Method of molding container having surface markings and container
阅读说明:本技术 模制具有表面标记的容器的方法和容器 (Method of molding container having surface markings and container ) 是由 杰西卡·布朗 布拉德利·克孜扎尼亚克 格雷戈里·卡彭特 马克·布莱斯通 于 2018-04-02 设计创作,主要内容包括:一种形成容器(1)的方法和一种由此形成的容器(1)。将具有在封闭端(12)与敞开口部之间延伸的大体上圆柱形主体(60、8)的预制件(2)放置在模具(20、22)中,模具具有在形状上与期望容器(1)对应的表面。在压力下将不可压缩介质(1)注入到预制件(2)中,不可压缩介质是保持在模制容器中的最终产品。在不可压缩介质的影响下,使预制件(2)膨胀,以接触限定腔的表面,并且同时形成并填充容器(1)。在预制件(2)的膨胀期间,迫使塑料材料的部分进入在腔表面(82、85)中限定的一系列凹部(72)。在容器中容纳不可压缩介质的情况下,从模具(20、22)中移出容器(1),且容器包括对应于在腔表面(82、85)中限定的一系列凹部(72)的一系列凸点。一种形成容器(1)的方法和由此形成的容器(1)。将具有在封闭端(12)与敞开口部之间延伸的大体上圆柱形主体(60、8)的预制件(2)放置在模具(20、22)中,模具具有在形状上与期望容器(1)对应的表面。在压力下将不可压缩介质(1)注入到预制件(2)中,不可压缩介质是保持模制容器中的最终产品。在不可压缩介质的影响下,使预制件(2)膨胀,以接触限定腔的表面,并且同时形成并填充容器(1)。在预制件(2)的膨胀期间,迫使塑料材料的部分进入在腔表面(82、85)中限定的一系列凹部(72)。在容器中容纳不可压缩介质的情况下,从模具(20、22)中移出容器(1),且容器包括对应于在腔表面(82、85)中限定的一系列凹部(72)的一系列凸点。(A method of forming a container (1) and a container (1) formed thereby. A preform (2) having a generally cylindrical body (60, 8) extending between a closed end (12) and an open mouth is placed in a mould (20, 22) having a surface corresponding in shape to the desired container (1). An incompressible medium (1) is injected under pressure into the preform (2), the incompressible medium being the final product held in the molded container. The preform (2) is expanded under the influence of the incompressible medium to contact the surfaces defining the cavity and simultaneously form and fill the container (1). During expansion of the preform (2), portions of the plastic material are forced into a series of recesses (72) defined in the cavity surfaces (82, 85). With the incompressible medium contained in the container, the container (1) is removed from the mold (20, 22) and includes a series of bumps corresponding to a series of recesses (72) defined in the cavity surface (82, 85). A method of forming a container (1) and a container (1) formed thereby. A preform (2) having a generally cylindrical body (60, 8) extending between a closed end (12) and an open mouth is placed in a mould (20, 22) having a surface corresponding in shape to the desired container (1). An incompressible medium (1) is injected under pressure into the preform (2), the incompressible medium being the final product held in the molded container. The preform (2) is expanded under the influence of the incompressible medium to contact the surfaces defining the cavity and simultaneously form and fill the container (1). During expansion of the preform (2), portions of the plastic material are forced into a series of recesses (72) defined in the cavity surfaces (82, 85). With the incompressible medium contained in the container, the container (1) is removed from the mold (20, 22) and includes a series of bumps corresponding to a series of recesses (72) defined in the cavity surface (82, 85).)
1. A method of forming a container of plastics material, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a preform of said plastics material, said preform comprising an open end defined by a mouth, a closed end and a generally cylindrical body extending between said closed end and said mouth;
placing the preform within a mold having a surface defining a cavity corresponding in shape to the container;
injecting an incompressible medium under pressure into the preform, the incompressible medium being the final product held in the molded container;
expanding the preform in the cavity under the influence of the incompressible medium to contact the surfaces defining the cavity and simultaneously form and fill the container;
forcing portions of the plastic material into a series of recesses defined in the cavity surface during expansion of the preform, each of the recesses having the same depth;
removing the container with the incompressible medium contained therein from the mold, the container including a series of bumps corresponding to the series of recesses defined in the cavity surface.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the recess is disposed in a portion of the cavity defining one of a shoulder or a base of the container.
3. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the recess is provided adjacent to a portion of a side wall defining the container.
4. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the recesses and the bumps define a depth to height ratio of less than 9: 1.
5. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the recesses and the bumps define a depth to height ratio of less than 3: 1.
6. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the recesses and the bumps define a relief factor greater than 0.11.
7. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the recesses and the bumps define a relief factor greater than 0.3.
8. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the incompressible medium is injected at a pressure of less than 40 bar.
9. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the incompressible medium is injected at a pressure of less than 36 bar.
10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the incompressible medium is injected at a pressure in the range of 30 to 35 bar.
11. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the incompressible medium is injected at a peak pressure of less than 40 bar.
12. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the incompressible medium is injected at a peak pressure of less than 36 bar.
13. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the incompressible medium is injected at a peak pressure in the range 30 to 35 bar.
14. The method of any preceding claim, wherein each of the bumps extends from an immediately surrounding surface of the molded container to a nominal height of no less than 0.2mm, more preferably greater than 0.25mm, and most preferably greater than 0.258 mm.
15. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the series of raised dots define a tactile writing feature.
16. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the series of raised dots define a tactile writing feature comprised of a plurality of equally spaced cells, and each cell comprises a character formed from no more than six raised dots.
17. The method of any preceding claim, wherein each of the bumps has a nominal base diameter in a range of greater than 1.4mm to less than 1.7 mm.
18. A moulded container of plastics material, the moulded container comprising:
a neck defining an opening into the molded container;
a body extending from a finish and including a shoulder adjacent the finish, a base defining a closed end of the container, and a sidewall extending between the shoulder and the base; and
a series of raised dots defining tactile writing features formed on a surface of the container and defined by the plastic material forming the container.
19. The container of claim 18, wherein the tactile writing feature is formed on at least one of the shoulder and the base.
20. The container of claim 18, wherein the tactile writing feature is formed adjacent the sidewall on at least one of the shoulder and the base.
21. A container according to any of claims 18 to 20, wherein each of the raised points extends from an immediately surrounding surface of the moulded container to a nominal height of no less than 0.2mm, more preferably greater than 0.25mm and most preferably greater than 0.258 mm.
22. The container of any one of claims 18-21, wherein each of the bumps extends from an immediately surrounding surface of the molded container to a nominal height of between 0.25mm and 0.6 mm.
23. The container of any one of claims 18 to 22, wherein each of the raised points has a nominal base diameter of no greater than 1.69 mm.
24. The container of any one of claims 18 to 23, wherein each of the bumps has a nominal base diameter in a range of 1.4mm to less than 1.7mm and has a nominal height extending from an immediately surrounding surface of the molded container to a range of 0.25mm to less than 0.9 mm.
25. The container of any of claims 18-24, wherein the tactile writing feature comprises a plurality of equally spaced cells, and each cell comprises a character formed from no more than six of the raised dots.
26. A method of forming a moulded container of plastics material, the method comprising the steps of: providing a preform of said plastics material; placing the preform within a mold having a cavity surface defining a cavity corresponding in shape to a desired shape of the container; injecting an incompressible medium under pressure into the preform, the incompressible medium being the final product held in the molded container; expanding the preform in the cavity under the influence of the incompressible medium,to contact the cavity surface and simultaneously form and fill the molded container, the molded container having a shape that extends from a neck defining an opening into the molded container to a base defining a closed end of the molded container; forcing portions of the plastic material into recesses in the cavity surface during expansion of the preform, the recesses forming portions of an embossed texture on a surface of the container; and removing the container from the mold, wherein the resulting embossed texture on the container has a roughness average S that is greater than a corresponding embossed texture of a container molded in the same mold using pressurized air aRoughness average S at least 40% greater a。
27. A moulded container of plastics material, the container comprising: a neck defining an opening into the molded container; a body extending from the neck and including a base defining a closed end of the molded container; an embossed texture formed on a surface of a plastic container and defined by a plastic material forming the molded container, wherein the embossed texture has a roughness average Sa that is at least 40% greater than a roughness average Sa of a corresponding embossed texture of a container molded in the same mold using pressurized air.
Technical Field
The present invention relates to molded containers and, more particularly, to molded containers having tactile writing or other indicia molded into various portions of the container.
Background
Plastic containers for liquids are manufactured by various different methods. In most processes, a plastic preform is heated to a suitable temperature for molding, placed within a mold, and then expanded axially and radially to form a container. In some processes, air is used as a blowing medium to inflate the preforms.
The shoulders, sidewalls and base of such containers are typically molded to present designs/indicia that can be visually perceived by the end user). In some cases, the design/indicia is an aesthetically pleasing pattern to provide uniqueness to the container. In other cases, the design/indicia may be a logo or trademark.
While the level of design detail that can be molded into such containers is acceptable for presenting large unique patterns and large logos, the level of detail is not acceptable for presenting smaller patterns and logos, and particularly for presenting smaller readable letters or tactile writing (e.g., braille) as may be desired to identify the contents of the container or provide other information to the end user. Currently, this information is provided in printed or embossed form on the label of the container, rather than on the container itself.
In the field known as hydraulic blow moulding, or sometimes liquid blow moulding or hydroforming, it is known to inject a liquid under pressure into a preform that has been placed in a mould, in order to shape the container according to the shape of the cavity of the mould and simultaneously fill the shaped container with the liquid. Advantageously, the injected liquid is the final product held in the container, i.e. the product intended to be provided to the consumer using the container.
Hydraulic blow molding has several advantages over conventional air blow molding techniques. In the latter technique, the preform is formed into a container by first injecting a compressed gas (e.g., pressurized air) into the preform. The formed container is then filled with the final product, either directly from an adjacent filling machine and filling station or the empty container is later transported to a filling plant. Obviously, one advantage of hydraulic blow molding is that the final product is filled while the container is obtained.
In hydraulic blow molding, filled containers can be produced at a higher rate because the container forming step is not separated from the filling step. The energy cost of hydraulic blow molding is reduced because compressed gas used in air blow molding for production is not required. In addition, replacing the compressible air with an incompressible liquid can impart higher pressures to the preform. Such a pressure allows to obtain a container having a very satisfactory shape, since the walls of the preform are pushed against the walls of the mould in an optimal manner. US 8,573,964 discloses a hydraulic blow molding technique, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Disclosure of Invention
In one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of forming a container of plastics material, the method comprising the steps of: providing a preform of plastics material, the preform comprising an open end defined by a mouth, a closed end and a generally cylindrical body extending between the closed end and the mouth; placing the preform in a mold having a surface defining a cavity corresponding in shape to the container; injecting an incompressible medium under pressure into the preform, the incompressible medium being the final product held in the molded container; expanding the preform in the cavity under the influence of the incompressible medium to contact surfaces defining the cavity and simultaneously form and fill the container; during expansion of the preform, forcing portions of the plastic material into a series of recesses defined in the cavity surface, each of the recesses having a common depth; and removing the container with the incompressible medium contained therein from the mold, the container including a series of bumps corresponding to a series of recesses defined in the cavity surface.
In another aspect, the recess is provided in a portion of the cavity defining one of a shoulder or a base of the container.
In another aspect, the recess is disposed adjacent a portion of the sidewall defining the container.
In another aspect, the recess and the bump define a depth to height ratio of less than 9: 1.
In another aspect, the recess and the bump define a depth to height ratio of less than 3: 1.
In another aspect, the recesses and the bumps define a relief factor greater than 0.11.
In another aspect, the recesses and the bumps define a relief factor greater than 0.3.
In another aspect, the incompressible medium may be injected at a pressure less than 40 bar.
In another aspect, the incompressible medium may be injected at a pressure less than 36 bar.
In another aspect, the incompressible medium may be injected at a pressure in the range of 30 to 35 bar.
In another aspect, the incompressible medium may be injected at a peak pressure of less than 40 bar.
In another aspect, the incompressible medium may be injected at a peak pressure of less than 36 bar.
In another aspect, the incompressible medium may be injected at a peak pressure in the range of 30 to 35 bar.
In another aspect, each of the bumps extends from the immediately surrounding surface of the mold container to a nominal height of no less than 0.2mm, more preferably greater than 0.25mm, and most preferably greater than 0.258 mm.
In another aspect, a series of raised dots define the tactile writing feature.
In another aspect, the series of raised dots define a tactile writing feature, the tactile writing feature comprising a plurality of equally spaced cells, and each cell comprising a character formed from no more than six raised dots.
In another aspect, each of the bumps has a nominal base diameter in a range of greater than 1.4mm to less than 1.7 mm.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a moulded container of plastics material comprising: a neck defining an opening into the molded container; a body extending from the finish and including a shoulder adjacent the finish, a base defining a closed end of the container, and a sidewall extending between the shoulder and the base; and a series of raised dots defining tactile writing features formed on a surface of the container and defined by the plastic material forming the container.
In another aspect, the tactile writing feature is formed on at least one of the shoulder and the base.
In another aspect, the tactile writing feature is formed adjacent the sidewall on at least one of the shoulder and the base.
In another aspect, each of the bumps extends from the immediately surrounding surface of the mold container to a nominal height of no less than 0.2mm, more preferably greater than 0.25mm, and most preferably greater than 0.258 mm.
In another aspect, each of the bumps extends from the immediately surrounding surface of the molded container to a nominal height of between 0.25mm and 0.6 mm.
In another aspect, the bump has a nominal base diameter of no greater than 1.69 mm.
In another aspect, each of the bumps has a nominal base diameter in the range of 1.4mm to less than 1.7mm and extends from the immediately surrounding surface of the molded container to a nominal height in the range of 0.25mm to less than 0.9 mm.
In another aspect, the tactile writing feature is comprised of a plurality of equally spaced cells, and each cell includes a character formed from no more than six raised points.
In another aspect, there is provided a method of forming a moulded container of plastics material, the method comprising the steps of: providing a preform of plastics material; placing the preform within a mold, the mold having a cavity surface defining a cavity corresponding in shape to a desired shape of the container; injecting an incompressible medium under pressure into the preform, the incompressible medium being the final product held in the molded container; expanding the preform in the cavity under the influence of the incompressible medium to contact a surface of the cavity and simultaneously form and fill a molded container having a shape extending from a neck defining an opening into the molded container to a base defining a closed end of the molded container; during expansion of the preform, forcing portions of the plastic material into the recesses in the cavity surface, the recesses forming portions of the embossed texture on the surface of the container; and removing the container from the mold, wherein the resulting embossed texture on the container has a roughness average Sa that is at least 40% greater than the roughness average Sa of a corresponding embossed texture of a container molded in the same mold using pressurized air.
In another aspect there is provided a moulded container of plastics material, the container comprising: a neck defining an opening into the molded container; a body extending from the neck and including a base defining a closed end of the molded container; an embossed texture formed on a surface of the plastic container and defined by the plastic material forming the molded container, wherein the embossed texture has a roughness average Sa that is at least 40% greater than a roughness average Sa of a corresponding embossed texture of a container molded in the same mold using pressurized air.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a moulded container of plastics material, the container having: a neck defining an opening into the molded container; a body extending from the neck and including a base defining a closed end of the molded container; a tactile writing formed on a surface of the plastic container and defined by the plastic material forming the molded container, the tactile writing consisting of a plurality of equally spaced cells, and each cell comprising a character formed by no more than six raised points, wherein each of the raised points has a nominal base diameter of no more than 0.063 inch and has a nominal height extending from an immediately surrounding surface of the molded container to no more than 0.037 inch.
In another aspect, each of the bumps has a nominal base diameter of no greater than 0.057 inches and extends from an immediately surrounding surface of the molding container to a nominal height of no greater than 0.019 inches.
In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of forming a moulded container of plastics material, the method including the steps of: providing a preform of plastics material; placing the preform within a mold, the mold having a cavity surface defining a cavity corresponding in shape to a desired shape of the container; injecting an incompressible medium under pressure into the preform, the incompressible medium being the final product held in the molded container; expanding the preform in the cavity under the influence of the incompressible medium to contact a surface of the cavity and simultaneously form and fill a molded container having a shape extending from a neck defining an opening into the molded article to a base defining a closed end of the molded container; forcing a portion of the plastic material into a recess in the cavity surface and forming a portion of a tactile writing impression during expansion of the preform, the tactile writing impression comprised of a plurality of equally spaced cells and each cell defining a character formed by six or less recesses, wherein each of the recesses has a nominal base diameter no more than 10% greater than 0.063 inches and is recessed from an immediately surrounding surface of the cavity surface by a nominal depth no more than 10% greater than 0.037 inches; and removing the molded container with the incompressible medium contained therein from the mold.
In another aspect, the method includes expanding the preform, forcing plastic material into the pockets, and each of the pockets has a nominal base diameter no more than 10% greater than 0.057 inches and is recessed from the immediately surrounding surface of the cavity surface by a nominal depth no more than 10% greater than 0.019 inches.
In another aspect of the present invention there is provided a moulded container of plastics material, the container having: a neck defining an opening into the molded container; a body extending from the neck and including a base defining a closed end of the molded container; an embossed feature (design/indicia) formed on a surface of the plastic container and defined by the plastic material forming the molded container, wherein the embossed feature has an average surface height profile that is no less than 80%, preferably no less than 85%, of the depth of a corresponding recessed feature defining the embossed feature and disposed in the mold forming the container.
In another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of forming a moulded container of plastics material, the method including the steps of: providing a preform of plastics material; placing the preform within a mold, the mold having a cavity surface defining a cavity corresponding in shape to a desired shape of the container; injecting an incompressible medium under pressure into the preform, the incompressible medium being the final product held in the molded container; expanding the preform in the cavity under the influence of the incompressible medium to contact a surface of the cavity and simultaneously form and fill a molded container having a shape extending from a neck defining an opening into the molded article to a base defining a closed end of the molded container; during expansion of the preform, portions of the plastic material are forced into the recesses in the cavity surface and form portions of the embossed features (designs/indicia), which are embossed features
Drawings
Other aspects and advantages of the invention will appear upon reading the following description, given by way of example and made with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a machine for producing containers from preforms in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of a forming station at an initial stage of forming a container;
FIGS. 3 and 4 are schematic cross-sectional views of a portion of a forming station at a subsequent stage of forming a container;
FIGS. 5 and 6 are side views of a container formed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of Braille dots on the container wall and corresponding recesses in the mold;
FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C are front, left and right side views of a container formed in accordance with the principles of the present invention, with various indicia formed therein and showing
FIGS. 9A and 9B are two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images taken at
FIGS. 10A and 10B are two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images taken at
FIGS. 11A and 11B are two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images taken at
FIGS. 12A and 12B are two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images taken at
FIGS. 13A and 13B are two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images taken at
FIGS. 14A and 14B are two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images taken at
FIGS. 15A and 15B are two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images taken at
FIGS. 16A and 16B are two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images taken at
FIGS. 17A and 17B are two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images taken at position 5 on an air-blown container, respectively;
FIGS. 18A and 18B are two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images taken at position 5 on a liquid blown container, respectively;
FIGS. 19A and 19B are two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images taken at
FIGS. 20A and 20B are two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images taken at
FIG. 21A is a two-dimensional (2D) image at
FIG. 21B shows a cross-sectional analysis of the x and y profiles at
FIG. 22A is a two-dimensional (2D) image at
FIG. 22B shows a cross-sectional analysis of the x and y profiles at
FIG. 23A is a two-dimensional (2D) image at position 5 of an air-blown container and shows the position of the x and y profiles for cross-sectional analysis;
FIG. 23B shows a cross-sectional analysis of the x and y profiles at position 5 of the air blown container;
FIG. 24A is a two-dimensional (2D) image at position 5 of a liquid blown container and shows the position of the x and y profiles for cross-sectional analysis;
FIG. 24B shows a cross-sectional analysis of the x and y profiles at position 5 of a liquid blown container;
FIG. 25A is a two-dimensional (2D) image at
FIG. 25B shows a cross-sectional analysis of the x and y profiles at
FIG. 26A is a two-dimensional (2D) image at
Fig. 26B shows a cross-sectional analysis of the x and y profiles at
Detailed Description
In the following description, the terms "upper" and "lower" are defined with respect to an axis a, which corresponds to the axis of the preform and of the container to be manufactured and which extends substantially vertically when the container is placed with its base. The terms "upstream" and "downstream" are defined relative to the direction in which the preforms and containers circulate in the machine shown in fig. 1. The term "liquid" has a physical meaning and includes any flowable incompressible medium.
Referring now to fig. 1, there is generally shown an apparatus or machine for forming and filling
The machine is arranged so that it receives
Each
When provided in injection molding form, the
In the following description, the term "preform" is used to refer to the preform in its original shape and during the forming process and its deformation into a container. The term "container" is used to refer to a preform that is fully or substantially fully deformed and molded. Thus, a "container" is the final product discharged from the machine.
As seen in fig. 1, the
Each
The forming
Each forming
As previously mentioned, hydraulic blow molding is a process that uses a pressurized liquid injected inside the
The hydraulic blow-moulding technique has several advantages compared to conventional air blow-moulding techniques, wherein the
As mentioned above, the
The
The
The
The shaping
The
The
The
The
A
The
The
According to the embodiment shown in fig. 2-4,
To form and fill the
In braille, the bumps are evenly spaced in a quadrilateral character/letter space, which also has a fixed width. Each character space is referred to as a cell and can contain up to six dots in an array that is two dots wide and three dots high. 63 different characters can be formed by various arrangements of dots in the cells. Provided in a manner allowing distinction from the background, the character can be perceived by touching with a fingertip.
According to the present invention, a
TABLE 1
More preferably, the
TABLE 2
As shown in fig. 5 and 6, the
In positioning the
The
As shown in FIG. 7, in forming the
Alternatively, the
Once the
As previously mentioned, by providing a plurality of forming and filling
Comparative sample
Optical Profilometry (OP) images at six different locations on two embossed bottles were analyzed to characterize the roughness of the features defined at each location. In general, enhanced roughness represents features defined in more detail. Two samples were made using the same 58.2 gram preform and mold to produce containers from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) having a target fill volume of 40 ounces (excluding the overflow volume) and a target container weight of 58.2 grams. In producing the container, one sample is formed using pressurized air as the blow medium and the other sample is formed using an incompressible fluid, i.e., water, as the molding medium. The pressurized air molding process is carried out on a production machine and employs the parameters conventional in the production processes currently used to manufacture containers of similar size and shape from PET preforms. The peak air blow pressure of this process was 40 bar. The molding process using water as the incompressible molding medium was performed on a laboratory machine and used parameters that simulate those that could be used in the actual production process for making containers from PET preforms. The peak liquid moulding (blow moulding) pressure was 35 bar. As a result, the main difference between the obtained samples was that one used pressurized air as the molding medium (peak pressure of 40 bar) and the other water as the molding medium (peak pressure of 35 bar). The resulting samples were identified as "air blown" or "liquid blown".
As mentioned above, the
OP images were collected using a Contour GT-X8 optical profilometer (Bruker Corporation, Tucson, AZ). Image processing procedures involving tilt removal, cylinder removal, low-pass statistical filtering, and data recovery are employed. At
Roughness analysis was performed and roughness was expressed as: (1) root mean square roughness, S q(ii) a (2) Roughness average value, S a(ii) a (3) Maximum peak height, S p(ii) a (4) Maximum recess depth, S v(ii) a (5) Maximum height, S z(ii) a (6) Roughness skewness, S sk(ii) a (7) Roughness kurtosis, S ku. These roughness analysis parameters are defined as follows:
average value (Z) avg): the average of all Z values in the imaged area;
root mean square roughness (S) q): standard deviation of Z values in the image. According to the formula: s q=√{∑(Z i-Z avg) 2N }, wherein Z avgIs the average of the Z values within the image; z iIs the current value of Z; and N is the number of points in the image;
roughness average value (S) a): the average of the surface relative to the central plane, and is calculated using the formula: s a=(1/N)∑|Z i|;
Maximum peak height (S) p): the highest height in the profile relative to the mean plane;
maximum valley depth (S) v): the lowest height in the profile relative to the mean plane;
maximum height (S) of cross section z): the height difference between the highest and lowest points of the surface with respect to the mean plane. S z=S p-S v;
Roughness skewness (S) sk): a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of the Z values. S sk=[1/(NS q 3)]∑(Z i 3);
Roughness kurtosis (S) ku): a measure of kurtosis of the probability distribution of the Z values. S ku=[1/(NS q 4)]∑(Z i 4);
Fast decay autocorrelation function (S) al): this optional spatial parameter is defined as the length of the fastest decay of the 20% autocorrelation function in any direction. S alA high value of (a) indicates that the surface is dominated by low frequency components;
direction of grain of the surface (S) td): this optional spatial parameter is the angle of the main layer of the surface with respect to the Y-axis. This parameter is determined by the angular power spectral density function; and
texture aspect ratio (S) tr): this optional spatial parameter is defined as the ratio of the fastest decay to the slowest decay of the autocorrelation function for a correlation of 20%. For surfaces with a solid layer, S trWill approach 0; for surfaces with uniform texture, S trWill be close to 1.
Regarding roughness analysis, note that the data was acquired using a 20 x objective lens. When using a 5 x objective for analysis, a rough surface results in significant missing data when using a 5 x objective for analysis, because the objective has a more limited angular acceptance. A 20 x objective provides better data quality but requires stitching together about 100 images instead of 6 images and much longer analysis time than originally expected.
The provided roughness values have an estimation uncertainty within ± 3% (using a coverage factor k ═ 2, at a confidence of approximately 95%). Roughness data below 6nm should be considered "semi-quantitative" unless a separate z-height calibration is performed within this range. The "semi-quantitative" data still allow comparison between samples, since the measurement accuracy is about ± 10%. (however, the uncertainty of the absolute roughness value is not determined.). It should also be noted that the uncertainty estimate provided assumes no variance in roughness between different locations of the sample.
Contour GT-X8 obtains three-dimensional height information from a surface and stores the data in a digital format. The instrument software can use this height information to derive a height from the entire imaging region (e.g., S) q、S a、S p、S vAnd S z) Various statistical analyses are performed. Additional roughness statistics, spatial statistics, and volume statistics may be calculated for the entire image or selected portions of the image.
The results of the roughness analysis are presented in table 3 below. As described above, images from the analysis site of the air-blown bottle are provided in fig. 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19, while images from the analysis site of the liquid-blown bottle are provided in fig. 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20. As summarized and shown by the consistently higher values in table 3, the locations on the analyzed liquid blown bottles were consistently rougher than the similar locations on the air blown bottles, and thus the surface texture was better formed.
TABLE 3 roughness results-height parameter
TABLE 4 results of cross-sectional analysis
Cross-section analysis is performed to measure the size of the braille dots/characters in
As described above, in the
The ratio of the depth of the depression to the height of the resulting braille dots, relative to the depression provided in the mold for forming the braille dots, exceeds 9:1 for air blown containers and is less than 3:1 for liquid blown containers. According to these results, the depressions in the mold must be at least 3 times the depth in order to form braille dot features of similar height using air as the blow medium. Notably, the resulting width of the feature would negate its use in a braille haptic writing system.
Can also be represented by the formula R f=H r/H mDefining an embossment factor (R) for the resulting Braille dot characteristics f) In which H is rIs the height of the feature, and H mIs the depth of the relief in the mold used to form the feature. In an air blown container, the embossment factor Rf is 0.11; in a liquid blown container, the embossment factor Rf is 0.35.
As will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, the above description is intended as an illustration of at least one embodiment of the principles of the invention. This description is not intended to limit the scope or application of this invention in that the invention is susceptible to modification, variation and change, without departing from spirit of this invention, as defined in the following claims.
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