Additive manufacturing techniques for precipitation hardened superalloy powder materials
阅读说明:本技术 用于沉淀硬化的超合金粉末材料的增材制造技术 (Additive manufacturing techniques for precipitation hardened superalloy powder materials ) 是由 D.L.内斯特连科 M.V.梁赞诺夫 D.Y.萨莱夫 于 2017-06-30 设计创作,主要内容包括:展现了一种增材制造技术。在具有或者没有定位在构建平台中的工件的情况下,粉末材料的第一层被散布在构建平台上。构建平台在增材制造设备的部件构建模块中。粉末材料是沉淀硬化的超合金,诸如镍基超合金,例如,γ’相的体积百分比等于或大于45体积百分比的镍基超合金。第一层形成由在构建平台上的粉末材料形成的粉末床的至少一部分。第一层的粉末材料被加热至在沉淀硬化的超合金的液相线温度的百分之65和百分之70之间的温度。在上述预热之后,通过使用能量束布置选择性扫描第一层的表面的部分,以熔化或烧结选择性扫描的部分。(An additive manufacturing technique is presented. A first layer of powder material is spread over the build platform, with or without a workpiece positioned in the build platform. The build platform is in a component build module of an additive manufacturing apparatus. The powder material is a precipitation hardened superalloy, such as a nickel-based superalloy, for example, having a volume percent of gamma prime phase equal to or greater than 45 volume percent. The first layer forms at least a portion of a powder bed formed from powder material on the build platform. The powder material of the first layer is heated to a temperature between 65 percent and 70 percent of the liquidus temperature of the precipitation hardened superalloy. After the above preheating, portions of the surface of the first layer are selectively scanned by using the energy beam arrangement to melt or sinter the selectively scanned portions.)
1. An additive manufacturing method (100), comprising:
-spreading (110) a first layer (70) of powder material (7) on a build platform (16) of a component build module (10) of an additive manufacturing apparatus (1), wherein the powder material (7) is a precipitation hardened superalloy, and wherein the first layer (70) forms at least a portion of a powder bed (8) of the powder material (7) on the build platform (16);
-heating (120) the powder material (7) of the first layer (70) spread on the build platform (16), wherein the powder material (7) of the first layer (70) is heated to a temperature between 65 and 70 percent of the liquidus temperature of the precipitation hardened superalloy; and
-selectively scanning (130) portions of a surface (79) of the first layer (70) by an energy beam arrangement (40) to melt or sinter the selectively scanned portions.
2. The additive manufacturing method (100) according to claim 1, wherein the heating (120) of the powder material (7) of the first layer (70) is performed by one of and a combination of: conductive heating by a heating element (9) positioned below a surface (15) of the build platform (16), infrared heating by an infrared heater (2) positioned above the first layer (70), laser beam heating by scanning the first layer (70) by an energy beam preheating arrangement (40') before selectively scanning (130) portions of the surface (79) of the first layer (70) to melt or sinter the selectively scanned portions.
3. The additive manufacturing method (100) according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising:
-lowering (140) the build platform (16) together with a base plate (4) and the powder bed (8) to accommodate a second layer (80) of the powder material (7), wherein the base plate (4) comprises a previously formed layer (75) resulting from the method (100) according to claim 1 or 2;
-spreading (150) the second layer (80) of the powder material (7) over the powder bed (8) and the surface (54) of the substrate (4);
-heating (160) the powder material (7) of the second layer (80) to a temperature between 65 and 70 percent of the liquidus temperature of the precipitation hardened superalloy; and
-selectively scanning (170) portions of a surface (89) of the second layer (80) of powder material (7) by the energy beam arrangement (40) to melt or sinter the selectively scanned portions onto the substrate (4).
4. The additive manufacturing method (100) according to claim 3, wherein the heating (160) of the powder material (7) of the second layer (80) is performed by one of and a combination of: -conductive heating by a heating element (9) positioned below a surface (15) of the build platform (16), -infrared heating by an infrared heater (2) positioned above the second layer (80), -laser beam heating by scanning the second layer (80) of the powder material (7) by an energy beam preheating arrangement (40') before selectively scanning (170) portions of the surface (89) of the second layer (80) to melt or sinter the selectively scanned portions onto the substrate (4).
5. The additive manufacturing method (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the precipitation hardened superalloy is a nickel-based superalloy.
6. The additive manufacturing method (100) according to claim 5, wherein the nickel-based superalloy is a nickel-based superalloy having a volume percentage of gamma prime phase equal to or greater than 45 volume percent.
7. An additive manufacturing method (200), comprising:
-positioning (205) a workpiece (5) on a build platform (16) of a component build module (10) of an additive manufacturing apparatus (1);
-spreading (210) a first layer (70) of powder material (7) over the build platform (16) and a surface (55) of a workpiece (5) positioned on the build platform (16), wherein the powder material (7) is a precipitation hardened superalloy, and wherein the first layer (70) forms at least a portion of a powder bed (8) of the powder material (7) on the build platform (16);
-heating (220) the powder material (7) of the first layer (70) spread on the build platform (16) and the surface (55) of the workpiece (5), wherein the powder material (7) of the first layer (70) is heated to a temperature between 65 and 70 percent of a liquidus temperature of the precipitation hardened superalloy; and
-selectively scanning (230) portions of a surface (79) of the first layer (70) by an energy beam arrangement (40) to melt or sinter the selectively scanned portions onto the workpiece (5).
8. The additive manufacturing method (200) according to claim 7, wherein the heating (220) of the powder material (7) of the first layer (70) is performed by one of and a combination of: -conductive heating by means of a heating element (9) positioned below a surface (15) of the build platform (16), -infrared heating by means of an infrared heater (2) positioned above the first layer (70), -laser beam heating, induction heating by scanning the first layer (70) by an energy beam preheating arrangement (40') before selectively scanning (170) portions of the surface (79) of the first layer (70) to melt or sinter the selectively scanned portions onto the workpiece (5), -in which induction heating the first layer (70) together with the workpiece (5) is placed inside an induction coil (3), the induction coil (3) surrounding the first layer (70) and the workpiece (5) placed therein.
9. The additive manufacturing method (200) according to claim 7 or 8, further comprising:
-lowering (240) the build platform (16) together with a base plate (6) and the powder bed (8) to accommodate a second layer (80) of the powder material (7), wherein the base plate (6) comprises the workpiece (5) and a previously formed layer (75) formed on the workpiece (5) resulting from the method (100) according to claim 7 or 8;
-spreading (250) the second layer (80) of the powder material (7) over the powder bed (8) and the surface (56) of the substrate (6);
-heating (260) the powder material (7) of the second layer (80) to a temperature between 65 and 70 percent of the liquidus temperature of the precipitation hardened superalloy; and
-selectively scanning (270) portions of a surface (89) of the second layer (80) of powder material (7) by the energy beam arrangement (40) to melt or sinter the selectively scanned portions onto the substrate (6).
10. The additive manufacturing method (200) according to claim 9, wherein the heating (260) of the powder material (7) of the second layer (80) is performed by one of and a combination of: -conductive heating by means of a heating element (9) positioned below a surface (15) of the build platform (16), -infrared heating by means of an infrared heater (2) positioned above the second layer (80), -laser beam heating by scanning the second layer (80) of the powder material (7) by an energy beam preheating arrangement (40') before selectively scanning (230) portions of the surface (89) of the second layer (80) to melt or sinter the selectively scanned portions onto the substrate (6), -induction heating in which the second layer (80) together with the substrate (6) is placed inside an induction coil (3), the induction coil (3) surrounding the second layer (80) and the substrate (6).
11. The additive manufacturing method (200) according to any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein the precipitation hardened superalloy is a nickel-based superalloy.
12. The additive manufacturing method (200) of claim 11, wherein the nickel-based superalloy is a nickel-based superalloy having a volume percent of gamma prime phase equal to or greater than 45 volume percent.
Technical Field
The present invention relates to Additive Manufacturing (AM), and in particular to a method of additive manufacturing of a precipitation hardened superalloy.
Background
Recently, additive manufacturing techniques are being widely used for the manufacture of high-end industrial parts and medical implants. AM technology enables rapid manufacturing and/or repair of parts and enables fabrication of complex designs.
Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as Additive Layer Manufacturing (ALM), 3D printing, rapid prototyping or freeform fabrication, is a set of processes that join added materials (i.e. plastics, metals or ceramics) to make objects from 3D model data, which objects are typically built layer by layer.
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a relatively new consolidation process that enables layer-by-layer production of functionally complex parts without the need for molds or dies. The process uses a powerful heat source, such as a laser beam, to melt a controlled amount of added material, such as a metal or alloy in the form of a powder, which is then first deposited on the surface of a build platform or a pre-fabricated workpiece. Subsequent layers are then built upon each previous layer or previously formed layers. In contrast to conventional machining processes, the computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technique builds a complete functional part by adding material layer-by-layer to a workpiece, rather than by removing it as done in machining, or alternatively builds a feature on an existing part (i.e., on a workpiece).
Additive manufacturing often begins by cutting a three-dimensional representation (e.g., a CAD model) of a part to be manufactured into very thin layers, thereby creating a two-dimensional image of each layer. As mentioned above, the part to be manufactured can be a part to be built on a workpiece, for example, during repair of a chipped turbine blade, the chipped turbine blade is a workpiece, and a patch (patch) formed to fill or reform the chipped part is the part built on the workpiece. The workpiece is positioned on the build platform. To form each layer, popular laser additive manufacturing techniques, such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), involve mechanically pre-placing a thin layer of powder material of precise thickness on the surface of the workpiece and in an adjoining horizontal surface above the build platform. This pre-placement is achieved by sweeping or spreading a uniform layer of powder or scraping the layer flat using a mechanical wiper or by a powder spreading mechanism, after which an energy beam (such as a laser) is indexed (index) across the powder layer according to a two-dimensional pattern of solid material for the respective layer. After the indexing operations for the respective layers are completed, the build platform, and hence the horizontal plane of deposited material, is lowered, and the process is repeated until the three-dimensional part is fully built on the workpiece as required. In order to protect the thin layer of fine metal particles from contaminants and moisture absorption, the operation is typically performed under an atmosphere of an inert gas (such as argon).
Alternatively, when the component is manufactured from the beginning, the workpiece does not need to be pre-placed on the build platform. The first layer of the component is manufactured by an additive manufacturing process interspersed in one of the layers of powder material (typically the first layer) on the build platform. Subsequent layers of the component are fabricated on top of the first layer of the component by an additive manufacturing process as described above.
The AM process is now widely used in the aerospace and energy industries, medical applications, jewelry, and the like. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLM) are such AM processes: the AM process uses energy in the form of a high power laser beam to create a three-dimensional metal part by fusing or sintering (in the case of SLS) fine particles of a thin powder layer together.
Many components that are expected to be built by AM technology require to be built with a powder material that is a precipitation hardened superalloy. Precipitation hardening, also known as precipitation strengthening or age hardening, is a well-known heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of ductile materials. Precipitation hardening is advantageously used to increase the yield strength of many structural alloys, such as aluminum, magnesium, nickel, titanium, and alloys of some steels and stainless steels. One specific example of the use of precipitation hardening is the treatment of superalloys such as nickel-based alloys (Ni-based alloys), which are widely used for high-load parts of internal combustion engines and gas turbines due to their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion/oxidation resistance at high temperatures. Additive manufacturing processes or techniques are often required in the manufacture and/or repair of such parts.
The superior mechanical properties of such precipitation hardened or precipitation strengthened materials or alloys are attributed to the presence of second phase precipitates formed as a result of precipitation hardening in the precipitation hardened or precipitation strengthened material or alloy, e.g., the presence of a gamma prime (γ') phase in the Ni-based superalloy that contributes to precipitation strengthening of the material. The higher the amount of gamma prime phase in the precipitation hardened material or alloy, the higher the mechanical strength.
However, such precipitation hardened materials or superalloys that include relatively high levels of second phase precipitates (such as the γ' phase in Ni-based superalloys) are susceptible to cracking during the additive manufacturing process, particularly when a laser beam is scanned across the precipitation hardened superalloy powder material causing sintering or melting and subsequent solidification of the powder material. During AM techniques, highly localized heat input (e.g., laser or electron beam) results in rapid melting and solidification of the precipitation hardened superalloy powder material, resulting in very large thermal gradients and solidification rates in the precipitation hardened superalloy material. These thermal gradients cause high residual stresses, or consequently, macro/micro cracks, to form within AM fabricated components, particularly when precipitation-hardened Ni-based superalloys with high gamma prime phase fractions are involved. When precipitation hardened superalloy powder materials are used, the formation of cracks during the AM process imposes severe limitations on the general use of the AM process. As a result, such precipitation hardened materials or superalloys are difficult to manufacture by additive manufacturing techniques.
Accordingly, there is a need for an AM technique, and in particular an AM method, for fabricating or manufacturing a component using precipitation hardened superalloy powder materials with or without a workpiece.
Disclosure of Invention
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an additive manufacturing technique, in particular an additive manufacturing method for manufacturing a component using precipitation hardened superalloy powder material with or without a workpiece.
The above object is achieved by an additive manufacturing method according to
In a first aspect of the present technique, a method of additive manufacturing is presented. In this additive manufacturing method, hereinafter also referred to as AM method or simply method, a first layer of powder material is spread over the build platform. The build platform is in a component build module of an additive manufacturing apparatus. The powder material is a precipitation hardened superalloy, such as a nickel-based superalloy, for example, having a volume percent of gamma prime phase equal to or greater than 45 volume percent. The first layer forms at least a portion of a powder bed formed from powder material on the build platform. The powder material of the first layer so dispersed on the build platform is heated such that the powder material of the first layer has a temperature between 65 percent and 70 percent of the liquidus temperature of the precipitation hardened superalloy. The above-mentioned step of heating the first layer is also referred to as preheating hereinafter. Finally, in the method, portions of the surface of the first layer are selectively scanned by using an energy beam arrangement to melt or sinter the selectively scanned portions. Thus, in the present technique, the first layer, i.e. the layer of the selectively scanned portion that should be selectively scanned to melt or sinter the layer, is preheated, i.e. heated, before being selectively scanned and thus melted or sintered.
The liquidus temperature defines the minimum temperature at which the precipitation hardened superalloy is completely melted.
Preheating of the first layer (i.e., the layer that should be subsequently selectively scanned to melt or sinter the selectively scanned portions of the layer, or the layer exposed at the powder bed surface prior to being selectively scanned) within the above-described temperature range (i.e., between 65 and 70 percent of the liquidus temperature of the precipitation hardened superalloy) reduces the induced residual stress (maximum) in the additive manufactured part to about 1/5 to 1/10 when compared to conventionally known additive manufacturing processes that do not expose a preheating of the powder bed. On the other hand, preheating the layer to a value above 70 percent of the liquidus temperature of the precipitation hardened superalloy results in a much slower change in the calculated maximum residual stress and increases the risk of liquefaction cracking of the component manufactured by the additive manufacturing process during the additive manufacturing process. Thus, the heated temperature range of the layer before being selectively scanned (i.e., the pre-heat temperature range of 65 to 70 percent of the liquidus temperature of the precipitation hardened superalloy) results in a significant reduction in the level of residual tensile stress during the additive manufacturing process and also reduces the risk of undesired local liquefaction. In addition, the suggested preheating temperature mitigates the risk of sintering of the powder material in the preheated powder bed, which would lead to an undesirably high surface roughness and inaccurate geometry of the produced object. It is known that with temperature in the range T > 0.7T mWherein the sintering of the metal powder is enhanced, wherein T mIs the melting (liquidus) temperature of the material.
In one embodiment of the method of the present technology, the build platform is lowered, along with the substrate and powder bed, to accommodate the second layer of powder material after melting or sintering of the selectively scanned portion of the surface of the first layer as described above. The substrate comprises a previously formed layer resulting from the above method, in particular a layer formed by melting or sintering of selectively scanned portions of the surface of the first layer as described above. Thereafter, a second layer of powder material is spread over the powder bed and the surface of the substrate. Subsequently, the powder material of the second layer is heated to a temperature between 65 percent and 70 percent of the liquidus temperature of the precipitation hardened superalloy. Finally, portions of the surface of the second layer of powder material are selectively scanned by the arrangement of energy beams to fuse or sinter the selectively scanned portions onto the substrate. Thus, the preheating of the layers that should be selectively scanned to melt or sinter is applied to the subsequently spread layers, i.e. the layers spread after the first layer, and before these subsequently spread layers are selectively scanned. Thus, the method is applicable to any or all layers that are interspersed and selectively scanned for manufacturing a component by additive manufacturing, and for each such layer the method results in a significant reduction in the level of residual tensile stress during the additive manufacturing process and a significant reduction in the risk of unwanted local liquefaction.
The above-mentioned heating of the powder material of the first and/or second layer is performed by one of the following and combinations thereof: the laser beam heating may be performed by conductive heating by heating elements positioned below a surface of the build platform, infrared heating by infrared heaters positioned above the first layer or the second layer, laser beam heating by scanning the first layer or the second layer by an energy beam preheating arrangement before selectively scanning portions of a surface of the first layer or the second layer by the energy beam arrangement to melt or sinter the selectively scanned portions. The energy beam preheating arrangement for preheating the surface of the layer may be the same as the energy beam arrangement for selectively scanning the surface of the layer to melt or sinter selectively scanned portions of the surface. These provide some examples of preheating of the layers. Any other heating technique may also be suitably used in the method.
In a second aspect of the present technology, another additive manufacturing method is presented. In this additive manufacturing method, also referred to as AM method or simply method in the following, the workpiece is positioned on a build platform. Typically the workpiece is positioned on a build platform embedded in a bed of powder material used to additively fabricate further layers on the workpiece. The build platform is in a component build module of an additive manufacturing apparatus. Thereafter, a first layer of powder material is spread over the build platform, particularly over the bed of powder material in which the workpiece is embedded, and over the surface of the workpiece positioned on the build platform. The powder material is a precipitation hardened superalloy, such as a nickel-based superalloy, for example, having a volume percent of gamma prime phase equal to or greater than 45 volume percent. The first layer forms at least a portion of a powder bed formed from powder material on the build platform. The powder material of the first layer so dispersed on the build platform is heated such that the powder material of the first layer has a temperature between 65 percent and 70 percent of the liquidus temperature of the precipitation hardened superalloy. Finally, in the method, portions of the surface of the first layer are selectively scanned by using an energy beam arrangement to melt or sinter the selectively scanned portions onto the workpiece. Thus, the method is useful for additive manufacturing in which a workpiece is used and a component of the additive manufacturing is made on the workpiece. For layers of a component fabricated on a workpiece, the method results in a significant reduction in the level of residual tensile stress and a significant reduction in the risk of unwanted local liquefaction during the additive manufacturing process.
In one embodiment of the method according to the present technique of the second aspect, the build platform is lowered, together with the substrate and the powder bed, to accommodate the second layer of powder material after melting or sintering of the selectively scanned portion of the surface of the first layer as described above. The substrate comprises a workpiece and a previously formed layer on the workpiece resulting from the above method, in particular resulting from melting or sintering of the selectively scanned portion of the surface of the first layer as described above according to the second aspect. Thereafter, a second layer of powder material is spread over the powder bed and the surface of the substrate. Subsequently, the powder material of the second layer is heated to a temperature between 65 percent and 70 percent of the liquidus temperature of the precipitation hardened superalloy. Finally, portions of the surface of the second layer of powder material are selectively scanned by the energy beam arrangement to fuse or sinter the selectively scanned portions onto the substrate. Thus, the method is useful for additive manufacturing of subsequent layers of the component. For each such layer of the component fabricated on the workpiece, the method results in a significant reduction in the level of residual tensile stress and a significant reduction in the risk of unwanted local liquefaction during the additive manufacturing process.
The heating of the powder material of the first and/or second layer according to the second aspect is performed by one of and a combination of: conductive heating by heating elements positioned below the surface of the build platform, infrared heating by infrared heaters positioned above the first layer or the second layer, laser beam heating by scanning the first layer or the second layer by an energy beam preheating arrangement before selectively scanning portions of the surface of the first layer or the second layer by the energy beam arrangement to melt or sinter the selectively scanned portions onto the workpiece or onto the substrate (if applicable), induction heating in which the first layer or the second layer, respectively together with the workpiece or substrate, is placed inside an induction coil surrounding the first layer or the second layer and the workpiece or the substrate and combinations thereof. The energy beam preheating arrangement for preheating the surface of the layer may be the same as the energy beam arrangement for selectively scanning the surface of the layer to melt or sinter selectively scanned portions of the surface. These provide some examples of preheating of the layers. Any other heating technique may also be suitably used in the method.
Drawings
The present technology is further described below with reference to illustrative embodiments shown in the drawings, in which:
fig. 1 schematically illustrates a top view of an exemplary embodiment of an additive manufacturing apparatus for implementing methods of the present technology;
fig. 2 schematically illustrates a side view of the additive manufacturing apparatus of fig. 1;
fig. 3 depicts a flow diagram embodying a method of additive manufacturing in accordance with a first aspect of the present technique;
fig. 4 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a side view of an additive manufacturing apparatus embodying a stage in the method of fig. 3;
fig. 5 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a side view of an additive manufacturing apparatus embodying a stage of the method of fig. 3 subsequent to the stage depicted in fig. 4;
fig. 6 depicts a flow diagram embodying a method of additive manufacturing in accordance with a second aspect of the present technique;
fig. 7 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a side view of an additive manufacturing apparatus embodying a stage in the method of fig. 6;
fig. 8 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a side view of an additive manufacturing apparatus embodying a stage of the method of fig. 6 subsequent to the stage depicted in fig. 7;
fig. 9 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a side view of an additive manufacturing apparatus having a heating element for direct conduction heating;
FIG. 10 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a side view of an additive manufacturing apparatus having an infrared heater for infrared heating;
fig. 11 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a side view of an additive manufacturing apparatus with an energy beam preheating arrangement for laser beam heating;
fig. 12 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a side view of an additive manufacturing apparatus having an induction coil for induction heating;
FIG. 13 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the induction coil of FIG. 12; and
FIG. 14 graphically represents a range of preheat in accordance with aspects of the present technique.
Detailed Description
The above-described and other features of the present technology are described in detail below. Various embodiments are described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. It should be noted that the illustrated embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention. It may be evident that such embodiment(s) may be practiced without these specific details.
It may be noted that in the present disclosure, the terms "first", "second", etc. are used herein only for convenience of discussion, and do not have a particular temporal or chronological meaning unless otherwise indicated.
The basic idea of the present technique is to heat the surface of the powder bed, i.e. to heat the surface of each layer, before selectively scanning the surface to melt or sinter the precipitation hardened superalloy, or in other words to preheat the surface of each layer before selectively scanning the surface to melt or sinter the precipitation hardened superalloy powder material to produce successive layers of the component being additively manufactured. The preheating of each layer of precipitation hardened superalloy powder material forming the surface of the powder bed is maintained accurately between 65 and 70 percent of the liquidus temperature of the precipitation hardened superalloy.
Fig. 3 presents a flow diagram of a
An
When the
A
As the
It may be noted that although only one
The
The
In the following, a
In a
Finally in the
Fig. 14 embodies a graph with a
Optionally, in addition to the
in
Subsequently, the
In the following, a
In a
Finally in the
Optionally, in addition to the above-described
in
Some exemplary techniques for pre-heating of the
As depicted in fig. 9, the
As depicted in fig. 10,
As depicted in fig. 11, the
Alternatively, the
As depicted in fig. 12 and 13, the
As described above, in addition to the techniques for heating illustrated in fig. 9-13, other suitable techniques may be used that are capable of providing a pre-heating of the
Although the present technology has been described in detail with reference to particular embodiments, it should be understood that the present technology is not limited to those precise embodiments. On the contrary, many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the present disclosure describing exemplary modes for practicing the invention without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes, modifications, and variations that fall within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
List of reference numerals:
1 AM device
2 infrared heater
3 Induction coil
4 base plate
5 workpiece
6 base plate
7 powdered material
8 powder bed
9 heating element
10 parts building block
11. 12, 21, 22 wall
15 building the surface of the platform
16 build platform
18 piston
19 direction of movement of the piston
20 powder feed module or feed cassette
26 powder platform
28 piston
29 direction of movement of the piston
30 powder scattering mechanism
39 direction of powder distribution
40 energy beam arrangement
40' energy beam preheating arrangement
41 energy source
Energy source for a 41' energy beam preheating arrangement
42 power beam
42' Power Beam for preheating
44 scanning mechanism
Scanning mechanism for 44' energy beam preheating arrangement
54 surface of the substrate
55 surface of workpiece
56 surface of the substrate
70 first layer of powder material
75 previously formed layer of a workpiece
79 surface of first layer
80 second layer of powder material
89 surface of the second layer
91X axis
92Y-axis
93 infrared ray
95. 96 line
97 temperature range
99 surface of the powder bed
100 AM method
110 spreading a first layer of powder material
120 heating the powder material of the first layer
130 selectively scanning portions of the surface of the first layer
140 lowering the build platform
150 spreading a second layer of powder material
160 heating the powder material of the second layer
170 selectively scanning portions of the surface of the second layer
200 AM method
205 positioning a workpiece on a build platform
210 spreading a first layer of powder material
220 heating the powder material of the first layer
230 selectively scanning portions of the surface of the first layer
240 lowering the build platform
250 spreading a second layer of powder material
260 heating the powder material of the second layer
270 selectively scan portions of the surface of the second layer.
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