Method for improving soil solar disinfection effect by using mechanized farming machine
阅读说明：本技术 一种利用机械化耕作机具提高土壤太阳能消毒效果的方法 (Method for improving soil solar disinfection effect by using mechanized farming machine ) 是由 杨雅婷 崔志超 高庆生 管春松 陈永生 于 2020-05-18 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及一种利用机械化耕作机具提高土壤太阳能消毒效果的方法,该方法包括选择在6～8月进行太阳能对土壤消毒,将前茬作物残体清理干净,进行深松或深耕,起垄,进行灌溉,用地膜将整个垄面覆盖,用土壤在垄沟将地膜四周压实,保证地膜与土壤之间紧密无漏缝。本发明的方法提升了土壤的蓄热保温能力,提高了太阳能消毒时的土壤温度,且不需要额外能源加温土壤；该方法不需化学试剂,使土壤中有害病虫在不使用药剂消毒情况下大大降低,也使杂草的复活率降低；该方法既降低了种植时农药和除草剂的使用量,也降低了农药残留的可能,从而对环境无毒副作用；还可在不使用除草剂的情况下,减少了人工除草用工量,降低了生产成本,并使农作物的产量提高。(The invention relates to a method for improving the solar disinfection effect of soil by using mechanized farming implements, which comprises the steps of selecting solar energy to disinfect the soil in 6-8 months, cleaning the residues of previous crops, deeply loosening or ploughing, ridging, irrigating, covering the whole ridge surface with a mulching film, compacting the periphery of the mulching film in furrows with soil, and ensuring the tightness between the mulching film and the soil without leaking seams. The method improves the heat storage and preservation capacity of the soil, improves the soil temperature during solar disinfection, and does not need additional energy to heat the soil; the method does not need chemical reagents, greatly reduces harmful pests in soil under the condition of no use of medicament disinfection, and also reduces the reactivation rate of weeds; the method reduces the usage amount of pesticide and herbicide during planting, and also reduces the possibility of pesticide residue, thereby having no toxic or side effect on the environment; under the condition of not using herbicide, the labor amount of manual weeding is reduced, the production cost is reduced, and the yield of crops is improved.)
1. A method for improving the solar disinfection effect of soil by using mechanized tillage machines is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, time selection: the soil is disinfected by solar energy within 6-8 months;
s2, soil preparation: cleaning the residues of the previous crops in the field soil without obvious residual straws and roots;
s3, mechanized deep loosening: adopting a subsoiler or a deep ploughing machine to carry out subsoiling or deep ploughing on the soil in the area to be disinfected;
s4, ridging: selecting the width D of the ridge surface according to the agronomic requirements of crop varieties or the actual field conditions1According to the planting mode, the width of field block or the width of greenhouse B and the width of ridge surface D1Arranging the ridge forming number n and the width D of the bottom of the ditch2And ridging paths, wherein ridging is carried out in the to-be-planted area according to path planning by using a ridging machine, and the ridging height, namely the ridge height H, is 15-20 cm;
s5, irrigation: irrigating the ridge surface in a flood irrigation mode, and irrigating water at one time until the surface shows open water, or irrigating water for multiple times;
s6, coating: according to the ridge height H and the ridge surface width D1Selecting a mulching film with proper width W, and covering the mulching film completelyCovering the whole ridge surface, compacting the periphery of the mulching film in the furrow by using soil, ensuring that the mulching film is tightly attached to the soil without a leak during disinfection, and ensuring that the mulching film is tightly attached to the soil without a gap.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein in step S1, the selecting is performed for disinfecting soil with solar energy between 7-8 months.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein in step S3, the subsoiler is a rotary shovel subsoiler;
the deep scarification or deep ploughing depth is more than 25cm, and the proportion that the diameter of the randomly sampled soil block is 3-5 cm is more than 85%.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the ridge width D is in step S41Is 80-240 cm;
when the ridging number n is more than 1, the width D of the bottom of the ditch2Is 20-50 cm.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein in step S4, the width of the field or greenhouse is B, and the width of the ridge surface is D1Width of trench bottom D2The ridge forming number n satisfies the formula 1.1 × (D)1+1.5×D2)×n＜B。
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step S4, when the ridging number n is singular, the ridging path is that the tractor is driven to the opposite side of the entrance, the operation is started from the side close to the entrance after turning around, the operation is continued after turning around after one ridge of operation is finished, and the operation is repeated, so that the tractor cannot walk on the soil after ridging in the whole process;
when the ridging number n is even, the ridging path starts to operate from the side close to the inlet, and the operation is continued by turning around after one-ridge operation is finished, so that the operation is repeated, and the whole process cannot be carried out on the ridged soil.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein in step S5, the water is irrigated again after two hours after the first irrigation, so that the relative water content of soil at 30cm depth of the soil surface under the ridge surface should reach more than 60%.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein in step S6, the ridge height H and the ridge surface width D1And the width W of the mulching film satisfies the formula W > 1.1 × (D +2 × H).
9. The method of claim 1, wherein in step S6, the ground film is a transparent polyethylene film.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein in step S6, the mulching film has a thickness of 0.05mm to 0.1 mm.
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for improving the solar disinfection effect of soil by using mechanized farming implements, belonging to the technical field of agricultural production.
Background
The accumulation of pathogenic microorganisms in the soil causes the occurrence of continuous cropping obstacles, and the resulting decline in crop yield and quality is widespread in the crop cultivation process. With the gradual industrialization, specialization and scale development of the production of the facility vegetables, the continuous cropping obstacle phenomenon is intensified continuously, and the sustainable development of the facility vegetable industry in China is severely restricted. The causes of the continuous cropping obstacles are complicated, are the result of multi-factor interaction of a crop-soil dual system and are mainly caused by soil-borne diseases, deterioration of physical and chemical properties of soil and self-toxicity, wherein more than 70 percent of the continuous cropping obstacles are caused by the soil-borne diseases, about 20 percent of the continuous cropping obstacles are caused by the deterioration of the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and the rest of the continuous cropping obstacles are related to the self-toxicity of the crops.
Soil-borne diseases are a kind of plant diseases with great harmfulness, and the plants are often dead in pieces. The pathogenic species causing soil-borne diseases are many and include fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses, etc., among which fungi are the main and often infect plant roots. The high-temperature and high-humidity air environment under facility cultivation and the soil environment for enriching stubble, pesticide fertilizer and root secretion under long-term continuous cropping are more suitable for the propagation of pathogenic organisms, so that soil-borne diseases are more likely to occur.
How to disinfect soil, relieve soil-borne diseases and overcome continuous cropping obstacles is a worldwide problem to be solved urgently, and the existing preventive measure technology mainly comprises technical methods such as physical methods, agricultural measures, chemical methods, biotechnology, comprehensive control and the like. The physical prevention and control method generally utilizes heat and current to kill pathogenic organisms, mainly comprises treatment modes such as steam disinfection, high-temperature flooding, electric treatment, flame high-temperature combustion, microwave treatment and the like, has small environmental influence and wide application range, and can be used for cultivation without waiting or with short waiting time. However, most physical prevention and control modes require extra energy to act on soil, so that the operation cost is high; if a high-temperature soil disinfection machine is adopted, fuel needs to be supplemented in the combustion bin, the work is divided into soil rotation and heating, namely, the rotary tillage and the disinfection are combined to carry out integrated operation. The soil rotating part in the front extracts soil with a certain depth through rotary tillage, and is thrown to the rear heating part in a thin layer mode to carry out instantaneous high-temperature combustion flame sterilization and disinsection, and remove diseases and insect pests, weeds and organic pesticides. When the rotary cultivator is used, the rotary cultivator mechanism sends out soil granules upwards, the retention time of soil particles in a high-temperature sterilization area is prolonged, the contact time of flame and soil is prolonged, the soil granules thrown out by the rotary cultivator mechanism are cut by the soil breaking mechanism, the size of the soil particles can be reduced, and the flame jet orifice of the burner faces the soil granules thrown out by the rotary cultivator mechanism, so that air is heated and the soil granules are burned for sterilization. However, the burner is easily covered by soil, and a flame jet is easily blocked, so that great potential safety hazard is caused, and therefore, the safety protection requirement on operators is high when the machine works.
The solar soil disinfection technology is a technical means for increasing the soil temperature in high-temperature seasons by utilizing sunlight heat resources and adopting auxiliary means such as mulching film covering, straw landfill, biological agent addition, organic fertilizer addition and the like so as to kill or deactivate pathogenic microorganisms in the soil. Chinese patent 200810163382.4 discloses a method for disinfecting soil by soaking the soil with water, but this method still requires additional heating, resulting in increased cost. Chinese patent 200910261544.2 discloses an environment-friendly and efficient soil disinfection method, in which a disinfectant is added to water, resulting in the residue of the disinfectant. Solar energy is also utilized to irradiate, so that high temperature is caused in the sunlight greenhouse or the plastic greenhouse, a closed anaerobic environment is formed to kill pathogens, but the solar energy is high in manufacturing cost, can only be used in the greenhouse or the plastic greenhouse, and cannot be used in the field open environment. How to develop a soil disinfection method with wide adaptability, high sterilization rate, environmental protection, low cost, safe operation and little medicament residue is necessary.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for improving the solar disinfection effect of soil by using mechanized farming implements, the method utilizes the mechanized farming implements to construct a soil structure which is beneficial to heat storage and heat preservation of the soil, the capability of the soil for utilizing solar energy can be further improved, extra energy is not required to be consumed, the method is clean and environment-friendly, and planting can be carried out without waiting.
(II) technical scheme
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the main technical scheme that:
a method for improving the solar disinfection effect of soil by using mechanized farming implements comprises the following steps:
s1, time selection: the soil is disinfected by solar energy within 6-8 months;
s2, soil preparation: cleaning the residues of the previous crops in the field soil without obvious residual straws and roots;
s3, mechanized deep loosening: adopting a subsoiler or a deep ploughing machine to carry out subsoiling or deep ploughing on the soil in the area to be disinfected;
s4, ridging: selecting the width D of the ridge surface according to the agronomic requirements of crop varieties or the actual field conditions1According to the planting mode, the width of field block or the width of greenhouse B and the width of ridge surface D1Arranging the ridge forming number n and the furrow width D2And a ridging path, wherein ridging is carried out in the to-be-planted area according to the ridging path plan by using a ridging machine, and the ridging height, namely the ridge height H, is 15-20 cm;
s5, irrigation: irrigating the ridge surface in a flood irrigation mode, and irrigating water at one time until the surface shows open water, or irrigating water for multiple times;
s6, coating: according to the ridge height H and the ridge surface width D1Selecting a mulching film with a width W, wherein the mulching film can be completely covered after the mulching film is coveredSoil is used for compacting the periphery of the mulching film in the furrows on the whole ridge surface, so that the mulching film and the soil are ensured to be tightly attached without leakage and holes, and the mulching film and the soil are ensured to be tightly attached without gaps during the disinfection period.
In a preferred embodiment, in step S1, the selecting is performed for disinfecting soil by using solar energy between 7-8 months.
The normal solar radiation in the period of 7-8 months is the strongest and the effect is better, so the method is preferably carried out in the period of 7-8 months.
In a preferred embodiment, in step S3, the subsoiler is a rotary shovel subsoiler.
In a preferred embodiment, in step S3, the depth of the subsoiling or deep ploughing should be 25cm or more, and the proportion of randomly sampled clods having a diameter of 3 to 5cm should be more than 85%.
The research of the invention finds that the soil can be effectively loosened and turned by the deep loosening or deep ploughing depth of 25-35 cm, a better soil deep structure is provided for the subsequent solar disinfection, and the radiation energy is favorably transmitted to the lower layer in the soil. The proportion of the soil blocks with the diameter of 3-5 cm is more than 85%, so that the soil can uniformly receive solar radiation, the soil temperature is uniformly raised, and the soil can be sufficiently sterilized and deinsectized. The deep scarification or deep ploughing depth is less than 25cm, the purpose of turning soil cannot be achieved, the effect of further improving the soil temperature is not obvious after the depth is more than 35cm, the required power is increased, the cost is increased, and the depth is preferably 25 cm-35 cm.
In a preferred embodiment, in step S4, the width of the field or greenhouse B and the width of the ridge surface D are determined1Width of trench bottom D2The ridge forming number n satisfies the formula 1.1 × (D)1+1.5×D2)×n＜B。
In a preferred embodiment, in step S4, the ridge width D1Is 80-240 cm;
when the ridging number n is more than 1, the width D of the bottom of the ditch2Is 20-50 cm.
In a preferred embodiment, in step S4, the width of the field or the width of the greenhouseDegree B, ridge surface width D1Width of trench bottom D2The ridge forming number n satisfies the formula 1.1 × (D)1+1.5×D2)×n＜B。
For effectively increasing the area that soil can accept solar radiation, the ridge face width of adopting the ridger is preferred 80 ~ 240cm, so not only the operation of being convenient for, and can directly use the ridger, use manpower sparingly, and ridging height H is preferred 15 ~ 20 cm. Researches show that the ridging height is lower than 15cm, the sterilization effect of microorganisms is not obvious, when the ridging height is higher than 20cm, the sterilization effect difference is not large, and the ridging height is preferably 15-20 cm for cost saving. The width of the groove bottom refers to the width of a concave part between two adjacent ridge surfaces. If the width of the bottom of the ditch is less than 15cm, part of soil can not be fully irradiated by solar energy, the sterilization effect is influenced, and the waste of the soil use area can be caused when the width of the bottom of the ditch exceeds 50cm, so that the width of the bottom of the ditch is preferably 15-50 cm; width of field or greenhouse B, width of ridge surface D1Width of trench bottom D2The number of ridges n satisfies the formula 1.1 × (D) obtained from a large number of experience1+1.5×D2) × n < B, thereby determining the ridge forming number n and the groove bottom width D2Not only effectively carry out the operation of ridging operation, but also effectively utilize the area of field cultivation.
In a preferred embodiment, in step S4, when the ridging number n is singular, the ridging path is that the tractor is driven to the opposite side of the entrance, the operation is started from the side close to the side after turning around, the operation is continued after turning around after one ridge operation is finished, and the operation is repeated, so that the operation cannot be performed on the ridged soil in the whole process;
when the ridging number n is even, the ridging path starts to operate from the side close to the inlet, and the operation is continued by turning around after one-ridge operation is finished, so that the operation is repeated, and the whole process cannot be carried out on the ridged soil.
In a preferred embodiment, in step S5, irrigation is performed again after two hours after the first irrigation, so that the relative water content of soil under the ridge surface and at a depth of 30cm from the surface should reach more than 60%.
Researches show that the relative water content of soil under the ridge surface and 30cm deep from the surface can reach more than 60% through irrigation, harmful microorganisms in the soil 30cm away from the surface can be effectively eliminated, and the inactivation failure rate of harmful organisms in the soil 30cm deep is not obvious if the water content is low or irrigation is not carried out.
In a preferred embodiment, in step S6, the ridge height H and the ridge surface width D1And the width W of the mulching film satisfies the formula W > 1.1 × (D)1+2×H)。
When the mulching film is covered, in order to tightly cover ridge surfaces with the mulching film, the width W of the mulching film should be at least larger than D1+2A, where A is the width of the two sloping sides of the ridge, but in actual production, the width A of the two sloping sides of the ridge is approximately replaced by a multiple of the height H of the ridge due to the inconvenience of measurement, and therefore, the width W of the mulch film is empirically chosen to be > 1.1 × (D)1+2 × H), so the plastic film covers the ridge surface and both sides of the ridge surface completely, and the plastic film sealing performance is better.
In a preferred embodiment, in step S6, the ground film should be a transparent polyethylene film.
The experiment research shows that the effect of adopting the mulching film as the transparent film is better than that of mulching films with other colors or black, and the effect of the transparent mulching film for solar disinfection is better because the soil temperature under the coverage of the transparent mulching film is higher than that of mulching films with other colors.
In a preferred embodiment, in step S6, the mulching film has a thickness of 0.05mm to 0.1 mm.
The thickness of the mulching film is preferably 0.05 mm-0.1 mm, so that sunlight can penetrate through the mulching film; and the heat preservation performance is ensured, if the film is too thin, the heat preservation performance is reduced, if the film is too thick, sunlight cannot effectively penetrate through the mulching film, and the temperature cannot reach the effective sterilization temperature.
(III) advantageous effects
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides a method for improving the solar disinfection effect of soil by using mechanized farming machines, in particular to a method for constructing a soil structure by using common mechanized farming machines, which enhances the heat storage and preservation capacity of the soil and further improves the soil temperature under solar radiation; meanwhile, the soil is not required to be heated by extra energy, and the planting can be carried out without waiting for volatilization of chemical agents after the disinfection is finished, so that the production cost is greatly reduced; the method can reduce the reactivation rate of weeds without using herbicides, reduce the labor amount for artificial weeding and further reduce the production cost. The method can effectively inactivate or deactivate the harmful organisms in the soil without using medicaments for disinfection, greatly reduces the use amount of pesticides and pesticide residues possibly generated during planting, and has no toxic or side effect on the environment.
The method provided by the invention can be used for greenhouses and field open environments, has a wide application range, effectively reduces the using amount of pesticides and herbicides during subsequent planting, also reduces the possibility of pesticide residues, improves the granular structure of soil, and effectively improves the yield and quality of crops.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the operation path of a single-ridging machine;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the operation path of the implement for double ridging.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of better explaining the present invention and to facilitate understanding, the present invention will be described in detail by way of specific embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following examples, the subsoiler used is, but not limited to, a Giraffe DMSS series subsoiler.