Apparatus, method and system for measuring ophthalmic lens design effects
阅读说明:本技术 测量眼科透镜设计效果的设备、方法和系统 (Apparatus, method and system for measuring ophthalmic lens design effects ) 是由 M·J·柯林斯 B·A·戴维斯 F·易 于 2018-03-15 设计创作,主要内容包括:本发明提供一种用于测量眼科透镜设计效果的方法。该方法包括将光学光束分为波前测量光路和波前调制光路;在位于波前调制光路中的自适应光学装置中实施眼科透镜设计;并在视觉生物识别测量光路和波前测量光路中获得视觉生物识别数据以测量眼科透镜设计的效果。本发明还公开了一种用于测量眼科透镜设计效果的设备和系统,以及用于组装该装置和系统的方法。视觉生物识别装置可以是干涉仪,自适应光学装置可以包括一个或多个波前整形器。(The present invention provides a method for measuring the effect of an ophthalmic lens design. The method comprises dividing an optical beam into a wavefront measurement optical path and a wavefront modulation optical path; implementing an ophthalmic lens design in an adaptive optics device located in the wavefront modulation optical path; and obtain ocular biometric data in the ocular biometric measurement optical path and the wavefront measurement optical path to measure the effect of the ophthalmic lens design. An apparatus and system for measuring the effect of an ophthalmic lens design, and a method for assembling the apparatus and system are also disclosed. The visual biometric device may be an interferometer and the adaptive optics device may include one or more wavefront shapers.)
1. A method of measuring an effect of an ophthalmic lens design, comprising:
dividing the optical beam into a wavefront measurement optical path and a wavefront modulation optical path;
implementing an ophthalmic lens design in an adaptive optics device located in the wavefront modulation optical path; and
biometric visual data in the biometric visual and wavefront measurement optical paths is acquired to measure the effect of the ophthalmic lens design.
2. An apparatus for measuring an ophthalmic lens design effect, comprising:
a beam splitter that splits the optical path into a wavefront measurement optical path and a wavefront modulation optical path;
an adaptive optics device located in the wavefront modulation optical path for implementing an ophthalmic lens design; and
and the visual biological recognition device is positioned in the visual biological recognition measuring optical path and is used for acquiring the visual biological recognition data.
3. A system for measuring an ophthalmic lens design effect, comprising:
a beam splitter for splitting the optical path into a wavefront modulation optical path and a wavefront measurement optical path;
an adaptive optics device located in the wavefront modulation optical path;
one or more processors for controlling an adaptive optics device to implement an ophthalmic lens design; and
and the visual biological recognition device is positioned in the visual biological recognition measuring optical path and is used for acquiring the visual biological recognition data.
4. A method of assembling the apparatus of claim 2 or the system of claim 3, the method comprising:
installing a beam splitter to split the optical path into a wavefront measurement path and a wavefront modulation path;
positioning an adaptive optics device in the wavefront modulation optical path to implement an ophthalmic lens design;
when the method comprises assembling the system, connecting one or more processors to control the adaptive optics device to implement the ophthalmic lens design; and
a visual biometric device is positioned in the visual biometric measurement optical path to obtain visual biometric data.
5. A method, apparatus or system according to any preceding claim, wherein the beam splitter comprises any suitable means for splitting a beam into two or more beams.
6. The method, apparatus or system according to claim 5, wherein the beam splitter comprises a pellicle beam splitter, a cube beam splitter, a dichroic mirror, a band pass filter or a long pass/short pass filter.
7. A method, apparatus or system according to any preceding claim, wherein the biometric device comprises a non-contact visual biometric device.
8. The method, apparatus or system according to claim 7, wherein the visual biometric identification device comprises an interferometer.
9. The method, apparatus or system according to claim 8, wherein the interferometer comprises a laser interferometer, a low coherence interferometer, an optical biometric or an Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).
10. A method, apparatus or system according to any preceding claim, wherein the adaptive optics means comprises one or more wavefront shapers.
11. A method, apparatus or system according to claim 10 wherein the one or more wavefront shapers comprise one or more spatial light modulators and/or one or more adaptive mirrors.
12. A method, apparatus or system according to claim 11 wherein the spatial light modulator comprises a liquid crystal layer which changes the refractive index for optical modulation in response to an array of lower electrodes.
13. A method, apparatus or system according to claim 11, wherein the adaptive mirror is driven by one or more actuators to adjust the shape of the generated wavefront.
14. The method, apparatus or system of claim 10, wherein the one or more wavefront shapers comprise one or more spatial light modulators in series.
15. The method, apparatus or system of claim 10, wherein the one or more wavefront shapers comprise one or more spatial light modulators in combination with one or more adaptive mirrors.
16. The method, apparatus or system of any preceding claim wherein the adaptive optics device further comprises a wavefront sensor.
17. The method, apparatus or system according to any preceding claim wherein the adaptive optics means further comprises an imaging means, the CCD plane of which is conjugate to the retinal plane of the eye.
18. A method, apparatus or system according to any preceding claim, further comprising a pupil tracker.
19. A method, apparatus or system according to any preceding claim, wherein the obtained biometric data comprises one or more of: the thickness of the choroid; optical axial length (distance from anterior corneal surface to retinal pigment epithelium); vitreous cavity depth; the anterior chamber depth; a lens thickness; the thickness of the cornea; retinal thickness (or layers within the retina); and scleral thickness.
20. An ophthalmic lens comprising an ophthalmic lens design implemented according to the method or system of any preceding claim.
21. A method of optimizing a lens design using a method, apparatus or system according to any preceding claim.
22. An ophthalmic lens comprising the optimized lens design of claim 21.
Technical Field
The present invention relates to an apparatus, method and system for implementing and measuring the effects of ophthalmic lens designs. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus, method and system that includes an adaptive optics device and a visual biometric device.
Background
Ophthalmic surgeons' correction of myopic eyes have traditionally used lenses to focus light on the retina, thereby improving the quality of vision. This approach provides a clear field of vision for myopes, but does not slow or stop the progression of myopia. It is now apparent that the development of the human eye and the development of myopia will be affected by the optical properties of the retinal image.
The eyes of all animals studied to date have been shown to detect signs of defocus (direction) of light on the retina and respond to this by growing to the best focus. Hyperopic (negative) blur can cause the eye to lengthen, and myopic (positive) blur can cause the eye to stop developing, and in some cases to become slightly shorter. This process of developing the eye to a length that focuses the line of sight on the retinal plane is called emmetropization, and eye development is to obtain emmetropia and clear vision. Myopia (and hyperopia) occurs when this emmetropization process fails to provide a close match between the axial length and optical power of the eye to produce a clear retinal image, and the eye develops too far into the image plane. In young children, the eyes naturally develop longer and the optical power of the eyes decreases, so by the beginning of puberty, the eyes have reached adult length and are emmetropic. However, in myopic children, the eyes develop rapidly and continue to develop during adolescence.
The reason for the continued development of the eyes in children with myopia is not yet established. It reflects a significant failure of the emmetropization process. Various theories have been proposed for what hyperopic cues (hyperopic cue) may lead to the development of the eyes of myopic children. On the other hand, the introduction of myopic defocus in the retinal images of myopic children is considered a logical approach to slow or prevent the eye from developing excessively. Myopic defocus can slow down the eye development, but also can reduce vision.
Prospective clinical trials have shown that the optical design of soft contact lenses can affect the rate of progression of myopia in humans. These clinical trials have demonstrated that the introduction of positive defocus in images of children's retina can slow the progression of myopia. Defocus-related eye length changes are mediated by scleral growth and choroidal thickness changes, the net effect of which causes the retina to move forward or backward toward the image plane. The induction of myopic defocus results in thickening of the choroid and a decrease in the rate of scleral development (resulting in anterior retinal movement), while the induction of hyperopic defocus results in thinning of the choroid and an increase in the rate of scleral development (resulting in posterior retinal movement). Changes in choroidal thickness were observed in both avian and primate models to be responsive to applied defocus and have been shown to occur rapidly and precede long-term, sclera-mediated eye size changes.
With the introduction of accurate methods of eye size measurement, it was found that a number of factors can lead to short-term variations in the length of the ocular axis (the axial distance from the anterior cornea to the retinal pigment epithelium) in human subjects. Both accommodative and intraocular pressure changes were associated with short term changes in ocular axial length, and small but significant daily changes in human ocular axial length were also noted, primarily mediated by changes in choroidal thickness.
Studies have shown that short-term changes in choroidal thickness and axial length in young adult human subjects are similar to the responses to optical defocus observed in other animal species. Studies of choroidal thickness corresponding to defocus over time have shown that these changes occur within minutes after exposure. When defocus is applied for one day, it significantly perturbs the normal circadian rhythm of choroid thickness and axial length, depending on the predicted pattern of change in signs of defocus.
Current optical designs for controlling myopia progression are based on the principle of focusing light in front of the retina in combination with positive power while focusing some light on the retina to provide distance vision correction. This optical limitation leads to a loss of visual performance.
Thus, the presence of positive optical power in the retinal image produces two competing results, myopia control and visual quality. In order to optimize the optical design of the lens, it is necessary to improve the mechanism of understanding how these competing factors interact.
The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that prior art forms part of the common general knowledge.
Disclosure of Invention
It is a preferred object of embodiments of the present invention to provide an apparatus which solves or at least ameliorates one or more of the above-mentioned problems of the prior art and/or provides a useful commercial alternative.
In general, embodiments of the invention relate to apparatuses, methods, and systems for implementing and measuring ophthalmic lens design effects.
Broadly, the present invention relates to an apparatus, method and system comprising adaptive optics for implementing ophthalmic lens designs. The effect of the ophthalmic lens design can then be measured using a visual biometric device.
In a first form, although it need not be the only or indeed the broadest form, the invention provides a method for measuring the effect of an ophthalmic lens design, comprising:
dividing the optical beam into a wavefront measurement optical path and a wavefront modulation optical path;
implementing an ophthalmic lens design in an adaptive optics device located in the wavefront modulation optical path; and
visual biometric data in a visual biometric measurement optical path is acquired to measure the effect of the ophthalmic lens design.
In a second form, the present invention provides an apparatus for measuring the effect of an ophthalmic lens design, comprising:
a beam splitter that splits the optical path into a wavefront measurement optical path and a wavefront modulation optical path;
an adaptive optics device located in the wavefront modulation optical path for implementing an ophthalmic lens design; and
and the visual biological recognition device is positioned in the visual biological recognition measuring optical path and is used for acquiring the visual biological recognition data.
In a third form, the present invention provides a system for measuring the effect of an ophthalmic lens design, comprising:
a beam splitter for splitting the optical path into a wavefront modulation optical path and a wavefront measurement optical path;
an adaptive optics device located in the wavefront modulation optical path;
one or more processors for controlling an adaptive optics device to implement an ophthalmic lens design; and
and the visual biological recognition device is positioned in the visual biological recognition measuring optical path and is used for acquiring the visual biological recognition data.
In a fourth form, the present invention provides a method of assembling the device of the second form or the system of the third form, the method comprising:
installing a beam splitter to split the optical path into a wavefront measurement path and a wavefront modulation path;
positioning an adaptive optics device in the wavefront modulation optical path to implement an ophthalmic lens design;
connecting one or more processors to control the adaptive optics device to implement an ophthalmic lens design when pointing to the system; and
a visual biometric device is positioned in the visual biometric measurement optical path to obtain visual biometric data.
In a fifth form, the present invention provides an ophthalmic lens comprising an ophthalmic lens design embodied in the first form or the third form.
The fifth form of ophthalmic lens may comprise a contact lens.
In a sixth form, the invention provides a method of optimising lens design using the method of the first form, the apparatus of the second form or the system of the third form.
In a seventh form, the present invention provides an ophthalmic lens comprising the optimized lens design of the sixth form.
According to any of the above forms, the beam splitter may comprise any suitable means for splitting a light beam into two or more light beams. The beam splitter may comprise a pellicle beam splitter, a cube beam splitter, a dichroic mirror, a band pass filter or a long pass/short pass filter
According to any of the above forms, the biometric device comprises a non-contact visual biometric device. The visual biometric device may include an interferometer. The interferometer may comprise a laser interferometer or a low coherence interferometer. The interferometer may comprise an optical biometer or an Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).
In accordance with any of the above forms, the adaptive optics device includes one or more wavefront shapers. The one or more wavefront shapers may comprise one or more spatial light modulators and/or one or more adaptive mirrors.
In accordance with any of the above forms, the spatial light modulator may comprise a liquid crystal layer which changes refractive index in response to the array of lower electrodes. The spatial light modulator may comprise square liquid crystal cells with pixel or optical element dimensions of 15 x 15 microns. The spatial light modulator may comprise a square active area of 7.68 x 7.68 mm.
In accordance with any of the above forms, the spatial light modulator may be operated by the controller to adjust the shape of the generated wavefront.
In accordance with any of the above forms, the adaptive mirror may be driven by one or more actuators to adjust the shape of the generated wavefront.
In accordance with any of the above forms, the one or more wavefront shapers may comprise a combination of one or more spatial light modulators and/or adaptive mirrors.
According to any of the above forms, the adaptive optics device may further comprise a wavefront sensor.
According to any of the above forms, the adaptive optics device may further comprise a plurality of optical elements. The plurality of optical elements may include a focus corrector. The focus corrector may comprise a Badal system. The Badal system may include two or more Badal mirrors. The plurality of optical elements may further include one or more relay lens groups; one or more mirrors; one or more lenses; one or more beam splitters; and/or one or more cold mirrors.
According to any of the above forms, the adaptive optics apparatus may further comprise one or more micro-displays. The one or more microdisplays may include a primary microdisplay and a secondary microdisplay. The main microdisplay can be viewed through two or more wavefront shapers. Each of the one or more micro-displays may comprise any suitable display, such as an LED or OLED display.
Each of the one or more microdisplays may be individually or collectively synchronized to display a vision test, including visual acuity and contrast sensitivity.
Each of the one or more microdisplays may also be individually or collectively synchronized to display a set of movies or images selected by the viewer.
In accordance with any of the above forms, each of the one or more microdisplays may include a fine reference scale and/or gray scale. The gray scale levels may include 256 levels.
In accordance with any of the above forms, the secondary microdisplay can be aligned such that the image displayed thereon overlays the image displayed on the primary microdisplay. The image displayed on the secondary microdisplay may be under independent optical control.
According to any of the above forms, an image displayed on the microdisplay may be manipulated by applying an optical design, while an image displayed on the secondary display may be used as a reference
In accordance with any of the above forms, the optical element may comprise an objective lens located in front of the secondary microdisplay to produce the same system magnification as the primary microdisplay.
According to any of the above forms, the adaptive optics device may further comprise an imaging device, such as a digital camera, whose image plane is conjugate to or replaces the retinal plane of the eye.
In accordance with any of the above forms, the method, apparatus and system may further comprise an illumination source. The illumination source may include one or more LEDs. The one or more LEDs may be arranged in a ring (in a ring).
In accordance with any of the above forms, the method, apparatus and system may further include a lens mount and a lens located before the beam splitter.
In accordance with any of the above forms, the method, apparatus and system may further comprise a pupil tracking system. A pupil viewer, such as a digital camera, may be located in the pupil tracking path. The pupil tracking path may include a pupil tracking beam splitter. The pupil tracking system may include a pupil tracker illumination source. The pupil tracker illumination source may illuminate at near infrared wavelengths. The near infrared wavelength may include 700 to 2500 nm; 800 to 1100 nm; or 900 to 1000 nm. In one embodiment, the near infrared wavelength comprises 950 nm.
The apparatus and system may also include one or more superluminescent light emitting diodes to create a point source of light at the retina for wavefront measurement.
The device and system may further comprise superluminescent light emitting diodes for alignment.
The method, apparatus and system may also include a contralateral eye 30OD display according to any of the above forms. The opposite-eye display may be synchronized with a corresponding one or more microdisplays.
In accordance with any of the above forms, the method, apparatus and system may further comprise a contralateral eye optical element. The contralateral eye optical element may include one or more of a lens and a color filter. The contralateral-eye lens mount may include a contralateral-eye optical assembly or a portion thereof therein. The contralateral-eye optical element may include a mirror between the contralateral-eye lens mount and the contralateral-eye display.
In accordance with any of the above forms, the method, apparatus and system may include a binocular method, apparatus and system including splitting, implementing and data acquisition for both eyes. The binocular system further comprises a controlling binocular adaptive optics device.
The obtained biometric data includes one or more of: the thickness of the choroid; optical axial length (distance from anterior corneal surface to retinal pigment epithelium); vitreous cavity depth; the anterior chamber depth; a lens thickness; the thickness of the cornea; retinal thickness (or layers within the retina); and scleral thickness. These biometric data may be acquired along any axis of the eye, but are typically acquired along the visual axis when the subject observes the fixation target of the biometric.
Other aspects and/or features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description.
Drawings
In order that the invention may be readily understood and put into practical effect, reference will now be made to the embodiments of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to like elements. The drawings are by way of example only, and wherein:
FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention.
Fig. 1B is a schematic view illustrating a binocular device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 1C is a schematic diagram illustrating another embodiment of an apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 1D is a schematic diagram showing a field of view of a subject, according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 1E is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a computing device suitable for use in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a processor and memory suitable for use in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of an adaptive optics device in accordance with the present invention.
Fig. 3B is a schematic diagram illustrating another embodiment of an adaptive optics device according to the present invention.
FIG. 3C illustrates a visual target for visual acuity testing in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4A and 4B are line graphs illustrating a verification test of the SLM.
Figure 5 shows the effect of positive optical power in the peripheral region of the enhanced central clear bifocal design on the subject's vision.
Figure 6 shows the contrast sensitivity of subjects to three letters of size 0.3, 0.4 and 0.6logMAR (standard logarithmic visual chart) as affected by the peripheral region optical power enhancement in the central sharp bifocal design.
Fig. 7 is a graph showing the effect of pupil tracking on the combined wavefront. The combined wavefront of the model eye and the predetermined wavefront pattern is measured, with or without pupil tracking, respectively. Two horizontal pupil shift conditions were tested (dx ═ 0.25 and 0.5 mm). A significantly larger amount of residual wavefront error is found in the non-tracking measurement.
Figure 8 is a graph showing pupil tracking in a subject's eye. Pupil tracking was over 30 minutes. The subject's head was placed on the chin rest without using a bite bar. The subject tried to remain as still as possible throughout the 30 minutes. During the measurement, the subject blinks normally. After every 1 minute measurement, the subject was allowed to close his eyes for 10 seconds. The sampling frequency is about 4Hz (some blinks are ignored due to the sampling frequency).
Fig. 9 is a graph showing the axial length variation using the movie task (top) and the maltese cross task (bottom).
Figure 10 shows the axial length variation of subjects during a 40 minute blur task viewed through different optical designs, including +3D defocus, -3D defocus, +3D longitudinal spherical aberration, and-3D longitudinal spherical aberration.
Fig. 11 shows the average change in axial length (N ═ 16) during the 40 minute blur task and after a 20 minute recovery period observed by different optical designs, including baseline, +3D defocus and 2-zone bifocal with 2.0mm central clear (clear) and peripheral + 6D.
FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating a method according to one embodiment of the invention.
Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the relative sizes of some of the elements in the drawings may be distorted to help improve the understanding of the embodiments of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention relate to apparatus, methods and systems for implementing ophthalmic lens designs. Once implemented, the effect of the ophthalmic lens design can be measured with a visual biometric device.
In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method, apparatus and system comprising an adaptive optics device and a visual biometric device for measuring the effect of an ophthalmic lens design.
As used herein, "ophthalmic lens" refers to any lens for use with or for wearing in front of the eye. The ophthalmic lens may be a corrective lens. Ophthalmic lenses may be used to treat myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia, or any ophthalmic disease or condition. Ophthalmic lenses may include spectacles or corrective lenses, contact lenses, intraocular lenses, or any form of ophthalmic lens.
As used herein, a "wavefront shaper" is any adaptive optical device that can modify a wavefront (wave front). In the present invention, a wavefront shaper is used to modify a wavefront to implement the ophthalmic lens design by validating the ophthalmic lens design.
The inventors expect some of the important visual aspects affected by myopia control designs to be visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Therefore, the inventors have focused on studying these visual aspects.
To quantify the visual performance of an ophthalmic lens design, the inventors provide an adaptive optics apparatus 100 (see fig. 1A) that includes a viewing channel so that aspects of the visual performance can be measured while a subject can view an image displayed on a
The embodiment of an
The ocular
FIG. 1A illustrates one embodiment of an
The
The
The biometric data obtained by the
In the embodiment shown in fig. 1C,
To implement an ophthalmic lens design, the
In general, the adaptive or
The embodiment shown in fig. 1C and 3A includes a spatial
The deformable or
The Spatial Light Modulator (SLM)164 reconstructs a predetermined wavefront shape by changing the refractive index, and displays a wavefront pattern of high amplitude using a modular method (diffractive optical system).
The spatial
The
The spatial
To take advantage of the capabilities of the
The
The
The
One component of the plurality of
The plurality of
The
Each of the one or
Each of the one or
The secondary microdisplay 180b can be aligned so that the image 184 displayed thereon overlays the image 184 displayed on the
The image 184 displayed on
The
The
In order to make the
The
Fig. 1C also shows
As shown in FIG. 3B, the
As shown in fig. 1A, a
The device and system may also include superluminescent
The
A portion of
The display 214 displays a graphical user interface of the
The
The second output port of the graphics card (not shown) of the
The microdisplays 180a, 180b can be adjusted in size, brightness, and contrast to match each other. The secondary microdisplay 180b is set to operate in an achromatic mode, which is the same as the
One embodiment of a
One embodiment of a
A modulator-demodulator (modem) transceiver device 216 may be used by the computer module 201 to communicate with the communication network 220 via connection 221. The network 220 may be a Wide Area Network (WAN), such as the internet, a cellular telecommunications network, or a private WAN. The computer module 201 may be connected to other similar computing devices 290 or server computers 291 via the network 220. Where connection 221 is a telephone line, modem 216 may be a conventional "dial-up" modem. Alternatively, where connection 221 is a high capacity (e.g., cable) connection, modem 216 may be a broadband modem. The wireless modem may also be used for wireless connectivity to the network 220.
The computer module 201 generally includes at least one processor 205 and memory 206 formed, for example, from semiconductor Random Access Memory (RAM) and semiconductor Read Only Memory (ROM). The module 201 also includes a plurality of input/output (I/O) interfaces, including: an audio-video interface 207 for coupling to a video display 214, a speaker 217, and a microphone 280; an I/O interface 213 for a keyboard 202, a mouse 203, a scanner 226, and an external hard disk drive 227; an interface 208 for an external modem 216 and printer 215. In some implementations, the modem 216 can be included within the computer module 201, such as within the interface 208. The computer module 201 also has a local network interface 211 that allows the
Also as shown, local network 222 may also be coupled to wide area network 220 via connection 224, connection 224 typically comprising a so-called "firewall" device or device with similar functionality. The interface 211 may be formed by an ethernet circuit card, a bluetooth wireless arrangement or an IEEE 802.11 wireless arrangement or other suitable interface.
I/O interfaces 208 and 213 can provide either or both serial and parallel connections, the former typically implemented according to the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard and having corresponding USB connectors (not shown).
A storage device 209 is provided and typically has a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) 210. Other storage devices may also be used, such as an external HD 227, a USB-RAM drive (not shown), a memory card (not shown), a disk drive (not shown), and a tape drive (not shown). An optical disc drive 212 is typically provided to serve as a non-volatile data source. Portable memory devices such as optical disks (e.g., CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray disk), USB-RAM, external hard drives, and floppy disks may be used as suitable data sources for
The components 205 to 213 of the computer module 201 typically communicate via the
Fig. 2B is a detailed schematic block diagram of the processor 205 and the
The method of the present invention may be implemented using a
The
The
A computer readable medium having
In some cases, a user may be provided with a
The second portion of the
When the computer module 201 is initially powered up, a Power On Self Test (POST)
The
Processor 205 includes a number of functional blocks including a
Typically, the processor 205 is given a set of
The disclosed arrangement uses
The
(a) a fetch operation that fetches or reads
(b) a decode operation, where the
(c) an operation is performed in which control
Thereafter, further fetch, decode, and execute cycles of the next instruction may be performed. Similarly, a storage cycle may be performed by which the
Each step or sub-process in the method of the present invention may be associated with one or more segments of the
As shown in fig. 2A, one or more other computers 290 may be connected to the communication network 220. Each such computer 290 may have a similar configuration as the computer module 201 and corresponding peripheral devices.
One or more other server computers 291 may be connected to the communication network 220. These server computers 291 provide information in response to requests from personal devices or other server computers.
Alternatively, the
The present invention provides an ophthalmic lens comprising an ophthalmic lens design implemented according to the
Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for optimizing lens design using the
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