阅读说明：本技术 一种菌渣堆肥的方法 (Method for composting bacterial residues ) 是由 李欣 于 2019-09-07 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种菌渣堆肥的方法,属于危险废弃物无害化处理的技术领域。该菌渣堆肥的方法包括以下步骤：1、原料预处理；2、发酵；3、陈化；4、制肥；5、包装。本发明的菌渣堆肥的方法有以下优点：(1)解决了传统方法处理抗生素菌渣成本过高、难度大且容易产生二次污染的问题,本发明避免了焚烧的过程,在发酵过程中所产生的气体均进入生物洗涤过滤装置进行处理,避免了环境污染等问题；(2)将抗生素菌渣从危险废弃物加工转化为肥料,并且可以作为产品进行销售,减少了处理危险废弃物的高成本,真正地实现了“变废为宝”。(The invention discloses a method for composting mushroom dregs, belonging to the technical field of harmless treatment of hazardous wastes. The method for composting the mushroom dregs comprises the following steps: 1. pretreating raw materials; 2. fermenting; 3. aging; 4. preparing a fertilizer; 5. and (6) packaging. The method for composting the mushroom dregs has the following advantages: (1) the invention solves the problems of high cost, high difficulty and easy secondary pollution in the traditional method for treating the antibiotic fungi residues, avoids the incineration process, and avoids the problems of environmental pollution and the like because the gas generated in the fermentation process enters a biological washing and filtering device for treatment; (2) the antibiotic fungi residues are processed and converted into the fertilizer from the dangerous waste, and can be sold as a product, so that the high cost for treating the dangerous waste is reduced, and the purpose of changing waste into valuable is really realized.)

1. A method for composting mushroom dregs is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of raw material pretreatment, fermentation, aging, fertilizer preparation and packaging.

2. The method for composting mushroom dregs according to claim 1, wherein the raw material pretreatment process comprises the following specific steps: putting the mushroom dregs, the sludge, the mushroom dregs and the straws into a raw material storage batcher, and conveying the mixture to a mixer through a conveyor; a microbial inoculum adding device is arranged above the mixing machine, and 0.1-0.3% of biological fermentation microbial inoculum is added; after various raw materials and the biological fermentation inoculant are mixed, the water content of the mixed materials is 55-60%, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio is 20-30: 1; the foul smell that raw materials preliminary treatment process produced is collected through collecting the pipeline, sends into biological deodorizing device, and deodorizing device air volume is: 0.2 to 0.3L/(min Kg).

3. the method for composting mushroom dregs according to claim 1, wherein the fermentation process comprises the following specific steps: the mixed material is conveyed to a distributing device on the fermentation tank through a conveyor to be automatically distributed; 3 fermentation tanks are designed in the fermentation workshop, each fermentation tank is 90m long, 20m wide and 2m high, and each fermentation tank can process 140m of raw materials every day³Three fermentation tanks co-process raw materials for 420m each day³(ii) a Each fermentation tank is provided with 1 chain plate type turning machine which moves forwards and turns over materials to realize turning, aeration and water delivery functions; an oxygen aeration system is arranged at the bottom of the fermentation tank to provide sufficient oxygen for the raw materials in the fermentation process; the fermentation oxygen content is 5-15%, the fermentation temperature is less than 70 ℃, and after 20-25 days of fermentation, the water content of the fermented powdery compost finished product is 35%; conveying the mixture to an aging workshop through an automatic discharging device; the outside of the fermentation workshop is provided with a biological deodorization device, and the odor is collected by a collecting pipeline and sent into the biological deodorization device for deodorizationThe ventilation quantity of the device is as follows: 0.2 to 0.3L/(min Kg).

4. The method for composting mushroom dregs according to claim 1, wherein the aging process comprises the following specific steps: the aging process is carried out to decompose and remove water; stabilizing the temperature to be below 40 ℃, keeping the water content at 30-35%, and finishing aging; the stacking process is designed into a bin type according to fermentation discharging, stacking is carried out according to the sequence of fermentation discharging, and humification is carried out by static stacking; when the temperature and the moisture do not meet the requirements, turning over and throwing are carried out in a bin dumping mode to cool and dewater; the generated gas enters a fermentation workshop through a fan after being collected and is used as ventilation of the fermentation workshop.

5. The method for composting bacterial residues according to claim 1, wherein the fertilizer preparation process comprises the following specific steps: crushing the aged material by a crusher, conveying the crushed material to a screening machine, crushing large blocks of the fermented material, screening out large impurities, returning oversize products to the crusher for re-crushing or feeding the crushed material into a fermentation tank for re-fermentation, feeding the screened qualified powdery organic fertilizer into an automatic blending and mixing system for automatically adding various nutrients N, P, K, trace elements and biological bacteria, and conveying the screened powdery organic fertilizer to a continuous mixer for uniformly mixing to obtain a powdery material; the generated dust is collected by a dust collector and then discharged.

6. The method for composting mushroom dregs according to claim 1, wherein the packaging process comprises the following specific steps: the granulated or powdery material is distributed to a finished product bin to enter packaging equipment through the transmission of a distributor and a belt conveyor, and the packaging equipment can finish the automatic packaging operation of finished products; the weight of each package can be freely set between 20 kg and 60kg, and the package is automatically controlled by a microprocessor; automatically dropping the weighed packaging bags on a conveyor, and conveying the packaging bags to a bag sewing machine for bag sewing; the bagged finished product is finally stored in a finished product warehouse and ready for sale.

7. The method for composting bacterial dregs of claim 2, wherein the microbial inoculum is a compound microbial fermentation inoculant.

8. the method for composting mushroom dregs of claim 3, wherein the fermentation plant is a solar aerobic fermentation chamber.

9. The method for composting bacterial dregs in claim 5, wherein the other treatment mode of the fertilizer preparation process is as follows: and after the mixed material enters a granulator for extrusion granulation, columnar granules are output from a discharge port of a flat-die granulator, a finished product after granulation enters a packaging system, and generated dust is collected by a dust remover and then discharged.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of harmless treatment of hazardous wastes, in particular to a method for composting bacterial residues.

background

according to the statistics of relevant data, the annual fungus residue produced by a medium-scale antibiotic factory is about 6 ten thousand tons, and the annual emission of China is about 100 ten thousand tons. The antibiotic fungi residues contain a certain amount of antibiotic residues and are classified as dangerous wastes by relevant national departments, and an unreasonable treatment method is easy to cause environmental pollution and ecological harm and can also cause resource waste. Wherein, the pollution of the antibiotic fungi residues to the environment is mainly reflected in the influence of the residual antibiotics to the environment.

In the united states, studies have been made on the disposal of antibiotic residues, such as 1% limestone mixed in mycelia, which can be used for soil improvement. Of course, the antibiotic can also be used as an animal feed additive, but antibiotic residues can be difficult to remove; antibiotic fungi residues in British are used as animal feed or additives after harmless treatment. In india, the inactivated mycelia are considered to be completely biodegradable and composted as a fertilizer raw material.

The treatment technology of antibiotic fungi residues in China comprises the following steps:

(1) Resource comprehensive utilization mode: drying the fungus dregs, then using the fungus dregs as organic fertilizer, performing antibiotic inactivation composting on the fungus dregs, drying and inactivating the fungus dregs, and then using the fungus dregs as a raw material of a culture medium for recycling;

(2) Incineration treatment: after being dried, the ring can be subjected to thermoelectric incineration, dehydration, uniform blending incineration and drying treatment and then directly incineration;

(3) And (3) landfill treatment: directly transported to outside and buried in the sanitation.

The traditional method for treating the antibiotic fungi residues has high treatment cost, is easy to generate secondary pollution, and can generate chlorine-containing smoke and SO in the incineration process₂And even harmful gases such as dioxin. The pharmaceutical industry in China develops rapidly, millions of tons of antibiotic thallus waste residues are generated every year, and no safe and effective treatment mode exists at present, so that a treatment method with high efficiency, environmental protection and large treatment capacity is urgently found. By utilizing the composting technology and adding zymophyte and antibiotic degrading bacteria, the antibiotic dregs are subjected to harmless treatment, and the compost finished product can be recycled as an organic fertilizer, so that the aims of reduction, harmlessness and recycling are fulfilled.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the problems of high difficulty and high cost in antibiotic mushroom dreg and sludge treatment in the prior art, the invention provides a mushroom dreg composting method to solve the problems.

In order to achieve the above object, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:

A method for composting mushroom dregs comprises the following steps: 1. a raw material pretreatment process; 2. a fermentation process; 3. aging; 4. a fertilizer preparation process; 5. and (5) packaging.

Further, the raw material pretreatment process is realized by the following steps:

And (3) putting the mushroom dregs, the sludge, the mushroom dregs and the straws into a raw material storage batcher, and conveying the mixture to a mixer through a conveyor. Mix the machine top and set up the microbial inoculum and add the device, add a certain amount of biological fermentation microbial inoculum as required, the proportion of adding is 0.1 ~ 0.3%. After various materials and the microbial inoculum are mixed, the water content of the mixed materials is 55-60%, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio is 20-30: 1. Then the materials are conveyed to a fermentation workshop through a conveyor for automatic distribution.

A sewage production link: the pretreatment stage mainly produces odor, and the odor is collected through a collecting pipeline and sent into a biological deodorization device, wherein the ventilation volume of the deodorization device is as follows: 0.2 to 0.3L/(min Kg).

Furthermore, the microbial inoculum is a compound microbial fermentation inoculant. The strain is a product which is subjected to safety evaluation or registered by the Ministry of agriculture, and then the proper strain is selected according to the characteristics of organic matters and antibiotic residues in the composting process, different fungus residues have various characteristics, and the target strain is selected according to a degradation target. The solid mixed fermentation strain has two proper proportions. Firstly, the ratio of different strains cannot produce mutual antagonism if the mutual synergy is achieved. Secondly, the solid fermentation inoculation has proper inoculation proportion, thereby achieving the stability of degradation and fermentation quality.

Further, the fermentation process is realized by the following steps:

(1) A production workshop: the fermentation is carried out in a fermentation plant.

(2) And (3) fermentation process: the mixed material is conveyed to a distributing device on the fermentation tank through a conveyor to be automatically distributed. 3 fermentation tanks are designed in the solar fermentation workshop, each fermentation tank is 90m long, 20m wide and 2m high, and can process 140m of materials every day³Three fermentation tanks co-process the materials for 420m each day³. Each fermentation tank is provided with 1 chain plate type turning machine which moves forwards and turns over materials to realize the functions of turning over, aerating and water flowing. An oxygen-increasing aeration system is arranged at the bottom of the fermentation tank to provide sufficient oxygen for the materials in the fermentation process. The fermentation oxygen content is 5-15%, the fermentation temperature is less than 70 ℃, and after 20-25 days of fermentation, the water content of the fermented powdery compost finished product is35 percent. And is conveyed to an aging workshop through an automatic discharging device. The fermentation workshop outside is furnished with biological deodorizing device, and the foul smell is collected through collecting the pipeline, sends into biological deodorizing device, and deodorizing device air volume is: 0.2 to 0.3L/(min Kg).

(3) The fermentation principle is as follows: under aerobic conditions of stacking, stirring and ventilation, organic matters in raw materials are decomposed by microorganisms, water can be evaporated by heat generated by decomposition, pathogenic bacteria, parasites and weed seeds can be killed, macromolecular compounds and the like can be degraded, and composting (with pile turning) is carried out for more than 5 times, wherein the temperature of the composting is more than 55 ℃, the composting is kept for 15 days, and the temperature of the composting is kept for more than 5 times. The mushroom residues with large local yield are selected as the auxiliary materials of the project and are reasonably proportioned and used according to different components of each raw material. The main energy input of the fermentation system is organic matter matrix, when the molecules are decomposed by microbes, the energy can be converted into microbial organisms or released into the surrounding environment as heat energy, the generated moisture is naturally evaporated and dissipated, and the matrix is dried. Meanwhile, a series of enzymes are generated in the growth and metabolism process of the microorganisms, and the residual antibiotics are continuously degraded and decomposed through the decomposition action of the enzymes, the reutilization of decomposition products of the microorganisms and other ways.

A temperature rising stage: in the initial stage of fermentation, the temperature of the mixed material stack is gradually increased from the ambient temperature to about 45 ℃, the dominant microorganisms are mesophilic microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, and the decomposition substrates are sugars and starch.

And (3) high-temperature stage: when the temperature of the stack rises to above 55 ℃, mesophilic microorganisms are inhibited until death, thermophilic microorganisms become leading microorganisms, residual and newly formed soluble organic matters are continuously oxidized and decomposed, complex organic matters such as cellulose and protein begin to be intensively decomposed, the activity of the microorganisms at about 50 ℃ is changed, and the activity of the added microorganisms alternately appears. The organic matters and the antibiotic residues are decomposed by the combined action of thermophilic, thermophilic and high-temperature microorganisms. By above 70 ℃ most microorganisms are in a dead and dormant state.

And (3) cooling: the high temperature stage causes the activity of the microorganisms to be reduced, and the low temperature stage is naturally entered. Mesophilic microorganisms are dominant at the stage, and the organic matters which are difficult to decompose are further decomposed, but the activities of the microorganisms are reduced, the temperature of a stack is reduced, the organic matters tend to be stabilized, oxygen needs to be reduced, and the stack enters a post-decomposition stage. The microbes which are suitable for growth at different stages generate different enzyme systems, decompose substrates and degrade residual antibiotics, and achieve the aim of harmless treatment. The types of microorganisms participating in the decomposition of organic matters (antibiotic residues) and degrading residual antibiotics include bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and the like. However, due to the particularity of the antibiotic residues, the concentration of the residual antibiotic is several times or even higher than that in the natural environment, so that the antibiotic residues have a serious inhibition effect on the growth and metabolism of general microorganisms, the general microorganisms are difficult to rapidly propagate and metabolize, and the aims of decomposing the residues and degrading the antibiotic cannot be achieved. The microbial flora adopted by the project is strictly and pertinently screened for multiple times, strains are screened for the bacterial residues generated by the Lukang medicines, the inhibiting effect of antibiotics is well solved, and the aims of quickly and effectively decomposing the bacterial residues and degrading the antibiotic residues are fulfilled. According to the safety evaluation research report of the tylosin bacterium residue organic fertilizer, the removal rate of the antibiotics is more than 96%, and the antibiotics can be better decomposed.

(4) Controlling the fermentation process: in the solid mixing aerobic fermentation process, the change process is controlled in the production process. The main detection and control indicators are: a. if the temperature changes, whether abnormal, and too high or too low, the fermentation is abnormal and deviates from the degradation target; b. the humidity changes, and the humidity has great influence on the quality of the fermentation product; c. the odor changes, when the fermentation is normal, a small amount of ammonia gas smell exists, the raw material odor and the stink smell should disappear within a few days, the fermentation smell and the yeast smell should exist in the later period, and the compost should have a humus soil smell after finishing composting. d. According to the oxygen demand in the metabolic process, the ventilation is saved, and the anaerobic fermentation is reduced. The temperature is kept above 55 ℃ for more than 7d, and the composting sanitary standard is met; and after composting, the pH value meets the rotten standard of 8.0-9.0. In the fermentation process of the mushroom dregs, the treatment temperature is kept above 55 ℃ for more than 14 days, the fermentation time is 20-30 days, and the harmless and sanitary standards of compost are met; when the composting is finished, the pH value of each treatment meets the pH standard of the thoroughly decomposed compost of 8.0-9.0; and when the composting is finished, the antibiotic residue is degraded to reach the standard and meets the requirement.

(5) A sewage production link: the raw materials such as the fungus dregs, the sludge and the like can generate malodorous gas G1 (the main component is NH) in the aerobic fermentation and decomposition process₃And H₂S), the fermentation workshop of the project is closed, the exhaust fan ensures that the fermentation shed is in a micro negative pressure state, and malodorous gas generated in the fermentation shed is introduced into 6 sets of biological washing and filtering devices through the fan for deodorization treatment.

Furthermore, the fermentation workshop is a solar aerobic fermentation chamber (containing a raw material premixing processing area), is 112m long, has a triple span structure, and is 24m in each span and 72m wide. A solar heat collection device is arranged in a fermentation workshop, so that materials with high initial water content can be specially heated, and the requirement of rapid fermentation temperature is met.

Further, the aging process is realized by the following steps:

The fermented materials in the fermentation workshop are automatically conveyed to an aging workshop, so that the materials are decomposed and aged.

The aging workshop mainly realizes secondary fermentation while piling and storing the fermented materials, further matures (humates) and removes water. The temperature is stabilized below 40 ℃, the water content is 30-35%, and the aging is basically finished. Can be sold as a semi-finished product or returned to a field matched with a planting base. The stacking process is designed into a bin type according to fermentation discharging, stacking can be carried out according to the sequence of fermentation discharging, and static stacking is carried out for humification. When the temperature and the moisture do not meet the requirements, the stack can be turned over in a dumping mode to cool and dewater.

A sewage production link: the materials are fully fermented and drained for more than 20 days in the fermentation workshop, and the moisture of the materials entering the aging workshop can reach 30 percent, so that the microbial propagation of the materials in the aging workshop is very slow and can be almost ignored. Therefore, the aging plant produces less malodorous substances. According to the invention, negative pressure collection is carried out on the aging workshop, and the gas enters the fermentation workshop through the fan after being collected and is used as ventilation of the fermentation workshop. Therefore, the aging plant pollutant production and discharge conditions are not calculated.

Further, the fertilizer preparation process is realized by the following steps:

And the aged material enters a fertilizer preparation link. The fertilizer production workshop mainly comprises a batching and mixing system, a granulating system, a packaging system and the like.

The process is as follows: the materials are firstly crushed by a crusher, then conveyed to a screening machine, the fermented materials are crushed in large blocks and screened out of large impurities, oversize products are returned to the crusher to be crushed again or enter a fermentation tank to be fermented again, screened qualified powdery organic fertilizer enters an automatic blending and mixing system to be automatically added with various nutrients N, P, K, trace elements and biological bacteria, and then conveyed to a continuous mixing machine to be uniformly mixed.

One part of the mixed materials directly enters a packaging procedure and is conveyed to a finished product bin to be packaged into a bagged product; and one part of the mixture enters a granulating process, the mixture is extruded and granulated by a granulator, columnar granules are output from a discharge port of a flat-die granulator, and a finished product after granulation enters a packaging system to finish the packaging of the finished product.

A sewage production link: the main pollutants are dust generated in the working sections of crushing, screening, proportioning, mixing and granulating, and a gas collecting hood is arranged at each dust generating point and is collected by a dust collector respectively and then discharged by a workshop organization.

Further, the packaging process is realized by the following steps:

The system mainly comprises a finished product bin, a material level device, an automatic packing scale, a bag sewing machine, a conveyor, a field control cabinet and the like. The system equipment is arranged in a fertilizer production workshop. With the help of the distributor and the belt conveyor, the pelletized or powdery materials are distributed to the finished product bin to enter the packaging equipment, and the packaging equipment can finish the automatic packaging operation of finished products. The weight of each bag can be freely set between 20 kg and 60kg and is automatically controlled by a microprocessor. The weighed packaging bags automatically fall on a conveyor and are conveyed to a bag sewing machine for bag sewing. The bagged finished product is finally stored in a finished product warehouse and ready for sale.

A sewage production link: the main pollutant is dust generated at the feeding point of the packing scale. After the gas collecting hood is arranged for collection, the dust is removed by 1 bag pulse dust collector, and the workshop is discharged in an unorganized way.

the invention has the beneficial effects that:

(1) The invention solves the problems of high cost, high difficulty and easy generation of secondary pollution in the traditional method for treating the antibiotic fungi residues, avoids the incineration process, and avoids the problems of environmental pollution and the like because all gases generated in the fermentation process enter a biological washing and filtering device for treatment.

(2) according to the mushroom dreg composting method, the antibiotic mushroom dregs are processed and converted from the dangerous waste into the fertilizer and can be sold as a product, so that the high cost for treating the dangerous waste is reduced, and the purpose of changing waste into valuable is really realized.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments or technical solutions in the prior art of the present invention, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative efforts.

FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of mushroom dreg composting.

Detailed Description

In order to make those skilled in the art better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiment of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiment is only a part of the embodiment of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.