阅读说明：本技术 林下高效栽培金花茶的方法 (Method for efficiently cultivating golden camellia under forest ) 是由 谭建林 谭立豪 杜光汉 梁云 于 2020-06-29 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种林下高效栽培金花茶的方法,包括以下步骤：(1)林地选择及土壤改良；(2)金花茶种植；(3)抚育管理；(4)水肥管理；(5)修剪；(6)病虫害防治。本发明经过多年的研究证明,金花茶适宜在柚木林下高效栽培,利用柚木树冠的一定透光度,充分发挥林下空间作用,提高林地单位面积产量与效益。(The invention discloses a method for efficiently cultivating golden camellia under forest, which comprises the following steps: (1) selecting forest land and improving soil; (2) planting golden camellia; (3) tending management; (4) managing water and fertilizer; (5) trimming; (6) and (4) pest control. Years of research prove that the golden camellia is suitable for efficient cultivation under teak forests, certain transmittance of teak crowns is utilized, the space effect under the forests is fully exerted, and the yield and benefit of forest lands in unit area are improved.)

1. A method for efficiently cultivating golden camellia under forest is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) forest land selection and soil improvement

Selecting a teak forest with good drainage and a forest land slope of less than 28 degrees, and improving the forest land by adopting a soil conditioner;

(2) camellia nitidissima planting method

Firstly, cultivating cuttage golden camellia seedlings, transporting the planted cuttage golden camellia seedlings to a planting pit during planting, covering soil in the planting pit, then placing the cuttage golden camellia seedlings and organic mixed fertilizer into the center of the planting pit, covering and compacting the soil around the planting pit, and finally covering a layer of loose soil and pouring enough root fixing water;

(3) tending management

When grass shoveling is carried out, the planted golden camellia plants are used as the center and extend outwards for 30-40cm to be made into tree discs with the diameter of 60-80cm, and grass shoveling is carried out for 2 times per year;

(4) liquid manure management

Applying 1-1.2kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer to each camellia plant while shoveling grass, keeping soil in the forest moist in 8-12 months each year, and spraying water once every 11-13 days in the dry period of the weather;

(5) pruning

When the golden camellia plant is subjected to tip drawing, capping is carried out, terminal buds are cut off, buds are cut off when main lateral branches grow to 23-27cm in length, insect-infected branches, weak branches and cross branches in the crown are cut off, ventilation and light transmission in the crown are kept, and the plant grows vigorously;

(6) pest control

Spraying disease-preventing agent for 2 times per year after planting to prevent and treat diseases and pests.

2. The method for efficiently cultivating golden camellia under forest according to claim 1, wherein the canopy density of the forest land in the step (1) is 0.54-0.61.

3. The method for efficiently cultivating camellia nitidissima under forest according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the height of the cuttage camellia nitidissima seedlings is 27-32 cm.

4. The method for efficiently cultivating golden camellia under forest according to claim 1, wherein the specification of the planting pit in the step (2) is 28-32cm x 28-32 cm.

5. The method for efficiently cultivating golden camellia under forest according to claim 1, wherein the planting pits are covered with soil by one fifth to one fourth in step (2).

6. The method for cultivating camellia nitidissima under forest at high efficiency according to claim 1, wherein the time for spading the camellia nitidissima comprehensively every year in the step (3) is 7 and 10 months every year.

7. The method for efficiently cultivating golden camellia under forest according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), 1-1.2kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied to each golden camellia plant while shoveling grass, and the application is performed for 2 times per year.

8. The method for efficiently cultivating camellia nitidissima under forest as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (5), when the camellia nitidissima plants are trepped for 3 times, capping is performed.

9. The method for efficiently cultivating golden camellia under forest according to claim 1, wherein the 600-fold carbendazim solution is sprayed once every 666.7m for the first time in the step (6) for 5 months every year²Spraying 40-43kg of 600 times carbendazim solution.

10. The method for efficiently cultivating golden camellia under forest according to claim 1, wherein 1000 times of dipterex solution is sprayed once every 666.7m for 10 months every year in the step (6)²Spraying 42-44kg1000 times of dipterex solution.

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of golden camellia planting, and particularly relates to a method for efficiently cultivating golden camellia under a forest.

Background

Camellia nitidissima C.W.Chi belongs to Theaceae and Camellia, and is first discovered in China in 1960. The golden camellia is an ancient golden camellia, is extremely rare and extremely narrow in distribution, 90% of wild golden camellia all over the world is only distributed in the branch veins of the blue of the hundred thousand mountains in urban defense, harbor, province of Guangxi Zhuang province in China, grows below 700 m in altitude, and a small amount of Nanning, Qinzhou city and Vietnam in Guangxi are found, but the quantity is extremely small. The golden camellia belongs to a nontoxic grade, contains more than 400 nutrient substances and has no toxic or side effect. Especially, the golden camellia is rich in various natural nutrients such as tea polysaccharide, tea polyphenol, total saponin, total flavone, tea pigment, caffeine, protein, vitamin B1, B2, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, fatty acid, B-carotene and the like, also contains dozens of amino acids such as theanine, threonine and the like, and is rich in various natural trace elements such as organic germanium (Ge), selenium (Se), molybdenum (M), zinc (Zn), vanadium (V) and the like which have important health care effects on human bodies, and also rich in potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and other macro elements. The golden camellia can effectively reduce blood sugar, blood pressure and blood fat, improve various maladaptive symptoms caused by hypertension, reduce cholesterol and B-lipoprotein in serum, promote insulin secretion, regulate blood flow, prevent atherosclerosis, enhance immunity, resist bacteria and diminish inflammation, clear away heat and toxic materials, relieve constipation, promote urination, remove dampness, promote liver metabolism, prevent cancer, inhibit tumor growth and the like. Therefore, the golden camellia has higher economic value and medicinal value, is fond of warm humid climate, is fond of acid soil with good drainage, is fond of shading in seedling stage, is fond of transmitting sunlight after entering flowering stage, has low requirement on soil, can grow in subacid to neutral soil, is barren-resistant, is fond of fertilizing, has strong waterlogging tolerance, and is a good variety for developing forest economy. However, the golden camellia grows relatively slowly, the bud length is only 20-40cm after the bud is extracted once in spring and autumn, the ground diameter of the cutting seedling is more than 1.0cm and 80-100cm high after the cutting seedling is planted for about 3-5 years generally, and the cutting seedling is multi-branched, so that the harvested tea leaves or flowers can be harvested. Therefore, the trend of research is how to increase the growth speed of the golden camellia and shorten the planting period.

Teak (with the scientific name of Tectona grandis L.F), also called annatto, purple teak, blood tree, etc., is a big deciduous or semi-deciduous tree, with a diameter of 2-2.5 m and a straight stem. Bark brown or gray, branch quadrangular, and asteroid hair. Leaf-in-leaf, extremely large, oval or elliptical, dense back-covered with gray-yellow star-like hairs. The panicle is big, blossoms in autumn, and has white and fragrant flowers. Teak is a tropical tree species, requires higher temperature, and is mostly distributed in hills and plains at low mountains below 700- & 800 meters in high altitude. Can be used as medicine, and also can be used as material for manufacturing high-grade furniture floor and indoor and outdoor decoration. The teak material has beautiful texture and lines and is also called golden teak because of containing golden wires. The medical efficacy of teak: induce diuresis to treat stranguria, ventilate lung and relieve cough, clear heat and induce diuresis. Regulating the middle warmer and arresting vomiting; dispel wind and relieve itching. Primary nausea; vomiting; rubella with pruritus.

The golden camellia likes yin and is not resistant to sun exposure, but if the golden camellia is exposed to too little sun, photosynthesis is not enough, the golden camellia cannot promote germination and flowering of the golden camellia, and growth and yield of the golden camellia are greatly influenced, so that the trend of research is provided for how to improve adaptability of the golden camellia to sunlight intensity. The teak and the golden camellia have similar growth environmental conditions, but are different in growth space and illumination intensity. Therefore, the golden camellia is very suitable for being cultivated and planted in the teak forest, but no method for compositely cultivating the golden camellia in the teak forest is reported in the prior art, so that a series of matching technologies for efficiently cultivating the golden camellia in the teak forest are developed, and the development of a heating point is realized.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a method for efficiently cultivating golden camellia under a forest, and the method is used for solving the problem of how to develop a series of matching technologies for efficiently cultivating golden camellia under a teak forest.

In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:

a method for efficiently cultivating golden camellia under forest comprises the following steps:

(1) forest land selection and soil improvement

Selecting a teak forest with good drainage and a forest land slope of less than 28 degrees, and improving the forest land by adopting a soil conditioner;

(2) camellia nitidissima planting method

Firstly, cultivating cuttage golden camellia seedlings, transporting the planted cuttage golden camellia seedlings to a planting pit during planting, covering soil in the planting pit, then placing the cuttage golden camellia seedlings and organic mixed fertilizer into the center of the planting pit, covering and compacting the soil around the planting pit, and finally covering a layer of loose soil and pouring enough root fixing water;

(3) tending management

When grass shoveling is carried out, the planted golden camellia plants are used as the center and extend outwards for 30-40cm to be made into tree discs with the diameter of 60-80cm, and grass shoveling is carried out for 2 times per year;

(4) liquid manure management

Applying 1-1.2kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer to each camellia plant while shoveling grass, keeping soil in the forest moist in 8-12 months each year, and spraying water once every 11-13 days in the dry period of the weather;

(5) pruning

When the golden camellia plant is subjected to tip drawing, capping is carried out, terminal buds are cut off, buds are cut off when main lateral branches grow to 23-27cm in length, insect-infected branches, weak branches and cross branches in the crown are cut off, ventilation and light transmission in the crown are kept, and the plant grows vigorously;

(6) pest control

Spraying disease-preventing agent for 2 times per year after planting to prevent and treat diseases and pests.

Further, the canopy density of the forest land in the step (1) is 0.54-0.61.

Further, the height of the golden camellia seedlings in the cuttage in the step (2) is 27-32 cm.

Further, the specification of the planting pit in the step (2) is 28-32cm multiplied by 28-32 cm.

Further, in the step (2), one fifth to one fourth of the soil covering of the planting pits.

Further, the time for spading the grass comprehensively every year in the step (3) is 7 and 10 months every year.

Further, in the step (4), 1-1.2kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied to each golden camellia plant while grass shoveling is carried out, and the fertilizer is applied for 2 times per year.

Further, in the step (5), when the golden camellia plant is subjected to tip drawing for 3 times, capping is carried out.

Further, the step (6) is to spray 600 times of carbendazim solution once every 5 months every year, and the spraying is carried out once every 666.7m²Spraying 40-43kg of 600 times carbendazim solution.

Further, in the step (6), 1000 times of dipterex solution is sprayed once every 10 months every year, and every 666.7m²Spraying 42-44kg1000 times of dipterex solution.

The invention has the following beneficial effects:

(1) the method is suitable for planting teaks and golden camellia after soil improvement, the teaks have strong adaptability to soil and can grow well in acid soil, and the golden camellia and the teaks like to grow in a humid environment, so that the method is very suitable for interplanting the golden camellia in a teak forest, the acre yield of the golden camellia is high, and the acre yield of the golden camellia in 4 th year reaches above 47.23 kg.

(2) The method for raising seedlings of the golden camellia by cutting can culture a large amount of golden camellia seedlings in a short period, and the survival rate of cuttings is high and reaches more than 99.3%.

(3) Years of research prove that the camellia nitidissima is suitable for efficient cultivation in teak forests, certain transmittance of teak crowns is utilized, the space effect under the forests is fully exerted, the yield and benefits of forest lands in unit area are improved, camellia nitidissima is planted on the ground under the forests, and the economic, social and ecological benefits are improved.

Detailed Description

For a better understanding of the present invention, the following examples are given to illustrate, but not to limit the scope of the present invention.

In the following embodiments, the method for efficiently cultivating golden camellia under forest includes the following steps:

(1) forest land selection and soil improvement

The method comprises the following steps of selecting a teak forest with the canopy density of 0.54-0.61, good drainage and the slope of the forest land of less than 28 degrees from the forest land, and improving the forest land by adopting a soil conditioner, wherein the soil conditioner comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 25-40 parts of rice stem powder, 10-20 parts of zoysia japonica, 6-12 parts of broomcorn grass, 9-15 parts of buttercup, 3-5 parts of complex microbial inoculum, 2-4 parts of sodium humate, 3-6 parts of wilfordine, 1-2 parts of monoammonium phosphate, 2-3 parts of potassium sulfate, 2-4 parts of compound sodium nitrophenolate, 12-18 parts of diatomite, 1.5-2.5 parts of hydrochloric acid, 2-5 parts of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether ammonium sulfate, 1-2 parts of sodium carbonate and 0.8-2.6 parts of cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose;

the composite bacteria comprise the following raw materials in parts by weight: 7-15 parts of bacillus licheniformis, 10-20 parts of aspergillus niger, 3-7 parts of yeast and 4-9 parts of azotobacter chroococcum;

the preparation method of the soil conditioner comprises the following steps:

s1: uniformly stirring the rice stem powder, zoysia japonica, broomcorn grass and butterfly grass at the speed of 300-;

s2: weighing fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether ammonium sulfate, dissolving the fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether ammonium sulfate with water at 50-60 ℃, quickly adding diatomite, adding hydrochloric acid, stirring at the rotation speed of 200-400r/min for 1.6-2.5h, dehydrating, crushing, and sieving with a 300-400-mesh sieve to obtain modified diatomite;

s3: and (3) mixing the mixed material obtained in the step (S1), the modified diatomite obtained in the step (S2), the tripterine, the monoammonium phosphate, the potassium sulfate, the compound sodium nitrophenolate, the sodium carbonate and the croscarmellose sodium, adding the mixture into a stirrer, stirring for 1-1.5 hours at the speed of 600 plus materials and 800r/min, then granulating the mixture in a granulator, and drying the mixture in a dryer at the temperature of 60-65 ℃ until the water content is less than 5% to obtain the soil conditioner.

(2) Camellia nitidissima planting method

The method for cultivating the cuttage golden camellia seedlings comprises the following steps:

1) preparing a seedling culture substrate: mixing mushroom bran, red soil and perlite according to the volume ratio of 3-5:2-4:1-2 to obtain a mixed material a, mixing the mixed material a with garden soil according to the volume ratio of 1:2-3 to obtain a mixed material b, finally spraying nutrient solution into the mixed material b, spraying 74-86g of nutrient solution into the mixed material b with the density of each cubic meter to obtain a seedling culture substrate, filling the seedling culture substrate into a rooting cup, and drilling a small hole at the bottom of the rooting cup; the nutrient solution comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 106 portions of potato juice containing 235 portions of organic sand, 2 to 6 portions of potassium sulfate, 2.3 to 3 portions of ammonium bicarbonate, 0.6 to 1.2 portions of calcium nitrate, 0.4 to 1 portion of magnesium chloride, 0.1 to 0.3 portion of sodium borate, 0.2 to 0.3 portion of potassium molybdate, 0.1 to 0.3 portion of zinc nitrate, 0.1 to 0.2 portion of manganese chloride, 0.1 to 0.2 portion of ferric chloride, 0.06 to 0.15 portion of vitamin, 1 to 2 portions of 5' -cytidylic acid dipotassium, 0.03 to 0.07 portion of gibberellin, 0.05 to 0.1 portion of naphthylacetic acid, 0.04 to 0.07 portion of 6-benzyl adelphia, 0.02 to 0.04 portion of kinetin, 1.3 to 2.1 portions of antibacterial agent, 1.5 to 3.2 portions of cosolvent, 3 to 7 portions of hexenyl distearamide, 2 to 3.6 portions of polyacrylamide, 0.8 to 2.5 portions of brassinolide and 3000 portions of water;

the vitamins consist of 0.03-0.1 part of vitamin A and 0.03-0.05 part of vitamin C;

the antibacterial agent is furfuryl methyl fumarate;

the cosolvent is polyvinylpyrrolidone;

the preparation method of the nutrient solution comprises the following steps:

s1: crushing the potatoes by using a crusher, adding water, and sieving the obtained juice with a sieve of 1000-mesh and 2000-mesh to obtain potato juice;

s2: mixing the potato juice prepared in the step S1 with potassium sulfate, ammonium bicarbonate, calcium nitrate, magnesium chloride, sodium borate, potassium molybdate, zinc nitrate, manganese chloride, ferric chloride, vitamins, 5' -dipotassium cytidine monophosphate, gibberellin, naphthylacetic acid, 6-benzyl adenine, kinetin, cosolvent, hexenyl distearamide, polyacrylamide and brassinolide, and stirring for 1-2 hours at the temperature of 55-63 ℃ and the rotation speed of 600 plus 800r/min to prepare a mixed solution A;

s3: adding an antibacterial agent into the mixed solution A prepared in the step S2, and stirring for 12-20min at the temperature of 32-35 ℃ and the rotating speed of 200-400r/min to prepare a mixed solution B;

s4: adjusting the pH value of the mixed solution B prepared in the step S3 to 6-6.2, and then sterilizing for 6-10S at the temperature of 134-136 ℃ and the pressure of 210-230KPa to prepare a nutrient solution;

2) selecting cutting slips: selecting mature cuttings generated in the current year from a strong parent plant without diseases and insect pests, cutting the mature cuttings into cuttings with one leaf, one bud and the length of 2.8-3.4cm, cutting the upper branch end into a plane, and cutting the lower branch end into an inclined plane;

3) rooting culture: inserting the treated cuttings into a rooting culture medium for culturing for 7-9d, wherein the rooting culture medium comprises: 1/2MS + IBA1.5-2.3mg/L + NAA0.4-0.7 mg/L;

4) seedling culture: transplanting the cuttings into a rooting cup after rooting culture, wherein the depth of a seedling culture substrate is more than 3/4 of the cuttings, placing the cuttings in a shading greenhouse for seedling culture for 38-42 days, removing shading objects after 38-42 days, and performing conventional fertilizer and water management during the period, wherein the temperature of the shading greenhouse is 24-29 ℃, and the shading degree is 23-28%;

after the height of the cuttage golden camellia seedlings is 27-32cm, the specification of a planting pit is 28-32cm multiplied by 28-32cm, the planted cuttage golden camellia seedlings are transported to the planting pit during planting, the planting pit is covered with soil one fifth to one fourth, then the cuttage golden camellia seedlings and organic mixed fertilizer are placed in the center of the planting pit, the surrounding soil is covered and compacted, finally, a layer of loose soil is covered, and sufficient root fixing water is sprayed;

(3) tending management

When grass shoveling is carried out, the planted golden camellia plants are used as the center and extend outwards for 30-40cm to be made into tree discs with the diameter of 60-80cm, and the grass shoveling is respectively carried out on the whole trees once in 7 and 10 months every year.

(4) Liquid manure management

Applying 1-1.2kg of red tetragonal pure potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (18-5-22) (10S) to each camellia plant while shoveling grass, and applying the fertilizer for 2 times per year; in 8-12 months of each year, keeping the soil in the forest moist, and watering once every 11-13 days in the dry weather period.

(5) Pruning

When the golden camellia plant is subjected to tip drawing for 3 times, capping (drying) is carried out, and terminal buds are cut off; when the main lateral branches grow to 23-27cm long, the buds are cut off, and the insect-resistant branches, the weak branches and the cross branches in the tree crown are cut off, so that ventilation and light transmission in the tree crown are kept, and the plants grow vigorously.

(6) Pest control

Spraying disease-preventing agent 2 times per year after planting, wherein the first time is spraying 600 times of carbendazim solution once every 5 months every year, and each 666.7m²Spraying 40-43kg600 times carbendazim solution, and spraying 1000 times trichlorfon solution once every 10 months every year, wherein the spraying is carried out every 666.7m²Spraying 42-44kg1000 times of dipterex solution.

The following is a more specific example.