阅读说明：本技术 一种利用涡轮叶片和机匣辐射信号差异测量叶片径向应变方法 (Method for measuring radial strain of blade by using radiation signal difference of turbine blade and casing ) 是由 王超 段英 张泽展 喻培丰 苟学科 钟业奎 邱安美 姜晶 于 2020-02-17 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公布了一种利用涡轮叶片和机匣辐射信号差异测量叶片径向应变方法,属于航空发动机测量技术领域。通过安装在机匣上一个采集辐射信息的光学探头和转轴端部的转速同步传感器采集叶片转速信息和辐射信息,根据光学探头经过叶片和机匣壁时接收到的光强会发生明显变化的原理判定叶尖伸长量。驱动伺服电机带动探头不断向外拔出,将每次采集的辐射信号与前一次采集的波形比较,根据叶片辐射高脉冲信号的消失时刻判定叶尖位置,计算叶片伸长,代入应变测量公式,计算叶片纵向应变。将其与转速同步信号结合,进行叶片应变索引,将其与计算得到的应变值进行空间映射,得到一圈叶片的应变情况。(The invention discloses a method for measuring radial strain of a blade by using radiation signal difference of a turbine blade and a casing, and belongs to the technical field of aeroengine measurement. The blade tip elongation is judged according to the principle that the light intensity received by the optical probe passes through the wall of the blade and the casing and obviously changes. And driving a servo motor to drive the probe to be continuously pulled out, comparing the radiation signal acquired each time with the waveform acquired at the previous time, judging the position of the blade tip according to the disappearance moment of the radiation high pulse signal of the blade, calculating the extension of the blade, substituting the extension into a strain measurement formula, and calculating the longitudinal strain of the blade. Combining the strain index with the rotating speed synchronous signal, performing blade strain index, and performing spatial mapping on the strain index and the strain value obtained by calculation to obtain the strain condition of a circle of blades.)

1. A method for measuring blade radial strain using turbine blade and case radiation signal differences, the method comprising:

step 1: measuring the original length from the blade root to the blade tip of the turbine blade in a static state;

step 2: when the turbine works stably, a probe is adopted to collect radiation signals at the position of the blade root of the turbine blade, and the position of the probe at the moment is recorded as an initial position;

and step 3: moving the probe outwards along the radial direction of the turbine blade, moving the probe close to the position of the blade tip calculated according to the original length of the turbine blade, collecting radiation signals of the turbine blade rotating for one circle, and determining the turbine blade corresponding to each peak value in the radiation signals;

and 4, step 4: moving the probe outwards by a step length along the radial direction of the turbine blade, collecting radiation signals of the turbine blade rotating for one circle, determining the corresponding relation between each peak value in the radiation signals at the moment and each peak value of the previous radiation signals, and determining whether a lost peak value exists; if yes, executing the step 5, and if not, repeatedly executing the step 4;

and 5: and determining the turbine blade corresponding to the lost peak value, considering the position of the probe at this time as the tip position of the turbine blade with the lost peak value, calculating the strain of the turbine blade according to the initial position of the probe and the original length of the turbine blade, then re-executing the step 4 until no peak value exists on the acquired radiation signal, and ending the signal acquisition.

2. The method for measuring the radial strain of the blade by using the difference of the radiation signals of the turbine blade and the casing as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sampling rate in step 2 is more than 160Khz, and the specific method in step 3 comprises the following steps:

step 3.1: carrying out Fourier change on the acquired signals, firstly filtering out signals smaller than 350Hz, then filtering out signals larger than 13Khz, and finally calculating a position interval where a peak larger than a threshold value is located by adopting an amplitude threshold value;

step 3.2: calculating the third radiation voltage obtained by subtracting the radiation voltage value from each radiation voltage in the interval obtained in the step 3.1, and then dividing the third radiation voltage by the sampling time interval of the two radiation voltages to obtain the slope of the curve, and if the slope is greater than the set threshold value of 0.5, determining the slope as a peak value;

step 3.3: obtaining a rotating speed synchronizing signal every time the turbine rotates for one circle, calculating the time interval between two pulses of the rotating speed synchronizing signal, dividing the time interval by the number of blades, and taking the time interval as the time interval corresponding to each blade signal; after the peak values are obtained, the time corresponding to each peak value is subtracted by the time of the last rotating speed synchronizing signal pulse, and then the time interval value corresponding to each blade signal is divided to obtain the number of the corresponding blade.

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of aeroengine measurement, and discloses a method for measuring radial strain of a turbine blade.

Background

With the increasing thrust-weight ratio of the aero-engine, the inlet temperature of the turbine rises continuously, and the inlet temperature of the turbine blade reaches 2000-2250K at most at present. The turbine blade of the aero-engine bearing the composite action of high temperature, high rotating speed, complex aerodynamic exciting force and larger centrifugal load is easy to break and break, thereby causing serious accidents of the engine and the airplane. With the advancement of the state of the art in low cycle fatigue base testing, the primary failure mode of engine turbine blades has been shifted from traditional static strength failures to creep fatigue failures at high temperatures. Under the condition of high temperature and high rotating speed, the turbine blade is easy to creep and extend under the action of a centrifugal force pole, once the creep defect reaches a certain degree, the fatigue life of the blade is shortened, even the blade is broken, and the inside of the whole engine is damaged. If the creep elongation strain length in the longitudinal direction of the turbine blade is greater than 0.5% of the initial length, it is determined that the turbine blade has exceeded its fatigue life.

Therefore, to ensure that the turbine blade operates in a normal operating condition, turbine blade radial strain measurements must be taken. Therefore, extensive research is carried out at home and abroad. In the prior art, devices for measuring strain are basically based on contact-type measuring devices in which strain gauges are fixed on the surface or at both ends of an object to be measured. The radial strain measurement method as employed in patent 200410002434.1 is to fix the blade tip to the base end to measure the elongation distance, which is impractical on a turbine blade rotating at high speed. Telemetry or slip ring resistance strain gauges are the most widely used methods in practice, but due to thermal drift and gauge attachment issues, the range of application of this technology is limited to around 900K. And the strain gauge is time-consuming and labor-consuming to install, the service life is short, the load and the volume of the sensor can influence the aerodynamic characteristics of the blade, and the like, so that the application of the technology is greatly limited. The traditional contact type strain measurement methods also have the problem of difficult lead wire.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to solve the technical problem that the radial strain of the blade tip of the turbine blade is monitored by adopting an optical monitoring method, and the thermal load and the vibration fatigue condition of the turbine blade under the actual working condition are analyzed in real time. The measuring device comprises an optical probe which is arranged on an outer casing and has a function of controlling the stretching of a precise private servo motor and is used for collecting radiation signals, a rotating speed synchronous sensor arranged at the end part of a rotating shaft, a photoelectric conversion module, an amplification and filtering module and a data acquisition and processing module. An optical probe is adopted to go deep into a casing to collect radiation information in real time, the radiation information is transmitted to a photoelectric sensor through an optical fiber and converted into an electric signal, subsequent data processing is carried out, and the radial strain information of the blade tip of the turbine blade is obtained by combining the output signal of a rotating speed synchronous sensor.

The principle of the radial strain measurement to be realized by the invention is as follows: the turbine blades rotate at a high speed under the impact of high-temperature gas, the optical probe arranged on the casing receives heat radiation from the rotating blades, and because the temperature between the rotor blades is lower than the temperature of the blades, the light intensity collected by the optical probe changes obviously every time, and the detector obtains a group of uniform pulse waveforms changing along with time, as shown in fig. 2. Once the front end of the probe leaves the blade tip, the reflector is opposite to the casing wall with lower temperature, the original high-level radiation signal of the blade is changed into a low-level signal of the casing wall, and the radial extension of the blade is judged according to the low-level signal.

When the probe is pulled out from the blade root and the front end of the probe is opposite to the blade tip, a group of uniform pulse waveforms which change along with time are still acquired, and in the process of continuously pulling out the probe, because the longitudinal elongations of the blades are different, radiation signals emitted by the blades without strain or the blades with small strain cannot be acquired, the signals are displayed as low level of the casing wall, and radiation signals emitted by the turbine blades with large strain can still be captured by the probe and displayed as high pulse signals, as shown in fig. 3. Thus, the turbine blade shown as being represented by a high pulse signal is the blade that is radially strained. And the order and index of the blades can be determined according to the rotating speed synchronizing signal. When the probe is continuously pulled out from the blade tip, the high pulse signal is continuously disappeared, the waveform at the moment is compared with the waveform at the last time, and then which blade is the blade tip position in the last acquisition process can be known, as shown in fig. 4, the distance Li from the flange plate arranged on the casing of the probe to the rear end of the probe at the moment is recorded, the distance is made to be different from the distance L from the flange plate to the rear end of the probe when the probe extends to the blade position, and then the original length L0 of the blade is subtracted, and the creep elongation distance of the blade is calculated. When the probe is pulled out to the extent that the probe can not completely detect the blade surface, namely the probe is completely exposed to the gas environment, the front end reflector is opposite to the casing wall, and the collected radiation signal only has the low pulse part shown in fig. 1, as shown in fig. 5. And finally, substituting the extension distance of the blade into a strain calculation formula to obtain the strain condition of the blade tip.

Therefore, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a method for measuring blade radial strain using turbine blade and case radiation signal differences, the method comprising:

step 1: measuring the original length from the blade root to the blade tip of the turbine blade in a static state;

step 2: when the turbine works stably, a probe is adopted to collect radiation signals at the position of the blade root of the turbine blade, and the position of the probe at the moment is recorded as an initial position;

and step 3: moving the probe outwards along the radial direction of the turbine blade, moving the probe close to the position of the blade tip calculated according to the original length of the turbine blade, collecting radiation signals of the turbine blade rotating for one circle, and determining the turbine blade corresponding to each peak value in the radiation signals;

and 4, step 4: moving the probe outwards by a step length along the radial direction of the turbine blade, collecting radiation signals of the turbine blade rotating for one circle, determining the corresponding relation between each peak value in the radiation signals at the moment and each peak value of the previous radiation signals, and determining whether a lost peak value exists; if yes, executing the step 5, and if not, repeatedly executing the step 4;

and 5: and determining the turbine blade corresponding to the lost peak value, considering the position of the probe at this time as the tip position of the turbine blade with the lost peak value, calculating the strain of the turbine blade according to the initial position of the probe and the original length of the turbine blade, then re-executing the step 4 until no peak value exists on the acquired radiation signal, and ending the signal acquisition.

Further, the sampling rate in step 2 is greater than 160Khz, and the specific method in step 3 is as follows:

step 3.1: carrying out Fourier change on the acquired signals, firstly filtering out signals smaller than 350Hz, then filtering out signals larger than 13Khz, and finally calculating a position interval where a peak larger than a threshold value is located by adopting an amplitude threshold value;

step 3.2: calculating the third radiation voltage obtained by subtracting the radiation voltage value from each radiation voltage in the interval obtained in the step 3.1, and then dividing the third radiation voltage by the sampling time interval of the two radiation voltages to obtain the slope of the curve, and if the slope is greater than the set threshold value of 0.5, determining the slope as a peak value;

step 3.3: obtaining a rotating speed synchronizing signal every time the turbine rotates for one circle, calculating the time interval between two pulses of the rotating speed synchronizing signal, dividing the time interval by the number of blades, and taking the time interval as the time interval corresponding to each blade signal; after the peak values are obtained, the time corresponding to each peak value is subtracted by the time of the last rotating speed synchronizing signal pulse, and then the time interval value corresponding to each blade signal is divided to obtain the number of the corresponding blade.

The invention adopts an optical probe to go deep into the casing to measure the radiation of the blade tip of the turbine blade and the pulse waveform of the gas radiation, because the wall temperature of the casing and the temperature of the blade have obvious difference, the information of the blade is separated according to the difference, and the distance before the blade is strained and the distance after the strain are substituted into a strain formula to calculate the longitudinal strain value of the turbine blade. And the strain conditions aiming at different blades are obtained by combining the low pulse signal difference and the rotating speed synchronous signal in each acquisition process.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a strain measurement device.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of radiation signals collected by the probe from the root to the tip of the blade.

FIG. 3 is a graph of the radiation signals acquired by the probe after the primary tip position when the blade is longitudinally strained.

Fig. 4 is a graph of the radiation signal of the motor driven to the next position after the signal acquisition of fig. 3.

FIG. 5 is a graph of the radiation signal of the probe in a full gas environment.

Detailed Description

Referring to the attached drawing 1, the measuring device of the invention comprises an optical probe 4 mounted on an outer casing 1 and used for collecting radiation signals, a precise private servo motor 5 used for driving the probe to radially extend and retract, a flange 3 used for fixing the probe and the casing, an automatic distance measuring instrument 9 mounted between the flange and the rear end 6 of the probe, a rotating speed synchronous sensor 2 mounted at the end part of a rotating shaft, a photoelectric conversion module 10, an amplification filtering module 11, a data acquisition and processing module 12 and an upper computer 13. The thermal radiation emitted by the blades 8 rotating at a high speed enters the optical probe, a series of optical components collect radiation information, then the signals are led out by the optical fibers 7, the influence of high temperature on the sensor is avoided, the optical signals are converted into electric signals by the photoelectric sensor, and the electric signals enter the subsequent data processing module to output the radial strain information of the blades.

Firstly, a precision servo motor and a probe are fixed and are installed on a casing through a flange. An automatic distance measuring instrument is fixed between the rear end of the probe and the flange plate, and the distance from the flange to the rear end of the probe can be measured continuously along with the extension and contraction of the probe. The probe is driven to extend forwards to the position of the blade root, and the distance L from the flange plate to the rear end of the probe is measured.

The motor control probe is pulled out at a constant speed to the original blade tip position when the turbine blade is not strained, and circumferential blade radiation signals are collected. During the process of pulling out the probe, the turbine blade rotates at a high speed, the temperature of the blade clearance is higher than that of the blade, and therefore the acquired signal is a pulse signal with continuous intervals of high and low levels as shown in fig. 2. Wherein 14 is a rotating speed synchronous signal for positioning the blade, and a circle of blade and gap radiation signals 15 acquired by the probe are between the two rotating speed signals. In order to eliminate the influence of interference signals on radiation signals in an engine in the test process and judge peak values, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is adopted to carry out spectrum analysis on collected signals, and signal frequencies corresponding to noise such as blades, gas and the like are obtained. Because various types of noise have frequency difference due to self characteristics, each frequency value is distinguished according to the principle. And then, a Butterworth filter is adopted, the noise frequency value is set as the cut-off frequency of the filter, and the collected radiation signals are subjected to noise filtering. Noise signals in engines are divided into several categories: inherent noise, internal noise, and noise caused by combustion gases and unburned soot particles, among others.

And judging the frequency spectrum of the low-frequency noise. The power frequency interference of the turbine engine is about 50Hz, but the power frequency interference has high noise energy in the band range of 5O-350 Hz, so the signal before 350Hz is low-frequency noise. And filtering low-frequency noise by using a Butterworth high-pass filter.

The frequency spectrum of the high-frequency noise is calculated, under the optimal working condition of the turbine, the collected signal of the engine is a low-frequency signal which changes slowly, and noise signals such as gas and soot particles are generally represented as high-frequency signals. The high pressure turbine collects temperatures reflecting a frequency of about 13Khz and the low pressure turbine about 10 Khz. Above 13Khz is therefore a noise signal from the inside of the engine. How to distinguish the signal frequency from the noise frequency is judged according to the amplitude threshold value of the signal frequency and the noise frequency, because the signal amplitude is larger than the noise amplitude, and the signal is distinguished from the gas high-frequency noise according to the difference of the amplitude threshold value. The high frequency noise is then filtered using a butterworth low pass filter.

Through the above noise analysis and filtering operations, a waveform diagram completely representing the blade signal is obtained.

In order to identify the peak value of the blade, the position of the peak value is judged by adopting a slope method; the turbine of a certain type of engine has 80 blades in a circle, rotates at 10000r/min, and the sampling frequency is 160 Khz. And subtracting the (N-3) th collected voltage value from each (Nth) radiation voltage value after filtering, and dividing the obtained value by the collection time interval of two points (3 sampling points) to obtain the slope of the curve, wherein if the slope is greater than a set threshold value of 0.5, a peak value is determined to be a high-level radiation signal of the blade, and if the slope is less than the threshold value, the peak value is determined to be a low-level radiation signal of the casing wall.

In order to correspond the obtained peak value to the blade, the time interval between two pulses of the rotating speed synchronizing signal is calculated and divided by the number of the blades to be the time interval corresponding to each blade signal. And when the peak value is obtained, subtracting the time of the last rotating speed synchronous signal pulse from the time of the abscissa, and dividing the time by the time interval value corresponding to each blade signal to obtain the number of the blades which are away from the last rotating speed synchronous pulse. The rotating speed synchronizing signal corresponds to a specific blade, and the number of the blades obtained by calculating the backward number of the specific blade is the corresponding peak value blade.

Starting from the original leaf tip position, the driving motor is pulled out backwards with the minimum resolution of 0.01mm, the driving motor stops 0.5S when rotating once, radiation signals are collected and the readings Li of the lateral distance meter are recorded, the driving motor continues to rotate backwards after the collection is finished, the driving motor moves to the next 0.01mm position for collection, the radiation signals are collected every 0.01mm, namely the strain measurement resolution is 0 mm and 01 mm. As shown in FIG. 3, the low level is the interlobe radiation signal and the high pulse signal is the leaf radiation signal with longitudinal strain. 16-23 are the radiation pulse signals of the turbine blades that are longitudinally strained.

The drive motor continues to back to the next 0.01mm and the radiation signal is measured as shown in figure 4. The blade radiation signal with smaller strain can not be received by the probe, and the front end of the probe is opposite to the casing wall with lower temperature, and the blade radiation signal with larger strain still keeps the original position. Comparing the signals with the signals acquired last time, wherein the disappeared low pulse signals 24-27 are the last blade tip signals at 0.01mm, substituting the last measured distance Li, the distance L from the flange plate to the rear end of the probe when the probe is at the position of the blade root and the original length L0 of the blade into a strain measurement formula,to obtainTurbine blade tip strain values. And mapping the strain value and the real blade by combining the rotating speed synchronous signal. And (3) continuously retreating the driving motor, comparing the collected signal every time with the radiation signal collected last time, and combining two distances Li and L to obtain all the radial strain information of the turbine blade.

With the continuous extraction of the probe, when the high pulse signals in the detected radiation signals disappear completely, the probe is represented to enter the full gas environment, the radiation signals of the casing wall are collected, as shown in fig. 5, the collected radiation signals are all low levels of the casing wall, and the corresponding last state is the radiation signal emitted by the turbine blade generating the maximum radial strain. The driving motor is withdrawn from the combustion chamber at full speed, the front end of the probe and the optical lens are protected, and the collection is finished.