阅读说明：本技术 夹层玻璃及车辆系统 (Laminated glass and vehicle system ) 是由 中山和彦 野原敦 伊井大三 于 2020-03-30 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明的夹层玻璃在将从一面入射的波长900～1300nm的光的平均透射率设为TA,并且将另一面的入射角60°的波长900～1300nm的光的最大反射率设为RA时,使用以下式(1)计算的T/R比(A)大于1。T/R比(A)＝log10(TA/100)/log10(RA/100)(1)。(The laminated glass of the present invention has a T/R ratio (A) greater than 1, which is calculated by the following formula (1), where TA is the average transmittance of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1300nm incident from one surface and RA is the maximum reflectance of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1300nm incident at an angle of 60 DEG on the other surface. The T/R ratio (a) is log10(TA/100)/log10(RA/100) (1).)

1. A laminated glass, wherein TA represents an average transmittance of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1300nm incident from one surface and RA represents a maximum reflectance of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1300nm incident at an angle of 60 DEG on the other surface, wherein a T/R ratio (A) calculated by the following formula (1) is larger than 1,

the T/R ratio (a) is log10(TA/100)/log10(RA/100) (1).

2. A laminated glass having a T/R ratio (1) of more than 1, which is calculated by the following formula (2-1), wherein T1 represents the average transmittance of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1000nm incident from one surface and R1 represents the maximum reflectance of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1000nm incident at an incident angle of 60 DEG on the other surface,

the T/R ratio (1) is log10(T1/100)/log10(R1/100) (2-1).

3. A laminated glass having a T/R ratio (2) of more than 1 calculated from the following (2-2) where T2 represents the average transmittance of light having a wavelength of 1000 to 1100nm incident from one surface and R2 represents the maximum reflectance of light having a wavelength of 1000 to 1100nm incident at an angle of 60 DEG on the other surface,

the T/R ratio (2) is log10(T2/100)/log10(R2/100) (2-2).

4. A laminated glass, wherein when the average transmittance of light with a wavelength of 1100-1200 nm incident from one surface is T3 and the maximum reflectance of light with a wavelength of 1100-1200 nm with an incident angle of 60 DEG on the other surface is R3, the T/R ratio (3) calculated by the following formula (2-3) is more than 1,

the T/R ratio (3) is log10(T3/100)/log10(R3/100) (2-3).

5. A laminated glass having a T/R ratio (4) of more than 1, which is calculated by the following formula (2-4), wherein T4 represents the average transmittance of light having a wavelength of 1200-1300 nm incident from one surface and R4 represents the maximum reflectance of light having a wavelength of 1200-1300 nm incident at an incident angle of 60 DEG on the other surface,

the T/R ratio (4) is log10(T4/100)/log10(R4/100) (2-4).

6. A laminated glass used in an infrared monitoring system,

when the average transmittance of light with the maximum light emission wavelength + -50 nm of an infrared light source used for the infrared monitoring, which is incident from one surface, is TB, and the maximum reflectance of light with the maximum light emission wavelength + -50 nm at an incident angle of 60 DEG on the other surface is RB, the T/R ratio (B) calculated by the following formula (3) is greater than 1,

the T/R ratio (B) is log10(TB/100)/log10(RB/100) (3).

7. The laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 6, which comprises an infrared-reflective layer.

8. The laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which comprises a 1 st glass plate and a 2 nd glass plate, and an interlayer film disposed between the 1 st glass plate and the 2 nd glass plate, wherein the interlayer film contains an infrared absorber.

9. The laminated glass according to claim 8, wherein the infrared absorber comprises a 1 st infrared absorber having a maximum absorption wavelength peak of 900 to 1300 nm.

10. The laminated glass according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the infrared absorber comprises heat insulating particles.

11. The laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 10, which comprises a 1 st glass plate and a 2 nd glass plate, and an interlayer disposed between the 1 st glass plate and the 2 nd glass plate,

the interlayer film comprises a 1 st resin layer disposed on one surface side, a 2 nd resin layer disposed on the other surface side, and an infrared reflecting layer provided between the 1 st resin layer and the 2 nd resin layer,

at least one of the 1 st resin layer and the 2 nd resin layer contains an infrared absorber.

12. A vehicle system is provided with:

the laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 11 provided in a vehicle body;

a light source that is provided inside the vehicle body and emits infrared rays; and

a light receiving mechanism which is provided inside the vehicle main body and receives reflected light from the object to be observed to which the infrared ray is irradiated,

the state of the object to be observed is detected by the reflected light received by the light receiving means.

13. The vehicle system according to claim 12, the vehicle being an automobile, the laminated glass constituting any of a front glass, a side glass, and a rear glass.

14. The vehicle system of claim 13, the laminated glass comprising the windshield.

15. The vehicle system according to any one of claims 12 to 14, further comprising a face recognition system that recognizes a face of the observed body from the received reflected light.

16. The vehicle system according to any one of claims 12 to 15, wherein the light receiving means receives reflected light from the object to be observed via reflection by the laminated glass.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a laminated glass and a vehicle system having the laminated glass.

Background

Laminated glass in which an interlayer film is integrated between 2 glass sheets is widely used as window glass for automobiles. The intermediate film is often formed of plasticized polyvinyl acetal in which a plasticizer is mixed with a polyvinyl acetal resin. Even if the laminated glass is broken by external impact, scattering of glass fragments is reduced, and safety is improved.

Conventionally, laminated glass used in automobiles is required to have improved heat insulation properties in order to prevent the interior of the automobile from becoming excessively high temperature by external light such as sunlight. Therefore, it is known that an interlayer film for a laminated glass is mixed with an organic pigment, metal oxide particles, or the like having a high heat insulating effect, or an infrared reflective layer is provided (for example, see patent documents 1 and 2). Further, it is also known to provide a functional plastic film composed of an infrared-reflecting layer and an infrared-absorbing layer (for example, see patent document 3).

On the other hand, the development of an automatic driving system for an automobile has been advanced in recent years, and now, the practical use under the LEVEL3 (conditional driving automation) has been advanced. The automatic driving system of LEVEL3 requires a driver to operate if a request is made from the system during operation, such as in an emergency. Therefore, it is important to monitor the riding of the vehicle by the driver in a state where the driver can operate.

As a monitoring system, a technique has been proposed in which infrared rays are irradiated to the face of a driver, and reflected light is captured by an infrared camera, thereby recognizing the face of the driver. Infrared rays use wavelengths in the near infrared region that cannot be recognized by human eyes and are easily reflected by human skin. This makes it possible to determine whether the driver is sitting, the direction of the line of sight, whether the driver is drowsy, whether the driver is a precursor to drowsy, and the like.

Documents of the prior art

Patent document

Patent document 1: international publication No. 2015/115627

Patent document 2: international publication No. 2014/200108

Patent document 3: international publication No. 2010/098287

Disclosure of Invention

Problems to be solved by the invention

However, infrared light is also included in external light such as sunlight that enters from the outside of the vehicle. Therefore, when the monitoring system is applied, infrared light from outside the vehicle becomes noise if it is irradiated onto the driver's face, and in some cases, a halo due to an excessive amount of light is generated, which becomes an obstacle to face recognition. The halo is a phenomenon that the light is too strong and thus exceeds the detection sensitivity of the camera, and the observed image becomes unclear.

As shown in patent documents 1 to 3, if an organic pigment or metal oxide particles are mixed in the interlayer film or an infrared reflecting layer or an infrared absorbing layer is provided, infrared light is absorbed or reflected by the interlayer film, and the infrared light is prevented from being irradiated from the outside of the vehicle to the face of the driver.

However, the wavelength of the infrared light source (e.g., LED) used in the face recognition system is desirably 900 to 1300nm near infrared rays in view of the infrared reflection wavelength of human skin. Light having such a wavelength may not be sufficiently reflected and shielded by an organic dye, metal oxide particles, or the like for the purpose of heat insulation in the related art, and noise and halation in the monitoring system may not be sufficiently prevented.

Further, in order to install the infrared light source used in the face recognition system in an instrument panel, it is studied to irradiate a human face with infrared light reflected by a window glass such as a windshield. Similarly, it has been studied that an infrared camera for observing an object irradiated with infrared rays is also provided on the instrument panel. In order to observe an object with an infrared camera provided on an instrument panel, it is desirable that infrared rays be reflected by a laminated glass and enter the infrared camera. However, the conventional laminated glass does not assume that infrared rays are reflected on the vehicle interior side, and infrared rays cannot be reflected appropriately, and thus monitoring may not be performed appropriately.

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a laminated glass that can be appropriately monitored by infrared light even when an infrared light monitoring system is introduced into various vehicles such as automobiles.

Means for solving the problems

As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have found that the above problems can be solved by making a relationship between an average transmittance of light in a predetermined wavelength region of infrared light incident from one surface and a maximum reflectance of light at an incident angle of 60 ° on the other surface constant, and have completed the following invention.

Namely, the present invention provides the following [1] to [16 ].

[1] A laminated glass, wherein TA represents the average transmittance of light with a wavelength of 900-1300nm incident from one surface, RA represents the maximum reflectance of light with a wavelength of 900-1300nm with an incident angle of 60 DEG on the other surface, and the T/R ratio (A) calculated by the following formula (1) is larger than 1.

T/R ratio (A) ═ log10(TA/100)/log10(RA/100) (1)

[2] A laminated glass, wherein the average transmittance of light with a wavelength of 900-1000 nm incident from one surface is T1, and the maximum reflectance of light with a wavelength of 900-1000 nm incident at an angle of 60 DEG on the other surface is R1, the T/R ratio (1) calculated by the following formula (2-1) is greater than 1.

T/R ratio (1) ═ log10(T1/100)/log10(R1/100) (2-1)

[3] A laminated glass, wherein when the average transmittance of light with a wavelength of 1000 to 1100nm incident from one surface is T2, and the maximum reflectance of light with a wavelength of 1000 to 1100nm with an incident angle of 60 DEG on the other surface is R2, the T/R ratio (2) calculated from the following (2-2) is greater than 1.

T/R ratio (2) ═ log10(T2/100)/log10(R2/100) (2-2)

[4] A laminated glass, wherein the average transmittance of light with a wavelength of 1100-1200 nm incident from one surface is T3, and the maximum reflectance of light with a wavelength of 1100-1200 nm with an incident angle of 60 DEG on the other surface is R3, the T/R ratio (3) calculated by the following formula (2-3) is greater than 1.

T/R ratio (3) ═ log10(T3/100)/log10(R3/100) (2-3)

[5] A laminated glass, wherein the average transmittance of light with a wavelength of 1200-1300 nm incident from one surface is T4, and the maximum reflectance of light with a wavelength of 1200-1300 nm with an incident angle of 60 DEG on the other surface is R4, the T/R ratio (4) calculated by the following formula (2-4) is greater than 1.

T/R ratio (4) log10(T4/100)/log10(R4/100) (2-4)

[6] A laminated glass used in an infrared monitoring system,

when the average transmittance of light having a maximum light emission wavelength of ± 50nm of an infrared light source used for the infrared monitoring, which is incident from one surface, is TB, and the maximum reflectance of light having the maximum light emission wavelength of ± 50nm at an incident angle of 60 ° on the other surface is RB, the T/R ratio (B) calculated by the following formula (3) is greater than 1.

T/R ratio (B) log10(TB/100)/log10(RB/100) (3)

[7] The laminated glass according to any one of the above [1] to [6], which comprises an infrared-reflective layer.

[8] The laminated glass according to any one of the above [1] to [7], which comprises a 1 st glass plate and a 2 nd glass plate, and an interlayer disposed between the 1 st glass plate and the 2 nd glass plate, wherein the interlayer contains an infrared absorber.

[9] The laminated glass according to the above [8], wherein the infrared absorber comprises a 1 st infrared absorber having a maximum absorption wavelength peak of 900 to 1300 nm.

[10] The laminated glass according to the above [8] or [9], wherein the infrared absorber contains heat insulating particles.

[11] The laminated glass according to any one of the above [1] to [10], which comprises a 1 st glass plate and a 2 nd glass plate, and an interlayer disposed between the 1 st glass plate and the 2 nd glass plate,

the intermediate film comprises a 1 st resin layer disposed on one surface side, a 2 nd resin layer disposed on the other surface side, and an infrared reflecting layer provided between the 1 st resin layer and the 2 nd resin layer,

at least one of the 1 st resin layer and the 2 nd resin layer contains an infrared absorber.

[12] A vehicle system is provided with:

the laminated glass according to any one of [1] to [11] provided in a vehicle body;

a light source that is provided inside the vehicle body and emits infrared rays; and

a light receiving means provided inside the vehicle main body and receiving reflected light from the object to be observed to which the infrared ray is irradiated,

the state of the object to be observed is detected by the reflected light received by the light receiving means.

[13] The vehicle system according to the above [12], wherein the vehicle is an automobile, and the laminated glass constitutes any one of a front window, a side window, and a rear window.

[14] The vehicle system according to item [13], wherein the laminated glass constitutes the windshield glass.

[15] The vehicle system according to any one of the above [12] to [14], further comprising a face recognition system that recognizes the face of the observed object by the received reflected light.

[16] The vehicle system according to any one of the above [12] to [15], wherein the light receiving means receives reflected light from the object to be observed via reflection by the laminated glass.

ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF INVENTION

According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a laminated glass that can be appropriately monitored by infrared light even when an infrared light monitoring system is introduced into various vehicles.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a laminated glass according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a laminated glass according to another embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a laminated glass according to a further embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a laminated glass having a wedge-shaped interlayer film.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a wedge-shaped intermediate film.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a wedge-shaped intermediate film.

Fig. 7 is a schematic view showing an embodiment of a vehicle system having a laminated glass of the present invention.

Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram for explaining an infrared camera observation test.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to embodiments.

< laminated glass >

(T/R ratio)

The laminated glass of the present invention has a T/R ratio of more than 1, which is calculated by the following formula (a), when T represents an average transmittance of light in a predetermined wavelength region of infrared light incident from one surface and R represents a maximum reflectance of light in the predetermined wavelength region at an incident angle of 60 ° on the other surface.

T/R ratio log10(T/100)/log10(R/100) (A)

In the above formula (1), the smaller the log10(T/100) and the log10(R/100) are the average transmittance (T) and the maximum reflectance (R), respectively, the larger the absolute value is, and the T/R ratio of more than 1 means that the maximum reflectance (R) of the laminated glass is larger than the average transmittance (T). Therefore, the laminated glass of the present invention has a relatively low average transmittance (T), and sufficiently shields infrared rays in a predetermined wavelength region incident from one surface of the laminated glass. Therefore, infrared rays in a predetermined wavelength range, which are included in external light such as sunlight incident from one surface (for example, a surface on the vehicle outer side) of the laminated glass, are sufficiently shielded by the laminated glass. The laminated glass can sufficiently reflect infrared rays in a predetermined wavelength range incident at an angle of 60 ° on the other surface (for example, the surface on the vehicle interior side).

The laminated glass includes a 1 st glass plate and a 2 nd glass plate, and in various vehicles, the 1 st glass plate is disposed on the vehicle exterior side and the 2 nd glass plate is disposed on the vehicle interior side. The surface of the 1 st glass plate is preferably the one surface, and the 2 nd glass plate is preferably the other surface. The same applies to the following description.

In addition, the reason why the incident angle is 60 ° in the measurement of the reflectance is that in an infrared monitoring system, the infrared ray used for monitoring is often incident on the laminated glass obliquely at a certain angle.

The average transmittance (T) and the maximum reflectance (R) were measured by the methods shown in the examples.

More specifically, in the laminated glass according to an embodiment of the present invention, when the average transmittance of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1300nm incident from one surface is TA and the maximum reflectance of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1300nm incident at an angle of 60 ° on the other surface is RA, the T/R ratio (a) calculated by the following equation is greater than 1.

T/R ratio (A) ═ log10(TA/100)/log10(RA/100) (1)

When an infrared monitoring system is introduced into various vehicles such as automobiles, 900 to 1300nm infrared light is desired to be used for monitoring. The 900-1300nm infrared light is not recognized by human eyes, is easily reflected by human skin, and is suitable for monitoring passengers such as a driver. On the other hand, the laminated glass satisfying the above formula (1) can sufficiently shield infrared rays having a wavelength of 900 to 1300nm included in external light such as sunlight incident from one surface of the laminated glass by the laminated glass.

Therefore, if the laminated glass of the present embodiment satisfying the above formula (1) is used, even if an infrared monitoring system for monitoring a driver or the like is introduced into the vehicle, external light such as sunlight is prevented from being noise at the time of monitoring, and appropriate monitoring can be performed. Specifically, for example, in the face recognition system, whether or not it is drowsy is detected by the movement of the eyelid, and the like, and the movement of the eyelid and the like can be detected with less noise by using the laminated glass of the present embodiment.

In the infrared monitoring system, infrared light may be used by reflecting infrared light by a window glass made of a laminated glass, and the laminated glass in the present embodiment satisfies formula (1), so that infrared light of 900 to 1300nm can be sufficiently reflected by the other surface (i.e., the surface on the vehicle interior side). Therefore, even when infrared rays for monitoring are used by being reflected by the window glass, the infrared rays are sufficiently reflected, and appropriate monitoring can be achieved with high accuracy.

To reduce noise and achieve high accuracy infrared monitoring, the T/R ratio (a) is preferably greater than 2.3, more preferably greater than 3.6, and preferably greater than 8. In order to maintain the visible light transmittance and the like sufficiently high, the T/R ratio (a) is, for example, 20 or less, preferably 15 or less.

In addition, in the laminated glass according to another embodiment of the present invention, at least any 1 of the T/R ratios (1) to (4) calculated from the following formulas (2-1) to (2-4) is greater than 1.

T/R ratio (1) ═ log10(T1/100)/log10(R1/100) (2-1)

T/R ratio (2) ═ log10(T2/100)/log10(R2/100) (2-2)

T/R ratio (3) ═ log10(T3/100)/log10(R3/100) (2-3)

T/R ratio (4) log10(T4/100)/log10(R4/100) (2-4)

In the formula (2-1), T1 represents the average transmittance of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1000nm incident from one surface of the laminated glass, and R1 represents the maximum reflectance of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1000nm incident at an angle of 60 DEG to the other surface of the laminated glass.

In the formula (2-2), T2 represents the average transmittance of light having a wavelength of 1000 to 1100nm incident from one surface of the laminated glass, and R2 represents the maximum reflectance of light having a wavelength of 1000 to 1100nm incident at an angle of incidence of 60 DEG on the other surface of the laminated glass.

In the formula (2-3), T3 represents the average transmittance of light with a wavelength of 1100 to 1200nm incident from one surface of the laminated glass, and R3 represents the maximum reflectance of light with a wavelength of 1100 to 1200nm incident at an angle of incidence of 60 DEG on the other surface of the laminated glass.

In the formula (2-4), T4 represents the average transmittance of light having a wavelength of 1200 to 1300nm incident from one surface of the laminated glass, and R4 represents the maximum reflectance of light having a wavelength of 1200 to 1300nm incident at an angle of incidence of 60 DEG on the other surface of the laminated glass.

An infrared light source used in an infrared monitoring system often uses an LED, which generally has a narrow emission wavelength region. When such an LED is used and infrared rays in a narrow wavelength range are selectively used, for example, by controlling the transmittance and reflectance of infrared rays in a specific wavelength range by setting at least any one of the T/R ratios (1) to (4) to be greater than 1, high-precision monitoring can be achieved with less noise.

As described above, when at least any 1 of the T/R ratios (1) to (4) is greater than 1, the maximum emission wavelength of the infrared light source used in the infrared monitoring system preferably exists in a wavelength region in which the T/R ratios (1) to (4) are greater than 1. That is, when the T/R ratio (1) is more than 1, the maximum emission wavelength of the light source used is preferably 900 to 1000 nm. When the T/R ratio (2) is greater than 1, the maximum emission wavelength of the light source used is preferably 1000 to 1100 nm. When the T/R ratio (3) is more than 1, the maximum emission wavelength of the light source used is preferably 1100 to 1200 nm. When the T/R ratio (4) is more than 1, the maximum emission wavelength of the light source used is preferably 1200 to 1300 nm.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the T/R ratio of the laminated glass (1) to (4) is preferably 2 or more, and more preferably 3 or more, and is greater than 1. If the T/R ratio is greater than 1 in such a wide range of wavelength region, less noise can be caused and monitoring with high accuracy can be achieved.

When 2 or 3T/R ratios are greater than 1, the T/R ratio of the adjacent wavelength regions is preferably greater than 1. That is, it is preferable that the T/R ratio (1) and the T/R ratio (2), the T/R ratio (2) and the T/R ratio (3), or the T/R ratio (3) and the T/R ratio (4) be greater than 1.

Further, it is more preferable that the T/R ratio (1) and the T/R ratio (2) and the T/R ratio (3), or the T/R ratio (2) and the T/R ratio (3) and the T/R ratio (4) are larger than 1. In this way, if the T/R ratio of the wavelength regions adjacent to each other is made larger than 1, the T/R ratio can be made large continuously in a wide range of wavelength regions, and therefore highly accurate monitoring can be achieved more with less noise. Further, in order to realize monitoring with high accuracy with less noise, it is preferable that all of the T/R ratios (1) to (4) be greater than 1.

When at least 1 of the T/R ratios (1) to (4) is greater than 1 as described above, the T/R ratio (a) does not necessarily need to be greater than 1, but is preferably greater than 1. By making at least 1 of the T/R ratios (1) to (4) larger than 1 and making the T/R ratio (a) larger than 1, it becomes easy to realize highly accurate monitoring with less noise. In this case, as described above, at least 2 of the T/R ratios (1) to (4) are more preferably greater than 1, at least 3 of the T/R ratios (1) to (4) are more preferably greater than 1, and all of the T/R ratios (1) to (4) are more preferably greater than 1. Specific combinations in the case where at least 2 or 3 of the T/R ratios (1) to (4) are greater than 1 are as described above.

In the laminated glass of the present embodiment, the T/R ratio (1) is preferably more than 2.3, more preferably more than 3.6, and preferably more than 8. If the T/R ratio (1) is set to be large as described above, noise can be reduced and appropriate infrared monitoring can be realized, and particularly, infrared monitoring with higher accuracy can be performed when a light source having a maximum emission wavelength of 900 to 1000nm is used. In order to maintain the visible light transmittance and the like sufficiently high, the T/R ratio (1) is, for example, 20 or less, preferably 15 or less.

The T/R ratio (2) is preferably more than 2.3, more preferably more than 3.6, further preferably more than 8.0. When the T/R ratio (2) is set to be large as described above, it is possible to reduce noise and realize infrared monitoring with high accuracy, and particularly, infrared monitoring with higher accuracy can be realized when a light source having a maximum emission wavelength of 1000 to 1100nm is used. In order to maintain the visible light transmittance and the like sufficiently high, the T/R ratio (2) is, for example, 20 or less, preferably 15 or less.

The T/R ratio (3) is preferably more than 2.3, more preferably more than 3.6, further preferably more than 8.0. When the T/R ratio (3) is set to be large as described above, it is possible to reduce noise and realize infrared monitoring with high accuracy, and particularly, infrared monitoring with higher accuracy can be realized when a light source having a maximum emission wavelength of 1100 to 1200nm is used. In order to maintain the visible light transmittance and the like sufficiently high, the T/R ratio (3) is, for example, 20 or less, preferably 15 or less.

The T/R ratio (4) is preferably more than 2.3, more preferably more than 3.6, and further preferably more than 8.0. When the T/R ratio (4) is set to be large as described above, it is possible to reduce noise and realize infrared monitoring with high accuracy, and particularly, infrared monitoring with higher accuracy can be realized when a light source having a maximum emission wavelength of 1200 to 1300nm is used. In order to maintain the visible light transmittance and the like sufficiently high, the T/R ratio (4) is, for example, 20 or less, preferably 15 or less.

A laminated glass according to still another embodiment of the present invention is a laminated glass used in an infrared monitoring system, and the T/R ratio (B) calculated by the following formula (3) is greater than 1.

T/R ratio (B) log10(TB/100)/log10(RB/100) (3)

In formula (3), TB is the average transmittance of light with the maximum emission wavelength ± 50nm incident from one surface of the laminated glass, and RB is the maximum reflectance of light with the maximum emission wavelength ± 50nm at an incident angle of 60 ° on the other surface of the laminated glass. The maximum emission wavelength is a wavelength at which the emission intensity of the infrared light source used for monitoring is the highest.

As described above, an infrared light source used in an infrared monitoring system often uses an LED, and the LED generally has a narrow emission wavelength region. Therefore, by making the T/R ratio (B) of light in the wavelength region of the maximum emission wavelength of the light source and the vicinity thereof greater than 1, highly accurate monitoring can be achieved with less noise.

The T/R ratio (B) is preferably greater than 2.3, more preferably greater than 3.6, preferably greater than 8. If the T/R ratio (B) is made so large, noise can be reduced and infrared monitoring with high accuracy can be realized. In order to maintain the visible light transmittance and the like sufficiently high, the T/R ratio (B) is, for example, 20 or less, preferably 15 or less.

(average transmittance)

In the present invention, the average transmittance TA of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1300nm is preferably 25% or less, more preferably 20% or less, and further preferably 15% or less. If the average transmittance TA is made low, the T/R ratio (A), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), and the T/R ratio (B) can be easily made larger than 1. From the viewpoint of appropriate monitoring by infrared rays, the lower the average transmittance TA of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1300nm is, the better, but from the viewpoint of making the visible light transmittance of the laminated glass high, it is, for example, 1% or more, preferably 3% or more, and more preferably 5% or more.

In the present invention, as described above, the average transmittance T of light in the wavelength region where the T/R ratio (1) to (4) and the T/R ratio (B) are greater than 1 (for example, the average transmittance T1 of light of 900 to 1000nm when the T/R ratio (1) is greater than 1) is preferably 25% or less, more preferably 20% or less, and still more preferably 15% or less. If the average transmittance T in each wavelength region is made low, the T/R ratios (1) to (4) and the T/R ratio (B) are easily made to be larger than 1.

From the viewpoint of appropriate monitoring by infrared rays, the average transmittance T of light in a wavelength region where the T/R ratio (1) to (4) and the T/R ratio (B) are greater than 1 is preferably as low as possible, but from the viewpoint of making the visible light transmittance of the laminated glass high, for example, 1% or more, preferably 3% or more, and more preferably 5% or more.

(maximum reflectance)

The maximum reflectance RA of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1300nm is, for example, 12% or more, preferably 30% or more, more preferably 50% or more, further preferably 60% or more, and particularly preferably 73% or more. If the maximum reflectance RA is made large in this way, the T/R ratio (a), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), and the T/R ratio (B) can be easily made larger than 1. From the viewpoint of appropriate monitoring by infrared rays, the higher the maximum reflectance RA of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1300nm, the better, but it is practically 95% or less, and it may be 85% or less.

As described above, the maximum reflectance R of light in a wavelength region having T/R ratios (1) to (4) and a T/R ratio (B) of more than 1 (for example, when the T/R ratio (1) is more than 1, the maximum reflectance R1 of light of 900 to 1000 nm) is, for example, 8% or more, preferably 30% or more, more preferably 50% or more, further preferably 60% or more, and particularly preferably 73% or more. If the maximum reflectance R is made large in this way, the T/R ratios (1) to (4) and the T/R ratio (B) can be easily made larger than 1.

From the viewpoint of appropriate monitoring by infrared rays, the higher the maximum reflectance R of light in the wavelength region where the T/R ratio (1) to (4) and the T/R ratio (B) are greater than 1, the better, but practically 95% or less, and 85% or less may be used.

(visible light transmittance)

The laminated glass of the present invention preferably has a visible light transmittance (Tv) of 60% or more so as to be suitably used as a window glass, and more preferably 70% or more, further preferably 75% or more, and further preferably 80% or more so as to be suitably used as a front window of an automobile. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of transparency of the window glass, the higher the visible light transmittance, the better, but in order to make the transmittance of light in a predetermined infrared wavelength region low as described above, and to facilitate improvement of the heat shielding property, the higher is preferably 99% or less, more preferably 95% or less, and still more preferably 92% or less.

The visible light transmittance (Tv) may be measured in accordance with JIS R3212(2015), and the specific measurement method is as shown in examples.

(Tts)

For example, the laminated glass of the present invention is desired to have high heat insulation properties in order to prevent the interior of a vehicle from being heated by external light such as sunlight. From such a viewpoint, Tts of the laminated glass is, for example, 70% or less, preferably 65% or less, more preferably 60% or less, and further preferably 55% or less. Tts is a short name for Total solar energy transmitted through a glazing, and is an index representing heat insulation. The laminated glass has sufficient heat insulating properties when Tts is not more than the above upper limit value. From the viewpoint of ensuring a certain visible light transmittance or higher, Tts is, for example, 30% or higher, preferably 40% or higher, more preferably 45% or higher, and still more preferably 50% or higher.

In the present invention, the transparency can be improved and Tts can be reduced by appropriately adjusting the type of the infrared absorbing agent and the type of the infrared reflective layer to be incorporated in the interlayer film as described later. Specifically, Tts may be set to 65% or less, 60% or less, or 55% or less, for example, while ensuring a visible light transmittance of 70% or more. Tts may be measured according to ISO 13837(2008), and a specific measurement method is as shown in examples.

(Tds(1.5))

Tds (1.5) is the solar transmittance Tds (1.5) of the laminated glass for light having a wavelength of 300 to 2500 nm. In order to improve the heat insulating property, Tds (1.5) of the laminated glass of the present invention is, for example, 60% or less, preferably 55% or less, more preferably 50% or less, and further preferably 45% or less. From the viewpoint of ensuring a certain or higher visible light transmittance, the visible light transmittance is, for example, 20% or higher, preferably 30% or higher, more preferably 35% or higher, and still more preferably 40% or higher.

In the present invention, as described above, Tds (1.5) can be reduced while improving transparency, and specifically, Tds (1.5) can be set to 55% or less, 50% or less, or 45% or less, for example, while securing visible light transmittance of 70% or more.

The solar transmittance Tds (1.5) may be measured in accordance with ISO 13837(2008), and a specific measurement method is as shown in examples.

Next, the structure of the laminated glass of the present invention will be described in detail.

The laminated glass includes a pair of glass plates (1 st glass and 2 nd glass), and an interlayer disposed between the pair of glass plates. The pair of glass plates are bonded together via an interlayer film to form a laminated glass.

(Infrared absorber)

The laminated glass of the present invention preferably contains an infrared absorber. The laminated glass contains an infrared absorber, so that the transmittance of light in the wavelength region of 900 to 1300nm is low, and the T/R ratio is easily made to be more than 1. Further, the heat insulation property and the like are also easily improved. The infrared absorber is preferably contained in the intermediate film.

Examples of the infrared absorber include an organic dye and heat-insulating particles. The organic pigment is preferably an organic pigment containing a metal element. The organic pigments may be used alone in 1 kind, or in combination of 2 or more kinds. When the organic dye contains a metal element, the metal element may be 1 kind alone, or 2 or more kinds. The metal element may be contained in the form of a compound such as a metal oxide.

The metal element may be a transition element or a main group metal. Examples of the transition element include a group 4 element, a group 5 element, a group 6 element, a group 7 element, a group 8 element, a group 9 element, a group 10 element, a group 11 element, a group 12 element, and the like. Examples of the main group metal include group 13 elements and group 14 elements. Specific examples of the metal element include copper, zinc, vanadium, and tin.

Examples of the organic dye include phthalocyanine compounds, naphthalocyanine compounds, and anthracyanine compounds.

The phthalocyanine compound is phthalocyanine or a phthalocyanine derivative having a phthalocyanine skeleton, and preferably contains a metal element therein. The naphthalocyanine compound is a naphthalocyanine or a naphthalocyanine derivative having a naphthalocyanine skeleton, and preferably contains a metal element therein. The anthracene phthalocyanine compound is anthracene phthalocyanine or an anthracene phthalocyanine derivative having an anthracene phthalocyanine skeleton, and preferably contains a metal element therein.

In these organic pigments, the metal element is preferably a central metal of a naphthalocyanine skeleton, or an anthracene phthalocyanine skeleton.

Among the above, the organic coloring matters are preferably phthalocyanine compounds containing a metal element.

The heat insulating particles are made of a material capable of absorbing infrared rays having a wavelength of 780nm or more, that is, heat rays. The heat-insulating particles are formed of an inorganic material, and specific examples thereof include particles other than metal oxide particles, such as metal oxide particles and lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) particles. Examples of the metal oxide particles include tin oxide particles such as aluminum-doped tin oxide particles, indium-doped tin oxide particles, and antimony-doped tin oxide particles (ATO particles), zinc oxide particles such as gallium-doped zinc oxide particles (GZO particles), indium-doped zinc oxide particles (IZO particles), aluminum-doped zinc oxide particles (AZO particles), tin-doped zinc oxide particles, and silicon-doped zinc oxide particles, titanium oxide particles such as niobium-doped titanium oxide particles, indium oxide particles such as tin-doped indium oxide particles (ITO particles), sodium-doped tungsten oxide particles, cesium-doped tungsten oxide particles (CWO particles), thallium-doped tungsten oxide particles, and tungsten oxide particles such as rubidium-doped tungsten oxide particles. In addition, insulating particles other than these may also be used. The heat insulating material can be used singly or in combination of 2 or more.

Among them, in order to increase the heat ray shielding function, metal oxide particles are preferable, at least 1 kind selected from ATO particles, GZO particles, ITO particles and CWO particles is more preferable, and ITO particles or CWO particles is further preferable.

The average particle diameter of the heat-shielding particles has a preferred lower limit of 10nm, a more preferred lower limit of 20nm, a preferred upper limit of 100nm, a more preferred upper limit of 80nm, and a further preferred upper limit of 50 nm. If the average particle diameter is not less than the preferable lower limit, the heat ray shielding property can be sufficiently improved. Further, if the average particle diameter is not more than the preferable upper limit, the heat insulating material is less likely to shield visible light, and the visible light transmittance can be easily adjusted to a predetermined range.

The "average particle diameter" represents a volume average particle diameter. The average particle diameter can be measured using a particle size distribution measuring apparatus ("UPA-EX 150" manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.).

In the present invention, the T/R ratio (a), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), and the T/R ratio (B) can be made greater than 1 by appropriately adjusting the absorption characteristics of the infrared absorber. For example, by using an infrared absorber having a maximum absorption wavelength peak in the range of 900 to 1300nm (hereinafter, also referred to as "the 1 st infrared absorber"), the T/R ratio (A), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), and the T/R ratio (B) can be easily made to be larger than 1.

Specifically, for example, by using the 1 st infrared absorber having a maximum absorption wavelength peak of 900 to 1100nm, the T/R ratios (1) and (2) are easily larger than 1. More specifically, the T/R ratio (2) is liable to be larger than 1 by using the 1 st infrared absorbent having a maximum absorption wavelength peak of 1000 to 1100nm, and the T/R ratio (1) is liable to be larger than 1 by using the 1 st infrared absorbent having a maximum absorption wavelength peak of 900 to 1000 nm. Further, for example, by using the 1 st infrared absorbent having a maximum absorption wavelength peak of 1100 to 1300nm, the T/R ratios (3) and (4) can be made low.

The 1 st infrared absorber may be any organic dye as long as it is used, and among them, an organic dye having a metal element is preferable, and a phthalocyanine compound having a metal element is more preferable. The organic dye can adjust the maximum absorption wavelength peak by appropriately adjusting the type of the substituent or the metal element substituted for the basic skeleton, and for example, the maximum absorption wavelength peak can be adjusted to a range of 900 to 1300nm by appropriately changing the type of the substituent or the central metal substituted for the phthalocyanine skeleton in the phthalocyanine compound.

As the 1 st infrared absorber, commercially available ones can be used, and examples of the phthalocyanine compound having a metal element include a trade name "TIR-915" (maximum absorption wavelength peak: about 950nm), a trade name "TX-EX-902K" (maximum absorption wavelength peak: 1026nm), a trade name "TX-EX-931" (maximum absorption wavelength peak: 945nm), a trade name "IR-924" (all manufactured by Nippon Kogyo Co., Ltd.).

Of course, the infrared absorber is not limited to the 1 st infrared absorber, and an infrared absorber having a maximum absorption wavelength peak in a range of 780nm or more and less than 900nm (hereinafter, also referred to as "2 nd infrared absorber") may be used. Among the above, the 2 nd infrared absorbing agent is preferably an organic dye, particularly an organic dye having a metal element, and more preferably a phthalocyanine compound having a metal element.

As the 2 nd infrared absorber, commercially available products can be used, and examples of the phthalocyanine compound having a metal element include a trade name "イーエスカラー IR-14" (maximum absorption wavelength peak: 834nm), a trade name "TX-EX-W801" (maximum absorption wavelength peak: 785nm) (both manufactured by Nippon catalyst Co., Ltd.), and a trade name "NIR-43V" (manufactured by Shantian chemical Co., Ltd.).

The 2 nd infrared ray absorber is preferably used together with the 1 st infrared ray absorber or with the heat insulating particles.

The maximum absorption wavelength peak of the infrared absorber can be measured by the following method. A chloroform solution is obtained by mixing 0.0002 to 0.002 parts by mass of a compound to be measured with respect to 100 parts by mass of chloroform. The resulting chloroform solution was introduced into a spectrophotometer having an optical path length of 1.0cm using a quartz cell. The transmittance at 300 to 2500nm was measured using an automatic recording spectrophotometer ("U4100" manufactured by Hitachi Ltd.), and the maximum absorption wavelength peak was obtained. The maximum absorption wavelength peak is a wavelength at which the transmittance shows a minimum value, and in this case, the maximum absorption wavelength peak is a wavelength at which the minimum value is the minimum.

Further, as the infrared absorber, heat insulating particles are also preferably used. The heat-insulating particles are not so high in performance of absorbing infrared rays in a wavelength region of 900 to 1300nm, but can effectively shield incidence of heat rays and infrared rays. Therefore, by using the heat insulating particles in combination with the 1 st infrared absorber and an infrared reflecting layer described later, the transmittance of 900 to 1300nm can be reduced and the increase in the temperature inside the vehicle can be prevented by the heat insulating particles.

[ layer containing absorbent ]

The infrared absorber is preferably contained in the intermediate film. The interlayer film preferably has a resin layer containing an infrared absorber (hereinafter, may be referred to as "absorber-containing layer"). The resin constituting the absorbent-containing layer is preferably a thermoplastic resin. That is, the layer containing the absorber preferably contains a thermoplastic resin in addition to the infrared absorber, and the infrared absorber is preferably dispersed or dissolved in the thermoplastic resin. The layer containing the absorbent easily functions as an adhesive layer by containing the thermoplastic resin, and has good adhesion to a glass plate and an infrared-reflecting layer described later.

The content of the infrared absorber in the absorber-containing layer may be in a range in which the T/R ratio (a), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), and the T/R ratio (B) can be adjusted to the above-described predetermined ranges, and is, for example, 0.005 mass% or more and 1.5 mass% or less, preferably 0.01 mass% or more and 1.2 mass% or less, and more preferably 0.015 mass% or more and 1.0 mass% or less.

In addition, in the case of using 2 or more kinds of infrared absorbers, the total content of the 2 or more kinds of infrared absorbers may be within the above range.

(thermoplastic resin)

The thermoplastic resin is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include polyvinyl acetal resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ionomer resin, polyurethane resin, thermoplastic elastomer, acrylic resin, acrylic-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, polyolefin resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, polystyrene resin, and the like. By using these resins, adhesion to the glass plate can be easily ensured.

The thermoplastic resin may be used alone in 1 kind or in combination of 2 or more kinds in the absorbent-containing layer of the present invention. Among them, at least 1 selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl acetal resins and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resins is preferable, and particularly when used in combination with a plasticizer, polyvinyl acetal resins are more preferable from the viewpoint of exhibiting excellent adhesion to glass.

(polyvinyl acetal resin)

The polyvinyl acetal resin is not particularly limited as long as it is a polyvinyl acetal resin obtained by acetalizing polyvinyl alcohol with an aldehyde, but a polyvinyl butyral resin is suitable. The acetalization degree of the polyvinyl acetal resin preferably has a lower limit of 40 mol%, a preferred upper limit of 85 mol%, a more preferred lower limit of 60 mol%, and a more preferred upper limit of 75 mol%.

The preferable lower limit of the amount of the hydroxyl group in the polyvinyl acetal resin is 15 mol%, and the preferable upper limit is 35 mol%. By setting the hydroxyl group amount to 15 mol% or more, the adhesiveness to a glass plate or the like is easily improved, and the penetration resistance and the like of the laminated glass are easily improved. Further, the amount of hydroxyl groups is 35 mol% or less, thereby preventing the laminated glass from becoming too hard. The lower limit of the amount of the hydroxyl group is more preferably 25 mol%, and the upper limit is more preferably 33 mol%.

In the case of using a polyvinyl butyral resin as the polyvinyl acetal resin, from the same viewpoint, the preferable lower limit of the amount of the hydroxyl group is 15 mol%, the preferable upper limit is 35 mol%, the more preferable lower limit is 25 mol%, and the more preferable upper limit is 33 mol%.

The acetalization degree and the hydroxyl group amount can be measured by the method in accordance with JIS K6728 "ポリビニルブチラール test test method (polyvinyl butyral test method)".

The polyvinyl acetal resin can be prepared by acetalizing polyvinyl alcohol with an aldehyde. Polyvinyl alcohol is generally obtained by saponifying polyvinyl acetate, and polyvinyl alcohol having a saponification degree of 80 to 99.8 mol% is generally used.

The polymerization degree of the polyvinyl acetal resin has a preferred lower limit of 500 and a preferred upper limit of 4000. By setting the polymerization degree to 500 or more, the penetration resistance of the laminated glass becomes good. Further, the degree of polymerization is 4000 or less, whereby the laminated glass can be easily molded. A more preferable lower limit of the polymerization degree is 1000, and a more preferable upper limit is 3600.

The aldehyde is not particularly limited, and generally, an aldehyde having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is suitably used. The aldehyde having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include n-butyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde, 2-ethylbutyraldehyde, n-hexanal, n-octanal, n-nonanal, n-decanal, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and the like. Among them, n-butyraldehyde, n-hexanal and n-valeraldehyde are preferable, and n-butyraldehyde is more preferable. These aldehydes may be used alone, or 2 or more of them may be used in combination.

(ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin)

The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin may be a non-crosslinked ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, or may be a high-temperature crosslinked ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin. Further, as the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, an ethylene-vinyl acetate modified resin such as a saponified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer or a hydrolysate of ethylene-vinyl acetate may be used.

Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin according to JIS K6730 "エチレン -acetic acid ビニル method for resin bonding test (ethylene/vinyl acetate resin test method)" or JIS K6924-2: the vinyl acetate content measured in 1997 is preferably 10 to 50 mass%, more preferably 20 to 40 mass%. When the vinyl acetate content is not less than the lower limit, the adhesion to glass is high, and the penetration resistance of the laminated glass is likely to be good. When the vinyl acetate content is not more than the above upper limit, the fracture strength of the layer containing the absorbent increases, and the impact resistance of the laminated glass becomes good.

(ionomer resin)

The ionomer resin is not particularly limited, and various ionomer resins can be used. Specific examples thereof include vinyl ionomer, styrene ionomer, perfluorocarbon ionomer, telechelic ionomer, and polyurethane ionomer. Among them, vinyl ionomer is preferable in terms of good mechanical strength, durability, transparency and the like of the laminated glass and excellent adhesion to glass.

As the ethylene based ionomer, an ionomer of an ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer is preferably used because it is excellent in transparency and toughness. The ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer is a copolymer having at least a structural unit derived from ethylene and a structural unit derived from an unsaturated carboxylic acid, and may have a structural unit derived from another monomer.

The unsaturated carboxylic acid includes acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, etc., preferably acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, and particularly preferably methacrylic acid. Further, as other monomers, acrylate, methacrylate, 1-butene, and the like can be mentioned.

The ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer preferably has 75 to 99 mol% of a structural unit derived from ethylene, and preferably 1 to 25 mol% of a structural unit derived from an unsaturated carboxylic acid, based on 100 mol% of all structural units of the copolymer.

The ionomer of the ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer is an ionomer resin obtained by neutralizing or crosslinking at least a part of carboxyl groups of the ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer with metal ions, and the degree of neutralization of the carboxyl groups is usually 1 to 90%, preferably 5 to 85%.

Examples of the ion source in the ionomer resin include alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium, and polyvalent metals such as magnesium, calcium, and zinc, and sodium and zinc are preferable.

The ionomer resin can be produced by a conventionally known production method, although the production method is not particularly limited. For example, when an ionomer of an ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer is used as the ionomer resin, an ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer is produced by, for example, radical copolymerization of ethylene and an unsaturated carboxylic acid at high temperature and high pressure. Further, by reacting the ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer with the metal compound containing the ion source, an ionomer of the ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer can be produced.

(polyurethane resin)

Examples of the polyurethane resin include a polyurethane obtained by reacting an isocyanate compound with a diol compound, a polyurethane obtained by reacting an isocyanate compound with a chain extender such as a diol compound and a polyamine, and the like. Further, the polyurethane resin may contain a sulfur atom. In this case, it is preferable that a part or all of the diols be selected from polythiols and sulfur-containing polyols. The polyurethane resin can provide good adhesion to organic glass. Therefore, the glass plate is suitable for use in the case where the glass plate is organic glass.

(thermoplastic elastomer)

Examples of the thermoplastic elastomer include styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers and aliphatic polyolefins. The styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer is not particularly limited, and known ones can be used. The styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer generally has a styrene monomer polymer block as a hard segment and a conjugated diene compound polymer block as a soft segment or a hydrogenated block thereof. Specific examples of the styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer include a styrene-isoprene diblock copolymer, a styrene-butadiene diblock copolymer, a styrene-isoprene-styrene triblock copolymer, a styrene-butadiene/isoprene-styrene triblock copolymer, a styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer, and hydrogenated products thereof.

The aliphatic polyolefin may be a saturated aliphatic polyolefin or an unsaturated aliphatic polyolefin. The aliphatic polyolefin may be a polyolefin having a chain olefin as a monomer, or a polyolefin having a cyclic olefin as a monomer. The aliphatic polyolefin is preferably a saturated aliphatic polyolefin from the viewpoint of effectively improving the storage stability and the sound insulating property of the interlayer film.

Examples of the material of the aliphatic polyolefin include ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, trans-2-butene, cis-2-butene, 1-pentene, trans-2-pentene, cis-2-pentene, 1-hexene, trans-2-hexene, cis-2-hexene, trans-3-hexene, cis-3-hexene, 1-heptene, trans-2-heptene, cis-2-heptene, trans-3-heptene, cis-3-heptene, 1-octene, trans-2-octene, cis-2-octene, trans-3-octene, cis-3-octene, trans-4-octene, trans-2-octene, and the like, Cis-4-octene, 1-nonene, trans-2-nonene, cis-2-nonene, trans-3-nonene, cis-3-nonene, trans-4-nonene, cis-4-nonene, 1-decene, trans-2-decene, cis-2-decene, trans-3-decene, cis-3-decene, trans-4-decene, cis-4-decene, trans-5-decene, cis-5-decene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, vinylcyclohexane, and the like.

(plasticizer)

When the absorbent-containing layer of the present invention contains a thermoplastic resin, the absorbent-containing layer may further contain a plasticizer. The absorbent-containing layer becomes flexible by containing a plasticizer, and as a result, the flexibility of the laminated glass is improved, and the penetration resistance is improved. Further, high adhesion to the glass plate can be exhibited. It is particularly effective if a plasticizer is contained in the case of using a polyvinyl acetal resin as the thermoplastic resin.

Examples of the plasticizer include organic ester plasticizers such as monobasic organic acid esters and polybasic organic acid esters, and phosphoric acid plasticizers such as organic phosphoric acid plasticizers and organic phosphorous acid plasticizers. Among them, organic ester plasticizers are preferable.

Examples of the organic ester plasticizer include triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate, triethylene glycol dicaprylate, triethylene glycol di-n-caprylate, triethylene glycol di-n-heptanoate, tetraethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate, dibutyl sebacate, dioctyl azelate, dibutyl carbitol adipate, ethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, 1, 3-propanediol di-2-ethylbutyrate, 1, 4-butanediol di-2-ethylbutyrate, 1, 2-butanediol di-2-ethylbutyrate, diethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate, dipropylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, and mixtures thereof, Triethylene glycol di-2-ethylvalerate, tetraethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, diethylene glycol dicaprate, triethylene glycol di-n-heptanoate, tetraethylene glycol di-n-heptanoate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, dihexyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, hexyl cyclohexyl adipate, diisononyl adipate, heptyl nonyl adipate, dibutyl sebacate, oil modified sebacic alkyd, a mixture of phosphate esters and adipates, mixed adipates, and the like. The mixed adipate is prepared from at least 2 alcohols selected from alkyl alcohols having 4 to 9 carbon atoms and cyclic alcohols having 4 to 9 carbon atoms.

Among the above plasticizers, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate (3GO) is particularly suitably used.

The content of the plasticizer in the absorbent-containing layer is not particularly limited, but a preferable lower limit is 20 parts by mass and a preferable upper limit is 70 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin. When the content of the plasticizer is 20 parts by mass or more, the laminated glass is appropriately soft and the penetration resistance and the like are good. Further, when the content of the plasticizer is 70 parts by mass or less, the plasticizer is prevented from separating from the absorbent-containing layer. A more preferable lower limit of the content of the plasticizer is 35 parts by mass, and a more preferable upper limit is 63 parts by mass.

In the absorbent-containing layer, the resin or the resin and the plasticizer are the main components, and the total amount of the thermoplastic resin and the plasticizer is usually 70 mass% or more, preferably 80 mass% or more, and more preferably 90 mass% or more and less than 100 mass% based on the total amount of the absorbent-containing layer in the colored region. By less than 100% by mass, the layer containing an absorber can contain an infrared absorber.

(other additives)

The absorbent-containing layer may contain additives such as colorants, ultraviolet absorbers, antioxidants, light stabilizers, adhesion modifiers, fluorescent brighteners, and crystal nucleating agents, as needed.

The interlayer may have a single-layer structure composed of a single resin layer or a multilayer structure composed of a plurality of resin layers. In the case of a single-layer resin layer, the absorbent-containing layer is preferably formed of 1 resin layer. In the case of a plurality of resin layers, all the resin layers may contain an infrared absorber and become absorber-containing layers, but at least 1 resin layer is preferably an absorber-containing layer.

The resin layer not containing the infrared absorber and not being a layer containing the absorber is the same as the layer containing the absorber except that it does not contain the infrared absorber, and therefore, the description thereof is omitted.

In the case of having a plurality of resin layers, the resin constituting each resin layer may be appropriately selected from the above-mentioned resins. Further, the resins constituting the respective resin layers may be different from each other, but are preferably the same as each other.

Therefore, when a plurality of resin layers are provided, the resin constituting each resin layer is preferably a polyvinyl acetal resin or an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, and more preferably a polyvinyl acetal resin.

In the case where a plurality of resin layers are provided and each resin layer contains a plasticizer, the amount and type of the plasticizer in each resin layer may be the same or different.

[ Infrared reflecting layer ]

The laminated glass of the present invention preferably has an infrared reflecting layer. The infrared reflecting layer is preferably included in the interlayer film, and more preferably included so as to be sandwiched between 2 resin layers. The infrared reflecting layer is disposed between the 2 resin layers, and is bonded with high adhesive force by the 2 resin layers, and thus can be stably included in the interlayer film. The laminated glass of the present invention has an infrared reflecting layer, so that infrared rays incident from the other surface and one surface are reflected, the maximum reflectance R of 900 to 1300nm light is high, and the average transmittance T is low. Therefore, the values of the T/R ratio (A), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), and the T/R ratio (B) can be made large. Further, the heat insulating property is also improved, and the values of Tts and Tds (1.5) are also easily adjusted to fall within a desired range.

The infrared-ray reflective layer used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it has a property of reflecting infrared rays. The infrared reflection layer preferably has a low average transmittance TA of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1300nm incident from one surface and a high maximum reflectance of light having a wavelength of 900 to 1300nm incident at an angle of 60 DEG on the other surface.

In addition, the infrared reflecting layer preferably has a property of having an infrared transmittance of 40% or less at least 1 wavelength in the range of 900 to 1300nm, from the viewpoint of excellent infrared reflecting performance. The infrared ray transmittance of the infrared ray reflective layer used in the embodiment described later satisfies the above preferable conditions. The infrared transmittance is more preferably 30% or less, and still more preferably 20% or less at least 1 wavelength in the range of 900 to 1300 nm.

Examples of the infrared-reflective layer include a metal foil-attached resin film, a multilayer laminate film in which a metal layer and a dielectric layer are formed on a resin film, a film containing graphite, a multilayer resin film, a liquid crystal film, and a resin film containing infrared-reflective particles. These films have the property of reflecting infrared rays.

The metal foil-attached resin film includes a resin film and a metal foil laminated on an outer surface of the resin film. Examples of the material of the resin film include polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyvinyl acetal, an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, an ethylene-acrylic copolymer, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, polyimide, and the like. Examples of the material of the metal foil include aluminum, copper, silver, gold, palladium, and alloys containing these metals.

The multilayer laminated film in which the metal layer and the dielectric layer are formed on the resin film is a multilayer laminated film in which the metal layer and the dielectric layer are alternately laminated on the resin film in an arbitrary number of layers. Examples of the material of the resin film in the multilayer laminated film include polyamides such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polylactic acid, poly (4-methylpentene-1), poly (1, 1-difluoroethylene), cyclic polyolefin, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, nylon 6, 11, 12, and 66, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyester, polyphenylene sulfide, and polyether imide.

Examples of the material of the metal layer in the multilayer laminated film include the same materials as those of the metal foil in the metal foil-attached resin film. A coating of a metal or mixed oxide may be applied to both or one side of the metal layer. Examples of the material of the coating layer include ZnO and Al₂O₃、Ga₂O₃、InO₃MgO, Ti, NiCr and Cu, etc. Further, as a material of the dielectric layer in the multilayer laminated film, for example, indium oxide and the like can be given.

The multilayer resin film is a laminate film in which a plurality of resin films are laminated. The multilayer resin film may be made of the same material as that of the resin film in the multilayer laminated film. The number of resin films stacked in the multilayer resin film is 2 or more, and may be 3 or more, and may be 5 or more. The number of resin films stacked in the multilayer resin film may be 1000 or less, 100 or less, or 50 or less.

The multilayer resin film may be one in which 2 or more thermoplastic resin layers having different optical properties (refractive index) are alternately or randomly stacked in an arbitrary number of layers. Such a multilayer resin film is configured to obtain desired infrared reflection performance.

Examples of the liquid crystal film include a film in which cholesteric liquid crystal layers that reflect light of arbitrary wavelengths are stacked in arbitrary number of layers. Such a liquid crystal film is configured to obtain desired infrared reflection performance.

As one of the infrared reflective particles used in the infrared reflective layer, plate particles having a thickness of micro to nano-order are exemplified. For example, a substance having infrared-reflecting properties can be obtained by controlling the thickness, area, and arrangement state of silver nanoplate particles in a resin film in which the particles are dispersed.

Among the above, the infrared-reflecting layer is preferably a metal foil-attached resin film, a multilayer laminate film, a multilayer resin film, or a liquid crystal film. These films are more excellent in infrared ray reflection performance. Therefore, the values of the T/R ratio (a), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), and the T/R ratio (B) can be easily increased by using these films, and the values of Tts and Tds (1.5) can be easily adjusted to fall within desired ranges.

Among the above, a metal foil-attached resin film or a multilayer resin film is more preferable, and a metal foil-attached resin film is further preferable. The metal foil-attached resin film has excellent infrared reflection performance in all wavelength regions of 900 to 1300nm by forming the metal foil on the resin layer as described above, and therefore, it is easy to make all values of the T/R ratio (a), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), and the T/R ratio (B) large.

On the other hand, the multilayer resin film has excellent infrared reflection performance mainly in a wavelength region of 900 to 1100 nm. Therefore, the values of the T/R ratios (1) and (2), and further the values of the T/R ratio (A) and the T/R ratio (B) can be easily made larger. Further, since the multilayer laminated film does not have a member for shielding electromagnetic waves, it is possible to ensure electromagnetic wave transmittance. Therefore, it is possible to prevent electromagnetic waves required for automatic driving, other communications, and the like from being shielded in the window glass of the automobile.

The thickness of the infrared-reflective layer is preferably 0.01mm or more, more preferably 0.04mm or more, further preferably 0.07mm or more, and furthermore preferably 0.3mm or less, more preferably 0.2mm or less, further preferably 0.18mm or less, and particularly preferably 0.16mm or less. When the thickness of the infrared-reflective layer is set to the lower limit or more, the values of the T/R ratio (a), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), and the T/R ratio (B) can be easily increased, and the heat-insulating property can be easily improved. Further, if the thickness of the infrared reflective layer is not more than the upper limit, the transparency of the laminated glass becomes high, and the visible light transmittance is easily made high.

[ glass plate ]

The glass plate used for the laminated glass may be either inorganic glass or organic glass, but is preferably inorganic glass. The inorganic glass is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include transparent glass, float glass, polished glass, patterned glass, wired glass, and green glass.

In addition, as the organic glass, what is called plexiglass is generally used, and there are no particular limitations on the organic glass, and examples thereof include organic glass made of a resin such as polycarbonate, acrylic resin, acrylic copolymer resin, or polyester.

The 1 st glass plate and the 2 nd glass plate used for the laminated glass may be made of the same material as each other or may be made of different materials. For example, one may be inorganic glass and the other organic glass, but preferably both the 1 st and 2 nd glass plates are inorganic glass or organic glass.

The thickness of each of the 1 st glass plate and the 2 nd glass plate is not particularly limited, and is, for example, about 0.1 to 15mm, preferably 0.5 to 5 mm. The thicknesses of the respective glass plates may be the same or different from each other, but are preferably the same.

[ layer constitution ]

The laminated structure of the laminated glass of the present invention is shown in fig. 1 to 3. As shown in fig. 1 to 3, the laminated glass 20 includes a 1 st glass plate 21 and a 2 nd glass plate 22, and an interlayer 10 disposed between the 1 st glass plate 21 and the 2 nd glass plate 22, and the 1 st glass plate 21 and the 2 nd glass plate 22 are bonded to each other through the interlayer 10. When the laminated glass 20 is installed in a vehicle such as an automobile, the 1 st glass plate 21 is disposed on the vehicle exterior side, and the 2 nd glass plate 22 is disposed on the vehicle interior side.

The interlayer film 10 may be formed of a single resin layer 11 as shown in fig. 1. When the interlayer film 10 is formed of a single resin layer 11, the single resin layer 11 is preferably a layer containing an absorbent.

As shown in fig. 2 and 3, the interlayer film 10 preferably has a plurality of resin layers, for example, a 1 st resin layer 11A on the 1 st glass plate 21 side (i.e., one surface side) and a 2 nd resin layer 11B on the 2 nd glass plate 22 side (i.e., the other surface side). In this case, the infrared reflective layer 13 may be provided between the 1 st resin layer 11A and the 2 nd resin layer 11B as shown in fig. 3, but the infrared reflective layer may not be provided as shown in fig. 2. However, the infrared-reflective layer 13 is preferably provided from the viewpoint of increasing the T/R ratio (a), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), and the T/R ratio (B).

As described above, in the case of having the 1 st resin layer 11A and the 2 nd resin layer 11B, at least either one of the 1 st resin layer 11A and the 2 nd resin layer 11B is preferably a layer containing an absorbent.

As shown in fig. 3, in the laminated glass 20 provided with the infrared-reflective layer 13, at least one of the 1 st resin layer 11A and the 2 nd resin layer 11B is preferably a layer containing an absorbent, but more preferably, the 1 st resin layer 11A is a layer containing an absorbent, or the 1 st resin layer 11A and the 2 nd resin layer 11B are both layers containing an absorbent. With such a configuration, the maximum reflectance R can be increased by the infrared-ray reflective layer 13, and the average transmittance T can be reduced by the 1 st resin layer 11A (absorbent-containing layer), so that the T/R ratio of each wavelength region can be easily increased.

When the 1 st resin layer 11A is an absorbent-containing layer, the absorbent-containing layer is described in detail above, but it is particularly preferable that the 1 st infrared absorbent is contained in the absorbent-containing layer (the 1 st resin layer 11A). Since the 1 st infrared absorbent is contained in the 1 st resin layer 11A, the 1 st resin layer 11A sufficiently absorbs the 900 to 1300nm infrared rays, and the T/R ratio (A), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), and the T/R ratio (B) can be made large.

Further, when the absorbent-containing layer constituting the 1 st resin layer 11A contains the 1 st infrared absorbent, it is also preferable that the heat insulating particles are contained in addition to the 1 st infrared absorbent.

Further, it is also preferable that the layer containing the absorber constituting the 1 st resin layer 11A contains 2 or more types of the 1 st infrared absorber having different maximum absorption wavelength peaks from each other.

In the embodiment in which the 1 st resin layer 11A is an absorbent-containing layer and the infrared-reflective layer 13 is provided as shown in fig. 3, the absorbent-containing layer constituting the 1 st resin layer 11A preferably contains at least one of the 1 st infrared absorbent and the heat-shielding particles. With such a configuration, since the average transmittance T can be reduced while the reflectance R is increased by both the infrared-ray reflective layer 13 and the layer containing an absorbent, the T/R ratio (a), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), and the T/R ratio (B) can be increased more easily.

Further, by providing the infrared-reflective layer 13, the T/R ratio (a), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), and the T/R ratio (B) can be made large in the 1 st resin layer 11A even when infrared rays in the wavelength region of 900 to 1300nm are actively absorbed without passing through the 1 st infrared absorber. Therefore, the 1 st resin layer 11A (absorbent-containing layer) may not contain the 1 st infrared absorbent, but preferably contains the 1 st infrared absorbent, and preferably contains both the 1 st infrared absorbent and the heat-shielding particles.

The content of the infrared absorber in the absorber-containing layer constituting the 1 st resin layer 11A is, for example, 0.005 mass% or more and 0.6 mass% or less, preferably 0.01 mass% or more and 0.4 mass% or less, and more preferably 0.015 mass% or more and 0.3 mass% or less.

The content of the 1 st infrared absorber in the 1 st resin layer 11A is preferably 0.005 mass% or more and 0.3 mass% or less, more preferably 0.01 mass% or more and 0.2 mass% or less, and further preferably 0.015 mass% or more and 0.1 mass% or less. By setting the content of the 1 st infrared absorber within the above range, the average transmittance T at each wavelength is made low and T/R is easily made large without greatly decreasing the maximum reflectance R at each wavelength.

When the 1 st resin layer 11A contains the heat insulating particles, the content of the heat insulating particles in the absorbent-containing layer constituting the 1 st resin layer 11A is preferably 0.005% by mass or more and 0.5% by mass or less, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 0.4% by mass or less, and further preferably 0.015% by mass or more and 0.2% by mass or less. By setting the content of the heat-shielding particles within these ranges, the average transmittance T at each wavelength described above can be made low without greatly decreasing the reflectance R, and T/R can be easily made large.

Further, in the case where the absorbent-containing layer constituting the 1 st resin layer 11A contains both the 1 st infrared absorbent and the heat-insulating particles, the mass ratio of the heat-insulating particles to the 1 st infrared absorbent (heat-insulating particles/1 st infrared absorbent) is preferably 0.25 or more and 15 or less, more preferably 0.5 or more and 10 or less, and further preferably 0.7 or more and 8 or less.

The heat insulating particles used in the 1 st resin layer 11A are more preferably CWO. Since CWO has a high shielding rate against infrared rays of 900 to 1300nm, the average transmittance T is more easily reduced by including CWO in the 1 st resin layer 11A.

In the case where the infrared-reflective layer 13 is provided as shown in fig. 3, it is also preferable that the 2 nd resin layer 11B is a layer containing an absorbent. If the 2 nd resin layer 11B is a layer containing an absorbent, the infrared rays incident from the other surface (the surface of the 2 nd glass plate 22) are partially absorbed by the 2 nd resin layer 11B, but the maximum reflectance R of each wavelength in the infrared region can be maintained at a high value by providing the infrared reflecting layer 13. Therefore, the above-mentioned T/R ratio (A), T/R ratios (1) to (4), and T/R ratio (B) can be made large.

In each of the above embodiments, the absorbent-containing layer constituting the 2 nd resin layer 11B preferably contains heat insulating particles as an infrared absorbent. By using the heat insulating particles, the amount of infrared rays incident from the surface of the 2 nd glass plate 22 absorbed by the 2 nd resin layer 11B can be reduced. Further, the heat ray incident from the outside is absorbed, and the temperature rise in the vehicle interior can be prevented.

The content of the infrared absorber in the absorber-containing layer (the 2 nd resin layer 11B) is, for example, 0.005 mass% or more and 1.5 mass% or less, preferably 0.01 mass% or more and 1.2 mass% or less, and more preferably 0.015 mass% or more and 1.0 mass% or less.

The content of the heat insulating particles in the 2 nd resin layer 11B is preferably 0.005 mass% or more and 1.4 mass% or less, more preferably 0.1 mass% or more and 1.0 mass% or less, and further preferably 0.15 mass% or more and 0.9 mass% or less. By setting the content of the heat-insulating particles within the above range, the average transmittance T at each wavelength is made low and the T/R ratio is easily made large without greatly decreasing the maximum reflectance R. Further, the heat ray incident from the outside is sufficiently absorbed, and the temperature rise in the vehicle interior is easily prevented.

The absorbent-containing layer constituting the 2 nd resin layer 11B may contain at least one of the 1 st infrared absorbent and the 2 nd infrared absorbent (i.e., an infrared absorbent having a maximum absorption wavelength peak of 780 to 1300 nm) in addition to the above-mentioned heat-absorbing particles, but is preferably contained in a small amount or is preferably not contained. Thus, by reducing the number of the 1 st infrared absorber and the 2 nd infrared absorber, it is possible to prevent the visible light transmittance and the T/R ratio from decreasing.

Specifically, the total content of the 1 st infrared absorber and the 2 nd infrared absorber is preferably less than 0.1% by mass, more preferably less than 0.05% by mass, still more preferably less than 0.01% by mass, and most preferably 0% by mass.

Further, in the case where the infrared reflection layer 13 is provided as shown in fig. 3, it is also preferable that both the 1 st resin layer 11A and the 2 nd resin layer 11B are layers containing an absorbent. In such an embodiment, the 1 st resin layer 11A and the 2 nd resin layer 11B as the absorbent-containing layer are configured as described above.

In the above-described configuration in which the interlayer film 10 has a plurality of resin layers, the configuration in which the 1 st resin layer 11A and the 2 nd resin layer 11B are provided as resin layers has been described as a representative example, but the configuration of the interlayer film 10 is not limited to the above configuration. For example, in the configuration shown in fig. 2, a resin layer may be further provided between the 1 st resin layer 11A and the 2 nd resin layer 11B, or a resin layer may be provided between the 1 st resin layer 11A and the 1 st glass plate 21, and between the 2 nd resin layer 11B and the 2 nd glass plate 22.

In the configuration having the infrared-reflective layer as shown in fig. 3, a resin layer may be further provided between the 1 st resin layer 11A and the infrared-reflective layer 13, between the 2 nd resin layer 11B and the infrared-reflective layer 13, between the 1 st resin layer 11A and the 1 st glass plate 21, or between the 2 nd resin layer 11B and the 2 nd glass plate 22.

When a resin layer is provided in addition to the 1 st resin layer and the 2 nd resin layer, various functions can be added to the resin layer (also referred to as the 3 rd resin layer). For example, the light-emitting interlayer may be formed by including light-emitting particles that emit light by irradiation with excitation light in the 3 rd resin layer. The thermoplastic resin used for the 3 rd resin layer may be a polyvinyl acetal resin, and the amount of hydroxyl groups and the amount of plasticizer may be appropriately adjusted to form a so-called sound-insulating layer.

The thickness of the intermediate film is preferably 0.2mm or more and 1.8mm or less, more preferably 0.25mm or more and 1.0mm or less, and still more preferably 0.3mm or more and 0.9mm or less.

In addition, as for the thickness of the resin layer constituting the interlayer film, when the resin layer (i.e., the absorbent-containing layer) is composed of 1 monolayer, the thickness of the resin layer is preferably 0.2mm or more and 1.5mm or less, more preferably 0.25mm or more and 1.0mm or less, and further preferably 0.3mm or more and 0.9mm or less, as in the case of the interlayer film.

In the case where the intermediate film has a tapered shape as described later, the thickness varies, but both the minimum thickness and the maximum thickness of the variation preferably fall within the above ranges. The same applies to the other layers.

In the case where the resin layer constituting the interlayer film is composed of a plurality of layers, the thickness of each resin layer may be appropriately adjusted so that the thickness of the interlayer film falls within the above range. For example, as shown in fig. 2 and 3, when the resin layers are formed of 2 layers, the thickness of each resin layer is preferably 0.05mm or more and 1.5mm or less, more preferably 0.15mm or more and 1mm or less, and still more preferably 0.25mm or more and 0.6mm or less. By setting the thickness of the resin layer to be equal to or greater than these lower limits, infrared rays can be appropriately absorbed when the resin layer is, for example, a layer containing an absorbent, and the T/R ratio at each wavelength can be easily increased. In addition, when the heat insulating particles are contained, a sufficient heat insulating effect can be obtained. On the other hand, by setting the upper limit value or less, the visible light transmittance and the like can be made high.

The interlayer film has a rectangular cross section as shown in fig. 1 to 3, but is not limited to a rectangular cross section and may have a wedge shape, for example. As shown in fig. 4 to 6, the intermediate film 30 having the wedge shape has one end 30A and the other end 30B opposite to the one end 30A, the thickness of the other end 30B is larger than that of the one end 30A, and the entire intermediate film 30 has the wedge shape.

With respect to the wedge-shaped interlayer film 30, for example, the resulting laminated glass 20 can be used in a head-up display system.

The wedge-shaped intermediate film 30 may have a trapezoidal shape as shown in fig. 4, for example, but may have a triangular shape. The wedge-shaped intermediate film 30 changes in thickness from the other end 30A toward the one end 30B, but does not necessarily change in thickness over the entire portion, and may have a constant thickness portion 30C and a portion of the portion that changes in thickness as shown in fig. 5.

Further, although the increase in thickness is constant from the one end 30A toward the other end 30B in the portion where the thickness changes in fig. 4 and 5, the increase in thickness is not necessarily constant, and may gradually change as shown in fig. 6, for example, to be a curve in the cross section.

As shown in fig. 4 and 5, when the increase in thickness is constant, the wedge angle θ is also constant. Therefore, the inclination angle of the one surface 30X of the intermediate film 30 with respect to the other surface 30X becomes the wedge angle θ.

On the other hand, as shown in fig. 6, when the increase amount of the thickness is changed, the wedge angle θ is as follows. That is, the wedge angle θ is an internal angle at an intersection of a straight line L1 connecting the closest portion of the maximum thickness portion 30M and the minimum thickness portion 30S in the intermediate film 30 on the one surface 30X of the intermediate film 30 and a straight line L2 connecting the closest portion of the maximum thickness portion 30M and the minimum thickness portion 30S on the other surface 30Y.

The wedge angle θ is preferably 0.1mrad or more, more preferably 0.2mrad or more, further preferably 0.3mrad or more, and further preferably 1mrad or less, further preferably 0.9mrad or less. When the wedge angle θ is within these ranges, the infrared rays reflected by the laminated glass can be easily imaged at 1 point on a light receiving mechanism such as an imaging device.

In the case where the intermediate film has a wedge-shaped and multilayer structure, the cross-sectional shape of each layer may be appropriately adjusted so that the intermediate film has a wedge-shaped shape, and for example, as shown in fig. 2 and 3, when a plurality of resin layers are provided, the thickness of at least 1 resin layer of the plurality of resin layers may be adjusted so as to increase from one end to the other end.

The optical properties of the laminated glass may vary depending on the region, for example, when the interlayer film has a wedge shape. In such a case, the optical characteristics such as the T/R ratio, the T/R ratio (a), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), the T/R ratio (B), the maximum reflectance, the visible light transmittance, Tts, Tds (1.5), and the like may be such that all regions of the laminated glass satisfy the respective requirements described above, but some regions may satisfy the respective requirements. For example, when an infrared monitoring system is introduced, the optical characteristics in a region where external light applied to a driver or the like as a monitoring target enters, a region where light from a light source is reflected, or the like may satisfy the above-described requirements.

(production method)

In the production of the laminated glass, for example, each layer (a resin layer, an infrared-reflecting layer, and the like) constituting an interlayer film is laminated between 2 glass plates, and thermocompression bonding or the like is performed.

In addition, the resin layer constituting the intermediate film is preferably formed by first preparing a resin composition containing a thermoplastic resin, and if necessary, a plasticizer, an infrared absorber, other additives, and other materials constituting the resin layer, and then molding the resin composition by extrusion molding, press molding, or the like. In the case where there are a plurality of resin layers, for example, a method of preparing 2 or more extruders and attaching a multi-layer feed block to the tips of the extruders to perform co-extrusion may be employed. The laminated glass can be produced by disposing an interlayer film having a single-layer or multilayer structure formed by extrusion molding such as co-extrusion, thermal lamination, press molding, or the like between 2 glass plates, and performing thermocompression bonding or the like.

[ method of Using laminated glass ]

The laminated glass of the present invention is used, for example, as a window glass, and more specifically, is preferably used in various vehicles such as automobiles, electric trains, ships, and aircrafts, more preferably used in vehicle window glass such as automobiles and electric trains, and further preferably used as a window glass for automobiles.

(Infrared ray monitoring system)

The laminated glass of the present invention is mounted as a window glass on a vehicle equipped with an infrared monitoring system, for example. The system of the entire vehicle equipped with the infrared monitoring system is referred to as a vehicle system. Here, the vehicle is preferably an automobile, and in this case, the vehicle body is an automobile body, and the window glass is a window glass that closes an opening of the automobile body. The laminated glass of the present invention may be any of a front glass, a side glass, and a rear glass.

An infrared monitoring system (i.e., a vehicle system) includes a light source and a light receiving mechanism, which are provided inside a vehicle body. An infrared monitoring system is a system for monitoring an occupant, particularly preferably a driver. The infrared monitoring system irradiates an occupant, preferably a driver (observed object), with infrared light emitted from a light source disposed inside a vehicle body, receives the infrared light reflected by the observed object by a light receiving mechanism provided inside the vehicle body, and detects the state of the occupant (observed object) based on the received light.

The light source is an infrared light source emitting infrared rays, and the maximum light emission wavelength of the light source is preferably 900 to 1300 nm. The infrared rays of 900 to 1300nm are not recognized by human eyes, but are easily reflected by human skin and the like, and are suitable for monitoring passengers such as a driver. On the other hand, as described above, any one of the T/R ratio (a), the T/R ratios (1) to (4), and the T/R ratio (B) of the laminated glass is larger than 1, and sufficiently shields the infrared rays of 900 to 1300nm incident from the outside of the vehicle. Therefore, infrared rays from the outside of the vehicle body can be prevented from being incident as noise. As described later, when the infrared ray used for monitoring is reflected, the reflectance of the infrared ray used for monitoring in the laminated glass is high, and therefore, the monitoring accuracy can be improved and appropriate monitoring can be performed.

More specifically, as described above, the maximum emission wavelength of the light source is preferably in a wavelength region where the T/R ratios (1) to (4) are greater than 1, and may be selected so that T/R (b) is greater than 1. Further, the light source is preferably an LED. By using the LED, the emission wavelength region can be made relatively narrow, and thus the monitoring accuracy can be easily improved.

The light receiving means used in the vehicle system is preferably an imaging device such as an infrared camera, and receives reflected light from an object to be observed (such as a driver) to image the object to be observed. The vehicle system may detect the state of the observed object using the image captured by the imaging device. Specifically, it is preferable that the state of the object to be observed is detected by irradiating the face of the driver with infrared rays and capturing an image of the face of the driver with an imaging device.

However, the light receiving means need not be an imaging device, and may be a light receiving sensor or the like that detects only the intensity of received light. Even when the light receiving sensor is used, whether or not the occupant is seated at a predetermined position (for example, whether or not the driver is seated in the driver seat) or the like can be detected by the intensity of the reflected light.

The vehicle system preferably includes a face recognition system that recognizes a face using a face image of the observed body, and detects the state of the observed body using the recognized face. More specifically, the face recognition system detects the position of an eyelid in a face image by using a face template stored in advance and a captured face image, and detects the state of the eyelid, thereby detecting whether or not it is drowsy. The face recognition system is configured by various processors such as a DSP and a CPU.

In the infrared monitoring system, it is preferable that infrared rays emitted from the light source are reflected by the laminated glass of the present invention and then irradiated to the object to be observed. Further, it is preferable that the light reflected from the object to be observed is reflected by the laminated glass of the present invention and then received by the light receiving means.

When the vehicle is an automobile, at least the front glass is preferably the laminated glass of the present invention, and more preferably all of the front glass, the side glass, and the rear glass are the laminated glass of the present invention.

The infrared monitoring system is preferably used for monitoring the driver. Therefore, by using the laminated glass of the present invention as the windshield, infrared rays included in external light are less likely to be irradiated to the driver, and noise can be reduced easily. Further, if the windshield is the laminated glass of the present invention, the reflectance is high when infrared rays emitted from the light source are reflected by the windshield and irradiated to the driver, or when reflected light from the driver is reflected by the windshield and received by the light receiving means, and therefore, the monitoring can be performed with high accuracy.

Further, if the windshield is the laminated glass of the present invention, the reflected light from the driver is reflected by the windshield and received by the light receiving means, so that the reflected light from the front surface of the face can be received by the light receiving means. Therefore, the state of the face can be monitored, and the monitoring accuracy is further improved.

Further, if the side window glass and the rear window glass are all the laminated glass of the present invention except the front window glass, it is easier to reduce noise.

Fig. 7 shows a vehicle system according to a preferred embodiment. A vehicle system according to a preferred embodiment will be described in more detail with reference to fig. 7. As shown in fig. 7, a vehicle system 50 of the present embodiment includes a laminated glass 20, a light source 51 that emits infrared light, and a light receiving mechanism 52.

Here, the vehicle system 50 is a system installed in an automobile, and the laminated glass 20 constitutes a windshield of the automobile. The light receiving mechanism 52 is an imaging device including an infrared camera or the like, and the light source 51 and the light receiving mechanism 52 are provided on an instrument panel 53 of the automobile. The vehicle system 50 also includes a face recognition system 54. The face recognition system 54 is constructed, for example, by a processor, as described above. The processor is provided in, for example, the dashboard 53.

In the present embodiment, the light source 51 irradiates the face DF of the driver after the emitted infrared rays UR are reflected by the laminated glass 20 (windshield glass). The infrared rays UR reflected by the driver's face DF are reflected by the laminated glass 20 as reflected light RL, and are received by the light receiving means 52.

Here, the light source 51 is adjusted so as to irradiate the infrared rays UR to the upper side of the driver's seat, but may have a configuration in which the emission direction and the emission position can be changed so as to reliably irradiate the infrared rays UR to the face DF of the driver. Similarly, the light receiving mechanism 52 is adjusted so as to be able to capture an image of the upper side of the driver's seat, but may have a configuration in which the light receiving position and the light receiving direction can be appropriately adjusted, similarly to the light source 51.

Since the light receiving mechanism 52 is an imaging device as described above, the face of the driver is imaged, and the face recognition system 54 recognizes the face of the driver based on the captured face image, for example, detects whether the eyelids are closed.

The optical path centers of the infrared rays UR and the reflected light RL are preferably incident obliquely to the surface of the laminated glass 20 (the surface of the 2 nd glass plate). The incident angle is not particularly limited, and is, for example, 20 to 80 °, preferably 40 to 70 °.

According to the vehicle system of the present embodiment, as described above, the driver can be appropriately monitored by using the laminated glass of the present invention for the windshield glass. Further, the automobile further includes side window glass and rear window glass, and in order to perform monitoring with higher accuracy, it is preferable that these side window glass and rear window glass of the vehicle system of the present embodiment are also constituted by the laminated glass of the present invention described above.

The vehicle system according to the present embodiment described above is an example of a vehicle system, and various modifications can be made as long as the effects of the present invention are exhibited.

Examples

The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

In the present invention, the methods for measuring various physical properties and the methods for evaluating a laminated glass are as follows.

(visible light transmittance (Tv))

The visible light transmittance (Tv) of the laminated glass was measured according to JIS R3212(2015) using a spectrophotometer ("U-4100" manufactured by hitachi ハイテクノロジー). In the measurement, in order to receive only the parallel light having passed through the laminated glass by the integrating sphere, the laminated glass was disposed at a position 13cm away from the integrating sphere so as to be parallel to the normal line of the optical axis on the optical path between the light source and the integrating sphere, and the spectral transmittance was measured. The visible light transmittance was calculated from the obtained spectral transmittance. The measurement conditions were such that the scanning speed was set to 300nm/min and the slit width was set to 8nm, and the other conditions were measured in accordance with JIS R3212 (2015).

(Tds(1.5))

The solar transmittance Tds (1.5) of the laminated glass was measured using a spectrophotometer ("U-4100" manufactured by hitachi ハイテクノロジー) in accordance with ISO 13837 (2008). In the measurement, in order to receive only the parallel light having passed through the laminated glass by the integrating sphere, the laminated glass was disposed at a position 13cm away from the integrating sphere so as to be parallel to the normal line of the optical axis on the optical path between the light source and the integrating sphere, and the spectral transmittance was measured. The solar transmittance Tds (1.5) of the laminated glass for light having a wavelength of 300 to 2500nm is determined from the obtained spectral transmittance. The measurement conditions were such that the scanning speed was set to 300nm/min and the slit width was set to 8nm, and the other conditions were measured in accordance with ISO 13837 (2008).

(Tts)

Tts was calculated by measuring the transmittance/reflectance of light having a wavelength of 300 to 2500nm using a spectrophotometer ("U-4100" manufactured by Hitachi ハイテク) in accordance with ISO 13837 (2008). The measurement conditions were carried out under the conditions of a scanning speed of 300nm/min and a slit width of 8nm, and the other conditions were measured in accordance with ISO 13837 (2008).

(average Transmission T)

The 0 DEG transmittance of 900 to 1300nm light was measured by the same measurement method as that of visible light transmittance. The average value of the transmittance in each wavelength region was obtained. The interval between the transmittance data measurements was set to 5 nm.

(maximum reflectance R)

The infrared reflectance at an incident angle of 60 ° was measured. Specifically, an absolute reflectance measuring means (ARSN-733, manufactured by japan spectrophotometer, inc.) was attached to a spectrophotometer (V-670, manufactured by japan), and the absolute reflectance was adjusted so that the incident angle from the light source became 60 °, and measured. The measurement conditions were such that the band width was 20nm at a wavelength of 850nm or more and 2.0nm at a wavelength of less than 850 nm. The data measurement interval was set to 5 nm. Among the measured reflectances, the reflectance that is the largest in each wavelength region is set as the maximum reflectance.

(Infrared camera observation test)

As shown in fig. 8, a virtual infrared monitoring system is assembled. Specifically, the laminated glasses 20 obtained in each of the examples and comparative examples were prepared and arranged with an inclination of 45 ° with respect to the horizontal direction. A subject assumed to be a driver is disposed so as to face the laminated glass.

An LED lamp is prepared as the light source 51, and an infrared camera is prepared as the light receiving means 52. These are disposed below the laminated glass 20, and the infrared rays are irradiated from the light source 51 to the laminated glass 20 so that the incident angle with respect to the glass becomes 60 °, reflected by the laminated glass 20, and irradiated to the face DF of the subject. The reflected light from the face DF of the subject is received by an infrared camera to photograph a moving image. The obtained photographed moving images were observed by 10 panelists, and evaluated based on the following evaluation criteria.

A: all the reviewers confirmed the movement of the eyelids to the face of the subject.

B: more than 80% and less than 100% of the reviewers confirm the movement of the eyelids of the face of the subject.

C: more than 50% and less than 80% of the reviewers confirm the movement of the eyelids of the face of the subject.

D: more than 50% and less than 80% of the reviewers confirm the movement of the eyelids of the face of the subject.

E: only less than 50% of the reviewers confirmed the movement of the eyelids to the face of the subject.

In an infrared camera observation test, LED light-emitting elements having maximum light-emitting wavelengths of about 950nm, about 1050nm, about 1150nm and about 1250nm were prepared, and a light source including a plurality of LED light-emitting elements was used. As the light source, a light source including a light emitting element having a maximum light emission wavelength of about 950nm, a light source including a light emitting element having a maximum light emission wavelength of about 1050nm, a light source including a light emitting element having a maximum light emission wavelength of about 1150nm, and a light source including a light emitting element having a maximum light emission wavelength of about 1250nm were prepared. Further, a composite light source having all of the LED light emitting elements with maximum emission wavelengths of about 950nm, about 1050nm, about 1150nm, and about 1250nm was prepared, and evaluation was performed using each light source.

(evaluation of electromagnetic wave transmittance at frequency of 0.1 to 26.5 GHz)

When the reflection loss value (dB) in the range of 0.1 to 2GHz is measured by the KEC method (near-field electromagnetic wave shielding effect measurement), the case where the average value of the difference at the above frequencies is less than 10dB and the case where the difference is 10dB or more is described as "B", as compared with a float glass single plate having a normal plate thickness of 2.5 mm. In addition, regarding the reflection loss value (dB) in the range of 2 to 26.5GHz, the sample was set to stand 600mm square between 1 pair of antennas for transmission and reception, and the transmission of the sample was evaluated by receiving the radio wave from the radio wave signal generating device with a spectrum analyzer (far-field electromagnetic wave measurement method).

The following components and materials were used in examples and comparative examples.

(glass plate)

Transparent glass: glass having a thickness of 2.5mm, a visible light transmittance of 90%, an solar transmittance Tds (1.5) of 87%, a transmittance of 84% for 900-1300nm light and not including a light absorber having a peak at 900-1300nm, a reflectance at an incident angle of 0 DEG for 900-1300nm light of 7%, and the other items being based on JIS R3202-2011

Green glass: a glass having a thickness of 2.1mm, a visible light transmittance of 86%, an solar transmittance Tds (1.5) of 72%, a transmittance for light of 900-1300nm of 56% and not including a light absorber having a peak at 900-1300nm, and a reflectance for light of 900-1300nm at an incident angle of 0 ℃ of 6%, the other items being based on JIS R3202-2011

(resin)

Polyvinyl butyral: polyvinyl butyral resin having a degree of acetalization of 69 mol%, a hydroxyl group content of 30 mol%, a degree of acetylation of 1 mol%, and a degree of polymerization of 1700

(plasticizer)

Plasticizer: triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate

(Heat-insulating particles)

ITO: tin-doped indium oxide particles (ITO particles) having an average particle diameter of 35nm

CWO: cesium-doped tungsten oxide particles (CWO particles) having an average particle diameter of 50nm

(organic pigments)

IR-915: phthalocyanine compound, product name "TIR-915", manufactured by Nippon catalyst Co., Ltd "

TX-EX-902K: phthalocyanine compound, product name "TX-EX-902K", manufactured by Nippon catalyst Co., Ltd "

IR-14: phthalocyanine compound, product name "IR-14", manufactured by Nippon catalyst Co., Ltd "

(Infrared reflecting layer)

3M 90S: nano90S (3M, multilayer resin film, "マルチレイヤー Nano 90S" manufactured by Sumitomo スリーエム Co.)

XIR: XIR-75 (Metal foil-attached resin film, "XIR-75" available from Southwall Technologies Co., Ltd.)

A heat insulation film: NEXFIL "SpG 60"

[ example 1]

(preparation of the No. 1 resin layer)

The polyvinyl butyral resin, the plasticizer, the heat insulating particles, and the organic pigment were mixed according to the compounding shown in table 1, and the obtained thermoplastic resin composition was extrusion-molded by a twin-screw extruder in different directions to produce a 1 st resin layer having a thickness of 380 μm. When the components are mixed, the organic pigment is dispersed in the plasticizer in advance and then mixed.

(preparation of the 2 nd resin layer)

The resin layer was prepared in the same manner as the 1 st resin layer except that the compounding ratio was changed as shown in table 1.

(production of laminated glass)

The 1 st glass, the 1 st resin layer, the 2 nd resin layer, and the 2 nd glass are laminated in this order, and temporary pressure bonding is performed by a vacuum bag method. The temporarily pressure-bonded laminate was held in an autoclave at 140 ℃ and 1.3MPa for 10 minutes, and then the temperature was lowered to 50 ℃ and returned to atmospheric pressure to complete the main pressure bonding, thereby obtaining a laminated glass. The laminated glass is composed of layers of 1 st glass plate/1 st resin layer (absorbent-containing layer)/2 nd resin layer/2 nd glass plate.

Examples 2 to 19 and comparative example 7

The same procedure as in example 1 was carried out, except that an infrared-reflective layer was provided between the 1 st resin layer and the 2 nd resin layer, the compounding of the 1 st resin layer and the 2 nd resin layer was changed as shown in tables 1 and 2, and glasses shown in tables 1 and 2 were used as the 1 st glass and the 2 nd glass.

In examples 2 to 21, in the production of the laminated glass, the 1 st resin layer, the infrared reflective layer, the 2 nd resin layer, and the 2 nd glass were laminated in this order, and the obtained laminated glass was composed of the layers of the 1 st glass plate/the 1 st resin layer/the infrared reflective layer/the 2 nd resin layer/the 2 nd glass plate.

[ example 20]

An infrared reflection layer was disposed between the 1 st resin layer and the 2 nd resin layer, and an interlayer film was produced by thermal lamination so as to have a wedge shape of an isosceles trapezoid. The 1 st resin layer and the 2 nd resin layer are formed symmetrically around the infrared reflective layer so that the thicknesses of the layers are the same at each position. The maximum thickness of the resulting intermediate film was 1160 μm, the minimum thickness was 760 μm, and the wedge angle was 0.4 mrad. The intermediate film had a thickness gradually increasing from the other end toward the one end, and a length of 1m from the other end to the one end. The compounding of the 1 st resin layer and the 2 nd resin layer, and the infrared reflective layer are as shown in table 2.

The 1 st glass, the interlayer film, and the 2 nd glass were stacked in this order, and temporary pressure bonding was performed by a vacuum bag method. The temporarily pressure-bonded laminate was subjected to main pressure bonding in the same manner as in example 1 to obtain a laminated glass.

The measurement of each optical characteristic of the laminated glass was carried out at a position 30cm from the other end of the interlayer film, and the thickness at this position was 880 μm.

[ comparative examples 1 to 6]

The same procedure as in example 1 was carried out, except that the compounding of the 1 st resin layer and the 2 nd resin layer was changed as shown in table 2 and that the glass shown in table 2 was used as the 1 st glass and the 2 nd glass.

[ Table 1]

[ Table 2]

In tables 1 and 2, the amounts of polyvinyl butyral and plasticizer are expressed in parts by mass, and the amounts of heat-insulating particles and organic pigment are expressed in% by mass based on the total amount of each resin layer.

As in the above-described embodiments, if the T/R ratio calculated from the average transmittance T and the maximum reflectance R of light in each wavelength region is greater than 1, infrared monitoring can be appropriately performed if infrared monitoring is performed using a light source having the maximum emission wavelength in the wavelength region.

On the other hand, as shown in the comparative example, if the T/R ratio calculated from the average transmittance T and the maximum reflectance R of light in each wavelength region is 1 or less, infrared monitoring using a light source having the maximum emission wavelength in the wavelength region cannot be appropriately performed.

Description of the symbols

10. 30 intermediate film

20 laminated glass

11 resin layer (absorbent-containing layer)

11A No. 1 resin layer

11B No. 2 resin layer

13 infrared reflecting layer

21 st glass plate

22 nd glass plate

50 vehicle system

51 light source

52 light receiving mechanism

54 face recognition system.