Systems, methods, and apparatus for measurement configuration by a secondary node in an EN-DC
阅读说明：本技术 用于由en-dc中的辅节点进行测量配置的系统、方法和设备 (Systems, methods, and apparatus for measurement configuration by a secondary node in an EN-DC ) 是由 姚丽娟 苏迪普·K·帕拉特 林晓翔 张玉建 于 2018-03-20 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种带主节点(MN)的演进型通用移动电信系统陆地无线电接入网络新无线电-双连接(EN-DC)中的辅节点(SN)可直接地提供测量配置并且从UE接收测量报告并且/或者与所述MN一起协调测量配置和报告。例如,一频率允许仅一种测量对象配置,但是MN和SN都可提供关于同一测量对象的测量报告配置。所述UE可向MN和SN两者或配置了报告准则配置的节点发送针对同一测量对象的测量报告。在另一实施方式中,仅一个节点提供所述报告配置但是将所述UE配置为向一个节点或MN和SN两者提供报告。(A Secondary Node (SN) in an evolved universal mobile telecommunications system terrestrial radio access network new radio-dual connectivity (EN-DC) with a primary node (MN) may provide measurement configurations directly and receive measurement reports from UEs and/or coordinate measurement configurations and reports with the MN. For example, a frequency allows only one measurement object configuration, but both the MN and the SN may provide measurement report configurations for the same measurement object. The UE may send a measurement report for the same measurement object to both the MN and the SN or to a node configured with a reporting criteria configuration. In another embodiment, only one node provides the reporting configuration but the UE is configured to provide reports to one node or both MN and SN.)
1. An apparatus for a User Equipment (UE), comprising:
a first wireless interface configured to wirelessly couple to a primary node (MN) in an evolved universal mobile telecommunications system terrestrial radio access network new radio-dual connectivity (EN-DC) with the MN and a Secondary Node (SN);
a second wireless interface configured to wirelessly couple to the SN in the EN-DC with the MN and the SN;
a processor coupled to the first wireless interface and the second wireless interface, the processor configured to:
processing a message from the SN, the message including a measurement report configuration configured for a measurement object in an EN-DC with the MN and the SN, the measurement report configuration including an indication that a measurement report is sent to the SN;
applying the measurement report configuration to a measurement object configuration of the UE; and
generating the measurement report for transmission to the SN.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the message is a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
processing a second message from the MN, the second message comprising a second measurement report configuration configured for measurement objects in an EN-DC with the MN and the SN for the UE;
applying the second measurement report configuration to a measurement object configuration of the UE; and
generating a second measurement report for transmission to the MN.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the second measurement report configuration comprises an indication that a measurement report is sent to the MN.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein generating the measurement report for transmission to the SN further comprises: generating the measurement report to include data for the SN to share with the MN.
6. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determining that the SN has been released, that a connection to the SN has failed, or that a SN change has been completed; and is
Autonomously reconfigure a measurement object configuration of the UE to assign a measurement report from the SN to the MN.
7. An apparatus for a Radio Access Network (RAN) node as a Secondary Node (SN) in an evolved universal mobile telecommunications system terrestrial radio access network new radio-dual connection (EN-DC), the apparatus comprising:
a processor configured to:
creating a measurement report configuration for a measurement object configuration in an EN-DC with a Master Node (MN) and the SN for a User Equipment (UE);
generating a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message to the UE with the measurement report configuration; and
processing the measurement report from the UE.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the measurement report configuration comprises a configuration for the UE to send the measurement report directly to the SN.
9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the measurement report configuration comprises a configuration for the UE to send the measurement report to the MN for forwarding to the SN.
10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to provide the measurement reporting configuration to the MN using an Xn link.
11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the measurement reporting configuration is configured to overcome conflicts with measurement reporting configurations provided by the MN.
12. The apparatus according to any of claims 7 to 9, wherein the measurement report is for inter-frequency measurement report.
13. The apparatus of any of claims 7 to 9, wherein the measurement report is for intra-frequency measurement reporting.
14. The apparatus of any of claims 7 to 9, wherein the processor is a baseband processor.
15. A method of configuring User Equipment (UE) reporting in an evolved universal mobile telecommunications system terrestrial radio access network new radio-dual connection (EN-DC), the method comprising:
creating a measurement report configuration for a measurement object configuration in an EN-DC with a primary node (MN) and a Secondary Node (SN) for the UE;
generating a message to the UE using the measurement report configuration; and
processing a measurement report from the UE.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the message is a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein processing the measurement report from the UE further comprises receiving the measurement report from the UE.
18. The method of claim 15, wherein generating a message to the UE with the measurement reporting configuration further comprises:
providing the measurement report configuration to the MN; and
processing an indication from the MN to approve the measurement report configuration.
19. An apparatus comprising means for performing a method as claimed in any of claims 15 to 18.
20. A machine readable storage comprising machine readable instructions which when executed implement a method or apparatus as claimed in any of claims 15 to 18.
21. A machine-readable medium comprising code, which when executed, causes a machine to perform the method of any of claims 15 to 18.
Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to cellular communications and more particularly to measurement configuration by a primary node (MN) and a Secondary Node (SN) in an evolved universal mobile telecommunications system terrestrial radio access network new radio-dual connectivity (EN-DC).
Background
Wireless mobile communication technologies use various standards and protocols to transmit data between base stations and wireless mobile devices. Wireless communication system standards and protocols may include third generation partnership project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE); the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)802.16 standard, commonly referred to by industry groups as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX); and the IEEE 802.11 standard for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), which is commonly referred to by the industry group as Wi-Fi. In a 3GPP Radio Access Network (RAN) in an LTE system, a base station may include a RAN node, such as an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) node B (also commonly denoted as evolved node B, enhanced node B, eNodeB, or eNB) and/or a Radio Network Controller (RNC) in the E-UTRAN, which communicates with wireless communication devices known as User Equipment (UE). In a fifth generation (5G) wireless RAN, the RAN nodes may include a 5G node, a New Radio (NR) node, or a G-node b (gnb).
The RAN uses a Radio Access Technology (RAT) to communicate between the RAN node and the UE. The RAN may include global system for mobile communications (GSM), enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE) RAN (geran), Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), and/or E-UTRAN, which provide access to communication services through a core network. Each of these RANs operates according to a specific 3GPP RAT. For example, GERAN implements a GSM and/or EDGE RAT, UTRAN implements a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) RAT or other 3GPP RAT, and E-UTRAN implements an LTE RAT.
The core network may be connected to the UE through the RAN node. The core network may include a Serving Gateway (SGW), a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (PGW), an Access Network Detection and Selection Function (ANDSF) server, an enhanced packet data gateway (ePDG), and/or a Mobility Management Entity (MME).
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a ladder diagram illustrating a communication process of measurement configuration by a primary node (MN) and a Secondary Node (SN) in an evolved universal mobile telecommunications system terrestrial radio access network new radio-dual connectivity (EN-DC), consistent with embodiments disclosed herein.
Fig. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for configuring User Equipment (UE) reporting in EN-DC consistent with embodiments disclosed herein.
Fig. 3 illustrates an architecture of a system of networks consistent with embodiments disclosed herein.
Fig. 4 illustrates example components of an apparatus consistent with embodiments disclosed herein.
Fig. 5 illustrates an example interface of a baseband circuit consistent with embodiments disclosed herein.
Fig. 6 is an illustration of a control plane protocol stack consistent with embodiments disclosed herein.
Fig. 7 is an illustration of a user plane protocol stack consistent with embodiments disclosed herein.
Fig. 8 is a block diagram illustrating components capable of reading instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium and performing any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.
Detailed Description
Detailed descriptions of systems and methods consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure are provided below. While several embodiments are described, it should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to any one embodiment, but instead encompasses numerous alternatives, modifications, and equivalents. Additionally, while numerous specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments disclosed herein, some embodiments may be practiced without some or all of these details. Moreover, for the purpose of clarity, certain technical material that is known in the related art has not been described in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure.
Techniques, apparatuses, and methods are disclosed in which a Secondary Node (SN) in an evolved universal mobile telecommunications system terrestrial radio access network new radio-dual connectivity (EN-DC) with a primary node (MN) can directly provide measurement configuration and receive measurement reports from UEs and/or coordinate measurement configuration and reporting with the MN. For example, a frequency allows only one measurement object configuration, but both the MN and the SN may provide measurement report configurations for the same measurement object. The UE may send a measurement report for the same measurement object to both the MN and the SN or to a node configured with a reporting criteria configuration. In another embodiment, only one node provides the reporting configuration, but the UE is configured to provide the reporting to one node or both the MN and the SN.
In one embodiment, the SN directly configures the measurement configuration and sends it to the UE. The UE may also report measurement reports to the SN. In another embodiment, the MN and SN communicate and coordinate measurement configurations for the UE.
In LTE Dual Connectivity (DC), measurement configuration (i.e., measurement objects (e.g., frequencies, CSI-RS configuration, etc.) and reporting criteria and the link between the measurement objects and the reporting criteria) is decided and configured by a master enhanced node b (menb). The triggered Radio Resource Control (RRC) measurement report is sent to the MeNB and the measurement result may be forwarded to the secondary enhanced node b (senb) via the X2/S1 interface.
In the New Radio (NR), the UE may be configured with a Signaling Radio Bearer (SRB) with the SeNB or SN. This SRB allows the UE to have a direct RRC level connection with the SeNB or SN. With LTE-NR DC or NR-NR DC, configuring and reporting directly from and to the SN or SeNB may be faster.
It should be appreciated that specific examples such as LTEDC with MeNB and SeNB may be called out for clarity of implementation, but the implementation is not limited to this example. LTE DC can replace EN-DC with MN and SN. Or the system may be LTE-NR DC with MeNB and SN or MN together with SeNB. Unless the claim is abandoned, each of the described embodiments may also be implemented with LTE DC, EN-DC, and/or LTE-NR DC. The node may be an eNB, a gNB, an NR node, or other RAN node.
Fig. 1 shows MN 106 and SN 104 in EN-DC with UE 102. The SN 104 may use RRC to send the first measurement configuration message 108 directly to the UE 102. The MN 106 may use RRC to send the second measurement configuration message 110 directly to the UE 102. Based on the received configuration, the UE102 may send a first measurement report 112 to the SN 104 and a second measurement report 114 to the MN 106. In some embodiments, the first measurement report 112 and the second measurement report 114 are different and are configured by the first measurement configuration message 108 and the second measurement configuration message 110. In some embodiments, the first measurement report 112 and the second measurement report 114 are the same.
The change in the SN between frequencies may be controlled by the MN or the SN. The inter-frequency variation may be due to radio conditions, load balancing, etc. The MN and SN may have different causes to trigger the inter-frequency change. Therefore, it may be useful to configure inter-frequency measurements for both the MN and the SN. However, the node is not allowed to provide two measurement object configurations to the UE for the same frequency. This limitation is expected to continue in LTE-NR and NR-NR DC. In the first embodiment, measurement object configuration for a frequency is allowed, but both MN and SN may provide measurement report configuration for the same measurement object and allow the UE to send a measurement report for the same measurement object to both MN and SN or a node configured with a reporting criteria configuration. In another embodiment, only one node provides the reporting configuration, but the UE is configured to provide the reporting to one or both of the MN and the SN.
In some embodiments, the intra-frequency SCG variation is controlled by the SN itself; it can directly configure intra-frequency measurements and receive reports to trigger intra-frequency SCG and SeNB changes. In one embodiment, reporting to the MN is also allowed for certain situations, such as MN triggered SeNB changes. This may be done by sending a separate measurement report to the MN, or the SeNB may provide the measurement results via the network interface (i.e., the equivalent of X2 and/or S1 in LTE).
The SeNB measurement configuration and measurement report may be directed to the SN or SeNB for intra-frequency measurements with respect to at least the SN or SeNB. Embodiments are described below for different systems that can be used for measurement configuration and measurement reporting for senbs or SNs. It is noted that a system may support one or more of the described embodiments and may combine some embodiments.
In embodiment 1, a node, MN, or SN may configure a measurement object for a frequency to a UE. Either the MN or the SN (or both) provide the UE with a measurement report configuration and a measurement ID configuration.
In embodiment 2, the UE may directly transmit a measurement report corresponding to the measurement configuration in embodiment 1 to the SN or the SeNB.
In embodiment 3, the MN or SN may configure a measurement object or reporting configuration to the UE for intra-frequency and/or inter-frequency situations. In some embodiments, this may occur with frequencies also greater than 6GHz apart.
In embodiment 4, the UE sends a measurement report of the MN or the SN measurement configuration to either or both of the SN and the MN. In a first option, based on the SeNB channel condition, the UE sends a measurement report to the SeNB if the SeNB channel condition is above a threshold. Otherwise it may send the report to the MeNB and the MeNB forwards the report to the SeNB. In a second option, the UE sends reports to the MeNB and SeNB, and the MeNB may forward to the SeNB for redundancy. In a third option, the measurement configuration provides the UE with information about which node or nodes the UE should send reports to for a measurement reporting event. In a fourth option, when a measurement report is triggered by a certain reporting configuration, the UE sends the measurement result to the eNB/gNB providing the reporting configuration. In a fifth option, when a measurement report is triggered by a certain measurement ID, the UE sends the measurement result to the eNB/gNB configuring the measurement ID.
In embodiment 5, when the SeNB is released or fails or the SeNB changes, the network does not have to perform measurement reconfiguration on the UE, the UE may autonomously reconfigure the SeNB measurement configuration to the MeNB (e.g., the reporting configuration configured by the SeNB for reporting to the SeNB may be autonomously released by the UE, etc.). The UE may further autonomously update the measurement gap when it releases the SeNB.
In embodiment 6, the network exchanges configuration information. In a first option, the SeNB coordinates the reporting configuration together with the MeNB and the MeNB makes the final decision. For example, when the MeNB performs measurement configuration (including measurement object, reporting configuration, measurement ID configuration) on the UE, it also forwards the measurement configuration to the SeNB when it is added. The SeNB may use this information to configure its own measurement configuration for the measurement object. The SeNB sends an overlapping configuration that has been configured by the SeNB to the MeNB to require MeNB reconfiguration. The MeNB may approve or reject the reporting configuration for the measurement object. The MeNB sends the response to the SeNB along with the final decision. The final decision may reconfigure/remove the existing reporting configuration for the measurement object or add a new reporting configuration for the measurement object. The SeNB sends the measurement configuration (based on the final decision from the MeNB) to the UE and removes the configuration from the MeNB.
In a second option, the SeNB configures the reporting configuration alone and informs the MeNB of the added/reconfigured/released reporting configuration. For example, when the MeNB configures measurement objects to the UE, the measurement objects are forwarded to the SeNB when the SeNB is added. The SeNB uses this information to configure its own measurement configuration and send it to the UE. The UE performs reconfiguration based on the SeNB measurement configuration and, if configured, removes from the MeNB the frequency carriers configured in the SeNB measurement configuration.
In a third option, the SN configures the measurement object to the UE and provides this to the MN. The MN or SN sends an overlay configuration that has been configured to other nodes to require UE reconfiguration. The MN or SN may agree to the other's configuration or deny the configuration. In some cases, the MN may make a final decision on which configuration to use and send a response to the SN with the final decision. The MN can use this information to configure its own measurement report configuration. The MN and/or SN send the measurement configuration to the UE and remove the configuration from other nodes.
Fig. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for configuring User Equipment (UE) reporting in an evolved universal mobile telecommunications system terrestrial radio access network new radio-dual connection (EN-DC). The method may be performed by systems such as those shown in fig. 1 and/or fig. 3, including RAN node 310, MN 106, SN 104, and UE102, 301 described therein. In block 202, the UE processes a message from the SN, the message including a measurement report configuration configured for a measurement object of the UE in EN-DC for the band MN and the SN, the measurement report configuration including an indication that a measurement report is sent to the SN. In block 204, the UE applies the measurement report configuration to the measurement object configuration of the UE. In block 206, the UE generates a measurement report for transmission to the SN.
Fig. 3 illustrates the architecture of a system 300 of a network in accordance with some embodiments. System 300 is shown to include User Equipment (UE)301 and UE 302. UEs 301 and 302 are illustrated as smart phones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks), but may also include any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as a Personal Data Assistant (PDA), pager, laptop computer, desktop computer, wireless headset, or any computing device that includes a wireless communication interface.
In some embodiments, either of UEs 301 and 302 may comprise an internet of things (IoT) UE, which may include a network access layer designed for low power IoT applications that utilize short-term UE connections. IoT UEs may utilize technologies such as machine-to-machine (M2M) or Machine Type Communication (MTC) to exchange data with MTC servers or devices via Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMNs), proximity-based services (ProSe) or device-to-device (D2D) communications, sensor networks, or IoT networks. The M2M or MTC data exchange may be a machine initiated data exchange. IoT networks describe interconnected IoT UEs that may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the internet infrastructure) with short-term connections. The IoT UE may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate connectivity of the IoT network.
The UEs 301 and 302 may be configured to connect, e.g., communicatively couple, with a Radio Access Network (RAN) 310. RAN 310 may be, for example, an evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) terrestrial radio Access network (E-UTRAN), a next generation RAN (NG RAN), or some other type of RAN. UEs 301 and 302 utilize connections 303 and 304, respectively, each of which includes a physical communication interface or layer (discussed in more detail below); in this embodiment, connections 303 and 304 are illustrated as air interfaces to enable communicative coupling, and may be consistent with cellular communication protocols such as global system for mobile communications (GSM) protocols, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) network protocols, push-to-talk (PTT) protocols, cellular-based PTT (poc) protocols, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocols, 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocols, fifth generation (5G) protocols, New Radio (NR) protocols, and so forth.
In this embodiment, the UEs 301 and 302 may further exchange communication data directly via the ProSe interface 305. The ProSe interface 305 may alternatively be referred to as a sidelink interface comprising one or more logical channels including, but not limited to, a Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH), a physical sidelink shared channel (PSCCH), a Physical Sidelink Discovery Channel (PSDCH), and a Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH).
UE 302 is shown configured to access an Access Point (AP)306 via connection 307. Connection 307 may comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, where AP 306 would include wireless fidelity
RAN 310 may include one or more access nodes that enable connections 303 and 304. These Access Nodes (ANs) may be referred to as Base Stations (BSs), nodebs, evolved nodebs (enbs), next generation nodebs (gnbs), RAN nodes, etc., and may include ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations that provide coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). RAN 310 may include one or more RAN nodes (e.g., macro RAN node 311) to provide a macro cell and one or more RAN nodes (e.g., Low Power (LP) RAN node 312) to provide a femto cell or a pico cell (e.g., a cell with a smaller coverage area, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to the macro cell).
Either of RAN nodes 311 and 312 may terminate the air interface protocol and may be the first point of contact for UEs 301 and 302. In some embodiments, any of RAN nodes 311 and 312 may perform various logical functions for RAN 310, including, but not limited to, Radio Network Controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management, and data packet scheduling and mobility management.
In accordance with some embodiments, UEs 301 and 302 may be configured to communicate with each other or any of RAN nodes 311 and 312 using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) communication signals over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The OFDM signal may include a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.
In some embodiments, the downlink resource grid may be used for downlink transmissions from either of RAN nodes 311 and 312 to UEs 301 and 302, although uplink transmissions may utilize similar techniques. The grid may be a time-frequency grid, referred to as a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice of OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one time slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in the resource grid is represented as a resource element. Each resource grid includes a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this may represent the minimum amount of resources that can currently be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks.
A Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) may carry user data and higher layer signaling to UEs 301 and 302. In addition, a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) may carry information about a transport format and resource allocation related to the PDSCH channel. It may also inform UEs 301 and 302 of transport format, resource allocation and H-ARQ (hybrid automatic repeat request) information related to the uplink shared channel. In general, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to UE 302 within a cell) may be performed at any of RAN nodes 311 and 312 based on channel quality information fed back from any of UEs 301 and 302. The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of UEs 301 and 302.
The PDCCH may use Control Channel Elements (CCEs) to convey control information. The PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets before being mapped to resource elements, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements called Resource Element Groups (REGs). Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. Depending on the size of Downlink Control Information (DCI) and channel conditions, the PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more CCEs. There may be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation levels, L ═ 1, 2, 4, or 8).
Some embodiments may use the concept for resource allocation for control channel information as an extension of the above concept. For example, some embodiments may use an Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel (EPDCCH) that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more Enhanced Control Channel Elements (ECCEs). Similar to the above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements called Enhanced Resource Element Groups (EREGs). ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs in some cases.
RAN 310 is shown communicatively coupled to Core Network (CN)320 via S1 interface 313. In an embodiment, CN 320 may be an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network, a next generation packet core (NPC) network, or some other type of CN. The S1 interface 313 is divided into two parts in this embodiment: an S1-U interface 314, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 311 and 312 and the serving gateway (S-GW)322, and an S1 Mobility Management Entity (MME) interface 315, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 311 and 312 and the MME 321.
In this embodiment, CN 320 includes MME321, S-GW322, Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW)323, and Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 324. The MME321 may be similar in function to the control plane of a conventional serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) support node (SGSN). The MME321 may manage mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. The HSS 324 may include a database for network users, including subscription-related information for supporting processing of communication sessions by network entities. Depending on the number of mobile subscribers, the capacity of the devices, the organization of the network, etc., the CN 320 may include one or several HSS 324. For example, the HSS 324 may provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing solutions, location dependencies, and the like.
The S-GW322 may terminate S1 interface 313 towards RAN 310 and route data packets between RAN 310 and CN 320. In addition, S-GW322 may be a local mobility anchor for inter-RAN node handover and may also provide an anchor for inter-3 GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful interception, charging, and some policy enforcement.
The P-GW 323 may terminate the SGi interface towards the PDN. The P-GW 323 may route data packets between the CN 320 (e.g., EPC network) and an external network, such as a network including an application server 330 (alternatively referred to as an Application Function (AF)), via an Internet Protocol (IP) interface 325. In general, the application server 330 may be an element of an application that uses IP bearer resources with a core network (e.g., UMTS Packet Service (PS) domain, LTE PS data services, etc.). In this embodiment, P-GW 323 is shown communicatively coupled to application server 330 via an IP communication interface 325. Application server 330 may also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., voice over internet protocol (VoIP) sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for UEs 301 and 302 via CN 320.
The P-GW 323 may further be a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection. Policy and charging enforcement function (PCRF)326 is a policy and charging control element of CN 320. In a non-roaming scenario, there may be a single PCRF in a Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) that is associated with an internet protocol connectivity access network (IP-CAN) session for a UE. In a roaming scenario with local breakout of traffic, there may be two PCRFs associated with the IP-CAN session of the UE: a home PCRF (H-PCRF) within the HPLMN and a visited PCRF (V-PCRF) within a Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF 326 may be communicatively coupled to the application server 330 via the P-GW 323. Application server 330 may signal PCRF 326 to indicate the new service flow and select the appropriate quality of service (QoS) and charging parameters. PCRF 326 may provide this rule in a Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) (not shown) per appropriate Traffic Flow Template (TFT) and QoS Class Identifier (QCI), which starts the QoS and charging as specified by application server 330.
Fig. 4 illustrates example components of a device 400 in accordance with some implementations. In some implementations, the device 400 may include at least application circuitry 402, baseband circuitry 404, Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry 406, Front End Module (FEM) circuitry 408, one or more antennas 410, and Power Management Circuitry (PMC)412 coupled together as shown. The illustrated components of the apparatus 400 may be included in a UE or RAN node. In some embodiments, the apparatus 400 may include fewer elements (e.g., the RAN node may not utilize the application circuitry 402, but instead include a processor/controller to process IP data received from the EPC). In some implementations, the device 400 may include additional elements such as, for example, memory/storage, a display, a camera, a sensor, or an input/output (I/O) interface. In other embodiments, the components described below may be included in more than one device (e.g., the circuitry may be included separately in more than one device for a Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) embodiment).
The application circuitry 402 may include one or more application processors. For example, the application circuitry 402 may include circuitry such as, for example, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor may include any combination of general-purpose processors and special-purpose processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processor may be coupled with or may include memory/storage and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the device 400. In some implementations, the processor 402 of the application circuit can process IP data packets received from the EPC.
The baseband circuitry 404 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. Baseband circuitry 404 may include one or more baseband processors or control logic to process baseband signals received from the receive signal path of RF circuitry 406 and to generate baseband signals for the transmit signal path of RF circuitry 406. Baseband processing circuitry 404 may interface with application circuitry 402 for generating and processing baseband signals and for controlling operation of RF circuitry 406. For example, in some implementations, the baseband circuitry 404 may include a third generation (3G) baseband processor 404A, a fourth generation (4G) baseband processor 404B, a fifth generation (5G) baseband processor 404C, or other baseband processors 404D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., second generation (2G), sixth generation (6G), etc.). Baseband circuitry 404 (e.g., one or more of baseband processors 404A-D) may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via RF circuitry 406. In other implementations, some or all of the functionality of the baseband processors 404A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory 404G and executed via a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 404E. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, and the like. In some implementations, the modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 404 may include Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some implementations, the encoding/decoding circuitry of baseband circuitry 404 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality. The implementation of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality is not limited to these examples and other suitable functionality may be included in other implementations.
In some implementations, the baseband circuitry 404 may include one or more audio Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) 404F. The audio DSP 404F may include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. The components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or in some embodiments disposed on the same circuit board. In some implementations, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 404 and the application circuitry 402 may be implemented together, such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC).
In some implementations, the baseband circuitry 404 may provide communications compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, baseband circuitry 404 may support communication with an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN) or other Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), or Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry 404 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.
RF circuitry 406 may enable communication with a wireless network using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, RF circuitry 406 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, and the like to facilitate communication with a wireless network. The RF circuitry 406 may include a receive signal path that may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 408 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 404. RF circuitry 406 may also include a transmit signal path that may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by baseband circuitry 404 and provide RF output signals to FEM circuitry 408 for transmission.
In some embodiments, the receive signal path of RF circuitry 406 may include mixer circuitry 406A, amplifier circuitry 406B, and filter circuitry 406C. In some implementations, the transmit signal path of RF circuitry 406 may include filter circuitry 406C and mixer circuitry 406A. RF circuitry 406 may also include synthesizer circuitry 406D for synthesizing frequencies for use by mixer circuitry 406A of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some implementations, the mixer circuitry 406A of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert the RF signal received from the FEM circuitry 408 based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 406D. The amplifier circuit 406B may be configured to amplify the down-converted signal and the filter circuit 406C may be a Low Pass Filter (LPF) or Band Pass Filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signal to generate an output baseband signal. The output baseband signal may be provided to baseband circuitry 404 for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signal may be a zero frequency baseband signal, but this is not required. In some embodiments, mixer circuit 406A of the receive signal path may comprise a passive mixer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
In some implementations, the mixer circuitry 406A of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert the input baseband signal based on the synthesis frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 406D to generate the RF output signal for the FEM circuitry 408. The baseband signal may be provided by baseband circuitry 404 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 406C.
In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 406A of the receive signal path and mixer circuitry 406A of the transmit signal path may each include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down-conversion and up-conversion. In some embodiments, mixer circuit 406A of the receive signal path and mixer circuit 406A of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, mixer circuit 406A of the receive signal path and mixer circuit 406A of the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct down-conversion and direct up-conversion, respectively. In some embodiments, mixer circuit 406A of the receive signal path and mixer circuit 406A of the transmit signal path may be configured for superheterodyne operation.
In some embodiments, the output baseband signal and the input baseband signal may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternative embodiments, the output baseband signal and the input baseband signal may be digital baseband signals. In these alternative embodiments, RF circuitry 406 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry, and baseband circuitry 404 may include a digital baseband interface for communicating with RF circuitry 406.
In some dual-mode embodiments, separate radio IC circuits may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
In some embodiments, synthesizer circuit 406D may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional-N/N +1 synthesizer, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuit 406D may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer including a phase locked loop with a frequency divider.
Synthesizer circuit 406D may be configured to synthesize an output frequency based on the frequency input and the divider control input for use by mixer circuit 406A of RF circuit 406. In some embodiments, synthesizer circuit 406D may be a fractional N/N +1 synthesizer.
In some embodiments, the frequency input may be provided by a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO), but that is not a requirement. The divider control input may be provided by baseband circuitry 404 or application circuitry 402 (such as an application processor), depending on the desired output frequency. In some implementations, the divider control input (e.g., N) can be determined from a look-up table based on the channel indicated by the application circuitry 402.
Synthesizer circuit 406D of RF circuit 406 may include a frequency divider, a Delay Locked Loop (DLL), a multiplexer, and a phase accumulator. In some implementations, the divider may be a Dual Modulus Divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a Digital Phase Accumulator (DPA). In some implementations, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by N or N +1 (e.g., based on a carry) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some embodiment implementations, the DLL may include a set of cascaded tunable delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump, and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to decompose the VCO period into Nd equal phase groups, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this manner, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.
In some implementations, synthesizer circuit 406D may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, however in other implementations the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with a quadrature generator and divider circuit to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases relative to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be the LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, RF circuitry 406 may include an IQ/polarity converter.
FEM circuitry 408 may include a receive signal path that may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas 410, amplify the received signals, and provide amplified versions of the received signals to RF circuitry 406 for further processing. FEM circuitry 408 may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals provided by RF circuitry 406 for transmission by one or more of the one or more antennas 410. In various embodiments, amplification through the transmit signal path or the receive signal path may be accomplished in the RF circuitry 406 alone, the FEM circuitry 408 alone, or both the RF circuitry 406 and the FEM circuitry 408.
In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 408 may include a TX/RX switch for switching between transmit mode operation and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry 408 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 408 may include an LNA for amplifying the received RF signal and providing the amplified received RF signal as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 406). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 408 may include: a Power Amplifier (PA) to amplify an input RF signal (e.g., provided by RF circuitry 406); and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas 410).
In some embodiments, PMC412 may manage power provided to baseband circuitry 404. In particular, PMC412 may control power selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. PMC412 may often be included when device 400 is capable of being powered by a battery, for example, when device 400 is included in a UE. PMC412 may improve power conversion efficiency while providing desired implementation size and heat dissipation characteristics.
Figure 4 illustrates PMC412 coupled only to baseband circuitry 404. However, in other embodiments, PMC412 may additionally or alternatively be coupled with and perform similar power management operations for other components, such as, but not limited to, application circuitry 402, RF circuitry 406, or FEM circuitry 408.
In some embodiments, PMC412 may control, or otherwise be part of, various power saving mechanisms of device 400. For example, if the device 400 is in an RRC _ Connected state, where it is still Connected to the RAN node when it expects to receive traffic soon, it may enter a state called discontinuous reception mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the device 400 may be powered down for a brief interval of time, thereby conserving power.
If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, the device 400 may transition to the RRC _ Idle state, where it is disconnected from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The device 400 enters a very low power state and it performs a page where it periodically wakes up again to listen to the network and then powers down again. The device 400 may not receive data in this state and in order to receive data it transitions back to the RRC Connected state.
The additional power saving mode may allow the device to be unavailable to the network for a period longer than the paging interval (ranging from seconds to hours). During this time, the device is completely unreachable to the network and may be completely powered down. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed that the delay is acceptable.
The processor of the application circuitry 402 and the processor of the baseband circuitry 404 may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, the processor of the baseband circuitry 404, alone or in combination, may be used to perform layer 3, layer 2, or layer 1 functionality, whereas the processor of the application circuitry 402 may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further perform layer 4 functionality (e.g., Transmission Communication Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) layers). As referenced herein, layer 3 may include a Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer described in more detail below. As referenced herein, layer 2 may include a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, described in more detail below. As referenced herein, layer 1 may include the Physical (PHY) layer of the UE/RAN node, described in more detail below.
Fig. 5 illustrates an example interface of a baseband circuit in accordance with some embodiments. As discussed above, the baseband circuitry 404 of fig. 4 may include processors 404A-404E and memory 404G utilized by the processors. Each of the processors 404A-404E may include a memory interface 504A-504E, respectively, to send data to/receive data from the memory 404G.
The baseband circuitry 404 may further include one or more interfaces for communicatively coupling to other circuitry/devices, such as memoryA memory interface 512 (e.g., an interface for sending data to/receiving data from a memory external to baseband circuitry 404), an application circuitry interface 514 (e.g., an interface for sending data to/receiving data from application circuitry 402 of fig. 4), an RF circuitry interface 516 (e.g., an interface for sending data to/receiving data from RF circuitry 406 of fig. 4), a wireless hardware connection interface 518 (e.g., an interface for sending data to/receiving data from Near Field Communication (NFC) components, a wireless interface 514,Components (e.g. low power consumption)
Fig. 6 is a diagram of a control plane protocol stack in accordance with some embodiments. In this embodiment, control plane 600 is shown as a communication protocol stack between UE 301 (or alternatively UE 302), RAN node 311 (or alternatively RAN node 312), and MME 321.
The PHY layer 601 may transmit or receive information used by the MAC layer 602 over one or more air interfaces. The PHY layer 601 may further perform link adaptive or Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC layer 605. The PHY layer 601 may further perform error detection for transport channels, Forward Error Correction (FEC) encoding/decoding for transport channels, modulation/demodulation for physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna processing.
The MAC layer 602 may perform mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing MAC Service Data Units (SDUs) from one or more logical channels onto Transport Blocks (TBs) to be delivered to the PHY via the transport channels, demultiplexing MAC SDUs onto one or more logical channels according to the Transport Blocks (TBs) delivered from the PHY via the transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto the TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction by hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), and logical channel priority processing.
The RLC layer 603 may operate in a plurality of operating modes including: transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC layer 603 may perform transfer of upper layer Protocol Data Units (PDUs), error correction by automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfer, and concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfer. The RLC layer 603 may also perform re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfer, re-ordering RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfer, detecting duplicate data for UM and AM data transfer, discarding RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfer, detecting protocol errors for AM data transfer, and performing RLC re-establishment.
The PDCP layer 604 may perform header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), perform in-order delivery of upper layer PDUs upon reconstruction of a lower layer, eliminate duplication of lower layer SDUs upon reconstruction of a lower layer for radio bearers mapped on the RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, timer-based discarding of control data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc.).
The main services and functions of the RRC layer 605 may include broadcasting of system information (e.g., included in a Master Information Block (MIB) or System Information Block (SIB) related to a non-access stratum (NAS)), broadcasting of system information related to an RRC connection between the UE and the E-UTRAN, paging, establishment, maintenance, and release (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), establishment, configuration, maintenance, and release of point-to-point radio bearers, security functions including key management, inter-Radio Access Technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. The MIB and SIBs may include one or more Information Elements (IEs), which may each include a separate data field or data structure.
The UE 301 and RAN node 311 may utilize a Uu interface (e.g., LTE-Uu interface) to exchange control plane data via a protocol stack including a PHY layer 601, MAC layer 602, RLC layer 603, PDCP layer 604, and RRC layer 605.
In the illustrated embodiment, the non-access stratum (NAS) protocol 606 forms the highest layer of the control plane between the UE 301 and the MME 321. The NAS protocol 606 supports mobility of the UE 301 and session management procedures for establishing and maintaining an IP connection between the UE 301 and the P-GW 323.
The S1 application protocol (S1-AP) layer 615 may support the functionality of the S1 interface and include basic procedures (EP). An EP is an element of interaction between RAN node 311 and CN 320. The S1-AP layer service may include two groups: UE-related services and non-UE-related services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: E-UTRAN radio Access bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling, RAN Information Management (RIM), and configuration transfer.
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) layer (alternatively referred to as stream control transmission protocol/internet protocol (SCTP/IP) layer) 614 may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between RAN node 311 and MME321 based in part on IP protocols supported by IP layer 613. The L2 layer 612 and the L1 layer 611 may refer to communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) used by the RAN node and MME to exchange information.
The RAN node 311 and MME321 may utilize the S1-MME interface to exchange control plane data via a protocol stack including L1 layer 611, L2 layer 612, IP layer 613, SCTP layer 614, and S1-AP layer 615.
Fig. 7 is a diagram of a user plane protocol stack in accordance with some embodiments. In this embodiment, user plane 700 is shown as a communication protocol stack between UE 301 (or alternatively UE 302), RAN node 311 (or alternatively RAN node 312), S-GW322, and P-GW 323. The user plane 700 may utilize at least some of the same protocol layers as the control plane 600. For example, UE 301 and RAN node 311 may utilize a Uu interface (e.g., LTE-Uu interface) to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack including PHY layer 601, MAC layer 602, RLC layer 603, PDCP layer 604.
A General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) tunneling protocol for the user plane (GTP-U) layer 704 may be used to carry user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. For example, the user data transmitted may be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats. UDP and IP security (UDP/IP) layer 703 may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at source and destination, and encryption and authentication of selected data streams. The RAN node 311 and the S-GW322 may utilize the S1-U interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack including the L1 layer 611, the L2 layer 612, the UDP/IP layer 703 and the GTP-U layer 704. The S-GW322 and the P-GW 323 can utilize the S5/S8a interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack including a L1 layer 611, a L2 layer 612, a UDP/IP layer 703, and a GTP-U layer 704. As discussed above with respect to fig. 6, the NAS protocol supports mobility of the UE 301 and session management procedures for establishing and maintaining an IP connection between the UE 301 and the P-GW 323.
Fig. 8 is a block diagram illustrating components capable of reading instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and performing any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, according to some embodiments. In particular, fig. 8 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources 800, the hardware resources 800 including one or more processors (or processor cores) 810, one or more memory/storage devices 820, and one or more communication resources 830, each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus 840. For embodiments utilizing node virtualization (e.g., NFV), hypervisor 802 may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize hardware resources 800.
Processor 810 (e.g., a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) processor, a Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) processor, a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) such as a baseband processor, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) may include, for example, processor 812 and processor 814.
Memory/storage 820 may include a main memory, a disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage 820 may include, but is not limited to, any type of volatile or non-volatile memory, such as Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, solid state storage, and the like.
The communication resources 830 may include interconnection or network interface components or other suitable devices for communicating with one or more peripherals 804 or one or more databases 806 via the network 808. For example, communication resources 830 may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via a Universal Serial Bus (USB)), cellular communication components, NFC components, and,
The instructions 850 may include software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any one of the processors 810 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions 850 may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors 810 (e.g., within a cache memory of the processor), the memory/storage 820, or any suitable combination thereof. Further, any portion of instructions 850 may be transferred to hardware resource 800 from any combination of peripherals 804 or database 806. Thus, processor 810, memory/storage 820, peripherals 804, and memory of database 806 are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media.
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