Film end-bonded laminate
阅读说明:本技术 膜的末端粘结成形层合体 (Film end-bonded laminate ) 是由 丹尼尔·查尔斯·派克 约翰·布莱恩·施特鲁贝 马修·威廉·沃尔德伦 于 2018-06-29 设计创作,主要内容包括:本发明公开了末端粘结的成形层合体和用于制备末端粘结的成形层合体的方法,所述层合体由多层由膜制成的成形基底制成,所述膜在它们形成的突起的末端处粘结在一起。末端粘结的层合体可被设计成具有更大的抗弯强度、改善的抗压缩性,并且可被图案化以用于定向取向的对拉伸载荷的响应。另外,由多层成形基底制成的末端粘结的成形层合体,可使用它们的层状结构来提供更好的美观性以及更好的物理特性诸如改善的耐刺穿性。末端粘结的成形层合体可被构造成具有较厚部分和设计图案,这些对消费者具备吸引力。末端粘结的成形层合体可由两个或更多个成形的基底制成,并且可代替单个厚的未成形基底而使用,因此层合体可使用大约相同量的材料,同时仍提供令人惊讶的功能性有益效果。当与未成形的单层基底比较时,末端粘结的成形层合体可提供这些有益效果而不依赖于更昂贵的聚合物和/或高浓度的添加剂,并且以合理的成本提供显著的改善。(End-bonded, shaped laminates made from multiple layers of shaped substrates made from films bonded together at the ends of protrusions they form, and methods for making end-bonded, shaped laminates. The end bonded laminate can be designed to have greater flexural strength, improved resistance to compression, and can be patterned for directional orientation response to tensile loads. Additionally, end-bonded shaped laminates made from multi-layer shaped substrates may use their layered structure to provide better aesthetics as well as better physical properties such as improved puncture resistance. The end bonded formed laminate can be configured with thicker portions and design patterns that are attractive to consumers. End bonded formed laminates can be made from two or more formed substrates and can be used in place of a single thick unformed substrate, and thus the laminate can use approximately the same amount of material while still providing surprising functional benefits. End-bonded, shaped laminates can provide these benefits without relying on more expensive polymers and/or high concentrations of additives, and at a reasonable cost, provide significant improvements when compared to an unformed, single-layer substrate.)
1. A laminate, comprising:
a first film having a plurality of first elongated pleats disposed side-by-side, integrally connected, incrementally stretched, each pleat having:
a first inward facing valley having a first valley minimum thickness;
a first outwardly facing peak having a first peak minimum thickness; and
a first intermediate portion disposed between the first valley and the first peak, wherein the first intermediate portion has a first intermediate minimum thickness that is less than the first peak minimum thickness;
a second film having a plurality of second elongated rugosities disposed side-by-side, integrally connected, incrementally stretched, each rugositie having:
a second inward facing valley having a second valley minimum thickness;
a second outwardly facing peak having a second peak minimum thickness; and
a second intermediate portion disposed between the second valley and the second peak, wherein the second intermediate portion has a second intermediate thickness that is less than the second peak minimum thickness;
a plurality of attachment areas, wherein each of the attachment areas directly connects a valley from the plurality of first corrugations to a valley from the plurality of second corrugations.
2. The laminate of claim 1, wherein the first intermediate minimum thickness is less than the first valley minimum thickness and the second intermediate minimum thickness is less than the second valley minimum thickness.
3. The laminate of claim 2, wherein each from the first plurality of corrugations is directly connected to only one from the second plurality of corrugations.
4. The laminate of claim 3, wherein each from the plurality of second corrugations is directly connected to only one from the plurality of first corrugations.
5. The laminate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein:
the plurality of first corrugations are discrete corrugations; and is
The plurality of second corrugations are discrete corrugations.
6. The laminate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein:
the plurality of first corrugations are discrete corrugations; and is
The plurality of second corrugations are continuous corrugations.
7. The laminate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein:
the plurality of first corrugations are continuous corrugations; and is
The plurality of second corrugations are continuous corrugations.
8. The laminate of any proceeding claim, wherein the first plurality of corrugations are connected to the second plurality of corrugations only by the plurality of attachment zones.
9. The laminate of any preceding claim, wherein each of the attachment zones is substantially continuous along valleys from the plurality of first corrugations.
10. The laminate of claim 9, wherein each of the attachment zones is substantially continuous along valleys from the plurality of second corrugations.
11. The laminate according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein:
the plurality of first pleats are connected to a first non-pleated portion of the first film at a first transition;
the plurality of second corrugations are connected to a second non-corrugated portion of the second film at a second transition offset from the first transition.
12. The laminate according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein:
the plurality of first pleats are connected to a first non-pleated portion of the first film at a first transition;
the plurality of second corrugations are connected to a second non-corrugated portion of the second film at a second transition adjacent to the first transition.
13. The laminate according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein for at least some of the first plurality of wrinkles, a ratio of an amplitude of the wrinkles to a wavelength of the wrinkles is from 0.7 to 5.
14. The laminate of claim 13, wherein the ratio of the amplitude to the wavelength is from 1 to 3 for substantially all of the wrinkles in the first plurality of wrinkles.
15. The laminate according to any one of claims 13 or 14, wherein the amplitude is from 1 millimeter to 10 millimeters, preferably from 1 millimeter to 4 millimeters, for at least some of the plurality of first wrinkles, preferably for all wrinkles.
16. The laminate according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the ratio of the wavelength to the overall width of the attachment areas for the corrugations is from 10 to 50, preferably from 25 to 50, for at least some corrugations, preferably for all corrugations, of the plurality of first corrugations.
17. The laminate of claim 18, wherein for at least some corrugations of the first plurality of corrugations, the overall width of the attachment zones is from 0.2 millimeters to 1 millimeter.
18. A disposable wearable absorbent article comprising the laminate of any of the previous claims.
19. A disposable bag comprising the laminate of any one of claims 1 to 17.
20. A method of forming a laminate, the method comprising:
incrementally mechanically stretching a first film by engaging at least a first portion of the first film with at least a first plurality of protrusions to form a juxtaposed, integrally connected plurality of first elongated corrugations within the first portion, each first corrugation having a valley and a peak;
incrementally mechanically stretching a second film by engaging at least a second portion of the second film with at least a second plurality of protrusions to form a juxtaposed, integrally connected plurality of second elongated corrugations within the second portion, each second corrugation having a valley and a peak; and
when the portion of the first film is engaged with the plurality of first protrusions, and when the portion of the second film is engaged with the plurality of second protrusions, directly connecting the plurality of first corrugations to the plurality of second corrugations at a plurality of attachment regions to form the laminate.
21. A machine for forming a laminate, the machine comprising:
longitudinal and transverse;
a first web supply apparatus and a second web supply apparatus, the first and second web supply apparatuses being machine-only web supply apparatuses;
a first rotating patterned roll downstream of the first web supply apparatus and having a plurality of first rigid elongated protrusions, each protrusion having a terminal end; and
a second rotating patterned roller downstream of the first web supply apparatus and having a plurality of second rigid elongated protrusions, each protrusion having a terminal end;
wherein the first roller is positioned relative to the second roller such that when the rollers rotate:
the ends of the first plurality of projections are always unmated from the ends of the second plurality of projections;
the tips of the first plurality of projections come within a vicinity of engagement of the tips of the second plurality of projections, wherein the vicinity of engagement ranges from 0mm to 5 mm.
Technical Field
The present disclosure relates generally to laminates, and in particular to laminates made from multiple layers of a formed substrate made from films bonded together at the ends of the protrusions they form.
Background
Substrates such as films are useful as materials in many different articles, especially disposable consumer products; however, unformed single layer substrates have certain limitations and disadvantages. The unformed single layer substrate has very low resistance to bending, slight compression resilience, and a generally isotropic response to tensile loads. In addition, unformed single ply substrates rely heavily on the chemistry of their polymers and additives to provide aesthetic (e.g., opacity) and structural properties (e.g., puncture resistance). Furthermore, unformed single ply substrates are typically thin and flat, which is not appealing to consumers.
Disclosure of Invention
As described herein, laminates made from multiple layer formed substrates are bonded together at the ends of their formed protrusions, providing a significant improvement over unformed single layer substrates. Such end-bonded laminates can be designed to have greater flexural strength, improved resistance to compression, and can be patterned for directional orientation response to tensile loads. Additionally, end-bonded shaped laminates made from multi-layer shaped substrates can use their layered structure to provide better aesthetics; for example, the multilayer substrate can more completely diffract and diffuse light, resulting in increased opacity. Further, end-bonded shaped laminates made from multi-layer shaped substrates can be shaped using their substrates to provide improved structural properties; for example, substrates having different forms may more effectively distribute and absorb concentrated forces, resulting in improved puncture resistance. Further, such end-bonded formed laminates can be configured with thicker portions and design patterns that are attractive to consumers. End bonded formed laminates may be made from two or more formed substrates and may be used in place of a single thick unformed substrate, and thus the laminate may use approximately the same amount of material while still providing the functional benefits described above. Also, such end-bonded formed laminates can provide these benefits without relying on more expensive polymers and/or high concentrations of additives. Thus, end-bonded formed laminates made from multiple layer formed substrates provide significant improvements at a reasonable cost when compared to unformed single layer substrates.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to a laminate comprising: (a) a first film having a first plurality of elongated pleats disposed side-by-side, integrally connected, incrementally stretched, each pleat having: (i) a first inward-facing valley having a first valley minimum thickness; (ii) a first outward-facing peak having a first peak minimum thickness; and (iii) a first intermediate portion disposed between the first valley and the first peak, wherein the first intermediate portion has a first intermediate minimum thickness that is less than the first peak minimum thickness; (b) a second film having a plurality of second elongated rugosities disposed side-by-side, integrally connected, incrementally stretched, each rugositie having: (i) a second inward-facing valley having a second valley minimum thickness; (ii) a second outwardly facing peak having a second peak minimum thickness; and (iii) a second intermediate portion disposed between the second valley and the second peak, wherein the second intermediate portion has a second intermediate thickness that is less than the second peak minimum thickness. The laminate further comprises a plurality of attachment zones, wherein each of the attachment zones directly connects a valley from the first plurality of corrugations to a valley from the second plurality of corrugations.
The present invention also relates to a method of forming a laminate, the method comprising: incrementally mechanically stretching the first film by engaging at least a first portion of the first film with at least a first plurality of protrusions to form a juxtaposed, integrally connected plurality of first elongated corrugations within the first portion, each first corrugation having a valley and a peak; and (b) incrementally mechanically stretching the second film by engaging at least a second portion of the second film with at least a second plurality of protrusions to form a juxtaposed, integrally connected plurality of second elongated corrugations within the second portion, each second corrugation having a valley and a peak. When the portion of the first film is engaged with the plurality of first protrusions and when the portion of the second film is engaged with the plurality of second protrusions, the plurality of first corrugations are directly connected to a plurality of second corrugations at a plurality of attachment areas to form the laminate.
The invention also relates to a machine for forming a laminate, the machine comprising: longitudinal and transverse; a first web supply device and a second web supply device, which are the only web supply devices of the machine. The machine further includes a first rotary patterning roller located downstream of the first web supply and having a plurality of first rigid elongate protrusions, each protrusion having a terminal end; a second rotating patterned roll downstream of the first web supply apparatus and having a plurality of second rigid elongated protrusions, each protrusion having a terminal end. The first roller is positioned relative to the second roller such that, when the roller is rotated, the tips of the first plurality of projections are always out of engagement with the tips of the second plurality of projections, and the tips of the first plurality of projections come within a 0 to 5 millimeter engagement proximity of the tips of the second plurality of projections.
Drawings
Fig. 1 shows a partially broken top view of a portion of a laminate having a patterned region with corrugations oriented in the machine direction.
Fig. 2 shows a partially broken top view of a portion of a laminate having patterned regions with corrugations oriented in the cross direction.
Fig. 3A shows a top view of a patterned region having longitudinally oriented corrugations with an overall shape resembling a diamond.
Fig. 3B shows a top view of a patterned region having diamond-like shaped rugosities oriented in the lateral direction having an overall shape.
Fig. 3C shows a top view of a patterned region having corrugations with an overall shape resembling a square that are oriented in the machine direction.
Fig. 3D shows a top view of a patterned region having corrugations oriented in the lateral direction having an overall shape resembling a square.
Fig. 3E shows a top view of a patterned region having longitudinally oriented rugosities with an overall shape resembling a circle.
Fig. 3F shows a top view of a patterned region having rugosities oriented in the lateral direction having an overall shape resembling a circle.
Fig. 4A shows an enlarged end view of a laminate having a patterned region formed from a first substrate and a second substrate, the patterned region being a film having a wrinkled portion and an uncreped portion, wherein the film within the wrinkled portion is directly connected at the narrow attachment region and within the uncreped portion the film is offset.
Fig. 4B is a modified version of the laminate of fig. 4A, wherein the film is directly connected at the wide attachment region.
Fig. 5A shows an enlarged end view of a modified version of the laminate of fig. 4A, wherein the outer film is joined to the first and second films.
Fig. 5B shows an enlarged end view of a modified version of the laminate of fig. 4B, wherein the outer film is joined to the first and second films.
Fig. 6A shows an enlarged end view of a laminate having patterned regions formed from a first film and a second film, the films having wrinkled and unwrinkled portions, wherein the films within the wrinkled portions are directly connected at narrow attachment regions and within the unwrinkled portions the films are adjacent to each other.
Fig. 6B is a modified version of the laminate of fig. 6A, wherein the film is directly connected at the wide attachment regions.
Fig. 7A shows an enlarged end view of a modified version of the laminate of fig. 6A, wherein the outer film is joined to the first and second films.
Fig. 7B shows an enlarged end view of a modified version of the laminate of fig. 6B, wherein the outer film is joined to the first and second films.
Fig. 8 shows a flow diagram of a method of making a laminate having a patterned region.
Fig. 9 is an assembly drawing showing a machine with four patterned rolls having protrusions oriented in the machine direction for incrementally stretching the first and second substrates and for joining the substrates together to form an end-bonded shaped laminate having offset uncrimped portions.
Fig. 10A shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of two cooperating patterned rollers from the machine of fig. 9, wherein the rollers incrementally stretch the first substrate.
Fig. 10B shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of two mating patterned rollers from the machine of fig. 9, wherein the rollers incrementally stretch the second substrate.
FIG. 11A shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of a first substrate engaged with a first patterned roll from the machine of FIG. 9, wherein adhesive is applied to the corrugations of the first substrate.
Fig. 11B shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the second substrate engaged with the second patterned roll from the machine of fig. 9.
Fig. 11C illustrates a partial profile view of the first substrate of fig. 11A.
Fig. 12A shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view in the machine direction of valleys of corrugations from a first substrate attached to valleys of corrugations of a second substrate using an adhesive, while the substrates are engaged with the patterned rolls of the machine of fig. 9 to form the end-bonded shaped laminate of fig. 9.
Fig. 12B shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view in the cross-direction of valleys of corrugations from a first substrate attached to valleys of corrugations of a second substrate using an adhesive, while the substrates are engaged with the patterned rolls of the machine of fig. 9 to form the end-bonded shaped laminate of fig. 9.
Fig. 12C shows another enlarged portion of the view of fig. 12B.
Fig. 13 is an assembly drawing showing a machine with four patterned rolls with protrusions oriented in the cross direction for incrementally stretching the first and second substrates and for joining the substrates together to form an end-bonded shaped laminate with offset uncrimped portions.
Fig. 14 is an assembly drawing showing a machine with four patterned rolls having protrusions oriented in the machine direction for incrementally stretching a first substrate and a second substrate and for joining the substrates together to form an end-bonded shaped laminate having adjacent uncrimped portions.
Fig. 15A shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of two cooperating patterned rollers from the machine of fig. 14, wherein the rollers incrementally stretch the first substrate.
Fig. 15B shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of two mating patterned rollers from the machine of fig. 14, wherein the rollers incrementally stretch the second substrate.
FIG. 16A shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of a first substrate engaged with a first patterned roll from the machine of FIG. 14, wherein adhesive is applied to the first substrate at the corrugations and adjacent uncrimped portions.
Fig. 16B shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the second substrate engaged with the second patterning roller from the machine of fig. 14.
FIG. 17 shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view in the machine direction of valleys of corrugations from a first substrate attached to valleys of corrugations of a second substrate using an adhesive, and uncreped portions of the first substrate attached to uncreped portions of the second substrate by the adhesive, while the substrates are engaged with the patterned rolls of the machine of FIG. 14 to form the end-bonded formed laminate of FIG. 14.
Fig. 18 is an assembly drawing showing a machine with four patterned rolls with protrusions oriented in the cross direction for incrementally stretching a first substrate and a second substrate and for joining the substrates together to form an end-bonded shaped laminate having adjacent uncrimped portions.
Fig. 19 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of a laminate having a patterned region formed from a first film and a second film along with an outer film, wherein the laminate includes a benefit agent disposed at a location within the laminate.
Fig. 20A is an enlarged end view of a portion of an exemplary laminate showing the extent of the peaks.
Fig. 20B is an enlarged end view of a portion of an exemplary laminate showing the extent of the valleys.
Fig. 21 is an enlarged end view of a portion of an exemplary laminate showing multiple measurements.
Fig. 22 is an exemplary drawtape type trash bag that may include the end bonded laminate of the present disclosure.
Fig. 23 is an exemplary tie-up type trash bag that can include the end bonded laminate of the present disclosure.
Detailed Description
The end-bonded formed laminates of the present disclosure may be made from a multi-layer formed substrate, such as a film, and may provide significant improvements over an unformed single layer substrate, including: greater resistance to integrity, improved compression resilience, directional response to tensile loads, more aesthetic appearance, enhanced structural properties, thicker sections, and desirable design patterns without relying on more expensive polymers and/or higher concentrations of additives; thus, such end-bonded formed laminates provide significant improvements at a reasonable cost when compared to an unformed single layer substrate.
Throughout the drawings, the machine direction is shown as MD and the cross direction is shown as CD; the labeled arrow indicates the orientation of the label direction relative to the figure, while the labeled X indicates the label direction is orthogonal to (i.e., into) the page. Also, throughout the figures, a laminate having a patterned region with a particular number of wrinkles is shown, however, for any of the patterned regions disclosed herein, any number of wrinkles may be used; for example, the patterned region may have 2-100 wrinkles, or any number of wrinkles between 2 and 100, or any range formed by any of these values, such as 2-50 wrinkles, 3-40 wrinkles, 4-30 wrinkles, 5-20 wrinkles, and so forth.
Fig. 1 shows a partially broken top view of a portion of a laminate 100 having patterned regions with corrugations oriented in the machine direction. The laminate 100 is made from a
In various embodiments, the laminates disclosed herein can exhibit directionally variable bending stiffness. The attachment zones may act like beams in their orientation direction, providing directional reinforcement of the attached substrates. The paths may or may not function like hinges depending on their configuration in the laminate. For example, the laminate may have a first direction (oriented parallel to the general plane of the laminate) in which the laminate has the lowest bending stiffness; and a second direction (also oriented parallel to the general plane of the laminate) different from the first direction (e.g., perpendicular to the first direction) in which the laminate has a highest bending stiffness, wherein the highest bending stiffness is 50-10,000% greater than the lowest bending stiffness, or any integer value between 50% and 5,000%, or any range formed by any of these values, such as 50-2,000%, 75-1,000%, 100-.
In the embodiment of fig. 1, since all attachment areas of the laminate 100 are oriented in the machine direction, the attachment areas provide the laminate 100 with a relatively high bending stiffness in the machine direction and a relatively low bending stiffness in the cross direction. Also, in the embodiment of fig. 1, since the
The laminate 100 may be constructed according to any of the laminates described herein, such as the laminate 400-a of fig. 4A, the laminate 400-B of fig. 4B, the laminate 600-a of fig. 6A, or the laminate 600-B of fig. 6B, or any alternative laminate embodiment disclosed herein or known in the art. In various embodiments, the laminate 100 may be modified by the addition of a first outer substrate and/or a second outer substrate, such as the laminate 500-a of fig. 5A, the laminate 500-B of fig. 5B, the laminate 700-a of fig. 7A, or the laminate 700-B of fig. 7B. The laminate 100 may be prepared according to the
Fig. 2 shows a partially broken top view of a portion of a laminate 200 having patterned regions with corrugations oriented in the cross direction and the machine direction. The laminate 200 is made of a
Fig. 3A-3F illustrate exemplary patterned region top views with attachment regions forming corrugations oriented in various directions and patterned regions having various overall shapes. Fig. 3A shows a patterned region 304-a having longitudinally oriented corrugations and a diamond-like general shape, as shown by patterned
4A-7B show enlarged end views of a laminate formed at least in part from a gathered portion of a first substrate directly connected to a gathered portion of a second substrate. These laminates are shown with a patterned region having a particular number of wrinkles, however, any number of wrinkles may be used for any embodiment of the laminates disclosed herein, including any number disclosed herein. For these laminates are shown as having a particular uniform proportion of wrinkles, however, for any embodiment of the laminates disclosed herein, these particular shapes are not necessary, and the uniformity and/or proportion of a portion, portions, or all of any one or more wrinkles can vary between patterned regions in any substrate and/or between any substrates. Any of the embodiments of fig. 4A-7B may be used to form an end-bonded, formed laminate in which some or all of the corrugations are oriented in any direction that is convenient for the laminate, such as the machine direction, cross direction, or any positive or negative angle of 1-89 degrees relative to the machine direction and/or cross direction.
Fig. 4A-4B, 5A-5B, 6A-6B, and 7A-7B illustrate embodiments in which the laminate is at least partially formed from a wrinkled portion of the first film directly connected to a wrinkled portion of the second film. For ease of illustration, each substrate is shown as a smooth continuous film having a particular uniform thickness, however these particular shapes are not required, and for any embodiment of the laminates disclosed herein, the smoothness, continuity, and/or thickness of a portion, portions, or all of one or more of any film substrate may vary within and/or between patterned regions of any substrate and/or between any substrate in any manner disclosed herein and/or known in the art. While each of these embodiments describes and illustrates a first film directly connected to a second film, in various embodiments, some or all of the connections between the films may be indirect connections, including one or more intermediate materials (in addition to any adhesive used to make the connections). Additionally, any of the embodiments disclosed herein can be modified to include one or more intermediate substrates (e.g., film layers) disposed between the first film and the second film.
Fig. 4A shows an enlarged end view of a laminate 400-a formed from a first substrate, which is a first film 410-a and a second substrate, which is a film 420-a. Laminate 400-a has discrete patterned regions 404-a surrounded by paths 406-a. The laminate 400-a also has central gathered portions 401-a and uncrimped portions 408-1a and 408-2a disposed on either side of the gathered portions 401-a. Within the corrugated portion 401-a, the first film 410-a is directly connected to the second film 420-a at a plurality of long (into the page) but relatively narrow (across the page) attachment zones 405-a. The corrugated portion 401-a forms a patterned region 404-a. Within uncrimped portions 408-1a and 408-2a, first film 410-a and second film 420-a are unattached, but offset from each other by offset distances 419-oda. The non-corrugated portions 408-1a and 408-2a of films 410-a and 420-a form a path 406-a between patterned region 404-a and other patterned regions of laminate 400-a.
In the wrinkle part 401-a, the first film 410-a has a plurality of first wrinkles 411-a shaped like a repeating wave having valleys 412-a and peaks 413-a. In the first film 410-a of fig. 4A, the rugosities 411-a have the same wavelength and amplitude, however, in various embodiments, for any of the laminates disclosed herein, the first substrate can have patterned regions comprising rugosities having different wavelengths and/or amplitudes. The pleats 411-a are linear, parallel, side-by-side, and are integrally connected to each other as they are formed of the same material, which is the first film 410-a. However, in various embodiments, for any of the laminates disclosed herein, some or all of the rugosities in the patterned region may not be perfectly parallel to each other, but may have an overall orientation (taken end-to-end) that deviates from being parallel to each other by 1-15, or from being parallel by any integer value between 1 and 15 degrees, or from deviating from any range formed by any of these values, such as 1-10 degrees, 1-5 degrees, 1-2 degrees, and the like. Each of the pleats 411-a is incrementally stretched such that the valleys 412-a and peaks 413-a are permanent features of the first film 410-a, separated by portions of the first film 410-a that are extended and thinned by the solid state forming process. Each of the pleats 411-a is elongated because it has a total length (into the page) that is greater than its overall width. In various embodiments, for any patterned region of any laminate disclosed herein, one, or some, or all of the wrinkles may be continuous, having a total length that continues all the way along the laminate, and/or one, or some, or all of the wrinkles may be discrete, having a total length that does not continue all the way along the laminate. Table 1 below describes nine embodiments of a laminate that represent various combinations of wrinkle lengths and wrinkle orientations of the first and second substrates, which are contemplated as being suitable for any of the laminates described herein. In table 1, "at an angle α" means that the elongated corrugations have an overall orientation that is oriented at any angle α between the machine direction and the cross direction of 1 to 89 degrees.
TABLE 1
In various embodiments, for any patterned region of any laminate disclosed herein, some or all of the wrinkles may have the same overall length and/or some or all of the wrinkles may have different overall lengths; the overall length of the corrugations may be selected such that the patterned region has a particular overall shape (when viewed from a top view), such as any overall shape disclosed herein or known in the art.
The second film 420-a has the same configuration as the first film 410-a, except that the second film 420-a is constructed and oriented in a mirror image version of the first film 410-a, which is a mirror image about an imaginary horizontal line disposed along the bottom of the valley 412-a of the first film 410-a. Thus, in the wrinkle portion 401-a, the second film 420-a has a plurality of second undulated wrinkles 421-a which are also integrally connected, discrete, elongated, incrementally stretched, and are provided with valleys 422-a and peaks 423-a linearly, in parallel, side by side. Because of the mirror image configuration, the corrugation 421-a has the same wavelength and amplitude as corrugation 411-a, and all valleys 412-a and 422-a face inward, while all peaks 413-a and 423-a face outward. The first film 410-a is aligned side-by-side and lengthwise (into the page) with the second film 420-a and is attached to the second film 420-a by a plurality of attachment zones 405-a. Since attachment region 405-a attaches first film 410-a to second film 420-a, pleat 411-a has the same overall length as pleat 421-a.
In various embodiments, for any patterned region of any laminate disclosed herein, the second substrate may not be a mirror image version of the first substrate, but may differ from the first substrate in any manner disclosed herein; in particular, the corrugations of the second substrate may differ in wavelength and/or amplitude from the corrugations of the first substrate. Table 2 below describes nine embodiments of laminates that represent various combinations of wrinkle wavelengths and amplitudes for the first and second substrates, which are contemplated as being suitable for any of the laminates described herein. In table 2, "same", "smaller" and "larger" are used as terms of relative sizes; identical refers to corrugations of equal size; smaller means having wrinkles of relatively small size; larger refers to wrinkles having a relatively large dimension; and the corrugations of either substrate may be of any size disclosed herein or known in the art.
TABLE 2
A plurality of attachment regions 405-a directly connect valley 412-a with valley 422-a such that each of valley 412-a is directly connected to one of valleys 422-a and each of valley 422-a is directly connected to valley 412-a; however, in various embodiments, for any patterned region of any laminate disclosed herein, the plurality of valleys from the rugosities of the first substrate may be directly connected to a single valley from the rugosities of the second substrate. Any attachment zone disclosed herein can be formed by one or more adhesive and/or fused portions that extend continuously or discontinuously along one or more portions of about all, substantially all, nearly all, or all of either or both of the connecting valleys; any suitable adhesive for joining films may be used, such as 5100-N ZP (Full Care), available from h.b. filler of saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America; the films may be melted together by applying heat and/or pressure to the films while they are held in contact in any manner known in the art. In the embodiment of FIG. 4A, the rugosities 411-a of the first film 410-a are attached to the rugosities 421-a of the second film 420-a only at the plurality of attachment zones 405-a. Also, in the embodiment of FIG. 4A, the first film 410-a is attached to the second film 420-a only at a plurality of attachment regions 405-a; however, in various embodiments, for any of the laminates disclosed herein, the first and second substrates may be engaged together in various ways at one or more other locations on the laminate, such as locations in the uncrimped portions.
The first film 410-a changes from a corrugated shape in the corrugations 411-a of the corrugated portion 401-a to a flat shape in the non-corrugated portions 408-1a and 408-2 a; these shape changes occur at a first transition 417-1a on one side of the corrugated portion 401-a and at a second transition 417-2a on the other side of the corrugated portion 401-a. Similarly, the second film 420-a changes from a wavy shape in the corrugations 421-a of the corrugated portion 401-a to a flat shape in the non-corrugated portions 408-1a and 408-2 a; these shape changes occur at a first transition 427-1a on one side of the corrugated portion 401-a and a second transition 427-2a on the other side of the corrugated portion 401-a. First transitions 417-1a and 427-1a are offset from each other so that in non-corrugated portion 408-1a, first film 410-a and second film 420-a are offset from each other; second transitions 417-2a and 427-2a are also offset from each other, so in non-corrugated portion 408-2a, first film 410-a and second film 420-a are offset from each other; however, in various embodiments, for any of the laminates disclosed herein, the substrates may be adjacent to each other and/or in contact with each other in the non-gathered portions at one or more other locations on the laminate.
FIG. 4B shows an enlarged end view of a laminate 400-B formed from a first substrate (which is the first film 410-B) and a second substrate (which is the film 420-B). The laminate 400-B of fig. 4B is constructed in the same manner as the laminate 400-a of fig. 4A, with similarly numbered elements constructed in the same manner, except that the first film 410-B and the second film 420-B are directly connected at a plurality of attachment zones 405-B that are relatively wider than the attachment zones 405-a of the laminate 400-a. In alternative embodiments, the laminate 400-b may be modified in any manner that the laminate 400-a of figure 4A may be modified.
FIG. 5A shows an enlarged end view of a laminate 500-a formed from a first substrate (which is a first film 510-a), a second substrate (which is a second film 520-a), a third substrate (which is a third film 540-1a), and a fourth substrate (which is a fourth film 540-2 a). The laminate 500-a of fig. 5A is constructed in the same manner as the laminate 400-a of fig. 4A, with like-numbered elements constructed in the same manner, except that the laminate 500-a includes a third film 540-1a, which is an outer film joined to the outward-facing peaks of the corrugations of the first film 510-a; the third film 540-1a may be joined directly or indirectly to the first film 510-a in any manner described herein and/or known in the art. The laminate 500-a comprises a fourth, included film 540-2a, which is an outer film joined to the outwardly facing peaks of the pleats of the second film 520-a; the fourth film 540-2a may be joined directly or indirectly to the second film 520-a in any manner described herein and/or known in the art. In an alternative embodiment, the laminate 500-a may be modified in any manner that the laminate 400-a of fig. 4A may be modified. For any laminate disclosed herein having an outer substrate, a portion, portions, or all of either or both of the outer substrates may be omitted from the laminate and/or may be substituted for a portion, portions, or all of either or both of the outer substrates in any feasible combination. In alternative embodiments, for any laminate disclosed herein, one or more additional substrates (e.g., films or nonwovens) and/or structures in any form disclosed herein or known in the art may be added to the laminate.
FIG. 5B shows an enlarged end view of a laminate 500-B formed from a first substrate (which is the first film 510-B), a second substrate (which is the second film 520-B), a third substrate (which is the third film 540-1B), and a fourth substrate (which is the fourth film 540-2B). The laminate 500-B of fig. 5B is constructed in the same manner as the laminate 400-B of fig. 4B, with like-numbered elements constructed in the same manner, except as described below. The laminate 500-b includes a third film 540-1b, which is an outer film joined to the outwardly facing peaks of the corrugations of the first film 510-b and also joined to the non-corrugated portions 508-1a and 508-2a of the first film 510-a; the third film 540-1b may be joined directly or indirectly to the first film 510-b in any manner described herein and/or known in the art. The laminate 500-b includes a fourth film 540-2b, which is an outer film joined to the outwardly-facing peaks of the corrugations of the second film 520-b and also joined to the non-corrugated portions 508-1a and 508-2a of the second film 520-a; the fourth film 540-2b may be joined directly or indirectly to the second film 520-b in any manner described herein and/or known in the art. In an alternative embodiment, the laminate 500-a may be modified in any manner that the laminate 500-a of fig. 5A may be modified.
FIG. 6A shows an enlarged end view of a laminate 600-a formed from a first substrate (which is a first film 610-a) and a second substrate (which is a second film 620-a). The laminate 600-a of figure 6A is constructed in the same manner as the laminate 400-a of figure 4A, with like-numbered elements constructed in the same manner, except as described below. The first transitions 617-1a and 627-1a are adjacent to each other, such that in the non-corrugated portion 608-1a, the first film 610-a and the second film 620-a are adjacent to each other, in contact with each other, and directly or indirectly joined to each other; the second transitions 617-2a and 627-2a are also adjacent to and in contact with each other, so in the non-corrugated portion 608-2a, the first film 610-a and the second film 620-a are adjacent to each other, in contact with each other, and directly or indirectly joined to each other. In any embodiment of the laminate disclosed herein, in the non-gathered portions, the first and second substrates may be joined together in any convenient manner (e.g., directly connected at one or more locations by an adhesive); however, in various embodiments, the first and second substrates may be proximate to each other and/or not in contact with each other and/or not joined to each other at one or more locations in the uncrimped portion. In an alternative embodiment, the laminate 600-a may be modified in any manner that the laminate 400-a of fig. 4A may be modified.
FIG. 6B shows an enlarged end view of a laminate 600-B formed from a first substrate (which is the first film 610-B) and a second substrate (which is the film 620-B). The laminate 600-B of fig. 6B is constructed in the same manner as the laminate 600-a of fig. 6A, with similarly numbered elements constructed in the same manner, except that the first film 610-B and the second film 620-B are directly connected at a plurality of attachment zones 605-B that are relatively wider than the attachment zones 605-a of the laminate 600-a. In alternative embodiments, the laminate 600-b may be modified in any manner that the laminate 600-a of fig. 6A may be modified.
FIG. 7A shows an enlarged end view of a laminate 700-a formed from a first substrate (which is a first film 710-a), a second substrate (which is a second film 720-a), a third substrate (which is a third film 740-1a), and a fourth substrate (which is a fourth film 740-2 a). The laminate 700-a of fig. 7A is constructed in the same manner and with like-numbered elements in the same manner as the laminate 600-a of fig. 6A, except that the laminate 700-a includes a third film 740-1a, which is an outer film joined to the outward-facing peaks of the corrugations of the first film 710-a; the third film 740-1a may be joined directly or indirectly to the first film 710-a in any manner described herein and/or known in the art. The laminate 700-a comprises a fourth, included film 740-2a, which is an outer film joined to the outwardly facing peaks of the corrugations of the second film 720-a; the fourth film 740-2a may be joined directly or indirectly to the second film 720-a in any manner described herein and/or known in the art. In an alternative embodiment, the laminate 700-a may be modified in any manner that the laminate 600-a of fig. 6A may be modified.
FIG. 7B shows an enlarged end view of a laminate 700-B formed from a first substrate (which is a first film 710-B), a second substrate (which is a second film 720-B), a third substrate (which is a third film 740-1B), and a fourth substrate (which is a fourth film 740-2B). The laminate 700-B of fig. 7B is constructed in the same manner as the laminate 600-B of fig. 6B, with like-numbered elements constructed in the same manner, except as described below. The laminate 700-b includes a third film 740-1b, which is an outer film joined to the outwardly facing peaks of the corrugations of the first film 710-b and also joined to the non-corrugated portions 708-1a and 708-2a of the first film 710-a; the third film 740-1b may be joined directly or indirectly to the first film 710-b in any manner described herein and/or known in the art. The laminate 700-b includes a fourth film 740-2b, which is an outer film joined to the corrugated, outward-facing peaks of the second film 720-b and also joined to the non-corrugated portions 708-1a and 708-2a of the second film 720-a; the fourth film 740-2b may be joined directly or indirectly to the second film 720-b in any manner described herein and/or known in the art. In an alternative embodiment, the laminate 700-a may be modified in any manner that the laminate 700-a of fig. 7A may be modified.
For any of the laminates disclosed herein, the corrugations may be of any convenient size and proportion, including any of the following. The wavelength of any of the corrugations may be 0.5-5 millimeters, or any number of increments of 0.5 millimeters between 0.5 millimeters and 5 millimeters, or any range formed by any of these numbers, such as 1-4 millimeters, 1-3 millimeters, 1-2 millimeters, and so forth. The amplitude of any of the corrugations may be 0.1-10 millimeters, or any number of increments of 0.1 millimeters between 0.1 and 10 millimeters, or any range formed by any of these numbers, such as 0.1-5 millimeters, 1-4 millimeters, 1-2 millimeters, and so forth. The amplitude to wavelength ratio of any of the corrugations may be any value from 0.2 to 10, or increments of 0.1 between 0.2 and 10, or any range formed by any of these values, such as 0.5-7.5, 0.7-5, 1-3, etc. The overall width of any of the attachment zones between the pleats may be 0.1-5 millimeters, or any number of increments of 0.1 millimeters between 0.1 and 5 millimeters, or any range formed by any of these numbers, such as 0.1-3 millimeters, 0.2-1 millimeter, 0.2-0.5 millimeters, and so forth. The ratio of the wavelength of any of the corrugations to the overall width of the attachment zone is 1.1 to 100, or any number of increments of 0.1 between 1 and 100, or any range formed by any of these numbers, such as 1-80, 5-65, 25-50, etc. The overall length of any of the corrugations may be 1-10,000 millimeters, or any integer value between 1 millimeter and 10,000 millimeters, or any range formed by any of these values, such as 1-1,000 millimeters, 1-100 millimeters, 2-60 millimeters, 3-50 millimeters, 4-40 millimeters, 5-30 millimeters, and so forth.
Any of the end-bonded, shaped laminates disclosed herein can be made from any combination (e.g., homopolymers, copolymers, blends, etc.) of various chemicals, including one or more of any variety of polymeric materials, such as polyethylene (e.g., linear low density PE, and high density PE), polypropylene, nylon, ethyl vinyl acetate, and/or any other polymer suitable for making a substrate, together with any additives (e.g., pigments/colorants) and/or modifiers (e.g., titanium dioxide) known in the art of substrate making, and the laminates can be in any form (e.g., monolayer, laminate, layered structure, co-extrusion, etc.) made by any variety of substrate making processes. Any of the end-bonded, shaped laminates disclosed herein can be made from substrates of various thicknesses, such substrates having an overall thickness of 5-250 micrometers (0.2-10 mils), or any integer value between 5 micrometers and 250 micrometers, or any range formed by any of these values, such as 5-100 micrometers (0.2-3.9 mils), 10-50 micrometers (0.39-2 mils), 10-30 micrometers (0.39-1.4 mils), and the like.
For any of the laminates disclosed herein, the first substrate, the second substrate (and either or both outer substrates, if present) may be the same or may differ in any manner known in the art; for example, such differences may include differences in color, opacity, thickness, mechanical properties (e.g., elasticity, inelasticity, extensibility, inextensibility, toughness or brittleness, puncture resistance, etc.), polymer type, presence of additives, use of modifiers, etc., which may be in any operable combination.
Fig. 8 illustrates a flow diagram of a method of making a laminate 800 having a patterned region as described herein. The
The incremental stretching and joining of the substrate in the
Fig. 9-18 illustrate a machine for incrementally stretching and joining substrates to form end-bonded shaped laminates as described herein. In fig. 9-18, the substrate is a film.
Fig. 9 is an assembly diagram showing a
The first
The first
First patterned
First patterned
The third
The third
Third
The
The
The
As the first and second
In various modified embodiments, one or more additional intermediate substrates (e.g., films) may be fed into proximity to the joint between the first and second substrates, such that the first, intermediate and second substrates may each be joined together by the first and second patterned rolls with the intermediate substrate disposed in the middle, in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein; this method may be used to modify any embodiment, including any alternative embodiment, of the methods and apparatus disclosed in fig. 8-17.
Fig. 10A shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of a portion 1003-a of the
FIG. 10B shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of a portion 1003-B of the
Fig. 11A shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the portion 1103-a of the
Fig. 11B shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the portion 1103-B of the
Fig. 11C shows a partial exterior view (not shown) of the
Fig. 12A shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view (in the machine direction) of portion 1203-a of
Fig. 12B shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view (in the cross-machine direction) of portion 1203-a of fig. 12A, wherein the
Fig. 12C shows another enlarged portion of the view of fig. 12B, where the
Fig. 13 is an assembly diagram showing a
The
On the
Fourth
In various embodiments, the
Fig. 14 is an assembly drawing showing a
The third
The fourth
In various embodiments, the
Fig. 15A shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of a portion 1503-a of the
Fig. 15B shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of a portion 1503-B of the
Fig. 16A shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the portion 1603-a of the
Fig. 16B shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the portion 1603-B of the
Fig. 17 shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view (in the machine direction) of the portion 1703-a of the
Fig. 18 is an assembly drawing showing a
The
On the third
The fourth
In various embodiments, the
While the machine embodiments disclosed herein describe and illustrate solid forming elements as rotating patterned rollers, in various embodiments, any such rollers may be replaced by one or more other types of solid forming elements, such as planar patterned surfaces having similar protrusions, but which are moved into mating relationship and/or within engagement proximity by non-rotational motion (e.g., linear motion), as will be understood by those skilled in the solid forming art.
Fig. 19 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of a laminate 1900 having patterned regions formed by first and
The
The interior portion of the
The outboard portions of the
In various alternative embodiments, the presence of some or all of the benefit agents disposed in a portion of the laminate 1900 may be omitted; the presence or absence of the benefit agent may be repeated on one portion, multiple portions, or all of the laminate.
Fig. 20A is an enlarged end view of a portion of an exemplary laminate 2010-a of the present disclosure showing the extent of
Fig. 20B is an enlarged end view of a portion of an exemplary laminate 2010-B of the present disclosure, illustrating the extent of
Fig. 21 is an enlarged end view of a portion of an
The
The valleys 2112-a, 2112-b, and 2112-c of the
FIG. 22 is an exemplary draw tape
The
The draw
FIG. 23 is an exemplary strapping-
One, more, or all of the
The bundling-
In addition to trash bags of the tie and strapping types, the end-bonded laminates of the present disclosure may be similarly applied to a portion, portions, or all of a film-based material, component, and/or article, including: any type of bag (e.g., other types of trash bags, food storage bags, grocery bags, etc.); as packaging and/or component materials for any kind of films used for disposable wearable absorbent articles (e.g., feminine hygiene products, baby diapers, adult incontinence products, sanitary napkins, and the like), bandages, consumer products, other kinds of products, and the like.
The end-bonded formed laminates of the present disclosure may be made from a multi-layer formed substrate and may provide significant improvements over an unformed single layer substrate, including: greater resistance to integrity, improved compression resilience, directional response to tensile loads, more aesthetic appearance, enhanced structural properties, thicker sections, and desirable design patterns without relying on more expensive polymers and/or higher concentrations of substrate additives; thus, such end-bonded formed laminates provide significant improvements at a reasonable cost when compared to an unformed single layer substrate.
Test method for measuring local film thickness
The Hitachi S-3500N scanning electron microscope, tokyo, japan, is an imaging device for quantifying the thickness of a film at a specific location on a 3D substrate.
Sample preparation
Squares of 2cm x 2cm were cut from the article. Square 2cm by 2cm sections were placed in 1 liter of liquid nitrogen for 5 minutes. Immediately after removing the 2cm x 2cm square from the liquid nitrogen, a 5mm x 5mm square was cut from the 2cm x 2cm square with a new razor blade to form the cross-sectional edge. The 5mm by 5mm sample was free of holes, wrinkles or gels. Five separate 5mm by 5mm samples were produced by the same procedure. Prior to imaging, a 5mm by 5mm sample was held at 24 ℃ +/-3 ℃ for 24 hours.
The cross-sectional sample was removed from the liquid nitrogen using tweezers and mounted on an aluminum pin mount (e.g., Ted Pella #16111) using an adhesive tab (e.g., Ted Pella #16084-1) with the cut surface facing upward. The mounted samples were sputter coated with gold to ensure that the surface was not charged in a subsequent scanning electron microscope. Sputter coating at 45mA for three minutes is usually sufficient; however, if charging occurs, the sample should be coated longer.
Imaging
The pin mount containing the coated sample was secured to an adapter (e.g., Ted Pella #15387-2) and inserted into the chamber of a Hitachi S-3500N SEM. The cross section was imaged under high vacuum at a voltage of 5kV, working distance 11mm, magnification 800X, and an image of 2560 pixels × 1920 pixels (160 μm × 120 μm) was obtained with a resolution of 16 pixels/micrometer in both X and Y directions. Images of directly adjacent peaks, spans and intermediate portions were acquired for comparison with the present invention.
Image analysis:
The acquired images were opened in Quartz PCI 7 image software (Quartz imaging Inc. of Vancouver, Canada). Prior to measurement, the software is calibrated by drawing a straight line across the length of a scale stored in the image and inputting at a known length (e.g., 50 μm) of the scale. Then, a vertical line is drawn across the entire cut surface of the imaged sample, and the thickness measurement in the desired portion is calculated using the software. The imaging process was repeated 5 times for each prepared 5mm by 5mm sample. Thickness measurements are reported to the nearest 0.1 micron.
Definition of
As used herein, the term "about," when modifying a particular value, refers to a range equal to the particular value plus or minus twenty percent (+/-20%). For any of the embodiments disclosed herein, any disclosure of a particular value can also be understood to be approximately equal to the disclosed range of that particular value (i.e., +/-20%) in various alternative embodiments.
As used herein, the term "amplitude" refers to the overall height of the peaks in the laminate, wherein the overall height is measured linearly from the central plane of the laminate to the outer portion of the peaks furthest from the central plane, as described and illustrated in connection with fig. 21.
As used herein, the term "about" when modifying a particular value refers to a range equal to the particular value plus or minus fifteen percent (+/-15%). For any of the embodiments disclosed herein, any disclosure of a particular value can also be understood to be approximately equal to the disclosed range for that particular value (i.e., +/-15%) in various alternative embodiments.
As used herein, the term "benefit agent" refers to a chemical (in solid or liquid form) disposed in or on the structure of a material such that the chemical performs one or more different functions, such as an effect that is detectable by a consumer; examples of benefit agents include: abrasives, absorbents, activators, additives, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, attractants, bleaching agents, brighteners, carriers, catalysts, chelants, detergents, colorants, conditioners, desiccants, detergents, diluents, dispersants, dyes, enzymes, glycolic acids, fertilizers, fragrances or fragrances-like, foaming agents, fragrances, herbicides, humectants, inhibitors, minerals, modifiers, humectants, mold removers, nutrients, odor absorbers, oils, oxidants, fragrances, insecticides, pharmaceuticals, phase change materials, pigments, plasticizers, preservatives, processing aids, purifiers, rinses, scavengers, scourers, sensors, sequestering agents, shampoos, silicones, softeners, solvents, stabilizers, surfactants, thickeners, treating agents, vitamins, waxes, and any other type of benefit agent known in the art, in any feasible manner.
As used herein, the term "peak" refers to a particular outward-facing portion of a wave-like wrinkle in the substrate of an end-bonded, formed laminate of the present disclosure, as described below and as further described and illustrated in connection with fig. 20A. The peaks are outwardly facing in that their convex surfaces are oriented outwardly toward the exterior of the laminate. Peaks refer to a continuous segment of the outward facing portion of the corrugation, where a reference line drawn perpendicular to the base forms an interior angle of 45-90 degrees with respect to the central plane of the laminate (as shown in fig. 20A).
As used herein, the term "similarly numbered" refers to a similar alphanumeric designation for corresponding elements, as described below. The designations of similarly numbered elements have the same last two digits; for example, one element having an identification ending with the numeral 20 and another element having an identification ending with the numeral 20 are numbered similarly. The identification of similarly numbered elements may have one or more different leading digits, where one or more of the leading digits match the numbering in the figures thereof; for example, the elements of FIG. 3 labeled 320 are numbered similarly to the elements of FIG. 4 labeled 420. The designations of like-numbered elements may have the same or possibly different suffixes (i.e., designations after the dashed line symbol), e.g., corresponding to particular embodiments; for example, a first embodiment of the elements in FIG. 3A, identified as 320-a, and a second embodiment of the elements in FIG. 3B, identified as 320-B, are numbered similarly.
As used herein, the term "substantially" when modifying a particular value refers to a range equal to the particular value plus or minus five percent (+/-5%). For any of the embodiments disclosed herein, any disclosure of a particular value can also be understood to be approximately equal to the disclosed range for that particular value (i.e., +/-5%) in various alternative embodiments.
As used herein, the term "overall width of the attachment zones" refers to the total distance between the portions of the attachment zones that are furthest apart, wherein the overall width is measured linearly parallel to the central plane of the laminate and perpendicular to the overall orientation of the valleys attached by the attachment zones, as described and illustrated in connection with fig. 21. For attachment zones formed by adhesion, the overall width is the measured width of the attachment adhesive. For the attachment zones formed by fusion, the overall width is the measured width of the fused portion.
As used herein, the term "solid state forming" refers to a method or apparatus in which a mechanical force is applied to a substrate (e.g., a film) in a solid state, wherein the force is applied by one or more rigid protrusions that contact and permanently deform portions of the substrate by incremental stretching. Examples of solid state forming devices include patterned rolls, patterned plates, and/or patterned belts having discrete and/or continuous rigid protrusions for engaging and deforming one or more material substrates, wherein the protrusions may be of any kind known in the art (e.g., fins, ribs, rings, rods, teeth, etc.), of any convenient size and proportion (e.g., uniform height, variable height, etc.), and of any general shape known in the art (e.g., conical, cubic, cylindrical, prismatic, pyramidal, etc.), and having any particular end shape (e.g., flat, pointed, rounded, pointed, etc.), wherein the protrusions extend from the base over a portion, portions, or all of the patterned roll/plate/belt. In particular, it is contemplated that any of the patterned rolls disclosed herein can be replaced with a patterned roll or a patterned belt, as is known in the solid state forming art. Notably, solid state forming of film-based substrates differs from other substrate forming processes, such as molding (where the substrate is formed while in a semi-molten or molten state), wet-laid processes (where a wet fibrous substrate is formed prior to drying), and embossing (where a low stress deformation pattern is made by pressing the substrate against a flat or deformable roll using a patterned roll).
Any embodiment of a substrate made from a film as described herein can be made using various solid state forming processes known in the art, including any process suitable for use in a film, disclosed in any of the following, each of which is incorporated by reference:
as used herein, the term "substantially" when used in reference to a particular value refers to a range equal to the particular value plus or minus ten percent (+/-10%). For any of the embodiments disclosed herein, any disclosure of a particular value can also be understood to be approximately equal to the disclosed range for that particular value (i.e., +/-10%) in various alternative embodiments.
As used herein, the term "valley" refers to a particular inward-facing portion of a wave-like corrugation in the substrate of an end-bonded formed laminate of the present disclosure, as described below and as further described and illustrated in connection with fig. 20B. The valleys are inward facing because their convex surfaces are oriented inward toward the interior of the laminate. The valleys refer to a continuous segment of the inward-facing portion of the corrugations where a reference line drawn perpendicular to the base forms an interior angle of 45-90 degrees with respect to the central plane of the laminate (as shown in fig. 20B).
As used herein, the term "wavelength" refers to the total distance between the centers of adjacent peaks in a laminate, where the wavelength is measured linearly, parallel to the central plane of the laminate, and perpendicular to the overall orientation of the peaks used for measurement, as described and illustrated in connection with fig. 21.
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