阅读说明：本技术 高频串联交流调压器 (High-frequency series AC voltage regulator ) 是由 尼尔·乔治·斯图尔特 郑永宁 于 2014-12-10 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明提供一种高频串联交流调压器,其利用高频串联电感器L3-L6并使用与一个或多个整流器D1-D8串联的单极半导体低损耗开关Q1-Q8来调节输出AC电压电平,无论交流输入电压如何变化,该高频串联电感器L3-L6仅处理总输出功率的一部分。(The present invention provides high frequency series AC voltage regulators that utilize high frequency series inductors L3-L6 to handle only portion of the total output power regardless of the AC input voltage variation and use unipolar semiconductor low loss switches Q1-Q8 in series with or more rectifiers D1-D8 to regulate the output AC voltage level.)

1, kinds of high frequency series connection ac voltage regulator, its ac output voltage who is used for adjusting the ac output power supply, its characterized in that, high frequency series connection ac voltage regulator includes:

a stand-alone ac high frequency series voltage drop power regulator topology for reducing an ac input voltage of an ac input power source, comprising:

and a second independently controllable ac bi-directional switch,

th power inductor, an

A current transformer in series with the th power inductor for generating a th power inductor current direction data signal indicative of a th power inductor current direction;

a stand-alone ac high frequency series voltage boost power regulator topology for boosting the ac input voltage, comprising:

third and fourth independently controllable ac bi-directional switches,

a second power inductor, and

a second current transformer in series with the second power inductor for generating a second power inductor current direction data signal indicative of a second power inductor current direction; and

a control circuit for receiving the AC input voltage, an AC reference voltage, the AC output voltage, the th power inductor current direction data signal and the second power inductor current direction data signal, and generating a switch drive signal for the AC bi-directional switch;

wherein the ac input voltages of the positive and negative half cycles are processed separately and independently in the ac high frequency series voltage boost power regulator topology or the ac high frequency series voltage drop power regulator topology at any times to eliminate any power path "shoot through".

2. The high frequency series ac voltage regulator of claim 1, wherein said th and second power inductors are coupled at a th predetermined coupling coefficient, and said third and fourth power inductors are coupled at a second predetermined coupling coefficient.

3. The high frequency series ac voltage regulator of claim 1, wherein said ac high frequency series voltage boost power regulator topology or said ac high frequency series voltage buck regulator topology function is disabled (inactivated).

4. The high frequency series ac voltage regulator of claim 1, further comprising an input filter for removing high frequency switching energy back to the ac input power source; wherein the input filter comprises two capacitors and two inductors.

5. The high frequency series ac voltage regulator of claim 1, further comprising an output filter for averaging high frequency voltage ripple to create a smoothed regulated voltage level for the ac output voltage; wherein the output filter comprises two capacitors and two inductors.

6. The high frequency series ac voltage regulator of claim 1, further comprising a current transformer for generating an output current measurement signal to said control circuit for over-current protection.

7. The high frequency series ac voltage regulator of claim 1, wherein the switch drive signal for the single-pole switch is a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control signal.

8. The high frequency series ac voltage regulator of claim 1, wherein each single-pole switch comprises or more power semiconductor devices.

9. The high frequency series ac voltage regulator of claim 8, wherein said or more power semiconductor devices are Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs), -pole turn-off thyristors (GTOs), TRIACs (TRIACs), Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs), or metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs).

10. The high frequency series AC voltage regulator of claim 1,

the control circuit uses alternating input voltage polarity and either or both of the th power inductor current direction data signal and the second power inductor current direction data signal are used to determine a switching sequence of the alternating current bidirectional switch;

the determined switching sequence of the alternating current bidirectional switch is clear; and is

Determining the distinct switching sequence of the ac bi-directional switch eliminates any necessity for any power "shoot through" in the switching sequence.

Technical Field

The present invention relates generally to power electronics, and more particularly to a method for adjusting an Alternating Current (AC) voltage and a power electronics circuit, and more particularly to a method for adjusting an AC voltage to a desired level regardless of a change in an input AC voltage.

Background

Ac voltage regulators are used to closely control and regulate the level of ac voltage delivered to a load connected to the output of the ac voltage regulator, regardless of variations in the ac voltage at the input of the ac voltage regulator.

However, all of these structures rely on conventional AC switching devices, such as relays or semiconductor devices, e.g., Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR) or turn-off thyristors (GTO) connected as anti-parallel AC switches, TRIACs (TRIAC), AC switches, e.g., Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT), metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET), and SCRs configured as AC switches, e.g., connected between rectifiers.

Another conventional methods of regulating the output AC voltage is to use an electro-mechanically regulated autotransformer driven by an electro-mechanical device (such as a controlled motor). in this case, an electronic control senses the input voltage and then drives the electro-mechanical device to move the output contacts to adjust the number of turns of the autotransformer, which in turn sets the correct turn ratio to fix the output AC voltage to the desired level.

The more complex full electronic versions again utilize a low frequency power transformer, typically 50Hz or 60Hz, or other frequency, connected in series between the AC input and AC output of the regulator when a change in the input AC voltage level occurs, the AC regulator electronic control senses the input voltage level and then establishes an in-phase or anti-phase AC voltage difference and adds or subtracts it from the changing input AC voltage to maintain the output AC voltage at the desired set level.

The voltage regulator disclosed in U.S. patent application No. 14/525,230 (the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference) also addresses the shortcomings of conventional designs in using series low supply frequency, large and heavy magnetic structures. Since the size of a magnetic device is largely inversely proportional to its operating frequency, the present invention treats it as a central design parameter. The purpose of the 14/525,230 voltage regulator is to achieve a unique ac voltage regulator topology that utilizes only high frequency (e.g., 1kHz to 1000kHz) series magnetic structures that significantly reduce the size, weight, and cost of these magnetic structures. However, the 14/525,230 voltage regulators use a bidirectional ac switch with extra losses.

Disclosure of Invention

Disclosed herein are improved regulator topologies for the topology of ac buck-boost regulators disclosed in U.S. patent application No. 14/525,230, instead of using single pole switches connected as ac switches, embodiments of the present invention divide the ac inductor current path in the buck and boost sections into two single pole paths, hi the buck section, the two single pole paths are represented by two diodes connected as half bridge branches (each responsible for conduction of a single pole current), half bridge branches conduct current in directions and the other branches conduct current in opposite directions.

The instantaneous ripple current, which reverses direction near the zero crossing of the output current, is the sum of the cyclic current ripples that are automatically handled by the topology.

The alternating current output current may be in any phase relationship with respect to the input and output voltages. For this reason, the ac regulator topology is capable of operating in all four possible quadrants of the ac voltage and current cycle. The topology can handle any power factor and bi-directional power flow without an intermediate dc link. Due to the inherently unipolar nature of the individual switching branches. A diode connected in series with the half-bridge branch prevents reverse conduction. The topology does not require accurate voltage and current polarity detection to operate, and the simple Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) relationship makes the topology very reliable to power line voltage and current disturbances.

Drawings

Embodiments of the present invention are described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which

FIG. 1a depicts a circuit diagram of embodiments of a conventional buck converter;

FIG. 1b depicts a circuit diagram of embodiments of a conventional boost converter;

FIG. 2a depicts a circuit diagram of embodiments of a high frequency AC series buck converter with bidirectional AC semiconductors;

FIG. 2b depicts a circuit diagram of embodiments of a high frequency AC series boost converter with bidirectional AC semiconductors;

fig. 3 depicts a circuit diagram of embodiments of a high frequency ac series buck-boost voltage regulator;

fig. 4 depicts a circuit diagram of embodiments of an improved high frequency ac series buck-boost voltage regulator in accordance with the present invention;

fig. 5a depicts a detailed circuit diagram of embodiments of the input ac voltage decoupling and sensing, ac buck topology, load and load step control portion of the improved high frequency ac series buck-boost voltage regulator in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5b depicts a detailed circuit diagram of embodiments for the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and management (housekeepping) portion of the improved high frequency AC series buck-boost voltage regulator;

FIG. 5c depicts a detailed circuit diagram of embodiments of a current sensing portion for an improved high frequency AC series buck-boost voltage regulator, and

fig. 5d shows waveforms of output voltage and current, buck and boost winding currents (PWM 40KHz, Vin 270VAC RMS1, Vout 232VAC RMS, 50Hz, load 11.25Ohm) for an exemplary embodiment of an improved high frequency ac series buck-boost voltage regulator according to the present invention.

Detailed Description

In the following description, methods, systems and apparatus for regulating an output ac voltage to a desired level (regardless of variations in the input ac voltage) are set forth as preferred examples. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications, including additions and/or substitutions, may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Specific details may be omitted so as not to obscure the invention; however, the present disclosure is described as allowing those skilled in the art to practice the teachings herein without undue experimentation.

Fig. 1a is a conventional non-isolated two-switch dc-dc buck converter with a series high-frequency inductor L1. Capacitor C3 is a charge storage capacitor to smooth the switching current pulses, and capacitors Cl and C2 are high frequency bypass capacitors that are optional depending on the voltage source, operating frequency, and components used. Fig. 1b is a conventional non-isolated two-switch dc-dc boost converter with a series high frequency inductor L2. Capacitor C6 is a charge storage capacitor to smooth the switching current pulses, and capacitors C4 and C5 are high frequency bypass capacitors that are optional depending on the voltage source, operating frequency, and components used. Fig. 1a and 1b are dc-dc buck and boost converters with positive voltage input and output, respectively. It should be noted that any person of ordinary skill in the art can construct similar dc-dc buck and boost converters with negative or positive voltage inputs and outputs, respectively.

Fig. 2a is an ac buck converter with a bidirectional switching device. Ql and Q2 in fig. 1a are changed to bi-directional ac switches Q1 and Q2 in fig. 2 a. Additionally, in fig. 2a, the output electrolyte capacitor C3 in fig. 1a is changed to a high frequency filtering alternating current capacitor C4 o, in addition to which high frequency filter components are added to suppress and filter the high frequency (e.g., 1kHz-1, oookz) switching frequency at the input and output. Filter inductances L1 and L2 and filter bypass capacitors Cl and C2 are at the input, and filter inductances L4 and L5 and filter bypass capacitors C3 and C4 are at the output. Capacitors Cl and C4 are optional depending on the components used and the operating frequency.

In fig. 2a, the inductor L3 is a power inductor designed to operate at high frequencies (e.g., 1kHz to 1 ookhz). Since the ac switching devices Ql and Q2 are switched at high frequencies (e.g., I kHz to 1000kHz) under electronic control by analog circuitry or digital control circuitry with DSP or microprocessor signal processing, the output from the control electronics drives the ac semiconductor device with high frequencies (e.g., I kHz to 10OOKHZ) modulated by PWM, and the control electronics generates a specific pulse width sufficient to drive the ac switches Ql and Q2 to generate a negative differential voltage in conjunction with the power inductor L3 at each high frequency switching cycle along the low frequency mains ac voltage input (typically 50Hz or 60Hz, or other frequencies) to reduce and regulate the output voltage along each high frequency switching cycle of the input ac voltage to a desired value set by an internal control reference.

For example, if the control switches at a design frequency of 25,000Hz, the amplitude of the low frequency (typically 50Hz or 60Hz, or other frequency) voltage of the input power supply decreases and decreases with the reference voltage setting for every 40 microseconds of the high frequency switching cycle. Thus, for every 40 microseconds, the circuit steps down the input ac voltage to adjust and regulate the desired set output ac voltage. The input filter includes capacitors Cl and C2 and filter inductors L1 and L2. The output filter includes capacitors C3 and C4 and filter inductors L4 and L5, or various combinations of high frequency filtering elements, which may be used to filter and bypass the high frequency switching frequency of the ac bidirectional semiconductor switch switching at high frequency (e.g., 25 OOOHz in this exemplary embodiment).

Fig. 2b is an ac boost converter with a bidirectional switching device. Ql and Q2 in fig. 1b are changed to bi-directional ac switches Q3 and Q4 in fig. 2 b. In addition, in fig. 2b, the output unipolar electrolyte capacitor C6 in fig. 1b is changed to a high-frequency-filtered alternating-current capacitor C8. In addition, high frequency filter components are added to reject and filter high frequency (e.g., 1kHz-1, 000kHz) switching frequencies at the input and output. The filter inductors L6 and L7 and filter bypass capacitors C5 and C6 are at the input, and the filter inductors L9 and LlO and filter bypass capacitors C7 and C8 are at the output. Capacitors C5 and C8 are optional depending on the components used and the operating frequency.

In fig. 2b, the inductor L8 is a power inductor designed to operate at high frequencies (e.g., 1kHz to 1 ookhz). Since the ac switching devices Q3 and Q4 are switched at high frequencies (e.g., 1kHz to I, OOOKHz) under electronic control by an analog circuit or (but typically) a digital control circuit with DSP or microprocessor signal processing, and the output from the control electronics drives the ac semiconductor devices with high frequencies (e.g., 1kHz to 1, OOOKHz) by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), and the mains ac voltage is input at low frequencies (typically 50Hz or 60Hz, or other frequencies) for each high frequency switching cycle, the control electronics generates appropriate pulse widths to drive the ac switches Ql and Q2, which in combination with the power inductor L3 generates a positive voltage difference, regulating the input ac voltage to a stable output voltage set by a reference voltage.

For example, if the control switches at a design frequency of 25,000Hz, the amplitude of the low frequency (typically 50Hz or 60Hz, or other frequency) voltage of the input power supply increases with the reference voltage setting for every 40 microseconds of the high frequency switching cycle. Thus, for every 40 microseconds, the control circuit drives the semiconductor bidirectional ac switches Q3 and Q4 and the power inductor L8, boosting the input ac voltage to adjust and regulate the desired set output ac voltage. The input filter includes capacitors C5 and C6 and filter inductors L6 and L7. The output filter includes capacitors C7 and C8 and filter inductors L9 and LlO, or various combinations of high frequency filter elements, which may be used to filter and bypass the high frequency switching frequency of an ac bidirectional semiconductor switch that switches at high frequencies (e.g., 25,000Hz in this exemplary embodiment).

Any person of ordinary skill in the art can use a single buck ac voltage regulator portion (as shown in fig. 2 a) as a series ac buck voltage regulator, or a single boost ac voltage regulator portion (as shown in fig. 2 b) as a series ac boost voltage regulator, or combine the buck ac voltage converter of fig. 2a with the boost ac voltage regulator of fig. 2b to form a complete high frequency ac voltage regulator, as shown in fig. 3.

Fig. 3 shows the basic operating principle of a complete high-frequency ac voltage regulator for an ac input voltage with step-up and step-down functionality. For example, if the operating frequency of the ac voltage regulator is selected to be 25KHz, the input voltage is sensed by an electronic analog or digital control and compared to an internal reference, and then the ac bi-directional switch is driven under control to either lower (decrease) or raise (increase) the ac input voltage. The voltage is regulated at each low frequency (typically 50Hz or 60Hz, or other frequency) mains voltage cycle at each 40 microsecond cycle, with an analog or digital electronic control regulating the ac output voltage to the required level according to a built-in reference voltage. This is illustrated in fig. 3, where the waveforms show that high frequency Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) reduces or increases the input ac voltage and the output ac voltage filtered by the filtering component to eliminate high frequency switching pulses.

Still referring to fig. 3. In combination with ac bidirectional semiconductor switches Ql, Q2, Q3, and Q4, which are driven by electronic control circuitry to create a unique topology that can increase or decrease the input ac voltage, the high frequency buck-boost ac voltage regulator utilizes high frequency (e.g., 1kHz-1, oookz) power inductors L3 and L4 to regulate the ac output voltage to a set desired level. The input voltage is therefore reduced (decreased) or increased (increased) at each high frequency Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) cycle (e.g., 40 microsecond PWM interval at 25 KHz) under high frequency switching control that generates the correct Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) drive signal for the ac switches for each high frequency point of the low frequency of the power supply (typically 50Hz or 60Hz, or other frequency) to reduce or increase and correct the input ac voltage level for the desired setting in the control electronics. In addition, the high frequency series buck-boost ac voltage regulator only has to deal with the power difference (differential power) between the entire buck and boost inductors L3 and L4 to regulate the input to the output ac voltage, which is therefore much less power than the total output power due to this configuration. The buck and boost inductors only have to handle the power required to adjust the differential input ac voltage to regulate the output ac voltage to the desired set level.

Refer to fig. 4. A voltage regulator topology that is an improvement over the topology shown in fig. 3 is shown in fig. 4. Instead of using a single pole switch connected as an ac switch, the ac inductor current path in the buck and boost portions is split into two single pole paths. In the buck part, the two unipolar paths are represented by two diodes connected as half-bridge branches (each responsible for the conduction of a unipolar current). In the topology shown in FIG. 4, Q1/D1, Q2/D2, and L3 conduct current from left to right; at the same time, Q3/D3, Q4/D4, and L4 conduct current from right to left. For symmetry reasons, inductors L3 and L4 are coupled inductors with the same number of turns. The total output current (with the waveform of a typical buck converter) is the sum of the currents of the L3 and L4 branches. Voltage regulation (again taking voltage step-down as an example) the ac output voltage is controlled by a conventional Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) method to be linearly proportional to the duty cycle of the forward switches Q1/D1 and Q3/D3. Two different switching states are the same as those of a conventional buck converter (I) a forward state Q1/Dl and Q3/D3 are on, Q2/D2 and Q4/D4 are off; (2) the freewheeling state (freewheel state) is Q1/D1 and Q3/D3 off, and Q2/D2 and Q4/D4 on. A small amount of on-timing overlap (timing overlap) is provided during the switching state transition from forward to freewheeling (forward to freewheeling) and freewheeling to forward transition to provide current continuity for the two inductive paths L3 and L4.

The amount of circulating current at a particular operating voltage is a function of the PWM overlap time and the leakage inductance of the coupling inductors L3 and L4.

The alternating current output current may be in any phase relationship with respect to the input and output voltages. For this reason, the topology of the ac regulator is capable of operating in all four possible quadrants of the ac voltage and current cycle. The topology can handle any power factor and bi-directional power flow without an intermediate dc link.

Due to the inherently unipolar nature of the individual switching branches. Diodes connected in series with the half-bridge branches ensure that all half-bridge branches are protected from the risk of breakdown. The topology does not require accurate voltage and current polarity detection to operate, and the simple Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) relationship makes the topology very reliable to power line voltage and current disturbances. Current sensing points along L3, L4, L5 and L6 were used for protection and management purposes (for protection and housekeepingpurpose).

The improved ac buck-boost voltage regulator employs lower loss single pole switches in series with rectifiers however, the power inductors need to be treated separately and thus, referring to fig. 4, the power inductors L3 and L4 in fig. 3 can now be divided into power inductors L3 and L4 in the buck section and power inductors L5 and L6 in the boost section as shown in fig. 4 by fabricating single pole semiconductor switching devices with series diodes D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8, respectively, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, Q7 and Q8, respectively.

For the input ac voltage, if the ac voltage input level is higher than the desired set ac reference level in the electronic control circuit, the buck section will reduce the voltage at a low frequency (typically 50Hz or 60Hz, or other frequency) every 40 microsecond cycle of the mains ac input voltage (25KHz frequency as an example), with Ql and D1, and Q2 and D2 and the high frequency power inductor L3 handling the ac positive half-cycles; the ac negative half-cycle is handled with Q3 and D3, and Q4 and D4 with power inductor L4.

Similarly, if the ac voltage input level is below the desired set ac reference level in the electronic control circuit, the boost portion will increase the voltage at a low frequency (typically 50Hz or 60Hz, or other frequency) every 40 microsecond cycle (25KHz frequency as an example) of the mains ac input voltage, with Q5 and D5, and Q6 and D6 with the high frequency power inductor L5 handling ac positive half cycles; and the ac negative half cycle is processed with Q7 and D7, and Q8 and D8 with inductor L6.

In addition, the single pole switching topology is able to accept wide coupling coefficient variations (ranging from close to (fully coupled) to zero (no coupling)) of the coupled inductor pair L3/L4 and L5/L6. with this flexibility, one can either wind two windings on the same inductor core to save space, or divide the coupled inductor into two individual inductors to reduce circulating current.

In the ac switching topology shown in fig. 3, these bipolar ac semiconductor switches are typically created by a combination of unipolar semiconductor devices (such as using SCRs, GTOs, IGBTs, or MOSFETs inserted into a full rectifier bridge that adds additional rectifier power loss), or using high-loss ac bipolar devices (such as TRIACS, back-to-back SCRs, or GT 0).

, the invention has many advantages in that it provides a very reliable buck-boost high frequency ac voltage regulator because there is no possibility of shoot-through, minimum and non-critical switching overlap timing for peak current reduction, and uses a low loss unipolar semiconductor switch in series with rectifiers (reduced loss compared to conventional ac alone semiconductor switches). an analog control circuit, or digital electronic control circuit preferably using a DSP or microprocessor, is configured to handle all voltage sensing and control of semiconductor switch timing.

To demonstrate the basic principles of the invention, the circuit described in this document is simplified, where in a step-down configuration with reduced voltage, or a step-up configuration with increased alternating voltage, it utilizes unipolar semiconductor switches in series with rectifiers, with the positive and negative cycles of the input alternating voltage being handled separately by its own power inductor.

For example, in fig. 4, with reference to unipolar semiconductor switching devices Ql and Q2 each coupled in series with a rectifier Dl and D2, the two unipolar switching semiconductor devices Ql and Q2 may be connected to a common point of a power inductor L3, where the rectifiers Dl and D2 are connected to a phase line (line) and ground, respectively. This or other similar configuration may be applied to each switching element but achieves substantially the same effect (which is the effect of a unipolar switching semiconductor device in series with a rectifier). Additional rectifiers in series may be used, although the losses will be higher. In addition, the buck ac regulator portion shown in fig. 4 may be used as an independent series ac buck regulator; and the boost ac voltage regulator shown in fig. 4 may be used as a stand-alone series ac boost voltage regulator. Any person of ordinary skill in the art can apply the inventive principles described herein to any multi-phase ac system, such as a three-phase electrical system, without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.

The embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented using a general purpose or special purpose computing device, a computer processor, a microcontroller, or electronic circuitry, including but not limited to Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), field programmable arrays (FPGAs), and other programmable logic devices configured or programmed according to the teachings of the present invention.

The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art.

The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.