阅读说明：本技术 包含烷基羟乙基磺酸盐和烷基牛磺酸盐的掺合物的高甘油组合物 (High glycerol compositions comprising a blend of alkyl isethionates and alkyl taurates ) 是由 J·O·卡尔纳里 R·M·达夫 于 2018-05-31 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及包含烷基羟乙基磺酸盐和烷基牛磺酸盐的掺合物的高甘油组合物。选择特定比率的羟乙基磺酸盐与牛磺酸盐允许制备高甘油液体,同时使两性表面活性剂最小化,与此同时保持澄清的、各向同性的液体。(The present invention relates to a high glycerol composition comprising a blend of alkyl isethionate and alkyl taurate. Selecting a particular ratio of isethionate to taurate allows for the preparation of a high glycerol liquid while minimizing amphoteric surfactants while maintaining a clear, isotropic liquid.)

1. A composition, comprising:

1) 5-20% by weight of a surfactant system comprising:

a) alkali metal alkyl isethionate;

b) alkali metal alkyl taurates; and

c) amphoteric surfactants, preferably alkyl betaines,

wherein the weight ratio of (a) to (b) is from 1:1.5 to 1:6(R ═ 0.667 to 0.166),

wherein the ratio of (a) and (b)/(c) is from 1:1 to 9: 1;

2)20 to 60% by weight of glycerol.

2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is clear, wherein clear is defined as having a turbidity of less than 20NTU, more preferably less than 10 NTU.

3. The composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein the ratio of acyl groups of (a) to (b) is from 1:1.5 to 1:5(R ═ 0.667 to 0.2).

4. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, having a pH of 4.5 to 7.5.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to liquid detergent compositions comprising a specific blend of anionic surfactants and high glycerin, which provides the consumer with the desired superior moisturizing feel. Preferably, the blend of anionic surfactants (ionics) is further blended with amphoteric surfactants, but preferably the amphoteric surfactants (amphoteric) are minimized relative to the total surfactants so that deposition of benefit agents can be maximized. Preferably, the composition is clear. Preferably, they are isotropic. Preferably, they are clear and isotropic.

Background

It is desirable to formulate compositions with relatively mild surfactants. One surfactant combination that is particularly desirable is an alkyl isethionate (e.g., a fatty acid ester of isethionic acid, such as sodium lauroyl isethionate or sodium cocoyl isethionate) and an alkyl taurate (e.g., an alkyl tauamide, such as N-methyl taurate). Such surfactant mixtures have the advantage that they are sulfate-free. Further, they provide the ability to formulate isotropic systems at neutral and slightly acidic pH. They therefore allow the use of more skin-friendly maintenance systems. It is also desirable to provide compositions with high levels of glycerin (e.g., 20% or more by weight, preferably from 25% to 60%, preferably from 30 to 55%) because glycerin provides superior sensory feel (e.g., moisturizing feel).

One disadvantage of such compositions containing alkyl isethionate, alkyl taurate and glycerol is the poor solubility of the combination, making it impossible to obtain useful levels of mild surfactant (e.g., greater than or equal to 5% or 6% by weight) while still maintaining a clear, isotropic formulation when greater than or equal to 20% by weight glycerol is used.

One partial solution, partly to this insolubility problem, is to incorporate certain levels of amphoteric surfactants when formulating the cleansing composition, as amphoteric surfactants are themselves mild and help improve the solubility of the alkyl isethionate/alkyl taurate blend. They also help to increase the viscosity of the formulation, making it easier for the consumer to meet expectations without the addition of a thickening agent.

Even further, it is preferred and desirable that the combination of alkyl isethionate, alkyl taurate, glycerol and amphoteric surfactant is clear and isotropic, preferably both, where isotropy is defined as a nephelometric turbidity unit ("NTU") value of 20 or less, preferably 10 or less.

At the high levels of glycerin desired in the present invention, it has been noted that the level of amphoteric surfactant required to maintain the composition clear and isotropic is also elevated. Therefore, in order to be compatible with high levels of glycerin (20% or more, preferably 25% or more), it may be generally necessary to use 30% or more of an amphoteric surfactant. However, when it is desired to use an amphoteric surfactant (e.g., betaine), as described above, it is also desirable that this level is not too high as a percentage of total surfactant, as this is believed to affect the deposition of other benefit agents found in the composition. Such benefit agents may include emollients, hydrocarbons and/or silicone oils, nutrients, antimicrobial agents, and particulates. In our inventive isethionate/taurate system, it is therefore desirable to find a system that introduces the maximum amount of glycerin with the minimum amount of amphoteric surfactant, while maintaining a clear, isotropic liquid.

Unexpectedly, applicants have found that glycerol is in fact allowed to be introduced to a maximum, while minimizing amphoteric surfactant levels, or preferably both, while maintaining a key ratio of isethionate to taurate in a clear, isotropic liquid.

U.S. publication No. 2009/0062406 to Loeffler discloses a composition comprising a mixture of sodium cocoyl isethionate, sodium methyl taurate and an alkyl betaine that produces a clear, isotropic, low viscosity solution characterized by an NTU of 10 or less. The compositions taught were 20% cocobetaine, 5% isethionate and 5% taurate (i.e., betaine was 66% of total surfactant and the ratio of isethionate to taurate was 1: 1); and 10% betaine, 10% isethionate, 10% taurate (i.e., betaine is 33% of total surfactant, and the ratio of isethionate to taurate is 1: 1). For clarity of presentation, the weight ratio of isethionate to taurate will be illustrated in decimal R as follows. For example, a weight ratio of isethionate to taurate of 1:1 corresponds to R ═ 1.0.

In example 6 below, applicants prepared a series of compositions having 10% total isethionate and taurate according to the following ratio of isethionate to taurate: 7.5/2.5, 5.0/5.0, 2.5/7.5, 0/10 (R ═ 3, 1, 0.333, and 0, respectively). Applicants added cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) at levels ranging from 4.76% (0.5/10.5) to 33% (5.0/15) of total surfactant; and the transparency was measured after two months. Table 7 demonstrates that lowering CAPB results in increased turbidity (higher NTU values) at a fixed isethionate/taurate ratio. The table also shows that there is a particularly effective turbidity reduction when the taurate to isethionate ratio is higher (or conversely, the taurate to isethionate ratio is lower). The same is true when only taurate is present (ratio 0/10). As indicated, the Loeffler reference discloses a 1:1 ratio of taurate to isethionate. If one of ordinary skill in the art chooses to increase the ratio of taurate to isethionate (without particular motivation to do so), they may find that less CAPB is required to achieve a suitable (i.e., low) level of turbidity (as we show in the right two columns versus the left two columns of table 1). However, this reference does not address the use of high levels of glycerol, nor does it understand the relationship between taurate and isethionate levels, glycerol and turbidity.

In particular, as seen from table 7, one of ordinary skill in the art may be driven to eliminate isethionate completely and use taurate alone (ratio of isethionate to taurate is 0 to 10 as shown in the more distal right column). However (see table 1), as we clearly and unexpectedly demonstrated, there was a critical window when treated with glycerol and attempted to minimize CAPB levels in glycerol-rich systems. When too much taurate is present (e.g., 0% isethionate), 40% CAPB is required to produce an isotropic solution when 30% glycerol is used (the more distal right column). In contrast, when the same 30% glycerol was used, we could obtain an isotropic solution, and we used only 30% CAPB; the key is to use an 1/6 ratio of isethionate to taurate. At the rate of 1/5, we can obtain an isotropic solution using even higher 35% glycerol while still using only 30% CAPB. This critical window is not recognized in Loeffler, where surfactant-based ratios in high glycerol systems minimize amphoteric surfactants, since the formation of isotropic glycerol-rich compositions with minimal CAPB is not envisaged at all.

Disclosure of Invention

Quite unexpectedly, applicants have discovered a specific window defining a specific ratio of isethionate to taurate in combination with a specific ratio of combined anionic and amphoteric surfactant (maximizing the level of non-sulfated anionic surfactant), wherein high levels of glycerol can be used. Further, while certain levels of amphoteric surfactants are required, by defining a specific ratio of one anion to another, a high glycerol system is prepared, the amount of amphoteric surfactant used is minimized (which aids in deposition); and a clear, isotropic composition was prepared. More specifically, the present invention relates to a cleaning composition comprising:

1)5 to 20 wt%, preferably 6 to 15 wt% of a surfactant system comprising:

a) alkali metal acyl isethionates;

b) alkyl taurates; and

c) amphoteric surfactants, preferably alkyl betaines,

wherein the weight ratio of (a) to (b) is from 1:1.5 to 1:6(R ═ 0.667 to 0.166), preferably from 1:1.5 to 1:5(R ═ 0.667 to 0.2); more preferably 1:19 to 1:5(R ═ 0.53 to 0.2);

wherein the ratio of ((a) + (b))/(c) is from 1:1 to 9: 1; and

2)20 to 60 wt.%, preferably 25 to 55 wt.% of glycerol.

Detailed Description

Except in the examples, or where otherwise explicitly indicated, all numbers in this description indicating amounts of material or conditions of reaction, physical properties of materials and/or use are to be understood as modified by the word "about".

As used throughout, ranges are used as a shorthand way of describing each and every value that is within the range. Any value within the range can be selected as the terminus of the range. The use of "and/or" indicates that any one from the list can be selected individually, or any combination from the list can be selected.

For the avoidance of doubt, the word "comprising" is intended to mean "including", but not necessarily "consisting of or" consisting of. In other words, the listed steps or options need not be exhaustive.

Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages of one or more amounts of ingredients used are to be understood as weight percentages based on the effective weight of the material in the total weight of the composition, which total is 100%.

Surfactant system

The present invention relates to compositions comprising from 5 to 20 wt%, preferably from 6 to 15 wt%, of a surfactant system comprising (a) an alkali metal acyl isethionate, (b) an alkali metal alkyl taurate and (c) an amphoteric surfactant, preferably an alkyl betaine.

With a specific ratio of surfactants, applicants can provide a high glycerin system (greater than or equal to 20%) that minimizes amphoteric surfactants (some benefits for hardness and viscosity, but with little effect on deposit reduction, i.e., maintaining the desired higher level of deposit) while maintaining a clear, isotropic composition. Quite surprisingly, when a key ratio of isethionate to taurate is used, amphoteric surfactants can be minimized (using a high glycerol system) while maintaining a clear composition. Indeed, when only taurate is used, a high level of amphoteric surfactant (CAPB) is required, but with only slightly less taurate (high ratio of taurate to isethionate disclosed in our invention), much less amphoteric surfactant can be used while still obtaining an isotropic liquid.

The first component of the surfactant system of the present invention is an alkali metal acyl isethionate.

Acyl isethionate surfactants are typically passed through a fatty acid (e.g., C) in a process commonly referred to as the "DEFI" process (where DEFI refers to directly esterified fatty acid isethionate)₁₀To C₁₆Fatty acids, such as lauric acid) with isethionates (e.g., HOCH)₂CH₂SO₄M⁺Wherein M is⁺Which may be, for example, a sodium or potassium counterion).

Preferred isethionate sulfonates (isethionate sulfonates) include cocoyl isethionate and lauroyl isethionate, preferably containing sodium or potassium as counterion.

The second component of the surfactant system of our invention is an alkyl taurate, such as an alkyl taurate amide. Such alkyltauride amides may be substituted with taurine; methyl taurine; or the corresponding taurates (e.g., NH)₂CH₂CH₂SO₃M⁺Wherein M is⁺Which may be a sodium or potassium counterion) with a suitable fatty acid.

Preferably, the alkyl taurate amide includes sodium methyl cocoyl taurate and sodium methyl lauroyl taurate.

A third desirable component of the surfactant system of the present invention is an amphoteric surfactant. Suitable amphoteric surfactants include derivatives of acyl ethylene diamines. One preferred example of a compound within this class is sodium lauroamphoacetate. Suitable amphoteric surfactants also include derivatives from the class of alkylbetaines, including alkylbetaines, alkylamidopropylbetaines, and alkylamidopropylhydroxysultaines. Preferred examples of compounds in this class are cocobetaine and cocamidopropyl betaine, commonly known as CAPB.

As noted, amphoteric surfactants are often used as partial replacements for the more harsh anionic surfactants. However, it is preferred to minimize the amount of amphoteric surfactant to aid deposition.

It has been unexpectedly found that selecting a particular ratio of isethionate to taurate provides a window in which to allow the use of high levels of glycerol while minimizing the amount of amphoteric surfactant, while maintaining a clear isotropic solution.

The specified window for isethionates and taurates is 1:1.5 to 1:6(R ═ 0.66 to 0.166), preferably 1:1.9 to 1: 5. Thus, the preferred ratio R is taurate-rich, but contains a limited, non-zero level of isethionate.

Further, the preferred ratio of isethionate plus taurate to amphoteric surfactant is from 1:1 to 9: 1. The total surfactant blend is always predominantly anionic surfactant.

A further component of the present invention is glycerol. As noted, it is critical to maximize the amount of glycerin (20% or more) while minimizing the amount of amphoteric surfactant, while maintaining a clear, isotropic composition.

Skin or hair benefit agents

In the same composition of the invention, from 0 to 30 wt.%, preferably from 0.1 to 10 wt.%, more preferably from 0.1 to 5 wt.% of skin or hair benefit agent is used. Preferably, the benefit agent is an oil soluble softening or wetting oil. These are molecules that increase hydration by various mechanisms that may include preventing water loss (blocking agents), attracting water (humectants); or it restores the skin to natural moisturizing factors (e.g., amino lipids). Preferred wetting agents include petrolatum and silicones. Preferably, the humectant is a vegetable oil or a triglyceride oil. Preferred oils include sunflower oil and soybean oil. The wetting agent may be a long chain [ C ]₁₄-C₃₀]Esters of fatty acids, e.g. palmitic acid iso-Propyl ester.

Certain natural repair agents and wetting agents include:

a) vitamins, such as vitamins a and E, and vitamin alkyl esters, such as vitamin C alkyl esters;

b) lipids such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters, lanolin, sucrose esters, and pseudoceramides;

c) liposome-forming materials, such as phospholipids, and suitable lipophilic molecules having two long hydrocarbon chains;

d) essential fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and sources of these;

e) triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids such as sunflower oil, evening primrose oil, avocado oil, almond oil;

f) vegetable fats formed from mixtures of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, such as tallow resin;

g) sources of minerals such as zinc, magnesium and iron; and

h) silicone oils, gums, modifications thereof such as linear and cyclic polydimethylsiloxanes, amino, alkyl and alkylaryl silicone oils.

Water soluble benefit agents may also be used. Preferred water-soluble agents include glycerin, sorbitol, polyalkylene glycols and mixtures thereof.

Depending on the amount and miscibility (miscibility) of the benefit agent in the isotropic surfactant matrix (chassis), if used, the matrix may still remain clear. However, even if the benefit agent makes the matrix anisotropic, the benefits of sulfate-free and neutral to slightly acidic pH discussed above are retained. Moreover, the benefits of good sensory feel and good deposition still exist.

While the compositions of the present invention do not require an external structurant, it is preferred to use a structurant when an oil soluble benefit agent as described above is used.

Structuring agent

Preferably, the composition of the invention comprises from 0.1 to 10 wt%, preferably from 0.5 to 7 wt% of a structuring agent. The structuring agent may be a water-soluble or water-dispersible polymer, which may be a cationic, anionic, amphoteric or non-ionic polymer for increasing viscosity.

Examples of water-soluble/dispersible polymers useful in the present invention include sugar gums such as cellulose gum, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose gel, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl or carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, guar gum, karaya gum, tragacanth gum, acacia gum (guacavia), agar gum, xanthan gum, and mixtures thereof; modified and unmodified starch granules having a gelatinization temperature of 30 to 85 ℃, and pregelatinized cold water soluble starch; a polyacrylate; carbopols (Carbopols); alkali soluble emulsion polymers such as Aculyn 28, Aculyn 22 or Carbopol Aqua SF 1; cationic polymers, such as modified polysaccharides, including cationic Guar gums available from RhonePoulenc under the tradenames Jaguar C13S, Jaguar C14S, Jaguar C17 or Jaguar C16, from Lamberti under the tradename BF Guar C17, from Aqualon under the tradenames Aqua D4091 or Aqua D4051; cationically modified celluloses, such as UCARE Polymer JR30 or JR 40 from Amerchol; N-Hance 3000, N-Hance 3196, N-Hance CPX215 or N-Hance GPX 196 from Hercules; synthetic cationic polymers such as Merquat 100, Merquat 280, Merquat 281 and Merquat 550 from Nalco; cationic starches, e.g. prepared from Staley Inc

100. 200, 300 and 400; cationic galactomannans based on guar gum of the gallactasol 800 series of Henkel, inc; quadriect Um-200, and Polyquaternium-24.

Gel-forming polymers, such as modified or unmodified starch granules, xanthan gum, carbopol, alkali soluble emulsion polymers and cationic Guar gums, such as Lamberti BF Guar C17, and cationically modified celluloses, such as UCARE Polymer JR

Are particularly preferred in the present invention.

One preferred structured copolymer is (1) a first ethylenically unsaturated monomer; (2) a second ethylenically unsaturated monomer; (3) (meth) acrylate monomers and (4) associative monomers (the structure is generally random; preferably, the copolymer is linear).

(1) The first monomer of (a) may be a diacid having the formula:

HOOC-CR¹＝CR²-COOH (I),

a cyclic anhydride precursor of a diacid (I), said anhydride having the formula:

and a combination thereof,

wherein R is¹And R²Independently selected from H, C₁-C₃Alkyl, phenyl, chloro and bromo, and in one or more embodiments, are preferably independently selected from H and C₁-C₃An alkyl group.

Preferred monomers include maleic acid and maleic anhydride. It may comprise from 0 to 10%, preferably from 0.1 to 5%, by total weight of monomer feed.

The second monomer (2) may be acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and combinations thereof. It may be used in an amount of 15 to 60 wt% based on the total monomer feed.

The third (meth) acrylate monomer may be C of acrylic acid₁To C₈Alkyl esters, methacrylic acid C₁To C₈Alkyl esters and combinations, and may range from 30 to 75 weight percent based on total monomer feed.

a) The associative monomer has the formula:

R⁴-CH＝C(R³)-C(O)-O-(R⁵O)_a-R⁶(III)

wherein:

R³and R⁴Independently selected from H and C_1-3An alkyl group, a carboxyl group,

each R⁵O is independently an oxyalkylene unit having 2 to 4, preferably 2 to 3 carbon atoms,

R⁶selected from

Straight and branched alkyl groups having 8 to 40, preferably 8 to 30, more preferably 10 to 22 carbon atoms, and

alkylaryl having from 8 to 40, preferably from 8 to 30, more preferably from 10 to 22 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical, such alkyl radical being linear or branched, said alkylaryl preferably being alkylphenyl; and

a has a value of 6 to 40, preferably 15 to 35, most preferably 20 to 30.

Of particular interest in one or more embodiments are associative monomers having the formula:

CH₃[CH₂]_b-CH₂-[OCH₂CH₂]_a–O-C(O)C(R³)＝CH(R⁴) (IV)

wherein R is³、R⁴And a is as described above, and b has a value of 6 to 38, preferably 6 to 28, more preferably 8 to 20.

In the monomers of the formulae III and IV, R³Preferably methyl, R⁴Preferably H. In the above associative monomers, a and b represent their respective alkylene oxides and-CH₂The number of repeating units, usually an integer. In one or more embodiments of interest, a is greater than or equal to b.

The associative monomer may be used in an amount of 1 to about 25 wt%, preferably 2 to 20 wt%, more preferably 2 to 15 wt%, based on all monomers added. In one or more embodiments of particular interest, the amount of associative monomer used is from 5 to 12 weight percent based on all monomers added.

Certain compositions may contain water-soluble polymers in an amount of 0.005 to 5% by weight.

Examples of water-soluble polymers include high molecular weight polyethylene glycols, e.g.

WSR-205(PEG 14M)，

WSR-N-60K (PEG 45M) andWSR-301(PEG 90M); sugar gums, such as cellulose gum, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, guar gum, karaya gum, tragacanth gum, acacia gum, agar gum, and xanthan gum; modified starch granules and pregelatinized cold water soluble starch; cationic polymers, such as modified polysaccharides, including those from Rhodia

An available cationic gum; cationically modified celluloses, such as UCARE Polymer JR30 or JR 40 from Amerchol; from Hercules

3000,3196,GPX 215 or

GPX 196; synthetic cationic polymers, e.g. sold by Nalco

100、

280、

281 and

550. additional molecules include glycerol and sorbitol.

The water-soluble polymer may be polymerized alone or as two or more from the same or different speciesThe combination of the above-mentioned substances is used. High molecular weight polyethylene glycolWSR-301(PEG 90M) and

WSR-N-60K (PEG 45M) and guar derivatives such asS、

C17 and

c13, and synthetic cationic polymers, e.g.

100 is particularly desirable.

Preservative

The human product formulation provides a good medium for microbial growth. Microbial action can manifest as hydrolysis, oxidation or reduction, and can cause off-flavors, color changes, adverse changes in pH, demulsification, and changes in product texture. Thus, a good preservative system is needed to prevent microbial growth, product spoilage, and skin and hair infections. Preservatives should be effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and fungi (molds and yeasts).

An effective preservative is a chemical agent that will prevent microbial growth in the product, make it safe and prolong shelf life.

An optimal preservative system should provide a broad spectrum of activity and be effective over the shelf life of the product. As the microorganisms multiply in the aqueous phase of the formulation, the preservative system should also be water soluble. When the formulation contains significant levels of oil, the system should facilitate partitioning into the aqueous phase. Ideally, preservative systems should be effective over a wide pH range, colorless, and safe to use. It should be non-irritating, non-sensitizing and preferably non-toxic. Ideally, while eliminating pathogenic organisms in the formulation upon storage, it should leave the symbiont flat on the skin after application of the formulation to the skin, hair or mucosa.

Certain preferred preservatives include:

1) parabens such as methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, isobutyl paraben and butyl paraben;

2) formaldehyde-releasing preservatives such as formaldehyde, quaternary ammonium salts (quaternium) -15, dimethyl-dimethyl (DMDM) hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, sodium hydroxymethyl glycinate and 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1, 3-diol;

3) isothiazolinones, such as chloromethyl-isothiazolinone (CMIT), methyl-thiazolinone (MIT) or Benzisothiazolinone (BIT);

4) halogen-organic active agents, such as iodopropynyl (iodopropynyl) butylcarbamate and methyldibloroglutaronitrile;

5) organic acids such as benzoic acid, dehydroacetic acid, salicylic acid, lactic acid, and sorbic acid;

6) others include chloroacetamide, phenoxyethanol, and triclosan.

Additional suitable Preservatives for use in personal care products can be found in "Preservatives for cosmetics Manual, 2 nd edition", David S.Steinbens, 2006 and "Preservatives for cosmetics", D.C.Steinberg, Allured Publishing Corp., ISBN # 0-93170-54-5. Such agents are typically used at 0.1-1%, more preferably 0.5-0.7% of the personal product formulation.

The organic acids mentioned are particularly preferred. It is especially preferred that the organic acid has a pKa of about 4.0 to 5.5, preferably 4.0 to 5.0.

There are no preservatives that are ideal in all cases. For example, parabens are relatively non-irritating, but partition into the oil phase is facilitated and may be inactivated by certain surfactants. Formaldehyde-retaining preservatives have a broad spectrum of effectiveness, but are irritating and banned in certain countries.

As noted, benzoic acid is a preferred preservative.

Non-limiting examples of such additional ingredients are, for example, colorants, pigments, opacifiers, fragrances (whether encapsulated or present as free fragrances), mood (emotive) oils, vitamins and vitamin derivatives, abrasives, optical agents (including, for example, reflective particles and interference pigments), pH adjusting agents, plant extracts, essential oils, preservatives, antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, viscosity adjusting agents, humectants, beard wetting agents, sensory agents, fatty acid soaps, and skin and/or hair benefit agents (e.g., aloe, allantoin, panthenol, α -hydroxy acids, phospholipids, botanical oils, and amino acids, to name a few.) the selection and amount of any individual additional ingredient depends on factors including the particular ingredient, the desired property, and the intended use of the composition in which it is used

The compositions are water-based and typically contain 30-90% by weight water. The water is the balance after all the above ingredients are taken into account.

pH

Typically, the pH of the compositions of the present invention is in the range of 4.5 to 7.5. This allows the use of a wide variety of preservative systems.

Scheme(s)

Transparency of the composition

The clarity of a composition is quantified by measuring its turbidity, which is defined as the degree to which light is scattered due to inhomogeneities in the composition. The measured turbidity depends on the wavelength of the light used in the measurement and the angle at which the detector is positioned. Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) are measured according to US EPA method 180.1 "Turbidity" using white light scattered at 90 ° from the incident beam. The white light source typically has a peak spectral output in the range of 400-680 nm. This information has been obtained from the website https:// or. Turbidity measurements were performed using a Hach 2100N turbidimeter calibrated against standards of known NTU values according to the manufacturer's instructions. Higher NTU values correspond to higher haze and lower clarity.