阅读说明：本技术 食用菌菌渣在奶牛垫料中的应用、垫料及使用方法 (Application of edible fungus residues in dairy cattle bedding, bedding and using method ) 是由 任鹏飞 连洁 万鲁长 常尚连 刘开昌 曲玲 任海霞 高霞 郭惠东 毕云霞 于 2019-12-09 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明属于垫料技术领域,具体涉及一种奶牛垫料。本发明所提供的一种奶牛垫料,最大的特点是,该垫料仅仅由食用菌菌渣组成。食用菌菌渣通过晾晒使其水分含量保持在8～12%之间,且食用菌菌渣无霉变。垫料高度为0.2～0.5米。本发明解决了牛粪污废弃物以及菌渣废弃物的再利用问题,垫料可直接还田,牛场内不会产生大量粪便堆积,避免产生无法循环利用的情况；提高了农业废弃物的高值高效综合利用性；本发明将菌渣以垫料的形式利用对菌渣的利用率高、可形成奶牛粪便尿液的高效循环,减少处理步骤；显著的降低奶牛乳腺炎发病率,有益于奶牛健康,保证了奶制品的饮用安全性。(The invention belongs to the technical field of padding, and particularly relates to a dairy cow padding. The dairy cattle bedding material provided by the invention is mainly characterized in that the bedding material only consists of edible fungus residues. The water content of the edible fungus residues is kept between 8 and 12 percent through airing, and the edible fungus residues do not mildew. The height of the padding is 0.2-0.5 m. The invention solves the recycling problem of the cow dung waste and the mushroom dreg waste, the padding can be directly returned to the field, a large amount of excrement accumulation cannot be generated in a cow farm, and the situation that the excrement cannot be recycled is avoided; the high-value high-efficiency comprehensive utilization of agricultural wastes is improved; the invention utilizes the mushroom dregs in the form of padding, has high utilization rate of the mushroom dregs, can form high-efficiency circulation of the excrement and urine of the dairy cows, and reduces the processing steps; obviously reduces the incidence rate of mastitis of dairy cows, is beneficial to the health of the dairy cows and ensures the drinking safety of dairy products.)

1. The application of the edible fungus dregs in dairy cow bedding.

2. The use of the edible fungus dregs in dairy cow bedding as claimed in claim 1, wherein the edible fungus dregs are industrially produced edible fungus dregs; preferably at least one of needle mushroom dregs, pleurotus eryngii dregs, hypsizigus marmoreus dregs and shiitake mushroom dregs.

3. The dairy cow bedding is characterized by only consisting of raw materials of edible fungus dregs.

4. The dairy cow bedding as claimed in claim 3, wherein the water content of the edible fungus residue is 8-12%.

5. The dairy cow litter of claim 3 wherein the edible mushroom dregs are factory-produced edible mushroom dregs.

6. The dairy cow litter according to claim 3, wherein the edible fungus residues are fungus residues which are air-dried until the water content is 8-12%.

7. The dairy cow litter of claim 3 wherein the edible mushroom dregs are at least one of needle mushroom dregs, Pleurotus eryngii dregs, Hypsizygus marmoreus dregs, and Lentinus edodes dregs.

8. The dairy cow litter of claim 3 wherein the litter height is 0.2-0.5 m; preferably, the height of the mat is 0.3 m.

9. The dairy cow litter of claim 3 wherein the ratio of size to porosity of the mushroom residue litter is from 1: 3.5 to 4.5, and a volume weight of 0.16 to 0.23g/cm³The total porosity is 65-71%; the air permeability porosity is 12-16%, and the water retention porosity is 53-58%.

10. The using method of the dairy cow bedding comprises the following steps:

(1) airing the edible fungus residues until the water content is 8-12%, and selecting the fungus residues without mildew for later use;

(2) spreading the edible fungus residues in a dairy cow shed to form padding with the height of 0.2-0.5 m;

(3) in the using process of the padding, when the padding collapses, the padding is supplemented in time to keep the thickness of the padding within 0.2-0.5 m.

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of padding, and particularly relates to application of edible fungus residues in dairy cattle padding, and the dairy cattle padding adopting the edible fungus residues.

Background

With regard to livestock bedding, the following patent documents are disclosed:

li Jian et al published in animal husbandry and veterinarian the effects of different feeding modes and fermentation bed padding environments on pig production performance, blood biochemical indicators and intestinal tract digestive enzyme activity, disclosing: a fermentation bed feeding mode is adopted, and particularly, the fermentation bed environment with vinasse and mushroom bran replacing wood chips as padding is more favorable for healthy growth of pigs than the traditional cement ground and wood chip fermentation bed feeding environment. The fungus chaff fermentation group (the padding substrate is 50% of fungus chaff and 50% of wood dust).

The problem that the above bedding material does not solve is:

mycotoxin problems: a large amount of mycotoxin exists in padding in a fermentation bed after fermentation, and the problems of resistance reduction, appetite reduction, slow growth and the like of live pigs can be caused.

The workload is large: the mode of raising pigs by using the fermentation bed needs to maintain the humidity balance of the padding and the uniformity of pig manure, so that the padding needs to be turned over once every period of time, the depth of the pool is large, and the workload is large.

After the used padding is cleaned out, further fermentation is needed, because the cleaned padding is only subjected to primary fermentation, and indexes such as humus, pH, organic matters, total nutrients and the like in the padding do not completely accord with relevant safety regulations.

CN107410046A discloses a sheep-raising fermentation bed padding which mainly comprises the following components: rape straw, rice hull, dried leaves, Chinese parasol sawdust, leymus chinensis, fermented soybean meal, seaweed salt, vinasse, garlic powder, edible fungus dregs, beer yeast paste, microbial fermentation inoculum, bagasse, shell powder, kaolin, motherwort herb, honeysuckle, dandelion, mint and a proper amount of water.

The pad materials have the following defects: (1) the fermentation bed can maintain the normal fermentation function only by regularly spraying bacterial liquid; (2) the cost of the bacterial liquid is high; (3) common diseases are easy to cause: the pig is easy to inhale when breathing, which causes foreign body pneumonia, increases the possibility of suffering from respiratory diseases of the pig, and leads the respiratory problems of the pig not to be eradicated; the phenomenon that individual pigs are allergic to bedding materials is found through investigation; (4) the disinfection is inconvenient: the pig raising in the fermentation bed needs to carry out immunization at regular intervals on the pig diseases; (5) the mould, pathogenic bacteria, parasites and the like are easy to breed after a long time, so that secondary pollution is caused to the growth of the live pigs; (6) the strain investment is large: the bacteria liquid needs to be sprayed regularly, once the medicine is applied when the pig farm is ill, a large amount of probiotics in the fermentation bed is lost, and the bacteria liquid needs to be supplemented in time. The cost of the bacterial liquid is high, and the investment cost is inevitably increased; (7) the bed surface humidity is not easy to control: the humidity of the bed surface must be controlled to be about 60%, the humidity is too low, the breeding of microorganisms is not facilitated, respiratory diseases of pigs can be caused, the pig parasitic diseases are seriously damaged due to overhigh humidity, insect eggs are brought into the bodies of the pigs again when the pigs bite hyphae, the diseases are caused, and the skin diseases are seriously damaged. Especially in the hot and humid season of summer, the difficulty of prevention and treatment is increased.

With the continuous expansion of the production scale and yield of the edible fungi, the annual yield of the edible fungi residues is increased day by day, and the fungus chaffs are discarded or combusted at will, so that not only is the resource waste caused, but also serious pollution and huge pressure are brought to the ecological environment. Meanwhile, the total amount of the livestock and poultry manure is huge, and due to the use of sand padding, a large amount of livestock and poultry manure cannot be recycled, so that the contradiction between livestock and poultry cultivation and environmental protection is relieved, the environmental pollution pressure caused by cultivation waste is effectively reduced, the development of ecological cycle and environment-friendly modern animal husbandry is practically promoted, and the method becomes a major subject to be researched and solved urgently at present.

The padding for dairy cows is more demanding than the padding for pigs or sheep, because dairy cows mainly function to produce milk and dairy products must be strictly controlled for safety; in addition, 50-60% of the daily time of the dairy cow is in the state of lying, and the time of lying is long, just needs to have the bedding and padding of high security more, otherwise the dairy cow is very easy to be infected with diseases. The lying behavior of the lactating cow is influenced by the surface property of the lying bed, the size of the lying bed and other factors. A comfortable bed must be of sufficient length and width to provide a soft, dry padding that grips well. The cow dung after solid-liquid separation treatment is adopted by part of large-scale cow farms as the cow padding, the characteristics of dryness and softness of the padding are met, but a large amount of homologous microorganisms are invaded, so that the cow is prone to mastitis and other diseases. Therefore, the appropriate and comfortable bedding materials for the dairy cattle are selected, the welfare of the dairy cattle is improved, the resting and the rising of the dairy cattle are facilitated, the milk yield and the milk health index are improved, the morbidity of the dairy cattle mastitis and the limb and foot disease can be greatly reduced, and the maximization of the production benefit of the dairy cattle is very necessary.

At present, cow dung is mostly utilized as padding in a cow factory, and although the recycling of waste is realized, the cow dung is adopted as the padding, so that various bacteria are easily bred, the cow suffers from diseases such as mastitis, and the like, and great hidden danger exists for the safety of cow milk production; in addition, from the aspect of comfort, the cow dung is too soft, and the comfort is not ideal.

Therefore, it is necessary to provide a padding material which can solve the problem of recycling of cow dung waste and mushroom dreg waste, promote high-value and high-efficiency comprehensive utilization of agricultural waste, has high comfort level, increase the bed-laying time of cows and reduce the propagation of homologous mastitis germs.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides the padding which has high comfort level, increases the time for a cow to lie in bed, reduces the propagation of homologous mastitis germs, can solve the problems of leaving a large amount of fungus dregs unused and treating the feces of the cow, does not harm the cow body, and confirms the health of the cow and dairy products.

The present invention solves the above-mentioned technical problems by the following means:

the application of the edible fungus dregs in the padding for dairy cows is the key point to be protected by the invention;

in the application, the adopted edible fungus residues are edible fungus residues produced in factories; preferably at least one of needle mushroom dregs, pleurotus eryngii dregs, hypsizigus marmoreus dregs and shiitake mushroom dregs.

The dairy cow bedding material has the greatest characteristic that the dairy cow bedding material only contains edible fungus residues which are single raw materials, and other raw materials are not introduced.

The water content of the edible fungus residues is 8-12%.

The edible fungus residue used as the padding for the dairy cow is the edible fungus residue produced in an industrial manner.

The edible fungus residues are dried to water content of 8-12%.

The edible fungus residue is at least one of needle mushroom residue, Pleurotus eryngii residue, Hypsizigus marmoreus residue, and Lentinus edodes residue.

The height of the padding is 0.2-0.5 m; preferably, the height of the mat is 0.3 m.

The ratio of the sizes and the pores of the mushroom dreg padding provided by the invention is 1: 3.5 to 4.5, and a volume weight of 0.16 to 0.23g/cm³The total porosity is 65-71%; the air permeability porosity is 12-16%, and the water retention porosity is 53-58%.

The using method of the dairy cow bedding comprises the following steps:

(1) airing the edible fungus residues until the water content is 8-12%, preferably about 10%, and selecting the fungus residues without mildew for later use;

(2) spreading the edible fungus residues in a dairy cow shed to form padding with the height of 0.2-0.5 m;

(3) in the using process of the padding, when the padding collapses, the padding is supplemented in time to enable the thickness of the padding to be 0.2-0.5 m.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

(1) cyclic utilization, improve the utilization ratio:

the problem of recycling the cow dung waste and the fungus dreg waste is solved, the padding can be directly returned to the field, a large amount of excrement can not be accumulated in a cow farm, the condition that the excrement cannot be recycled is avoided, and the high-value high-efficiency comprehensive utilization of agricultural waste is improved;

(2) reducing the processing steps:

the dairy cow bedding material is used as the dairy cow bedding material in the form of the bedding material, and the dairy cow bedding material is only composed of the edible fungus dregs which are a single type of raw material, so that the bedding material does not need to be subjected to other treatment, the bedding material treatment steps are reduced, the operation is simple, and the practicability is high;

(3) the safety of milk produced by the dairy cow is enhanced:

the padding disclosed by the invention can obviously reduce the incidence rate of mastitis of dairy cows, is beneficial to the health of the dairy cows and ensures the drinking safety of dairy products;

(4) the comfort level of the dairy cow is improved:

the embodiment of the invention provides a large amount of data to prove that the padding material of the invention obviously improves the comfort level of the dairy cows, so that the milk yield of the dairy cows can be further improved;

(5) resources are saved, and the cost is low:

the waste edible fungus residues are used as raw materials, the source is wide, the cost is low, and the problem that the cost is increased due to the fact that bacterial liquid needs to be added to prevent diseases or allergy of dairy cows and the like because the problems that bacteria are easy to breed and the like due to the adoption of common padding as mentioned in the background art are solved;

(6) the padding can be used as a substrate for crop cultivation after being used as the padding for dairy cows, and has strong reusability; in addition, the dairy cow bedding material disclosed by the invention is high in intensification degree.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a photograph of the mat of example 1 in use;

FIG. 2 is a photograph of the padding of example 2 in use;

FIG. 3 is a graph of dilution curves for different dunnage samples;

FIG. 4 is a T-test histogram between different litter diversity index groups;

FIG. 5 is a histogram analysis of different population composition of dunnage;

FIG. 6 is a Venn diagram analysis of different dunnage;

figure 7 is a graph analysis of PCoA patterns for different litters;

FIG. 8 is a bar graph comparing different bacterial community pads (bacterial genus first 15 in relative abundance).

Detailed Description

The present invention will now be further described with reference to specific embodiments in order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention.