阅读说明：本技术 一种重污染废气净化用仿蒲公英自脱落式过滤装置 (Dandelion-like self-dropping type filtering device for purifying heavily-polluted waste gas ) 是由 周孝银 于 2019-11-19 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种重污染废气净化用仿蒲公英自脱落式过滤装置,属于环保技术领域,可以实现模仿蒲公英的自脱落行为,将现有的过滤网单元化,以类似柔毛的分布形式展开,形成初步的空间过滤网,同时基于活性炭纤维材料的优异吸附性能,在过滤大粒径固体颗粒的同时,主动吸附废气含有的杂质和有害物质,配合后续的精细过滤处理实现不停机不降速的预过滤,同时采用润湿液体的方式,提高对废气的净化效果,针对废气特点选用合适的液体,不仅起到对废气的冷却作用,同时通过液体自身的滞留作用和对废气中有害物质的化学反应作用,进一步增加净化效果,同时在脱落后进行脱附处理,可以重复循环利用,符合可持续发展的环保理念。(The invention discloses a dandelion-imitated self-falling filter device for purifying heavily polluted waste gas, belonging to the technical field of environmental protection, which can realize the self-falling behavior of dandelion, unitizes the prior filter screen, spreads the filter screen in a distribution form similar to fluff to form a primary space filter screen, simultaneously, based on the excellent adsorption performance of an activated carbon fiber material, actively adsorbs impurities and harmful substances contained in the waste gas while filtering solid particles with large particle size, and realizes the pre-filtration without stopping the machine and reducing the speed by matching with the subsequent fine filtration treatment, simultaneously, adopts a liquid wetting mode to improve the purification effect of the waste gas, selects proper liquid aiming at the characteristics of the waste gas, not only plays a role in cooling the waste gas, but also further increases the purification effect by the retention effect of the liquid and the chemical reaction effect of the harmful substances in the waste gas, and simultaneously performs the desorption treatment after falling, can be repeatedly recycled, and accords with the environmental protection concept of sustainable development.)

1. The utility model provides a heavily pollute exhaust purification with imitative dandelion from dropping formula filter equipment, includes filter box (1), its characterized in that: the filter box body (1) is provided with a plurality of air inlets distributed in an annular array, the filter box body (1) is internally provided with a self-dropping filter assembly, the self-dropping filter assembly comprises an adsorption base ring (2) and a plurality of filter monomers (3), the filter monomers (3) are uniformly distributed at the lower side of the adsorption base ring (2), the inner side of the adsorption base ring (2) is provided with a plurality of magnet rings (9) distributed in a grid manner, the upper end of each magnet ring (9) is fixedly connected with a liquid storage box (10), a connecting wire (11) is fixedly connected between the adjacent liquid storage boxes (10), the connecting wire (11) at the outer side in the circumferential direction is fixedly connected with the inner end of the adsorption base ring (2), the filter monomers (3) comprise a magnetic attraction root (31), a detention stem part (32) and a diffusion crown part (33) which are sequentially distributed from top to bottom, the diffusion crown part (33) is fixedly connected with a plurality of uniformly distributed filter fluff, and the divergent crown part (33) and the filtering fluff (34) are integrally formed, the outer surface of the divergent crown part (33) is wrapped with the adsorption spherical shell (13), and the outer surface of the filtering fluff (34) is wrapped with the adsorption surface layer (14).

2. The dandelion-like self-falling type filtering device for purifying the heavily polluted waste gas as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: offer the chisel in stock solution box (10) and have the circulation cavity, magnet ring (9) inner is offered the chisel and is had the runner that is linked together with the circulation cavity, one of them stock solution box (10) upper end is fixed the intercommunication has feed liquor pipe (7), feed liquor pipe (7) are kept away from stock solution box (10) one end and are installed booster pump (8), the chisel has the drip hole stock solution box (10) lower extreme, it has in the same direction as the liquid hole with magnetism absorption root (31) assorted to be offered the chisel in stem (32) inner, it has the spherical stock solution chamber that is linked together with in the same direction as the liquid hole to offer the chisel in diverging crown (33) inner, it has a plurality of evenly distributed's the liquid micropore of leading to offer the chisel on crown (33).

3. The dandelion-like self-falling type filtering device for purifying the heavily polluted waste gas as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the internal diameter that the internal diameter of magnet ring (9) is greater than magnetism and inhales root (31) is less than the external diameter of magnetism and inhales root (31), magnet ring (9) lower extreme fixedly connected with and magnetism inhale root (31) assorted correction ring (15), and the internal diameter of correction ring (15) slightly is greater than the external diameter of magnetism and inhales root (31).

4. The dandelion-like self-falling type filtering device for purifying the heavily polluted waste gas as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the magnetic attraction root (31) is made of ferromagnetic metal materials, a nanometer waterproof layer is coated at the lower end of the magnet ring (9), and the magnetic attraction force of the magnet ring (9) on the magnetic attraction root (31) is slightly larger than the gravity of the filtering monomer (3).

5. The dandelion-like self-falling type filtering device for purifying the heavily polluted waste gas as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the outer end of the retention stem part (32) is provided with a plurality of adsorption micropores (12), and bentonite adsorption layers attached to each other are arranged in the adsorption micropores (12).

6. The dandelion-like self-falling type filtering device for purifying the heavily polluted waste gas as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the retention stem part (32), the divergent crown part (33) and the filtration fluff (34) are all made of light plastics, the adsorption spherical shell (13) and the adsorption surface layer (14) are all made of activated carbon fiber materials, the diameter of the activated carbon fiber is 5-20 mu m, the specific surface area is 1000-1500m2/g, and the average pore diameter is 1.0-4.0 nm.

7. The dandelion-like self-falling type filtering device for purifying the heavily polluted waste gas as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the ratio of the radius of the divergent crown (33) to the length of the filtering fluff (34) is 1: 2-8.

8. The dandelion-like self-falling type filtering device for purifying the heavily polluted waste gas as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the shortest distance between the adjacent pair of the filtering single bodies (3) is just twice of the length of the filtering fluff (34).

9. The dandelion-like self-falling type filtering device for purifying the heavily polluted waste gas as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: adsorb base ring (2) downside and be equipped with recovery platform (4), install electro-magnet (5) in recovery platform (4), it has the lift groove of a pair of vertical and symmetric distribution to cut on filter box (1) inside wall, install electronic slip table (6) in the lift groove, fixed connection between electronic slider on electronic slip table (6) and recovery platform (4).

10. The dandelion-like self-falling type filtering device for purifying the heavily polluted waste gas as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the number of the self-dropping type filtering components can be multiple, different sizes of the filtering monomers (3) of the self-dropping type filtering components are different, and the sizes of the filtering monomers are gradually increased from top to bottom.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of environmental protection, in particular to a dandelion-like self-falling type filtering device for purifying heavily polluted waste gas.

Background

The waste gas purification mainly refers to the treatment of industrial waste gas generated in industrial places, such as dust particles, smoke and dust, peculiar smell gas and toxic and harmful gas. Common waste gas purification includes factory smoke waste gas purification, workshop dust waste gas purification, organic waste gas purification, waste gas peculiar smell purification, acid-base waste gas purification, chemical waste gas purification and the like.

The treatment of the exhaust gases should be carried out from two sides: firstly, the waste gas dust removal aiming at suspended granular pollutants; secondly, the control of purifying the gaseous pollutants by the waste gas of the gaseous pollutants is mainly to separate the pollutants from the waste gas by utilizing the differences of physicochemical properties such as solubility, adsorption saturation, dew point, selective chemical reaction and the like; or to convert the contaminants into harmless or easily disposable substances. Basic methods for purifying exhaust gas include absorption, adsorption, condensation, catalytic conversion, and combustion.

The clean combustion technology is a general term of the technologies of processing, combustion, conversion, pollution emission control and the like for reducing pollutant emission and improving fuel utilization efficiency in the combustion process, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and smoke (dust) dust are main atmospheric pollutants in China, and the emission of the sulfur dioxide, the nitrogen oxide and the smoke (dust) dust is reduced.

The pioneer treatment in waste purification is not filtration, so the fineness of filtration often determines the quality and difficulty of subsequent treatment steps, more and more filters emerge for this purpose, the filtration effect on waste gas is improved, but the difficulty and requirement of heavy polluted waste gas in filtration are higher, if the heavy polluted waste gas is directly filtered by a fine filter, although the heavy polluted waste gas has better filtration effect, for example, a common bag-type dust remover in industrial waste gas purification has better treatment effect on large-particle impurities and smoke dust, but the heavy polluted waste gas is mainly blocked by physical action, the components of the heavy polluted waste gas are complex and have higher temperature, if the heavy polluted waste gas directly passes through the bag-type dust remover, on one hand, the high-temperature smoke gas is directly contacted with the bag-type dust remover, certain damage is caused to the heavy polluted waste gas, generally additional cooling treatment is required, on the other hand, a large amount of solid particles and impurities are adsorbed on, the filtering effect is reduced, the shutdown or other treatment means are needed to recover the filtering performance, the process usually takes a lot of time, the whole progress of waste gas purification is delayed, in addition, the filtering effect under the physical action is general, other components such as a plurality of toxic gases and the like need to be additionally treated by a subsequent treatment process, and the subsequent treatment difficulty and time are increased.

Disclosure of Invention

1. Technical problem to be solved

Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a dandelion-imitated self-falling type filtering device for purifying heavily polluted waste gas, which can imitate the self-falling behavior of dandelion, unitizes the existing filtering net, spreads the filtering net in a distribution form similar to soft hair to form a preliminary spatial filtering net, simultaneously, based on the excellent adsorption performance of an activated carbon fiber material, actively adsorbs impurities and harmful substances contained in the waste gas while filtering solid particles with large particle size, reduces the processing difficulty for subsequent waste gas purification, simultaneously, plays a suspension role based on a magnetic connection mode, increases the weight after the adsorption saturation, resists the falling behavior after magnetic force, does not block the circulation of the waste gas, realizes the prefiltering without stopping the machine and reducing the speed by matching with the subsequent fine filtering treatment, and simultaneously adopts a wetting liquid mode to improve the purification effect of the waste gas, select for use suitable liquid to waste gas characteristics, not only play the cooling effect to waste gas, through the detention effect of liquid self and to the chemical reaction effect of harmful substance in the waste gas, further increase purifying effect simultaneously, carry out desorption treatment after droing simultaneously, conveniently retrieve the centralized processing pollutant, and can reuse, accord with sustainable development's environmental protection theory.

2. Technical scheme

In order to solve the above problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions.

The utility model provides a heavily pollute waste gas purification with imitative dandelion from drop-out filter equipment, includes and filters the box, it has a plurality of inlet ports that are the annular array and distribute to cut on the filter box lateral wall, install in the filter box and fall-out filtering component certainly, fall-out filtering component certainly includes adsorption base ring and a plurality of filtration monomer, and a plurality of filtration monomer evenly distributed is in adsorption base ring downside, adsorption base ring inboard is equipped with a plurality of magnet rings that are net distribution, magnet ring upper end fixedly connected with liquid storage box, adjacent fixedly connected with connecting wire between the liquid storage box, and the connecting wire in the circumference outside and the inner fixed connection of adsorption base ring, filter the monomer including the magnetism that distributes from top to bottom in proper order inhale root, delay stem portion, disperse the crown, disperse crown outer end fixedly connected with a plurality of evenly distributed's filtration fine hair, and disperse the crown and filter integrative shaping between the fine hair, the outer surface of the divergent crown part is wrapped with an adsorption spherical shell, and the outer surface of the filtration fluff is wrapped with an adsorption surface layer.

Furthermore, a circulation cavity is formed in the liquid storage box, a flow channel communicated with the circulation cavity is formed in the inner end of the magnet ring, a liquid inlet pipe is fixedly communicated with the upper end of one of the liquid storage boxes, a booster pump is installed at the end, far away from the liquid storage box, of the liquid inlet pipe, a liquid dropping hole is formed in the lower end of the liquid storage box, a liquid guiding hole matched with the magnetic suction root is formed in the inner end of the retention stem part, a spherical liquid storage cavity communicated with the liquid guiding hole is formed in the inner end of the divergence crown part, a plurality of liquid guiding micropores are uniformly distributed in the divergence crown part, appropriate liquid can be added from the outside according to the characteristics of heavily polluted waste gas, for example, the content of sulfur dioxide in the waste gas is high, an appropriate amount of alkaline solution can be added for neutralizing the sulfur dioxide in the waste gas, the waste gas purification effect is improved, and meanwhile, the liquid has a, the filtering effect on the waste gas is improved.

Further, the internal diameter of magnet ring is greater than the internal diameter of magnetism and inhales the root and is less than the external diameter of magnetism and inhales the root, magnet ring lower extreme fixedly connected with inhales root assorted deviation ring with magnetism, and the internal diameter of deviation ring slightly is greater than the external diameter of magnetism and inhales the root, and the deviation ring plays the magnetism that inhales the root to inhale the guide effect, prevents to inhale the phenomenon that root and magnet ring appear serious dislocation, and then leads to liquid can't follow magnet circulation to inhale and accomplish subsequent moist work in the root.

Further, the root of inhaling is inhaled to magnetism and is adopted ferromagnetic metal material to make, magnet ring lower extreme coating has the nanometer waterproof layer, and magnet ring slightly is greater than the free gravity of filtration to the magnetic attraction power of inhaling the root, can guarantee that magnet ring adsorbs to filter the monomer in normal condition and be unlikely to drop, and the leakage of liquid can be avoided on the one hand to the effect of nanometer waterproof layer, can utilize the surface tension of liquid to improve the adsorption affinity of inhaling the root to magnetism on the other hand.

Further, it has a plurality of absorption micropores to detain stem outer end excavation, be provided with the bentonite adsorbed layer of laminating mutually in the absorption micropore, because the space of detaining the stem for magnetism between the root is bigger, waste gas is inhaling behind the space network structure that the root formed through magnetism because the atmospheric pressure reason, the micropore phenomenon is adsorbed to the inflation flow direction can appear, the solid particle of leak rate can directly be adsorbed to the bentonite adsorbed layer that consequently sets up, improves the filter effect, prolongs the detention time of waste gas simultaneously for the absorption of filtering fine hair can be more abundant.

Furthermore, the detention stem part, the divergence crown part and the filtration fluff are all made of light plastics, the adsorption spherical shell and the adsorption surface layer are all made of activated carbon fiber materials, the diameter of the activated carbon fiber is 5-20 mu m, the specific surface area is 1000-1500m2/g, the average pore diameter is 1.0-4.0nm, the activated carbon fiber has larger adsorption capacity and faster adsorption dynamic performance than granular activated carbon, the adsorption efficiency to organic matters, anions and cations in liquid phase and gas phase is high, the adsorption and desorption speeds are high, the activated carbon fiber can be recycled, and meanwhile, the activated carbon fiber is acid-resistant, alkali-resistant, high-temperature-resistant, strong in adaptability, good in conductivity and chemical stability, and is an ideal environment-friendly material.

Furthermore, the ratio of the radius of the divergent crown part to the length of the filtering fluff is 1:2-8, sufficient adsorption space is reserved for the filtering fluff, the passing speed of waste gas is improved, meanwhile, the filtering efficiency and the filtering quality are improved, and the divergent crown part is prevented from occupying too much space to block the passing of the waste gas.

Furthermore, the shortest distance between the adjacent pair of filtering monomers is just twice the length of the filtering fluff, so that the filtering fluff can form a full and tight space-free filter screen form, the filtering effect is improved, and the filtering dead angle is not easy to appear.

Further, it is equipped with the recovery platform to adsorb base ring downside, install the electro-magnet in the recovery platform, it has a pair of vertical and the lift groove of symmetric distribution to cut on the filter box inside wall, electronic slip table is installed to the lift inslot, fixed connection between electronic slider on the electronic slip table and the recovery platform can collect the filtration monomer after the dropout and concentrate the desorption processing, directly sends to the absorption base ring downside after handling the completion simultaneously, utilizes the magnetism to inhale the automatic installation of effect and accomplishes and reset, and recycle continues to filter.

Furthermore, the number of the self-dropping type filtering assemblies can be multiple, different sizes of filtering monomers of the self-dropping type filtering assemblies are different, the sizes of the filtering monomers are gradually increased from top to bottom, technicians can select the proper number of the self-dropping type filtering assemblies according to the actual situation of waste gas to be filtered on site, theoretically, the more filtering effect is better, but the filtering speed is reduced to some extent, and reasonable adjustment is needed according to the actual situation.

3. Advantageous effects

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:

(1) the scheme can realize the self-falling behavior of imitating dandelion, unitize the existing filter screen, expand the filter screen in a distribution form similar to soft hair to form a primary space filter screen, simultaneously based on the excellent adsorption performance of an activated carbon fiber material, actively adsorb impurities and harmful substances contained in waste gas while filtering large-particle-size solid particles, reduce the treatment difficulty for subsequent waste gas purification, simultaneously play a role in hanging based on a magnetic connection mode, increase the weight after saturation adsorption, generate the falling behavior after resisting magnetic force, no longer block the circulation of the waste gas, realize the pre-filtration without shutdown and speed reduction by matching with the subsequent fine filtration treatment, simultaneously adopt a liquid wetting mode to improve the purification effect of the waste gas, select proper liquid aiming at the characteristics of the waste gas, not only play a role in cooling the waste gas, but also play a role in retention of the liquid and a role in chemical reaction on the harmful substances in the waste gas, further increase purifying effect, carry out desorption simultaneously after droing and handle, conveniently retrieve centralized processing pollutant, and can recycle, accord with sustainable development's environmental protection theory.

(2) The interior division of stock solution box has the circulation cavity, the magnet ring inner is opened and is dug the runner that is linked together with the circulation cavity, the fixed intercommunication in one of them stock solution box upper end has the feed liquor pipe, the feed liquor pipe is kept away from stock solution box one end and is installed the booster pump, the stock solution box lower extreme is dug the drip hole, it has the root assorted in the same direction as the drip hole to detain the inner division of stem portion, it has the spherical stock solution chamber that is linked together with in the same direction as the drip hole to disperse the inner division of crown, it has a plurality of evenly distributed's drain micropore to open on the divergent crown, can realize adding suitable liquid from the outside according to the characteristic of heavily polluting waste gas, sulfur dioxide content is higher in the waste gas for example, can add appropriate amount alkaline solution, be used for the sulfur dioxide in the neutralization waste gas, the purification effect of waste gas is improved, liquid.

(3) The internal diameter of magnet ring is greater than the internal diameter of magnetism root of inhaling and is less than the external diameter of magnetism root of inhaling, and magnet ring lower extreme fixedly connected with inhales root assorted deviation correcting ring with magnetism, and the internal diameter of deviation correcting ring slightly is greater than the external diameter of magnetism root of inhaling, and the deviation correcting ring plays the magnetism of inhaling the root of inhaling to magnetism and inhales the guide effect, prevents to inhale the phenomenon that root and magnet ring appear serious dislocation, and then leads to liquid can't follow magnet circulation to inhale and accomplish subsequent moist work in the root of inhaling.

(4) The root of inhaling is inhaled to magnetism and is adopted ferromagnetic metal material to make, and magnet ring lower extreme coating has the nanometer waterproof layer, and the magnet ring slightly is greater than the free gravity of filtration to the magnetic attraction power of inhaling the root, can guarantee that the magnet ring adsorbs to filter the monomer and be unlikely to drop at normal condition, and the leakage of liquid can be avoided on the one hand in the effect of nanometer waterproof layer, can utilize the surface tension improvement of liquid to inhale the adsorption affinity of root on the one hand in addition.

(5) Detain stem outer end and cut and have a plurality of absorption micropores, be provided with the bentonite adsorbed layer of laminating mutually in the absorption micropore, because it is bigger to be detained the stem for the space of magnetism between the root of inhaling, waste gas is inhaling behind the space network structure that the root formed through magnetism because the atmospheric pressure reason, the micropore phenomenon is adsorbed to the inflation flow direction that can appear, the bentonite adsorbed layer that consequently sets up can directly adsorb the solid particle of leak rate, improve the filter effect, prolong the detention time of waste gas simultaneously, make the absorption of filtering fine hair can be more abundant.

(6) The detention stem part, the divergence crown part and the filtration fluff are all made of light plastics, the adsorption spherical shell and the adsorption surface layer are all made of activated carbon fiber materials, the diameter of the activated carbon fiber is 5-20 mu m, the specific surface area is 1000-1500m2/g, the average pore diameter is 1.0-4.0nm, the activated carbon fiber has larger adsorption capacity and faster adsorption dynamic performance than granular activated carbon, the adsorption efficiency to organic matters, anions and cations in liquid phase and gas phase is high, the adsorption and desorption speeds are high, the regeneration and the cycle use are realized, and meanwhile, the material is acid-resistant, alkali-resistant, high-temperature-resistant, strong adaptability, good conductivity and chemical stability, and is an ideal environment-friendly material.

(7) The ratio of the radius of the divergent crown part to the length of the filtering fluff is 1:2-8, sufficient adsorption space is reserved for the filtering fluff, the passing speed of waste gas is improved, meanwhile, the filtering efficiency and the filtering quality are improved, and the divergent crown part is prevented from occupying too much space to block the passing of the waste gas.

(8) The shortest distance between a pair of adjacent filtering monomers is just twice the length of the filtering fluff, so that the filtering fluff can form a full and tight space filter screen without gaps, the filtering effect is improved, and the filtering dead angle is not easy to appear.

(9) Adsorb base ring downside and be equipped with the recovery platform, install the electro-magnet in the recovery platform, it has a pair of vertical and symmetric distribution's lift groove to cut on the filter box inside wall, install electronic slip table in the lift groove, fixed connection between electronic slider on the electronic slip table and the recovery platform, can collect the filtration monomer after the dropout and concentrate the desorption processing, directly send to the absorption base ring downside after handling the completion simultaneously, utilize magnetism to inhale the automatic installation of effect and accomplish and reset, recycle is again carried on and is filtered.

(10) The number of the self-dropping type filtering assemblies can be multiple, the sizes of filtering monomers of different self-dropping type filtering assemblies are kept different, the sizes of the filtering monomers are gradually increased from top to bottom, technicians can select the number of the self-dropping type filtering assemblies according to the actual situation of waste gas to be filtered on site, theoretically, the more filtering effects are better, but the filtering speed is reduced to some extent, and reasonable adjustment is needed according to the actual situation.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the structure of the filter unit according to the present invention in a partially filtered state;

FIG. 3 is a top view of an adsorption base ring portion of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing the internal structure of a filter unit portion according to the present invention;

fig. 5 is a schematic view of the structure of the filter fluff of the present invention.

The reference numbers in the figures illustrate:

1 filter the box, 2 adsorb the base ring, 3 filter the monomer, 31 magnetism inhale the root, 32 are detained the stem, 33 and are dispersed the crown, 34 and filter fine hair, 4 recovery platforms, 5 electro-magnets, 6 electronic slip tables, 7 feed liquor pipes, 8 booster pumps, 9 magnet rings, 10 stock solution boxes, 11 connecting wires, 12 adsorb micropore, 13 adsorb spherical shell, 14 adsorb the top layer, 15 rectification ring.

Detailed Description

The technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention; it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments, and all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without any inventive work are within the scope of the present invention.

In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "upper", "lower", "inner", "outer", "top/bottom", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplification of description, but do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise specifically stated or limited, the terms "mounted," "disposed," "sleeved/connected," "connected," and the like are used in a broad sense, and for example, "connected" may be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, an integral connection, a mechanical connection, an electrical connection, a direct connection, an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, and a communication between two elements.