Encoding and decoding of coupled chains
阅读说明：本技术 耦合链的编码和解码 (Encoding and decoding of coupled chains ) 是由 C·梅森 A·阿卢姆 K·S·J·拉杜 于 2018-01-15 设计创作，主要内容包括：冗余信息被添加到要通过介质被发送的信息上,并且作为空间耦合链被发送,其中冗余信息作为本地决策验证码。在接收端中,当本地决策验证码已经被满足预设次数时,滑动窗被移动。(Redundant information is added to the information to be transmitted over the medium and transmitted as a spatially coupled chain, with the redundant information acting as a local decision verification code. In the receiving end, the sliding window is moved when the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times.)
1. A method, comprising:
receiving, in a device, information to be transmitted over a medium;
determining, by the device, redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location;
causing, by the apparatus, encoding of the information symbols and the redundant information at the particular location into spatially coupled chains; and
causing, by the apparatus, the information to be sent as the spatially coupled chain, wherein the redundant information is as a local decision verification code.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, by the device, the redundant information by calculating one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location;
performing, by the device, cyclic redundancy check encoding on information including both the received information and the redundant information by associating bits in the particular locations with corresponding one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes; and
forming the spatially coupled chain by performing spatially coupled low density parity check code encoding on a result of the cyclic redundancy check encoding.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the cyclic redundancy check coding is formed by a round of consecutive cyclic redundancy check coding and/or by overlapping cyclic redundancy checks.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, by the device, one or more design parameters of a cyclic redundancy check code according to at least one of: a characteristic of a waveform carrying the spatially coupled chain, a shape of the waveform, and an expected characteristic of a media channel;
calculating, by the device, the redundant information as one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location according to the one or more design parameters;
performing, by the device, cyclic redundancy check encoding on information including both the received information and the redundant information by inserting bits in the one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes such that the bits are regularly inserted in the received information; and
causing, by the apparatus, the spatial coupling chain to be obtained by spatially coupling the results of the cyclic redundancy check encoding.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the spatially coupled chain is obtained by performing spatially coupled low density parity check code encoding, or by spatially coupled turbo code encoding or spatially coupled equalization.
6. A method, comprising:
receiving, in a device, a spatially coupled chain including redundant information over a medium;
decoding, by the device, the spatially-coupled chain using a sliding window;
determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied;
repeating said decoding and said determining if said local decision verification code has not been satisfied;
if the local decision verification code has been satisfied, checking whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times;
repeating said decoding and said determining if said local decision verification code has not been satisfied said preset number of times;
if the local decision verification code has been satisfied the preset number of times, moving the sliding window and repeating the decoding and the determining.
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: using a cyclic redundancy check code as the local decision verification code.
8. An apparatus, comprising:
means for receiving information to be transmitted over a medium;
means for determining redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location;
means for encoding or causing to be encoded as a spatially coupled chain information symbols and the redundant information at the particular location; and
means for causing, by the apparatus, the information to be sent as the spatially coupled chain, wherein the redundant information is as a local decision verification code.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the means for determining is configured to determine the redundancy information by calculating one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location; and the apparatus further comprises:
means for performing, by the device, cyclic redundancy check encoding on information including both the received information and the redundant information by associating bits in the particular locations with corresponding one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes; and
means for forming the spatially coupled chain by performing spatially coupled low density parity check code encoding on a result of the cyclic redundancy check encoding.
10. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising:
means for determining one or more design parameters of a cyclic redundancy check code based on at least one of a characteristic of a waveform carrying the spatial coupling chain, a shape of the waveform, and an expected characteristic of a media channel; wherein
The means for determining redundant information is configured to calculate the redundant information as one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location in accordance with the one or more design parameters, and to perform or cause to be performed cyclic redundancy check encoding on information comprising both the received information and the redundant information by inserting bits in the one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes such that the bits are regularly inserted in the received information; and
the means for causing transmission of the information as the spatially coupled chain is configured to cause obtaining the spatially coupled chain by spatially coupling the result of the cyclic redundancy check encoding.
11. An apparatus, comprising:
means for receiving a spatially coupled chain comprising redundant information over a medium;
means for decoding the spatially coupled chains using a sliding window;
means for determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied;
means for checking, in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied, whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times;
means for causing the means for decoding and the means for determining to repeat the decoding and the determining in response to the local decision verification code not being satisfied or not being satisfied the preset number of times;
means for moving the sliding window in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied the preset number of times.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, configured to use a cyclic redundancy check code as the local decision verification code.
13. A computer program comprising instructions for causing an apparatus to at least:
determining redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location of received information, the received information to be transmitted over a medium;
cause encoding of the information symbols and the redundant information at the particular location into spatially coupled chains; and
causing the information to be sent as the spatially coupled chain with the redundant information as a local decision verification code.
14. A computer program comprising instructions for causing an apparatus to at least:
decoding the received spatially coupled chain including the redundant information using a sliding window;
determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied;
repeating said decoding and said determining if said local decision verification code has not been satisfied;
if the local decision verification code has been satisfied, checking whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times;
repeating said decoding and said determining if said local decision verification code has not been satisfied said preset number of times; and
if the local decision verification code has been satisfied the preset number of times, moving the sliding window and repeating the decoding and the determining.
15. The computer program of claim 13, further comprising: using a cyclic redundancy check code as the local decision verification code.
16. A signal having embedded data, the signal being encoded according to an encoding process in which an information symbol at a particular location of information received and redundant information determined from a set of the information symbols at the particular location are encoded as spatially coupled chains.
17. An apparatus comprising
At least one processor; and
at least one memory including computer program code;
the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform:
determining redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location of received information, the received information to be transmitted over a medium;
encoding or causing to be encoded into a spatially coupled chain the information symbols and the redundant information at the particular location; and
causing the information to be sent as the spatially coupled chain with the redundant information as a local decision verification code.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus at least to perform:
determining the redundant information by calculating one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location;
performing cyclic redundancy check encoding on information including both the received information and the redundant information by associating bits in the particular locations with corresponding one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes; and
forming the spatially coupled chain by performing spatially coupled low density parity check code encoding on a result of the cyclic redundancy check encoding.
19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus at least to perform:
determining one or more design parameters of a cyclic redundancy check code based on at least one of a characteristic of a waveform carrying the spatial coupling chain, a shape of the waveform, and an expected characteristic of a media channel;
calculating the redundancy information as one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location according to the one or more design parameters;
performing cyclic redundancy check encoding on information including both the received information and the redundant information by inserting bits in the one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes such that the bits are regularly inserted in the received information; and
causing, by the apparatus, the spatial coupling chain to be obtained by spatially coupling the results of the cyclic redundancy check encoding.
20. An apparatus comprising
At least one processor; and
at least one memory including computer program code;
the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform:
decoding the received spatially coupled chain including the redundant information using a sliding window;
determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied;
repeating said decoding and said determining if said local decision verification code has not been satisfied;
if the local decision verification code has been satisfied, checking whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times;
repeating said decoding and said determining if said local decision verification code has not been satisfied said preset number of times; and
if the local decision verification code has been satisfied the preset number of times, moving the sliding window and repeating the decoding and the determining.
21. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus at least to use a cyclic redundancy check code as the local decision verification code.
22. An apparatus, comprising:
encoding circuitry configured to determine redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location of received information to be transmitted over a medium, and to encode the information symbols at the particular location and the redundant information into a spatially coupled chain; and
decoding circuitry configured at least to decode a received spatially coupled chain comprising redundant information using a sliding window, determine from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied, in response to the local decision verification code not having been satisfied, repeat the decoding and the determining, in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied, check whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times; in response to the local decision verification code not being satisfied the preset number of times, repeating the decoding and the determining, and in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied the preset number of times, moving the sliding window and repeating the decoding and the determining.
23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the encoding circuitry and the decoding circuitry are further configured to use a cyclic redundancy check code as the local decision verification code, and the encoding circuitry is further configured to: determining the redundant information by calculating one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location, performing cyclic redundancy check encoding on information including both the received information and the redundant information by associating bits in the particular location with corresponding one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes, and forming the spatially coupled chain by performing spatially coupled low density parity check code encoding on a result of the cyclic redundancy check encoding.
24. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the encoding circuitry and the decoding circuitry are further configured to use a cyclic redundancy check code as the local decision verification code, and the encoding circuitry is further configured to: determining one or more design parameters of a cyclic redundancy check code according to at least one of a characteristic of a waveform carrying the spatially coupled chain, a shape of the waveform, and an expected characteristic of a media channel, calculating the redundancy information as one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the specific location according to the one or more design parameters, performing cyclic redundancy check coding on information including both the received information and the redundancy information by inserting bits in the one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes such that the bits are regularly inserted in the received information; and causing, by the device, the spatial coupling of the results of the cyclic redundancy check encoding to be obtained.
25. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the following:
determining redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location of received information, the received information to be transmitted over a medium;
encoding or causing to be encoded as a spatially coupled chain information symbols and the redundant information at the particular location; and
causing the information to be sent as the spatially coupled chain with the redundant information as a local decision verification code.
26. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the following:
decoding the received spatially coupled chain including the redundant information using a sliding window;
determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied;
in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied, checking whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times;
cause the decoding and the determining to be repeated in response to the local decision verification code not being satisfied or not being satisfied the preset number of times;
in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied the preset number of times, moving the sliding window and repeating the decoding and the determining.
27. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions stored thereon for performing at least the following:
determining redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location of received information, the received information to be transmitted over a medium;
encoding the information symbols and the redundant information at the specific location into a spatially coupled chain; and
causing the information to be sent as the spatially coupled chain with the redundant information as a local decision verification code.
28. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions stored thereon for performing at least the following:
decoding the received spatially coupled chain including the redundant information using a sliding window;
determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied;
in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied, checking whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times;
cause the decoding and the determining to be repeated in response to the local decision verification code not being satisfied or not being satisfied the preset number of times;
in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied the preset number of times, moving the sliding window and repeating the decoding and the determining.
Technical Field
Various example embodiments relate to communications.
Background
Wireless communication systems are constantly evolving. The greatly increased demand for faster communication and data volume creates challenges for communication systems. The use of spatially coupled codes is an alternative to future communication systems.
Disclosure of Invention
According to one aspect, the subject matter of the independent claims is provided. Some embodiments are defined in the dependent claims.
One aspect provides a method comprising: receiving, in a device, information to be transmitted over a medium; determining, by the device, redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location; causing, by an apparatus, encoding of information symbols and redundant information at a particular location into a spatially coupled chain; and causing, by the device, the information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain, wherein the redundant information serves as a local decision verification code.
Another aspect provides a method comprising: receiving, in a device, information to be transmitted over a medium; determining, by the device at a particular location of the information, redundant information that is one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location from a selection of adjacent symbols to the symbol at the particular location; performing, by the device, cyclic redundancy check encoding on information including both the received information and the redundant information by associating bits in the particular locations with corresponding one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes; forming a spatially coupled chain by performing spatially coupled low density parity check code encoding on a result of the cyclic redundancy check encoding; and causing, by the device, the information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain, wherein the redundant information serves as a local decision verification code.
Another aspect provides a method comprising: receiving, in a device, information to be transmitted over a medium; determining, by the device, redundant information from the set of information symbols at the particular location as one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location; performing, by the device, a round of sequential cyclic redundancy check encoding and/or overlapping cyclic redundancy checks on information including both the received information and the redundant information by associating bits in particular locations with corresponding one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes; forming a spatially coupled chain by performing encoding of a spatially coupled low density parity check code on a result of the cyclic redundancy check encoding; and causing, by the device, the information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain with the redundant information as a local decision verification code.
Yet another aspect provides a method comprising: receiving, in a device, information to be transmitted over a medium; determining, by the device, redundant information from the set of information symbols at the particular location by calculating, by the device, the redundant information as one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location according to the one or more design parameters; performing, by the device, cyclic redundancy check encoding on information including both the received information and the redundant information by inserting bits in one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes such that the bits are regularly inserted in the received information; and causing, by the device, a spatial coupling chain to be obtained by spatially coupling results of the cyclic redundancy check encoding; and causing, by the device, the information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain, wherein the redundant information is a local decision verification code, wherein one or more design parameters of the cyclic redundancy check code are determined by the device as a function of at least one of: the characteristics of the waveform carrying the spatial coupling chain, the shape of the waveform, and the expected characteristics of the media channel.
Another aspect provides a method comprising: receiving, in a device, information to be transmitted over a medium; determining, by the device at the particular location of the information, redundant information from a selection of neighboring symbols to the symbol at the particular location by calculating, by the device, the redundant information as one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location according to the one or more design parameters; performing, by the device, cyclic redundancy check encoding on information including both the received information and the redundant information by inserting bits in one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes such that the bits are regularly inserted in the received information; obtaining, by the device, a spatially coupled chain by performing spatially coupled low density parity check code encoding on a result of the cyclic redundancy check encoding, or by spatially coupled turbo code encoding or spatially coupled equalization; and causing, by the device, the information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain, wherein the redundant information is a local decision verification code, wherein one or more design parameters of the cyclic redundancy check code are determined by the device as a function of at least one of: the characteristics of the waveform carrying the spatial coupling chain, the shape of the waveform, and the expected characteristics of the media channel.
One aspect provides a method comprising: receiving, in a device, a spatially coupled chain including redundant information over a medium; decoding, by a device, a spatial coupling chain using a sliding window; determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code is satisfied; repeating the decoding and determining if the local decision verification code has not been satisfied; if the local decision-making validation code has been satisfied, checking whether the local decision-making validation code has been satisfied a preset number of times; repeating the decoding and determining if the local decision verification code has not been satisfied a preset number of times; if the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times, the sliding window is moved and the decoding and determining are repeated.
One aspect provides a method comprising: receiving, in a device, a spatially coupled chain including redundant information over a medium; decoding, by a device, a spatial coupling chain using a sliding window; determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code is satisfied; repeating the decoding and determining if the local decision verification code has not been satisfied; if the local decision-making validation code has been satisfied, checking whether the local decision-making validation code has been satisfied a preset number of times; repeating the decoding and determining if the local decision verification code has not been satisfied a preset number of times; if the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times, the sliding window is moved and the decoding and determining are repeated, wherein a cyclic redundancy check code is used as the local decision verification code.
One aspect provides an apparatus comprising means for receiving information to be transmitted over a medium; means for determining redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location; means for encoding or causing to be encoded as spatially coupled chains information symbols and redundant information at a particular location; and means for causing, by the device, the information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain, wherein the redundant information serves as a local decision verification code.
Another aspect provides an apparatus comprising means for performing any of the methods disclosed above.
A further aspect provides an apparatus comprising: means for receiving information to be transmitted over a medium; and means for determining redundant information from the set of information symbols at the particular location by calculating one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location; means for performing cyclic redundancy check encoding on information including both received information and redundant information by associating bits in particular locations with corresponding one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes; spatial coupling is used to utilize means for encoding or causing to be encoded into a spatially coupled chain information symbols and redundant information at a particular location: means for forming a spatially coupled chain by performing a pair of spatially coupled low density parity check codes on a result of the cyclic redundancy check encoding; and means for causing, by the device, the information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain, wherein the redundant information serves as a local decision verification code.
Yet another aspect provides an apparatus, comprising: means for receiving information to be transmitted over a medium; means for determining one or more design parameters of a cyclic redundancy check code based on at least one of: characteristics of the waveform carrying the spatial coupling chain, shape of the waveform, and expected characteristics of the media channel; means for determining redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location; means for encoding or causing to be encoded as spatially coupled chains information symbols and redundant information at a particular location; and means for causing, by the device, the information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain, wherein the redundant information serves as a local decision verification code; wherein the means for determining redundant information is configured to calculate the redundant information as one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at a particular location in accordance with one or more design parameters, and to perform or cause to be performed cyclic redundancy check encoding on the information including both the received information and the redundant information by inserting bits in the one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes such that the bits are regularly inserted in the received information; and means for causing information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain is configured to cause a spatially coupled chain to be obtained by spatially coupling results of the cyclic redundancy check encoding.
Yet another aspect provides an apparatus comprising means for receiving a spatially coupled chain comprising redundant information over a medium; means for decoding the spatial coupling chain using a sliding window; means for determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied; means for checking whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied; means for causing the means for decoding and the means for determining to repeat the decoding and determining in response to the local decision verification code not being satisfied or not being satisfied a preset number of times; and means for moving the sliding window in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied a preset number of times.
Another aspect provides an apparatus comprising: means for receiving a spatially coupled chain comprising redundant information over a medium; means for decoding the spatial coupling chain using a sliding window; means for determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied; means for checking whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied; means for causing the means for decoding and the means for determining to repeat the decoding and determining in response to the local decision verification code not being satisfied or not being satisfied a preset number of times; and means for moving the sliding window in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied a preset number of times, wherein the apparatus is configured to use a cyclic redundancy check code as the local decision verification code.
Yet another aspect provides a computer program comprising instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the following: determining redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location of received information to be transmitted over a medium; causing encoding of information symbols and redundant information at a particular location into a spatially coupled chain; and cause the information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain with redundant information as a local decision verification code.
Another aspect provides a computer program comprising instructions for causing an apparatus to perform any of the methods disclosed above.
One aspect provides a computer program comprising instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the following: decoding the received spatially coupled chain including the redundant information using a sliding window; determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied; repeating the decoding and determining if the local decision verification code has not been satisfied; if the local decision-making validation code has been satisfied, checking whether the local decision-making validation code has been satisfied a preset number of times; repeating the decoding and determining if the local decision verification code has not been satisfied a preset number of times; and if the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times, moving the sliding window and repeating the decoding and determining.
Another aspect provides a computer program comprising instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the following: decoding the received spatially coupled chain including the redundant information using a sliding window; and determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied; repeating the decoding and determining if the local decision verification code has not been satisfied; if the local decision-making validation code has been satisfied, checking whether the local decision-making validation code has been satisfied a preset number of times; repeating the decoding and determining if the local decision verification code has not been satisfied a preset number of times; if the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times, the sliding window is moved and the decoding and determining are repeated, wherein a cyclic redundancy check code is used as the local decision verification code.
Another aspect provides a signal having embedded data, the signal being encoded according to an encoding process in which an information symbol at a particular location of received data and redundant information determined from a set of information symbols at the particular location are encoded as a spatially coupled chain.
Another aspect provides an apparatus, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: determining redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location of received information to be transmitted over a medium; encoding or causing to be encoded into spatially coupled chains information symbols and redundant information at a particular location; and cause the information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain with redundant information as a local decision verification code.
Another aspect provides an apparatus, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: determining redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location of received information to be transmitted over a medium by computing one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location; performing cyclic redundancy check coding on information including both the received information and the redundant information by associating bits in the particular locations with corresponding one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes; encoding or causing to be encoded into a spatially coupled chain information symbols and redundant information at a specific location by performing spatially coupled low density parity check code encoding on a result of the cyclic redundancy check encoding; and causing the information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain, wherein the redundant information serves as a local decision verification code.
Another aspect provides an apparatus, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: determining one or more design parameters of a cyclic redundancy check code based on at least one of: characteristics of the waveform carrying the spatial coupling chain, shape of the waveform, and expected characteristics of the media channel; determining redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location of received information to be transmitted over a medium by computing the redundant information as one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location according to one or more design parameters; performing cyclic redundancy check encoding on information including both the received information and redundant information by inserting bits in one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes such that the bits are regularly inserted in the received information; encoding or causing encoding of the information symbols and the redundant information at the specific location to a spatial coupling chain by spatially coupling the results of the cyclic redundancy check encoding; and cause the information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain with redundant information as a local decision verification code.
Yet another aspect provides an apparatus, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: decoding the received spatially coupled chain including the redundant information using a sliding window; determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied; repeating the decoding and determining if the local decision verification code has not been satisfied; if the local decision-making validation code has been satisfied, checking whether the local decision-making validation code has been satisfied a preset number of times; repeating the decoding and determining if the local decision verification code has not been satisfied a preset number of times; and if the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times, moving the sliding window and repeating the decoding and determining.
Yet another aspect provides an apparatus, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: decoding the received spatially coupled chain including the redundant information using a sliding window; determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied; repeating the decoding and determining if the local decision verification code has not been satisfied; if the local decision-making validation code has been satisfied, checking whether the local decision-making validation code has been satisfied a preset number of times; repeating the decoding and determining if the local decision verification code has not been satisfied a preset number of times; and if the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times, moving the sliding window and repeating the decoding and determining; wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus at least to use a cyclic redundancy check code as the local decision verification code.
Yet another aspect provides an apparatus, comprising: encoding circuitry configured to determine redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location of received information to be transmitted over a medium, and to encode the information symbols and the redundant information at the particular location as a spatially coupled chain; and decoding circuitry configured at least to decode the received spatially coupled chain comprising the redundant information using a sliding window, determine from the decoded redundant information whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied, in response to the local decision verification code not being satisfied, repeat the decoding and determining, in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied, check whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times; the decoding and determining are repeated in response to the local decision verification code not being satisfied a preset number of times, and the sliding window is moved and the decoding and determining are repeated in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied a preset number of times.
Another aspect provides an apparatus comprising: encoding circuitry configured to determine redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location of received information to be transmitted over a medium, and to encode the information symbols and the redundant information at the particular location as a spatially coupled chain; and decoding circuitry configured at least to decode the received spatially coupled chain comprising the redundant information using a sliding window, determine from the decoded redundant information whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied, in response to the local decision verification code not having been satisfied, repeat the decoding and determining, in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied, check whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times; repeating the decoding and determining in response to the local decision verification code not being satisfied a preset number of times, and moving the sliding window and repeating the decoding and determining in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied a preset number of times; wherein the encoding circuitry and the decoding circuitry are further configured to use a cyclic redundancy check code as the local decision verification code, and the encoding circuitry is further configured to determine the redundant information by calculating one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at the particular location, perform cyclic redundancy check encoding on information including both the received information and the redundant information by associating bits in the particular location with the corresponding one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes, and form the spatially coupled chain by performing spatially coupled low density parity check code encoding on a result of the cyclic redundancy check encoding.
Yet another aspect provides an apparatus comprising: encoding circuitry configured to determine redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location of received information to be transmitted over a medium, and to encode the information symbols and the redundant information at the particular location as a spatially coupled chain; and decoding circuitry configured at least to decode the received spatially coupled chain comprising the redundant information using a sliding window, determine from the decoded redundant information whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied, in response to the local decision verification code not having been satisfied, repeat the decoding and determining, in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied, check whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times; the decoding and determining are repeated in response to the local decision verification code not being satisfied a preset number of times, and the sliding window is moved and the decoding and determining are repeated in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied the preset number of times. Wherein the encoding circuitry and the decoding circuitry are further configured to use the cyclic redundancy check code as a local decision verification code, and the encoding circuitry is further configured to determine one or more design parameters of the cyclic redundancy check code in accordance with at least one of: calculating redundant information as one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes at a specific location according to one or more design parameters, performing cyclic redundancy check coding on information including both the received information and the redundant information by inserting bits in the one or more local cyclic redundancy check codes such that the bits are regularly inserted in the received information; and causing, by the device, a spatial coupling chain to be obtained by spatially coupling results of the cyclic redundancy check encoding.
One aspect provides a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the following: determining redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location of received information to be transmitted over a medium; encoding or causing to be encoded into spatially coupled chains information symbols and redundant information at a particular location; and causing the information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain, wherein the redundant information serves as a local decision verification code.
Another aspect provides a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the following: decoding the received spatially coupled chain including the redundant information using a sliding window; determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied; in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied, checking whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times; causing the decoding and determining to be repeated in response to the local decision verification code not being satisfied or not being satisfied a preset number of times; in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied a preset number of times, the sliding window is moved and the decoding and determining are repeated.
Another aspect provides a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions stored thereon for performing at least the following: determining redundant information from a set of information symbols at a particular location of received information to be transmitted over a medium; encoding the information symbols and redundant information at a specific location into a spatial coupling chain; and cause the information to be transmitted as a spatially coupled chain with redundant information as a local decision verification code.
Yet another aspect provides a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions stored thereon for performing at least the following: decoding the received spatially coupled chain including the redundant information using a sliding window; determining from the decoded redundant information whether a local decision verification code has been satisfied; in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied, checking whether the local decision verification code has been satisfied a preset number of times; causing the decoding and determining to be repeated in response to the local decision verification code not being satisfied or not being satisfied a preset number of times; in response to the local decision verification code being satisfied a preset number of times, the sliding window is moved and the decoding and determining are repeated.
One or more examples of an implementation are set forth in more detail in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
Drawings
Example embodiments will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which
FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate an exemplary wireless communication system;
FIG. 2 shows an example of a spatial coupling sequence;
FIGS. 3-7 illustrate exemplary processes; and
fig. 8 is a schematic block diagram.
Detailed Description
The following examples are given by way of illustration only. Although the specification may refer to "an", "one", or "some" embodiment and/or example in several places throughout the text, this does not necessarily mean that each reference refers to the same embodiment(s) or example(s), nor does it mean that a particular feature applies to only a single embodiment and/or example. Individual features of different embodiments and/or examples may also be combined to provide other embodiments and/or examples.
The embodiments and examples described herein may be implemented in any wired, wireless, and/or optical communication system configurable to support spatially coupled codes. In the following, different exemplary embodiments will be described using a radio access architecture based on long term evolution advanced (LTE-advanced, LTE-a) or new radio (NR, 5G) as an example of an access architecture to which the embodiments can be applied, without limiting the embodiments toIs such an architecture. It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that the embodiments can also be applied to other kinds of communication networks with suitable components, by suitably adapting the parameters and procedures. Some examples of other options for an applicable system are: universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) radio Access network (UTRAN or E-UTRAN), Long term evolution (LTE, same as E-UTRA), ultra 5G, Wireless local area network (WLAN or WiFi), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX),Personal Communication Services (PCS),Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), systems using ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, sensor networks, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), and internet protocol multimedia subsystems (IMS), or any combination thereof.
Fig. 1A depicts an example of a simplified system architecture showing only some elements and functional entities, all logical units, the implementation of which may differ from that shown. The connections shown in FIG. 1A are logical connections; the actual physical connections may differ. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the system will typically include other functions and structures in addition to those shown in FIG. 1A.
However, the embodiments are not limited to the systems given as examples, but a person skilled in the art may apply the solution to other communication systems providing the necessary properties.
The example of fig. 1A shows a portion of an exemplary radio access network.
Fig. 1A shows
A communication system typically comprises more than one (e/g) NodeB, in which case the (e/g) nodebs may also be configured to communicate with each other via wired or wireless links designed for this purpose. These links may be used for signaling purposes. (e/g) a NodeB is a computing device configured to control the radio resources of the communication system to which it is coupled. The NodeB may also be referred to as a base station, an access point, or any other type of interface device, including relay stations capable of operating in a wireless environment. (e/g) the NodeB includes or is coupled to a transceiver. From the transceiver of the (e/g) NodeB, a connection is provided to an antenna unit, which establishes a bi-directional radio link to the user equipment. The antenna unit may comprise a plurality of antennas or antenna elements. (e/g) the NodeB is also connected to the core network 105(CN or next generation core NGC). Depending on the system, the peers on the CN side may be serving gateways (S-GWs, route and forward user packets), packet data network gateways (P-GWs) for providing connectivity of User Equipment (UE) to external packet data networks or Mobility Management Entities (MMEs), etc.
A user equipment (also referred to as UE, user equipment, user terminal, terminal device, etc.) illustrates one type of apparatus to which resources on an air interface are allocated and assigned, and thus any of the features described herein for a user equipment may be implemented with a corresponding apparatus, such as a relay node. An example of such a relay node is a layer 3 relay (self-backhauling relay) towards the base station.
User equipment generally refers to portable computing devices, including wireless mobile communication devices operating with or without a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), including but not limited to the following types of devices: mobile stations (mobile phones), smart phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), headsets, devices using wireless modems (alarm or measurement devices, etc.), laptop and/or touch screen computers, tablets, game consoles, notebook computers, and multimedia devices. It should be understood that the user equipment may also be an almost exclusive uplink-only device, an example of which is a camera or camcorder that loads images or video clips to the network. The user device may also be a device with the capability to operate in an internet of things (IoT) network, which is such a scenario: in which objects are provided the ability to transfer data over a network without human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. The user device may also utilize the cloud. In some applications, the user device may comprise a small portable device with a radio section (e.g., a watch, headset, or glasses), and the calculations are performed in the cloud. The user equipment (or in some embodiments, the layer 3 relay node) is configured to perform one or more of the user equipment functionalities. A user equipment may also be called a subscriber unit, mobile station, remote terminal, access terminal, user terminal, or User Equipment (UE), to name a few or no means.
The various techniques described herein may also be applied to network physical systems (CPS) (systems that cooperatively control the computing elements of a physical entity). The CPS may enable the implementation and utilization of a large number of interconnected ICT devices (sensors, actuators, processor microcontrollers, etc.) embedded in physical objects at different locations. The mobile network physical systems in which the physical system in question has an inherent mobility are a sub-category of network physical systems. Examples of mobile physical systems include mobile robots and electronic devices transported by humans or animals.
Additionally, although the apparatus is depicted as a single entity, different units, processors, and/or memory units (not all shown in fig. 1A) may be implemented.
5G enables the use of multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) antennas, many more base stations or nodes or corresponding network equipment than LTE (so-called small cell concepts), including macro sites operating in coordination with smaller sites and employing various radio technologies depending on service requirements, use cases and/or available spectrum. 5G Mobile communications support a wide range of use cases and related applications, including video streaming, augmented reality, different ways of data sharing, and various forms of machine type applications such as (large scale) machine type communications (mMTC), including vehicle safety, different sensors, and real time control.5G is expected to have multiple radio interfaces, i.e., below 6GHz, cmWave, and mmWave, and can be integrated with existing legacy radio access technologies such as LTE.integration with LTE can be implemented at least at an early stage as a system in which LTE provides macro coverage and 5G radio interface access comes from a small cell by aggregation to LTE.in other words, 5G is intended to support both inter-RAT operability such as LTE-5G and inter-RI (operability between radio interfaces such as below 6 GHz-cmWave, below 6 GHz-cmWave-mmWave) Network slicing, where multiple independent dedicated virtual subnets (network instances) can be created within the same infrastructure to run services with different requirements on latency, reliability, throughput and mobility.
Current architectures in LTE networks are fully distributed in the radio and fully centralized in the core network. Low-latency applications and services in 5G require bringing the content close to the radio, which results in local outages (break out) and multiple access edge computations (MEC). 5G enables analysis and knowledge generation to occur at the data source. This approach requires the utilization of resources such as laptops, smart phones, tablets and sensors that may not be able to connect continuously to the network. MECs provide a distributed computing environment for application and service hosting. It also has the ability to store and process content in the vicinity of cellular subscribers to speed response times. Edge computing covers a wide range of technologies such as wireless sensor networks, mobile data acquisition, mobile signature analysis, cooperative distributed peer-to-peer ad hoc networking and processing-also classifiable as local cloud/fog computing and grid/mesh computing, bare computing, mobile edge computing, micro-clouds, distributed data storage and retrieval, autonomous self-healing networks, remote cloud services, augmented and virtual reality, data caching, internet of things (large-scale connectivity and/or latency critical), critical communications (autonomous automotive, traffic safety, real-time analysis, time critical control, healthcare applications).
The communication system is also capable of communicating with or utilizing services provided by other networks, such as the public switched telephone network or the
Edge clouds may be introduced into a Radio Access Network (RAN) by utilizing network function virtualization (NVF) and Software Defined Networking (SDN). Using an edge cloud may mean performing access node operations at least partially in a server, host, or node operatively coupled to a remote radio head or base station that includes a radio portion. Node operations may also be distributed among multiple servers, nodes, or hosts. The application of the cloud RAN architecture enables RAN real-time functions to be performed on the RAN side (in the distributed unit DU 102) and non-real-time functions to be performed in a centralized manner (in the centralized unit CU 104).
It should also be appreciated that the allocation of labor between core network operation and base station operation may be different than that of LTE, or even non-existent. Other technological advances to be used may be big data and all IP, which may change the way the network is being built and managed. A 5G (or new radio, NR) network is designed to support multiple hierarchies, where MEC servers can be placed between the core and the base stations or nodebs (gnbs). It should be understood that MEC may also be applied to 4G networks.
The 5G may also utilize satellite communications to enhance or supplement the coverage of the 5G service, for example by providing backhaul. Possible use cases are to provide service continuity for machine-to-machine (M2M) or internet of things (IoT) devices or for on-board passengers, or to ensure service availability for critical communications as well as future rail/maritime/airline communications. Satellite communications may utilize Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite systems, as well as Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite systems, particularly giant constellations (systems in which hundreds of (nanometers) satellites are deployed). Each
It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that the depicted system is only an example of a part of a radio access system, and in practice the system may comprise a plurality of (e/g) nodebs, that the user equipment may have access to a plurality of radio cells, and that the system may also comprise other apparatuses, such as physical layer relay nodes or other network elements, etc. At least one of the (e/g) nodebs may alternatively be a home (e/g) NodeB. In addition, in a geographical area of the radio communication system, a plurality of radio cells of different kinds and a plurality of radio cells may be provided. The radio cells may be macro cells (or umbrella cells), which are large cells typically having a diameter of up to tens of kilometers, or smaller cells such as micro cells, femto cells, or pico cells. The (e/g) NodeB of fig. 1A may provide any kind of these cells. A cellular radio system may be implemented as a multi-layer network comprising several types of cells. Typically, in a multi-layer network, one access node provides one or more cells, and thus a plurality of (e/g) nodebs are required to provide such a network structure.
To meet the demand for improved deployment and performance of communication systems, the concept of "plug and play" (e/g) NodeB has been introduced. Typically, a network capable of using "plug and play" (e/g) nodebs includes a home NodeB gateway or HNB-GW (not shown in fig. 1A) in addition to a home (e/g) NodeB (H (e/g) NodeB). An HNB gateway (HNB-GW), typically installed within an operator's network, may aggregate traffic from a large number of HNBs back to the core network.
Another way of depicting an exemplary system is illustrated in fig. 1B. Fig. 1B is a simplified system architecture, showing only some elements and functional entities, all being logical units, whose implementation may differ from that shown. It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that the system may comprise any number of the illustrated elements and functional entities.
Referring to fig. 1B, the system 100 includes a plurality of devices 110, 110' (only two shown in fig. 1B) that may communicate with each other over and/or within one or more networks 121. As noted above, the network, or some of the networks, may be wired, wireless (as illustrated in fig. 1B), or optical.
One device 110 of the devices illustrated in fig. 1B depicts the final end of the communication, while the other device depicts the network node 110'. The end terminal 110 may be a portable computing device (equipment, apparatus), and it may also be referred to as a user equipment, an example of which is given above with fig. 1A. The network node 110' may be any kind of computing device or network device that provides a connection point for transmissions over a communication network (access network and/or core network) and may serve as a redistribution point or end point. There are a number of different types of network nodes. Examples of such network nodes are base stations, such as evolved nodebs (enbs), which provide wide, medium or local area coverage for user terminals. Other examples include gateways, servers, routers, switching network nodes.
The device 110, 110' is configured to support local decision-assistance control for encoding and decoding. For this purpose, each device 110, 110' comprises a local decoder control unit (l-d-c)113, 113' for the decoder 111, 111' and a local encoder control unit (l-d-c)114, 114' for the encoder 112, 112' as separate units or integrated together, and one or more Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) designs are present in the memory 115 and have one or more values for "m". The CRC design may include one or more design parameters for CRC. As will be explained in detail below, one or more values of "m" are used to locally adjust the amount of iteration during decoding. One or more values of "m" may be set during network planning, may be delivered via the operation and maintenance subsystem, or may be adjusted locally. The value of "m" may depend on the sliding window size and/or the coupling window size, and/or the lifting depth (lifting depth) of the spatial coupling code.
Although in the example of fig. 1B the device 110, 110' comprises both a local decoder control unit and a local encoder control unit, it will be appreciated that even a device comprising only a local decoder controller unit provides that some advantages will be achieved, as will be apparent from the following example.
In the following examples, spatial coupling chains are used, or more precisely spatial coupling chains encoded by Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) coding, without limiting the examples to such a solution. It should be appreciated that any suitable coding, such as spatially coupled turbo codes or spatially coupled equalization, may be used to obtain the spatially coupled chains.
Fig. 2 illustrates an example of a sequence of spatially coupled chains. A spatially coupled chain is a particular sequence of bits or symbols that are locally related in a regular spatial manner or in an irregular spatial manner. In the example illustrated in fig. 2, there is a regular spatial coupling code with a lifting depth L and a symmetric coupling window size w. In the illustrated example, L has a value of three and w has a value of three. The node at position "i" (shown by the rectangle graph) is connected to two check nodes (shown by the ellipse graph) at positions "i + 1" and "i + 2". For the illustrated example, the following equation (1) may be used:
N＝LPnproto-position+Ln0(1)
wherein
N-total number of bits of spatially coupled chains encoded by LDPC
L is lift depth
The total number of proto-positions (proto-positions) is chain length
nproto-positionNumber of bits at a given position (2 in the example)
n0Termination bits associated with rate loss
In fig. 3-6, a local encoder control unit with an encoder or any corresponding unit (including encoder circuitry in case the control unit is not implemented) may be configured to perform different examples of information encoding using an encoding scheme that speeds up information decoding. Fig. 3 to 5 illustrate examples in which encoding is performed by one device (entity), and fig. 6 illustrates an example in which encoding is performed by two devices (entities). In the illustrated encoding scheme, a decision verification code is added as redundant information to the encoded signal or signals to be encoded so that the decision verification code can be used by a decoder to determine when to end decoding, as will be described in more detail below in connection with fig. 7. In the illustrated example, a local CRC code is used as an example of a decision verification code, without limiting the example to a local CRC code. For example, any one of the Bose-Chaudhuri-hocquenghem (bch) codes may be used instead. Decision verification codes differ from traditional error detection and correction codes in that they are dedicated to acceleration of the decoding process-even though they may provide error detection and correction. Although not explicitly mentioned in fig. 3-6, the end result is an encoded communication signal that will be transmitted as a propagating wave through a medium, which may be a storage, wireless medium, or wired medium, such as an optical fiber.
Referring to fig. 3, one or more Local Decision Verification (LDV) codes to be used for redundant information are determined in block 301. For example, the length of the code to be added as redundant information may be determined, or the selection of one or more codes to be used is performed such that the length is also determined, or the length determines the code to be used. The length can be tailored according to the currently used coupling parameters. For example, the length may be equal to the boost size used, a multiple of the boost size used, or a fraction of the boost size used. For example, if the lift size is 3, the length may be 3, 6, or 1, to name a few examples. Then, a sequence of information symbols to be encoded is determined at the current prototype position in block 302, and redundant information is determined from a set of information symbols, for example from a set of determined neighboring symbols of the information symbols, in block 303. In other words, some information symbols, typically adjacent information symbols, at a specific location are selected, and then redundant information is determined or calculated using/based on the set of selected (adjacent) information symbols. In an example, the number of selected (adjacent) symbols is determined by means of the length of the code to be added as redundant information. The adjacent symbols, i.e. the information symbols in the set, may be binary symbols, but other symbols may also be used.
The redundant information is then added as local decision verification code(s) to the sequence of information symbols determined in block 302 in block 304, and the information symbols with the added redundant information are then encoded into a spatial encoding chain with the redundant information as local decision verification code(s) in block 305. Then, although not shown in fig. 3, the process causes transmission of the spatial coding chain to occur when moving to the next prototype location in block 306 as long as there is information to be transmitted, and continues from block 302 in the illustrated example.
In another implementation, the coupling parameter(s) from which the length is determined may vary at different prototype locations, and the process proceeds from block 306 to block 301 to determine the local decision-validation code(s) for the prototype location in question. In yet another example, a preset fixed local decision verification code(s) may be used, in which case the local decision verification code(s) may be retrieved from memory in block 301, or block 301 may be omitted.
Referring to fig. 4, one or more local Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) codes to be used for redundant information are determined in block 401. For example, the length of the code to be added as redundant information may be determined, or a selection of one or more CRC codes to be used may be performed to also determine the length, or the length determines the CRC code to be used, as described above with respect to fig. 3. Then, a sequence of information symbols to be encoded is determined at the current prototype position in block 402. At the prototype position determined in block 402, the local CRC code(s) is obtained (determined) from a linear code, such as a CRC circuit, in block 403. For example, assuming 2048 bits at the prototype position, CRC-8/32/64 may be associated with those 2048 bits as a local CRC code. The associated local CRC may be used at several stages of decoding throughout the iterative process to inform whether the 2048 coded bits were decoded correctly as a syndrome function. Another alternative is to use 8 CRCs-8/32/64, each of which acts as a local CRC over 256 bits. The obtained local CRC code has a length defined by the design of the CRC code determined in block 401. Then in block 404, the number of bits R calculated using equation (2) below is associated at the prototype location with the local CRC code obtained in block 403.
R＝Lnproto-position(2)
Wherein
R ═ associated number of bits
L is lift depth
nproto-positionNumber of bits at prototype position
CRC encoding is performed at block 404 by associating bits with a local CRC code. The CRC coding scheme may be a round of consecutive CRC codes, with R bits generated in each round according to equation (2) above. Variations of CRC coding schemes such as overlapping CRC can be performed as long as they also rely on matching with corresponding spatially coupled LDPC prototype positions. The new bit sequence thus formed is encoded in block 405 by coupling the LDPC space to the corresponding chain, and as long as there is information to be transmitted in block 406, the encoding process moves to the next prototype location, and the process continues from block 402.
In another implementation, the coupling parameter(s) from which the length is determined may vary at different prototype locations, and the process proceeds from block 406 to block 401 to determine the CRC code(s) for the prototype location in question.
The example of fig. 5 relates to a scenario in which a sequence of information bits is encoded and/or modulated and/or mapped to a communication waveform that may include a pilot or an additional header.
Referring to fig. 5, one or more local Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) codes to be used for redundant information are determined in block 501, as described above in connection with fig. 4. Design parameters of the CRC code, such as the polynomial of the CRC code among the information sequence, the length of the redundancy of the CRC code, and the location of the CRC redundancy, are also determined (block 502). The CRC code may be customized from the communication waveform by determining one or more design parameters of the CRC code. For example, the characteristics and/or shape of the transmit waveform and/or expected channel characteristics may be considered when determining one or more design parameters. Examples of characteristics of the transmission waveform that can customize the design parameters include CRC redundancy information size, error correction codes, and pilot structure. Examples of shapes of transmit waveforms that may be custom designed with parameters include the size of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the modulation format when orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is used. Design parameters of the CRC code may result in the CRC code being a series of overlapping possibly causal CRC codes.
Then, in block 503, a sequence of information bits to be encoded is determined at the current prototype position, and in block 504, a CRC code is calculated using the design parameters defined in block 502. The calculated CRC code is then applied in block 505 to the sequence of information bits determined in block 503 such that the bits in the calculated CRC code are regularly inserted into the sequence of information bits. In other words, CRC encoding is performed at block 505. Spatial coupling of the encoded sequences is then obtained in block 506, for example, by LDPC coupling, or by spatially coupled turbo codes, or by spatial coupling equalization. As long as there is information to be transmitted, the encoding process moves to the next prototype location in block 507 and the process continues from block 503.
The encoding need not be performed by one entity, but two separate entities or devices may perform the process. Fig. 6 illustrates an example of such a solution, where an encoder is used as an example of such a solution.
Referring to fig. 6, information to be transmitted over the medium is received in encoder 1 (message 6-1), and
In fig. 7, an example of how a local decoder control unit with a decoder or any corresponding unit (including decoder circuitry implemented without a control unit) may be configured to decode a spatially coupled chain. In the example of fig. 7, it is assumed that a spatially coupled chain of information is received that also contains redundant information that can be used as a decision verification code. The spatial coupling chain may have been encoded according to one of the above examples. An advantage of using one of the examples illustrated in fig. 3 to 5 is that it helps the decoder to capture the average displacement, so that the process is speeded up. However, it should be understood that any other encoding scheme may be used. Furthermore, the decoding and encoding parties may agree in advance which encoding scheme is to be used, so that the process is accelerated compared to the case where the decoding party determines the encoding scheme from the received chain. Yet another possibility is that the system and thus the parties are configured to use only one scheme.
Referring to fig. 7, when decoding a spatial coding chain using a sliding window of size S in block 701, it is checked in block 702 whether a decision verification code, in this example a CRC, is fulfilled. The size of the sliding window is not significant to the invention and any size, constant or variable may be used, for example a function of a parameter such as the coupling window and/or the lifting depth used in the encoding.
If the verification code, i.e. the CRC, is satisfied (block 702: yes), the value of the variable "a" is increased by 1 in block 703 and then compared with the value of "m", i.e. the number "m" of CRCs (decision verification codes) given locally to have been satisfied, to end the iteration of decoding. If the variable "a" is equal to "m" (block 704: no), decoding of the chain is ended, the sliding window is moved one or more positions in block 705, and the value of "a" is reset to zero. The number of positions at which the sliding window is shifted may be constant or dependent on the sliding window size and/or based on the number "m", for example. The process then returns to block 701 to decode the chain as long as there is a chain to decode.
If the variable "a" is less than "m" (block 704: yes), or if the CRC is not satisfied (block 702: no), the process returns to block 701 to decode the chain as long as there is a chain to decode.
By keeping information on how many times the CRC is satisfied and stopping decoding of the chain when the CRC is satisfied the required number of times, it is possible to react locally to changes in the network during propagation: when the transmission channel quality is good, the decoding will take fewer iteration rounds, so that sliding window decoding is accelerated, while a poor transmission channel quality results in more iteration rounds. Since in prior art solutions the number of iterations is set based on the worst case, the disclosed decoding scheme with adaptive number of iterations results in lower average decoding delay and better energy efficiency-especially for multi-edge coupled chains-without sacrificing quality. When the disclosed decoding scheme is combined with the disclosed encoding scheme, the delay will be even smaller and thus the energy efficiency even better.
The above-described local encoding/decoding may be implemented in any layer, for example, in a physical layer, or a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, or an application layer. As is apparent from the above, local control of encoding/decoding can be used for layers employing rather large block lengths (up to hundreds of thousands of bits), such as those with very large scale integration, as well as for layers employing smaller block lengths.
The blocks, related functions and information exchanges described above with the aid of fig. 3 to 7 have no absolute chronological order, and some of them may be performed simultaneously or in a different order than the given one. Naturally similar processes for a split chain or for several chains may run in parallel. Other functions may also be performed between or within them, and other information may be sent. Some blocks or portions of blocks or one or more pieces of information may also be omitted or replaced with corresponding blocks or portions of blocks or one or more pieces of information.
The techniques and methods described herein may be implemented by various means such that an apparatus/device configured to support encoding and/or decoding mechanisms based at least in part on what is disclosed above with respect to any of fig. 1A through 7, including implementing one or more functions/operations of a corresponding device (network node or terminal) described with the embodiments/examples, e.g., by means of any of fig. 2 through 7, includes not only prior art means, but also means for implementing one or more functions/operations utilizing the corresponding functionality described by the embodiments, e.g. by means of any of figures 2 to 7, and it may comprise separate components for each separate function/operation or a component may be configured to perform two or more functions/operations. For example, one or more of the components described above and/or the local encoder control unit or sub-units thereof and/or the local decoder control unit or sub-units thereof may be implemented in hardware (one or more devices), firmware (one or more devices), software (one or more modules), or a combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the apparatus(s) of an embodiment may be implemented within one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), Digital Signal Processing Devices (DSPDs), Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, logic gates, decoder circuitry, encoder circuitry, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein with the aid of fig. 1A-7, or a combination thereof. For firmware or software, implementation can be performed by modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) of at least one chipset that perform the functions herein. The software codes may be stored in memory units and executed by processors. The memory unit may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor. In the latter case, it may be communicatively coupled to the processor via various means as is known in the art. Additionally, components described herein may be rearranged and/or complimented by additional components in order to facilitate the various aspects, etc., described with regard thereto, and they are not limited to the precise configurations set forth in a given figure, as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art.
Fig. 8 provides an apparatus (device) according to some embodiments of the invention. Fig. 8 illustrates an apparatus configured to perform at least the above-described functions in connection with decoding, preferably also in connection with encoding. Each apparatus may include one or more communication control circuitry, such as at least one processor 802, and at least one memory 804 including one or more algorithms 803, such as computer program code (software), wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code (software) are configured, with the at least one processor, to cause the apparatus to perform any of the exemplary functionalities of the devices described above.
Referring to fig. 8, at least one of the communication control circuitry in the apparatus 800 is configured to provide a local encoder control unit or sub-unit thereof, and/or a local decoder control unit or sub-unit thereof, and/or combinations thereof, and to perform the functionality described above with respect to any of fig. 3-7 by way of one or more of the circuitry.
Referring to fig. 8, the memory 804 may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor-based memory devices, flash memory, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory.
Referring to fig. 8, the apparatus may also include various interfaces 801, such as one or more communication interfaces (TX/RX) including hardware and/or software for implementing communication connectivity over a medium according to one or more communication protocols. For example, the communication interface may provide the apparatus with a communication capability to communicate in a cellular communication system and to enable communication between the terminal device and different network nodes, and/or a communication interface to enable communication between different network nodes. The communication interface may comprise standard well-known components such as amplifiers, filters, frequency converters, (de) modulators and encoder/decoder circuitry, and one or more antennas, which are controlled by a corresponding control unit. The communication interface may include radio interface components that provide the device with radio communication capabilities in the cell. The communication interface may include an optical interface component that provides fiber optic communication capabilities for the device.
As used in this application, the term "circuitry" may refer to one or more or all of the following: (a) hardware-only circuit implementations, such as implementations in analog and/or digital circuitry only, and (b) combinations of hardware circuitry and software (and/or firmware), such as (where applicable): (i) a combination of analog and/or digital hardware circuit(s) and software/firmware, and (ii) any portion of hardware processor(s) with software, including digital signal processor(s), software, and memory(s) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile device or a network device or a server, to perform various functions, and (c) hardware circuit(s) and processor(s), such as a microprocessor(s) or a portion of a microprocessor(s), that require software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but which may not be present when it is not required for operation. This definition of "circuitry" applies to all uses of the term in this application, including any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term "circuitry" also encompasses implementations in which only a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and/or firmware. The term "circuitry" also encompasses (e.g., if applicable to a particular claim element) a baseband integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in a server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
In an embodiment, the at least one processor, the memory, and the computer program code form processing means or comprise one or more computer program code portions for performing one or more operations according to any one of the embodiments of fig. 2 to 7 or an operation thereof.
The embodiments as described may also be performed in the form of a computer process defined by a computer program or a portion thereof. The embodiments of the method described in connection with fig. 1A to 7 may be performed by executing at least a part of a computer program comprising corresponding instructions. The computer program may be in source code form, object code form or in some intermediate form, and it may be stored on some carrier, which may be any entity or device capable of carrying the program. The computer program may be stored on a computer program distribution medium readable by a computer or a processor, for example. The computer program medium may be, for example but not limited to, a recording medium, computer memory, read-only memory, electrical carrier signal, telecommunications signal, and software distribution package. The computer program medium may be a non-transitory medium. The encoding of software for performing the illustrated and described embodiments is well within the purview of one of ordinary skill in the art.
Even though the invention has been described above with reference to an example according to the accompanying drawings, it is clear that the invention is not restricted thereto but it can be modified in several ways within the scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, all words and expressions should be interpreted broadly and they are intended to illustrate, not to limit, the embodiments. It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that as technology advances, the inventive concept can be implemented in various ways. Furthermore, it is clear to a person skilled in the art that the described embodiments may, but need not, be combined in various ways with other embodiments.
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