier configuration. In some aspects, the information identifying the capability is based at least in part on a baseband limitation of the UE.
In some aspects, the one or more scaling values and the bandwidth or carrier number indicate whether the UE concurrently supports a combination of the bandwidth or carrier number having the first numerology and the bandwidth or carrier number having the second numerology of the one or more numerologies. In some aspects, the information identifying capabilities identifies a corresponding number of bandwidths or carriers and a scaling value for a plurality of different combinations of frequency bands. In some aspects, the information identifying capabilities is provided in association with a multimedia multicast broadcast service (MBMS) Receive Only Mode (ROM) session based at least in part on a radio resource control message.
In some aspects, the information identifying capabilities identifies a combination of frequency bands associated with carriers of at least two different digital schemes, wherein the at least two different digital schemes are associated with respective scaling values for determining a bandwidth or number of carriers supported by the UE. In some aspects, the information identifying capabilities identifies a bandwidth or number of carriers that are underestimated compared to a maximum supported bandwidth of the UE.
In some aspects, the carrier is based at least in part on a carrier with which the UE is associated with active multicast broadcast single frequency network reception. In some aspects, the information identifying capabilities identifies a reference bandwidth or number of carriers, a scaling value, and a number of supported antennas for supporting the set of frequency bands. The scaling value, the bandwidth or number of carriers, and the number of supported antennas indicate whether the UE concurrently supports a combination of a first set of bandwidths or numbers of carriers belonging to a first set of frequency bands and associated with a first numerology and a second set of bandwidths or numbers of carriers belonging to a second set of frequency bands associated with a second numerology.
In some aspects, the capabilities relate to a maximum bandwidth of the UE within the subframe. In some aspects, the capabilities relate to a bandwidth of the UE within one or more time windows.
In some aspects, a UE may start a multimedia multicast broadcast service (MBMS) Receive Only Mode (ROM) session, wherein the information identifying the capabilities is based at least on the MBMS ROM session. In some aspects, a UE may start an MBMS ROM session; and transmitting an interest indicator associated with the MBMS ROM session. In some aspects, the information identifying the capability is provided based at least in part on an MBMS ROM session, and wherein the transmitting comprises re-attaching to a network associated with the base station. In some aspects, sending the information identifying the capability includes re-attaching to a network associated with the base station. In some aspects, the information identifying the capabilities is provided to a base station associated with unicast communication with the UE. The UE may transmit an interest indicator associated with the MBMS ROM session. In some aspects, the interest indicator further includes at least one of a digital scheme for the MBMS ROM session or a bandwidth for the MBMS ROM session. In some aspects, sending the information includes initiating a tracking area update with respect to the network in association with the MBMS ROM session. In some aspects, the capability is associated with a worst case bandwidth for the UE.
Although fig. 5 shows example blocks of the
Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example process 600 performed, for example, by a BS, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Example process 600 is an example where a BS (e.g., BS 110) performs carrier capability signaling for a multiple carrier digital scheme.
As shown in fig. 6, in some aspects, process 600 may include: information identifying capabilities of a User Equipment (UE) related to a carrier configuration of the UE is received, wherein the carrier configuration is related to carriers of at least two different digital schemes, wherein the information identifying the capabilities identifies a number of carriers or bandwidths supported for the carriers of the first digital scheme and one or more scaling values associated with one or more digital schemes other than the first digital scheme (block 610). For example, the BS may receive (e.g., using antennas 234, DEMOD 232, MIMO detector 236, receive processor 238, controller/processor 240, etc.) information identifying the capabilities of the UE. The information identifying the capability may relate to a carrier configuration of the UE. The carrier configuration of the UE may relate to carriers of at least two different numerical schemes. For example, at least one of the at least two different numerologies may be associated with an MBMS carrier. In some aspects, the information identifying capabilities identifies a number of carriers or bandwidths supported for the first digital scheme and one or more scaling values associated with one or more digital schemes other than the first digital scheme. For example, the first number scheme and the one or more number schemes other than the first number scheme may be number schemes of at least two different number schemes.
As shown in fig. 6, in some aspects, process 600 may include: a configuration for communication with the UE is determined based at least in part on the information identifying the capabilities (block 620). For example, the base station may determine (e.g., using controller/processor 240, etc.) a configuration for communication with the UE. The configuration may be based at least in part on information identifying the capabilities. For example, the configuration may be determined such that the base station does not exceed the baseband limit of the UE.
Process 600 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect and/or any combination of aspects described below and/or in conjunction with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
In some aspects, the carrier configuration is a multimedia multicast broadcast service (MBMS) carrier configuration, and wherein the carrier is an MBMS carrier. In some aspects, the one or more scaling values and the bandwidth or carrier number indicate whether the UE concurrently supports a combination of the bandwidth or carrier number having the first numerology and the bandwidth or carrier number having the second numerology of the one or more numerologies.
In some aspects, the capabilities relate to a maximum bandwidth of the UE within the subframe, and the configuration is determined based at least in part on the maximum bandwidth within the subframe. In some aspects, the capabilities relate to a maximum bandwidth of the UE within the one or more time windows, and the configuration is determined based at least in part on the maximum bandwidth within the one or more time windows.
In some aspects, the communication is a unicast communication with the UE. The BS may receive an interest indicator associated with an MBMS ROM session of the UE. In some aspects, the interest indicator further includes at least one of a digital scheme for the MBMS ROM session or a bandwidth for the MBMS ROM session. In some aspects, the BS may receive or obtain information identifying at least two different numerical schemes. In some aspects, the capabilities are associated with a worst case bandwidth for the UE.
Although fig. 6 shows example blocks of the process 600, in some aspects the process 600 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or blocks arranged in a different manner than those depicted in fig. 6. Additionally or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of the process 600 may be performed in parallel.
The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit aspects to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of various aspects.
As used herein, the term component is intended to be broadly interpreted as hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. As used herein, a "processor" is implemented in hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software.
Some aspects are described herein in connection with a threshold. As used herein, satisfying a threshold may refer to a value greater than a threshold, greater than or equal to a threshold, less than or equal to a threshold, not equal to a threshold, and the like.
It will be apparent that the systems and/or methods described herein may be implemented in various forms of hardware, firmware, or combinations of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement the systems and/or methods is not limiting of various aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems and/or methods were described herein without reference to the specific software code-it being understood that software and hardware may be designed to implement the systems and/or methods based, at least in part, on the description herein.
Even if specific combinations of features are recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the description, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of possible aspects. Indeed, many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and/or specifically disclosed in the specification. Although each dependent claim listed below may depend directly on only one claim, the disclosure of possible aspects includes a combination of each dependent claim with every other claim in the set of claims. A phrase referring to "at least one of a list of items" refers to any combination of those items, including a single member. For example, "at least one of a, b, or c" is intended to encompass any combination of a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as multiples of the same element (e.g., any other ordering of a, b, and c), a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c, or a, b, and c).
No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. In addition, as used herein, the articles "a" and "an" are intended to include one or more items, and may be used interchangeably with "one or more. Further, as used herein, the terms "set" and "group" are intended to include one or more items (e.g., related items, unrelated items, combinations of related items and unrelated items, etc.) and may be used interchangeably with "one or more. Where only one item is intended, the term "one" or similar language is used. Further, as used herein, the terms "having," "has," "having," and/or the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, the phrase "based on" is intended to mean "based, at least in part, on" unless explicitly stated otherwise.
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