阅读说明：本技术 一种农业废弃物的封闭式大棚堆发腐熟方法 (Closed greenhouse composting and decomposing method for agricultural wastes ) 是由 冷金双 于 2019-10-11 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明实施例公开了一种农业废弃物的封闭式大棚堆发腐熟方法,所述方法包括利用封闭式大棚在温度和湿度受控的条件下对农业废弃物进行堆发腐熟,其中,所述封闭式大棚内部设置有喷淋设备,大棚顶部设置有排气口；所述农业废弃物包括农业秸秆,且在进行堆发腐熟之前通过粉碎压块进行打包处理。所述方法用以解决现有的堆发腐熟方法具有季节性和地域性限制,无法在短时间内完成对秸秆和农业废弃物的分解和腐化的问题。(The embodiment of the invention discloses a composting and decomposing method for a closed greenhouse of agricultural wastes, which comprises the steps of composting and decomposing the agricultural wastes by utilizing the closed greenhouse under the condition of controlled temperature and humidity, wherein spraying equipment is arranged in the closed greenhouse, and an exhaust port is arranged at the top of the greenhouse; the agricultural waste comprises agricultural straws, and is packaged by crushing and pressing blocks before composting. The method is used for solving the problems that the existing composting and decomposing method has seasonal and regional limitations and can not finish the decomposition and decomposition of the straws and the agricultural wastes in a short time.)

1. A closed greenhouse composting and decomposing method for agricultural wastes is characterized by comprising the steps of composting and decomposing the agricultural wastes under the condition that the temperature and the humidity are controlled by using a closed greenhouse, wherein spraying equipment is arranged inside the closed greenhouse, and an exhaust port is formed in the top of the greenhouse; the agricultural waste comprises agricultural straws, and is packaged by crushing and pressing blocks before composting.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the inside of the closed greenhouse is divided into a plurality of layers from top to bottom, and each layer is provided with a temperature detector and a humidity detector.

3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein a pile turning device is further arranged inside the closed greenhouse and used for turning the piled organic wastes; and the bottom of the closed greenhouse is also provided with an air inlet for introducing natural air.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the turning apparatus is a turner or a robotic arm.

5. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein an outer pipe is further connected to the exhaust port, and the outer pipe is provided with a heat preservation device for supplying heat to the outside of the greenhouse; and a recovery container is arranged underground to recover waste liquid generated after heat supply for basic fermentation liquid of the methane tank.

6. The method according to claim 3, wherein the expanded fermenting microorganisms are sprayed as a decomposing agent onto the piled organic waste by a spraying device; the humidity is controlled to be 40-60%; controlling the temperature of the greenhouse below 25 ℃ within three days after the start of the decomposition.

7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the agricultural waste comprises livestock manure besides agricultural straw, and the weight ratio of the agricultural straw to the livestock manure is 5 (0.5-1.5); or the agricultural wastes are added with urea besides agricultural straws, and the weight ratio of the agricultural straws to the urea is 100 (0.5-1).

8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the weight ratio of the agricultural straw to the livestock manure is 5: 1; the weight ratio of the agricultural straws to the urea is 100: 0.8.

9. The method according to claim 6, wherein the propagation of the fermenting microorganism comprises the steps of: adding water into corn flour, cooking to obtain corn porridge, and cooling; then, taking surface soil to be paved in a culture room; uniformly pouring the cooled corn porridge on the surface soil, and spraying a small amount of glucose; after 2-3 days, a large amount of hypha and thalli are produced on the corn porridge.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the propagation of the fermenting microorganism is carried out at 15 to 25 ℃.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural fertilizer production, in particular to a composting and decomposing method for closed greenhouse of agricultural wastes.

Background

The agricultural wastes comprise wastes discharged in agricultural production, agricultural product processing, livestock and poultry breeding industry and rural resident life. Among them, agricultural straw is an important agricultural waste with a large amount. Along with the development of society, new energy sources such as coal, electricity, natural gas, liquefied gas and the like are widely used in rural areas, and the urbanization of the rural areas is accelerated, so that a large amount of straws which are originally used for heating and cooking are idle, and the method becomes a great burden for vast farmers in agricultural production. People usually treat straws in an incineration mode, so that a large amount of straws are ready for use in spring. However, when the straw is treated in the way, the living environment is seriously polluted, and the straw resources which can be comprehensively utilized originally are seriously wasted.

The agricultural straw can be used as agricultural organic fertilizer and raw material for preparing methane, and also used as coarse fodder and fence laying material for raising livestock. The chopped straws are mixed with a proper amount of livestock and poultry excrement and pen bedding or human and livestock excrement and urine to be subjected to high-temperature composting, pathogenic bacteria, parasitic ova, plant pests hidden in various straws, various weed seeds and the like in the human and livestock excrement can be greatly killed through short-term fermentation, and then the straws are put into a methane tank for fermentation to generate methane. The treatment method can obtain high-quality organic fertilizer and provide biogas fuel, greatly improves the utilization rate of agricultural wastes such as straws and is beneficial to environmental protection.

The existing method for producing agricultural organic fertilizer by using straws mainly comprises the steps of obtaining compost by a method of composting and decomposing after crushing. The compost contains rich nutrient substances, has long and stable fertilizer efficiency, is beneficial to promoting the formation of a soil solid particle structure, and can increase the water retention, heat preservation, ventilation and fertilizer retention capability of the soil. The pretreatment work of straw compost comprises the steps of crushing straw and mixing compost materials such as straw and decomposing agent according to a proportion.

However, the natural process of composting is both seasonal and regional, as the microbial flora used in the process must be at a specific temperature and humidity to propagate on the straw and other agricultural waste. Due to factors such as low temperature and low humidity in winter and most of northern time, the biological flora is basically in a dormant state and a semi-dormant state, and the decomposition and the decay of straws and organic wastes cannot be completed in a short time under natural conditions by the microbial flora. Therefore, in order to solve the above problem, an improved method is needed to be provided, so that the technical adaptability of the composting and decomposing method using the agricultural wastes such as the straws is wider, the method can be applied in all seasons such as winter and all regions such as north China, the decomposition and decomposition processes of the straws and the organic wastes are accelerated, people can complete the decomposition and decomposition of the straws and the organic wastes in the shortest time, and the required bio-organic fertilizer is obtained. By the technology, the current situation of agricultural production and rural production and life are improved and changed, so that the agriculture is developed towards virtuous and recyclable aspects.

Disclosure of Invention

The embodiment of the invention aims to provide a closed greenhouse composting and decomposing method, which is used for solving the problems that the existing composting and decomposing method has seasonal and regional limitations and can not decompose and decompose straws and agricultural wastes in a short time. The method provided by the embodiment of the invention is a technology capable of quickly decomposing straws and organic wastes in cold and warm zones, and the technology can be suitable for any areas in the cold and warm zones in China. The organic waste mentioned in the embodiment of the invention comprises waste discharged in agricultural production, agricultural product processing, livestock and poultry breeding industry and rural residents.

In order to achieve the above object, the embodiment of the present invention provides a method for composting and decomposing agricultural waste in a closed greenhouse, the method including composting and decomposing the agricultural waste in a closed greenhouse under controlled temperature and humidity conditions, wherein a spraying device is arranged inside the closed greenhouse, and an exhaust port is arranged at the top of the greenhouse; the agricultural waste comprises agricultural straws, and is packaged by crushing and pressing blocks before composting.

According to the technical scheme of the embodiment of the invention, the closed greenhouse with controllable temperature and humidity is adopted to carry out composting and decomposition on the agricultural wastes including the agricultural straws, so that a closed environment suitable for growth and multiplication is created for decomposed microbial floras, the decomposition and decomposition processes of the straws and other organic wastes are accelerated, and people can obtain the required biological organic fertilizer in the shortest time.

In addition, in order to ensure that the temperature and the humidity required by agricultural wastes such as straws and the like in the process of composting and decomposing are controllable, spraying equipment is arranged inside the used greenhouse, and an exhaust port is arranged at the top of the greenhouse. The spraying equipment is used for spraying liquid, including water, a decomposition agent and the like, to the piled agricultural wastes so as to control humidity and reduce temperature; in addition, the decomposition and decomposition time of the stack can be slowed down or accelerated by using the humidity, so that enough heat energy and time required by people can be obtained, and the heat supply and agricultural production service can be realized. The exhaust port is used for removing redundant heat generated during fermentation, effectively controlling the temperature in the shed and also used for adjusting the balance of air pressure inside and outside the shed.

With the development of agricultural production, the grain yield is greatly improved and the quantity of straws is large since the 80 s of the 20 th century in China, and a large amount of surplus straws are available in rural areas due to the popularization of firewood and coal saving technologies and the popularization of coal burning and liquefied gas use, so that a new utilization way with maximized utilization value and sustainable development is urgently needed to be found for the straws. Agricultural stover generally refers to the remainder of wheat, rice, corn, potatoes, oilseed rape, cotton, sugar cane and other crops (usually roughages) after harvesting the seed. More than half of the products of crop photosynthesis exist in the straws, and the straws are rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, organic matters and the like, and are a multipurpose renewable biological resource.

The method provided by the embodiment of the invention can be used for briquetting and packaging the straws and the organic wastes (organic garbage) by using a straw briquetting machine, a packaging machine and the like, and then carrying out subsequent treatment including transportation, composting and decomposition and the like. By adopting the briquetting and packaging technology for the organic waste comprising the straw, the space can be saved, the charging time is shortened, and the transportation cost is saved; secondly, when the material pile is rotten, the height of the whole material pile can be increased, the space utilization rate is improved, and the rotten amount of a unit space is increased; and thirdly, the decomposing period can be shortened to 20-30 days, for example, a closed greenhouse can be charged for at least 3-4 times in the whole autumn and winter, and can be recycled in winter.

In one embodiment, the spraying device is a nebulizer. The sprayer is used for spraying the spraying liquid onto the rotten organic waste (fermentation heap) in a spraying mode, the spraying is uniform, and the cost is reduced in some cases.

Furthermore, a temperature detector and a humidity detector are further arranged inside the closed greenhouse. Preferably, the inside of the closed greenhouse is divided into a plurality of layers from top to bottom, and each layer is provided with a temperature detector and a humidity detector.

The temperature detector and the humidity detector are arranged in the greenhouse, particularly the detectors are arranged in each layer of the fermentation pile, so that the fermentation environment of each part of the fermentation pile can be monitored in real time, the temperature and the humidity in the greenhouse can be adjusted through the spraying equipment and the exhaust port in time, and the completion of the decomposition process can be promoted. When the fermentation reactor needs to be used for external heat supply, the temperature of the gas outlet can be monitored in real time by using the detector.

In one embodiment, the temperature detector and the humidity detector are disposed in an electronic monitoring system. Through surveying the function integration to the electronic monitoring system with temperature and humidity, can control the temperature and humidity in the canopy more accurately, can know temperature and humidity in the fermentation heap like this in real time, also conveniently give the humidification according to the heap temperature condition, make the microbial community can carry out controllable decomposition and maturity to straw and other organic waste under its required humidity and temperature. And, conveniently coordinate control canopy fermentation environment on the whole through integrated control system, the automated production of being convenient for improves production efficiency, reduce cost.

As an optional embodiment, a pile turning device is further arranged inside the closed greenhouse and used for turning the piled organic wastes; and the bottom of the closed greenhouse is also provided with an air inlet for introducing natural air.

The method provided by the embodiment of the invention belongs to integral decomposition, and can avoid incomplete fermentation; humidification can be carried out at any time, and the humidity can be kept consistent. However, as an alternative and safety measure, when the organic waste is decomposed, if the humidity is too high, it is not favorable for subsequent granulation, for example, and therefore the humidity needs to be reduced. At this time, pile-turning equipment can be adopted to turn the rotten organic waste for multiple times so as to reduce the temperature and humidity; or, the decomposed fermentation pile can be naturally dried by introducing natural wind through the air inlet. Of course, the two can be combined to improve the dehumidifying efficiency and shorten the processing time according to actual conditions and requirements. In such a case, a combination of temperature and humidity monitoring may be required to control the humidity not to decrease too much.

In one embodiment, the turning apparatus may be a turning machine, preferably a self-propelled turning machine, for example of the type FDZ-2600.

In another embodiment, the turning apparatus may be a robotic arm.

Furthermore, the exhaust port is also connected with an outer pipe, and the outer pipe is provided with a heat preservation device and used for supplying heat to the outside of the greenhouse; and a recovery container is arranged underground to recover waste liquid generated after heat supply for basic fermentation liquid of the methane tank.

Namely, the closed greenhouse for composting and decomposing disclosed by the embodiment of the invention can supply heat to the outside through the exhaust port, for example, heat is supplied to other rooms or greenhouses; and a recycling barrel or a recycling tank can be arranged underground at a heat supply place, so that waste water and waste gas generated after heat supply are recycled, and the generated waste liquid can be used for basic fermentation liquor of the methane tank. Therefore, the comprehensive utilization value of the composting and decomposing of the agricultural wastes is increased, and the secondary pollution to the atmosphere and the water and soil environment is avoided.

Further, spraying the expanded and propagated fermentation microorganisms serving as a decomposing agent onto the piled organic wastes through spraying equipment; the humidity is controlled to be 40-60%; controlling the temperature of the greenhouse below 25 ℃ within three days after the start of the decomposition.

Through spraying equipment, the decomposing agent can be conveniently sprayed on the fermentation pile for decomposing. In the initial stage of decay, the temperature of the greenhouse must be controlled below 25 ℃, the humidity of the fermentation pile is between 40 and 60 percent, so as to be beneficial to the reproduction of various microbial floras, and the temperature of the greenhouse and the temperature of the pile are strictly limited to be more than 70 ℃.

In order to further improve the heat dissipation efficiency, equidistant and porous heat dissipation pipes can be additionally arranged on the fermentation pile, and the material of the heat dissipation pipes can be hard plastic. In addition, if the temperature is low at night, a cold-proof cotton blanket can be additionally arranged outside the shed for keeping the temperature at night.

Further, the agricultural waste also comprises livestock and poultry manure besides agricultural straws, and the weight ratio of the agricultural straws to the livestock and poultry manure is 5 (0.5-1.5), preferably 5: 1; or the agricultural wastes are added with urea besides agricultural straws, and the weight ratio of the agricultural straws to the urea is 100 (0.5-1), preferably 100: 0.8.

By including different types of components in the agricultural waste, especially for crop straws, the nutrient components of the decomposed compost can be more balanced by adding livestock manure or urea, and the application range is wider.

The microbial flora used by the composting and decomposing technology provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises a plurality of floras which can be used for decomposing organic wastes in nature, including but not limited to photosynthetic bacteria, saccharomycetes, fusarium, actinomycetes, chlamydomonas, clostridium, bacteroides, bud bacteria, capsular bacteria, nitrobacteria, small-mouth bacillus, achromobacter, methane bacteria, azotobacter, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, thermophilic bacteria, mold, anaerobic bacteria, ustilago, aspergillus niger and the like. The microbial flora to be cultivated and used in the method of the invention may be selected from one or more of the above mentioned species.

In one embodiment, the propagation of the fermenting microorganism comprises the steps of: adding water into corn flour, cooking to obtain corn porridge, and cooling; then, taking surface soil to be paved in a culture room; uniformly pouring the cooled corn porridge on the surface soil, and spraying a small amount of glucose; after 2-3 days, a large amount of hypha and thalli are produced on the corn porridge.

How can enough microbial flora be cultured for maturity? Microbial flora is ubiquitous in natural environment, particularly on the surface layer of soil, a large number of microbial flora and spores and hyphae capable of being used for propagation exist, and the microbial flora can propagate in large quantities under the condition that enough food (organic matters) are available. The microbial flora can not propagate without polysaccharide, glucose is the root of the microbial flora, and the microbial flora can propagate in large quantity when the temperature and the humidity meet the activity requirements of the microbial flora as long as the glucose exists. Based on the characteristic of microbial flora, microbial strains for straw decomposition can be easily obtained for decomposing and maturing straws and organic wastes.

In one embodiment, the propagation of the fermenting microorganism is carried out at 15 ℃ to 25 ℃.

In addition, if the agricultural wastes are decomposed in a large amount and the artificially cultured fermentation microorganisms are not enough to be used, domestic sewage (excrement and wastewater which are not subjected to pollution discharge treatment) discharged by urban residents can be used for directly humidifying the rotten materials.

The embodiment of the invention has the following advantages:

1. the closed greenhouse is matched with the existing composting and decomposing technology to treat the agricultural wastes comprising the agricultural straws, so that the limitation of seasonality and regionality in the prior art can be overcome, and the application range is wide.

2. The decomposition process is controllable, the mechanical production is convenient, and the efficiency is further improved; besides producing high-efficiency compost, the method can also be used for external heat supply and methane generation, greatly improves the utilization rate of agricultural wastes, avoids secondary pollution and is beneficial to environmental protection. Because the factory is a non-combustion totally-enclosed production, no secondary pollution is caused to the atmosphere and the environment.

3. The factory can be suitable according to local conditions, can be large-sized and small-sized, different factory buildings can be built according to different requirements, the investment cost is low, and the effect is quick. The method is convenient for small-scale production, and large, medium and small granulators can be selected according to the yield, the productivity, the capital condition and the like of the organic fertilizer per se (the granulation machine is an optional scheme, and is selected when the fertilizer is required to be granulated, otherwise, the granulation machine can be omitted); if the farmer produces the organic fertilizer by oneself and the fund is short, the mixed and decomposed compost of the chemical fertilizer which is twenty percent less than the previous year can be directly purchased for fertilizing, and the use of the chemical fertilizer is gradually reduced year by year according to the growth condition and the yield of crops, so that the cost and the investment of the post processing can be reduced.

4. Through the treatment of straws and all organic wastes polluting the environment, the straws and the like are converted into compressed, highly concentrated and pollution-free biological organic fertilizer. The heat energy generated in the process of producing the bio-organic fertilizer can be directly used for basic heat supply of rural urbanized districts, so that the heat supply cost of the rural urbanized districts is reduced, the consumption of other heat supply energy sources is reduced, the economic burden of winter heating of residents of the rural urbanized districts can be greatly reduced, and the country and the people are benefited.

5. Can be used for the heat supply in the northern scale vegetable production, thoroughly changes the history that the northern vegetable production is greatly influenced by seasons, and achieves three purposes at a time. With the use of the biological organic fertilizer, the use and dependence on chemical fertilizers can be reduced by farmers year by year, and the cost of agricultural production is reduced. Until the pollution and the damage of chemical fertilizers to the land, the environment, the human body and other organisms are thoroughly eliminated, the quality and the competitiveness of agricultural products are improved, and the vast farmers obtain the maximum economic benefit. Thereby realizing the virtuous circle and sustainable development of Chinese agriculture.

Detailed Description

The present invention is described in terms of particular embodiments, other advantages and features of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following disclosure, and it is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention and that it is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments disclosed. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.