阅读说明：本技术 一种粗茎秦艽的栽培方法、粗茎秦艽根及应用 (Cultivation method of gentiana crassicaulis, roots of gentiana crassicaulis and application of roots ) 是由 杨少华 徐天才 陈翠 戚淑威 徐开华 张小元 管艳香 于 2021-05-31 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明属于粗茎秦艽栽培管理技术领域,具体涉及一种粗茎秦艽的栽培方法、粗茎秦艽根及应用,所述的栽培方法包括以下步骤：粗茎秦艽种子的采收、选地、整地、基质土的配方、播种育苗、移栽地的选择和整理、移栽、田间管理、病虫害防治及其采收。本发明通过对粗茎秦艽种子进行筛选,基质土的配比调节粗茎秦艽对营养的定向分配,配合田间的管理,有助于有效成分在根部的积累,提高粗茎秦艽药效,增加其药用价值；还发挥土壤的肥力资源,减少化肥对土壤的污染。(The invention belongs to the technical field of cultivation and management of gentiana macrophylla pall, and particularly relates to a cultivation method of gentiana macrophylla pall, roots of gentiana macrophylla pall and application of the roots, wherein the cultivation method comprises the following steps: harvesting, land selection, land preparation, matrix soil formula, seeding and seedling raising, selection and arrangement of a transplanting land, transplanting, field management, pest control and harvesting. According to the method, the seeds of the gentiana macrophylla pall are screened, the directional distribution of nutrition of the gentiana macrophylla pall is adjusted by the proportion of the matrix soil, and the field management is matched, so that the accumulation of effective components at the root is facilitated, the drug effect of the gentiana macrophylla pall is improved, and the medicinal value of the gentiana macrophylla pall is increased; but also exerts the fertility resources of the soil and reduces the pollution of the fertilizer to the soil.)

1. A method for cultivating gentiana macrophylla pall is characterized by sequentially comprising seed selection, seedling raising, transplanting land selection, land preparation of transplanting land, seedling classification, transplanting and field management;

the seedlings are divided into three grades by taking root length, diameter, root integrity, reed head integrity and existence of insect infection as standards:

wherein the root length of the first-stage seedling is more than or equal to 15cm, the diameter is more than or equal to 6mm, the root integrity is more than or equal to 98 percent, the reed head integrity is 100 percent, and no pest infection exists;

the second-level seedling has the root length of 8-15 cm, the diameter of 2-6 mm, the root integrity of more than or equal to 95 percent and the reed head integrity of 100 percent, and has no disease and insect infection;

the third-level seedling has the root length of less than or equal to 8cm, the diameter of less than or equal to 2mm, the root integrity of more than or equal to 95 percent and the reed head integrity of 100 percent, and has no disease and insect infection.

2. The method for cultivating gentiana macrophylla according to claim 1, wherein the seed selection includes that the seeds cannot pass through a 60-mesh screen, and/or that the thousand seed weight is 0.35g or more after the seeds are dried;

preferably, the seeds cannot pass through a 40 mesh screen;

preferably, the seeds are collected at a planting density of 7.5-9.5 ten thousand plants/hm²The gentiana macrophylla pall plant.

3. The cultivation method of gentiana macrophylla according to claim 1, wherein the seedling raising sequentially comprises selection of a seedling raising place, preparation of the seedling raising place, seed treatment, sowing and inter-seedling management;

preferably, the seedling raising land comprises a seedling raising land which has the altitude of 2200 m-2400 m, the pH value of 5.0-6.5, the sunshine ground surface temperature of 10-27 ℃ and the sunshine time of 5-7 hours/day;

preferably, the soil for seedling culture comprises one or the combination of more than two of sandy loam, alluvial soil and dark brown soil;

preferably, the preparation of the seedling growing land comprises soil preparation of the seedling growing land, fertilization of the seedling growing land and bed preparation of the seedling growing land in sequence;

preferably, the seedling land preparation comprises the steps of deeply ploughing the seedling land by 35-50 cm, alternately freezing by sunshine and night for 60-70 days, wherein the sunshine ground surface temperature is 10-27 ℃, the sunshine time is at least 5 hours/day, the night freezing temperature is-4-5 ℃, and the night freezing time is at least 3 hours/day;

preferably, the operation time of soil preparation of the seedling growing land is 11 months;

preferably, the fertilizing of the seedling growing land comprises applying compound decomposed farmyard manure or matrix soil mixed with potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer, and then deeply ploughing for 35-45 cm;

preferably, the seedling land preparation further comprises a fine rake step after the seedling land is deeply ploughed;

preferably, the number of times of fine harrowing in the fine harrowing step is 2-4, and more preferably 3 times;

preferably, the fertilizing amount of the seedling raising land for fertilization is 1.5-5.0 kg/m²；

Preferably, the fertilizing amount of the seedling raising field is 4.5kg/m²；

Preferably, the step of making the bed in the seedling raising field comprises the step of making strip beds with the length, width and height of 20-40 m, 1.2m and 40cm in the seedling raising field respectively;

preferably, the seed treatment comprises the steps of soaking the standby gentiana macrophylla pall seeds for 2 to 5 hours by using water, then soaking the seeds for 5 to 8 hours by using a gibberellin solution, carrying out ultrasonic oscillation treatment, then fishing out and mixing fine river sand, keeping the temperature at 15 to 22 ℃, keeping the humidity at 65 to 70 percent, carrying out germination acceleration treatment for 10 to 15 days, and sowing when 50 to 60 percent of the seeds are exposed to the white;

preferably, the seed of the gentiana macrophylla pall is soaked in water for 2 hours;

preferably, the water temperature of the seed soaking water is 18-25 ℃;

preferably, ultrasonic oscillation treatment is adopted while the seeds are soaked;

preferably, the concentration of the gibberellin solution is 100 mg/L-500 mg/L;

preferably, the seed soaking time of the gibberellin solution is 5-8 h;

preferably, the volume ratio of the seeds to the fine river sand is 1: 6-8;

preferably, the sowing comprises the steps of opening a bed surface into a ditch with the depth of 2cm and the width of 5-6 cm at a row distance of 8-12 cm, sowing seeds in a row, raking the bed surface with the thickness of 2-3 cm, covering pine hair or straws with the thickness of 1.5-2.5 cm, watering thoroughly once, spreading a mulching film, covering an arch film and a shading net, wherein the arch height is 0.7-0.8 m, and the arch distance is 1.2-1.5 m;

preferably, the row spacing between the bed surfaces is 10 cm;

preferably, the seeding quantity of the drill seeds is 0.6-0.8 g/m²；

Preferably, a dibbler is used for seed drilling;

preferably, the inter-seedling management comprises the steps of sowing seeds of gentiana macrophylla pall, covering with a flat mold and an arched film in a double-layer mode, controlling the surface temperature of the ground to be 20-28 ℃ and the humidity to be 60-75%, removing the flat mold covered by a bed surface when the emergence rate reaches 80%, removing pine hair or straws, watering with a watering can when the surface layer of the soil is dried to be 2-5 cm and the humidity is lower than 50%, avoiding water accumulation of the seedbed, and controlling the pH value of the soil to be 5.0-6.5 in the seedling stage;

preferably, when the drying depth of the soil surface layer is 2cm and the humidity is lower than 50%, watering by using a watering can;

preferably, the removal of the pine hairs or straws is done in three times;

preferably, the watering can waters a minimum of two times.

4. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the nutrient content of the substrate soil mixed with the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer comprises: 70.14-85.26 g/kg of organic matter, 2.04-3.86 g/kg of total nitrogen, 1.26-1.56 g/kg of total phosphorus, 6.07-7.24 g/kg of total potassium, 92.69-110.78 mg/kg of alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen, 215.16-228.66 mg/kg of quick-acting potassium, 66.08-78.56 mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 60.26-70.92 mg/kg of effective iron, 40.54-59.57 mg/kg of effective manganese, 1.56-2.65 mg/kg of effective zinc and 0.98-1.50 mg/kg of effective copper.

5. The cultivation method of gentiana macrophylla according to claim 1, wherein the selection of the transplanting field includes selecting an area with an altitude of 2500m to 3000m, a year average temperature of 5.5 ℃ to 10 ℃, a coldest month average temperature of-3.5 ℃ to 5.5 ℃, a hottest month average temperature of 13 ℃ to 17.5 ℃, a year accumulated temperature of 10.0 ℃ or more of 1550.0 ℃ to 320.0 ℃, a year precipitation of 600mm to 1000mm, and a frost-free period of 120 days to 210 days;

preferably, the transplanting land comprises non-continuous cropping cultivated land or barren slope land with the slope of 10-20 ℃, the sunshine surface temperature of 10-27 ℃ and the sunshine time of at least 5 hours/day, the large-leaved gentian with thick stems is not planted in the first three years of the non-continuous cropping cultivated land or the barren slope land, and the previous crops comprise at least one of tartary buckwheat, autumn rape or kidney beans;

preferably, the soil of the transplanting land is brown loam or sandy loam.

6. The cultivation method of large-leaved gentian with thick stems according to claim 1, wherein the soil preparation of the transplanting land comprises deep ploughing twice, applying compound decomposed farmyard manure or matrix soil mixed with potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer, ditching and conditioning soil moisture to form flat beds with the width of 0.8-1.0 m, and covering with black mulching film;

preferably, the depth of the first deep ploughing in the two deep ploughing is 30-50 cm, weeds and broken stones are removed, then sunshine is carried out, the sunshine ground surface temperature is 10-27 ℃, the sunshine time is 5-7 hours/day, and the depth of the second deep ploughing is 30-50 cm after 30 days of sunshine;

preferably, the compound decomposed farmyard manure is applied or the matrix soil mixed with the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer is added, and simultaneously, the calcium phosphate is also applied;

preferably, the application amount of the compound decomposed farmyard manure or the matrix soil mixed with the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer is 5.5kg/m²；

Preferably, the application amount of the calcium phosphate is 450-600 kg/hm²；

Preferably, the mass fraction of P contained in the calcium phosphate is 15-20%₂O₅；

Preferably, the calcium phosphate contains P₂O₅The mass fraction is 17%.

7. The cultivation method of gentiana macrophylla as claimed in claim 6, wherein the transplanting comprises digging holes on a transplanting ground in an inverted triangle shape with a row spacing of 20-25 cm and a plant spacing of 15-20 cm, then transplanting seedlings in the holes, covering soil for 2-3 cm after planting, and watering;

preferably, the seedling is a first-stage seedling, and/or a second-stage seedling.

8. The cultivation method of gentiana macrophylla according to claim 1, wherein the field management comprises weeding, pest control, top application, moisturizing, pinching and harvesting in sequence;

preferably, the top dressing comprises applying compound rotten farmyard manure 11 months in the current year after transplanting, applying fertilizer twice in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th months in the second year, and applying top dressing once in the last 5 th months in the third year after transplanting;

preferably, the application amount of the decomposed farmyard manure applied in 11 th month of the year is 22500-30000 kg/hm²；

Preferably, the fertilizers used for fertilizing twice in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th of the second year comprise urea and compound fertilizer, and the compound fertilizer comprises N, P₂O₅And K₂O, said N, P₂O₅And K₂The mass ratio of O is 1: 0.5-3;

preferably, N, P is applied to the compound fertilizer for two fertilization in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th of the second year₂O₅And K₂The mass ratio of O is 1:1: 1;

preferably, the mass fraction of the N content of the urea in the compound fertilizer used for fertilizing twice in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th of the second year is 40-50%;

preferably, the mass fraction of the N content in the compound fertilizer for fertilizing twice in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th of the second year is 46%;

preferably, the fertilizing amount for twice fertilization in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th of the second year comprises 300-450 kg/hm of urea²And 225-375 kg/hm of compound fertilizer²；

Preferably, the fertilizer for the first topdressing in late 5 th of the third year comprises a potassium fertilizer and a compound fertilizer, and the compound fertilizer comprises N, P₂O₅And K₂O, said N, P₂O₅And K₂The mass ratio of O is 1: 0.5-3;

preferably, N, P is contained in the compound fertilizer for one topdressing in late 5 th of the third year₂O₅And K₂The mass ratio of O is 1:1: 1;

preferably, the mass fraction of K content in the potassium fertilizer in the compound fertilizer used for the first topdressing in 5 th late month in the third year is 20-70%;

preferably, the mass fraction of K content in the potassium fertilizer in the compound fertilizer used for the first topdressing in 5 th decade of the third year is 50%;

preferably, the one-time additional fertilizer application amount in late 5 months of the third year comprises 300-450 kg/hm of potassium fertilizer²And 450-675 kg/hm of compound fertilizer²；

Preferably, the pointing time is that the gentiana macrophylla enters the bud stage;

preferably, the sharpening times are 2-3 times;

preferably, the moisture retention comprises that the water content of the soil during the growth period of the gentiana macrophylla is 45-65%;

preferably, the harvesting time comprises 11 months in the second year after transplanting, and the harvesting conditions comprise withering of the plants.

9. Roots of gentiana macrophylla pall obtained by the method for cultivating gentiana macrophylla pall according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. The use of the roots of gentiana macrophylla of claim 9 in the preparation of a Chinese patent medicament.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of cultivation of gentiana macrophylla pall, and particularly relates to a cultivation method of gentiana macrophylla pall, roots of gentiana macrophylla pall and application of the roots.

Background

The crude Gentiana crassicaulis Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk is a perennial herb of Gentiana of Gentianaceae, is used as a medicine by root, is an important traditional common Chinese medicine in China, and is one of 4 kinds recorded in Chinese pharmacopoeia, wherein the root of the 4 kinds of Chinese medicines contains components such as gentiopicrin, swertiamarin, sugar, volatile oil and the like. Has antiinflammatory, antibacterial, tranquilizing, blood pressure lowering, blood sugar increasing, anaphylactic shock resisting, antihistaminic, and plasmodium inhibiting and killing effects. Has effects of dispelling pathogenic wind and removing dampness, relieving asthenic fever, relaxing muscles and tendons, and relieving pain, and can be used for treating rheumatic arthralgia, spasm of tendons and vessels, hand and foot paralysis, tuberculosis hectic fever, infantile malnutritional fever, jaundice, hematochezia, dysuresia, etc. Can be widely used in Chinese medicine compatibility and pharmacy raw materials. Mainly distributed in the northwest of Yunnan, southeast of Tibet, Sichuan and the like, and grown in alpine meadows, hilly lawns, bushes and forest borders with the elevation of 2100-4500 m.

With the increasing market demand of gentiana macrophylla, the price of gentiana macrophylla is also increasing. At present, a certain artificial planting area (900 hm) of gentiana macrophylla pall is available in the northwest of Yunnan province²To 1000hm²) However, the method mainly comprises scattered planting of farmers, obviously has the defects of extensive technology and strong randomness, lacks a set of standard cultivation technology in the aspects of land selection, land preparation, seed seedling raising, transplanting, field management and the like, is difficult to ensure the quality and the yield of the large-stem gentiana macrophylla, and influences the economic benefit of the large-stem gentiana macrophylla.

In view of this, the invention is particularly proposed.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a cultivation method of large-stem gentiana macrophylla, which optimizes the steps of selecting seeds, raising seedlings and grading seedlings of the large-stem gentiana macrophylla, forms a set of standard cultivation technology by matching with field management, is beneficial to accumulation of effective components of the large-stem gentiana macrophylla at the root, improves the drug effect of the large-stem gentiana macrophylla, increases the medicinal value and the yield of the large-stem gentiana macrophylla, and further improves the economic benefit of planting the large-stem gentiana macrophylla.

The invention also provides the gentiana macrophylla roots harvested by adopting the standard cultivation technology, and the gentiana macrophylla roots are excellent in quality, high in yield, remarkable in economic benefit and suitable for large-scale operation.

The invention also provides the application of the obtained gentiana macrophylla root in preparing Chinese patent medicines.

The invention is realized by the following steps:

the invention provides a method for cultivating gentiana macrophylla pall, which sequentially comprises seed selection, seedling cultivation, transplanting land selection, land preparation of transplanting land, seedling classification, transplanting and field management;

the seedlings are divided into three grades by taking root length, diameter, root integrity, reed head integrity and existence of insect infection as standards:

wherein the root length of the first-stage seedling is more than or equal to 15cm, the diameter is more than or equal to 6mm, the root integrity is more than or equal to 98 percent, the reed head integrity is 100 percent, and no pest infection exists;

the second-level seedling has the root length of 8-15 cm, the diameter of 2-6 mm, the root integrity of more than or equal to 95 percent and the reed head integrity of 100 percent, and has no disease and insect infection;

the third-level seedling has the root length of less than or equal to 8cm, the diameter of less than or equal to 2mm, the root integrity of more than or equal to 95 percent and the reed head integrity of 100 percent, and has no disease and insect infection.

The root integrity and the reed head integrity are critical to seedling growth, and are not all defective, the damage of roots or reed heads can increase the risk of insect infection, unbalanced nutrient intake is easily caused, the root integrity is usually obtained by adopting a visual inspection reading mode, the surface area of the roots of large-leaved gentian is too large, visual inspection reading is not convenient, a scanned graph is obtained by scanning the roots by adopting CT, then the defect part existing in the scanned graph is planned to be repaired, and then a calculation formula is adopted: root integrity was calculated as (total surface area-repair surface area)/total surface area. And the integrity of the reed head can be obtained by adopting a conventional visual reading mode.

The invention adopts the steps of scraping out root-wrapping soil on the root surface and then carrying out conventional strain separation and identification experiments to determine whether the roots of large-leaved gentian have the risk of infecting pathogenic bacteria.

In an optional embodiment, the seed selection comprises that the seeds can not pass through a 60-mesh screen, and/or the seeds are aired, the thousand seed weight is more than 0.35g, and the seed screening is an important link for improving the quality and yield of the roots of the gentiana macrophylla pall.

Preferably, the seeds do not pass through a 40 mesh screen.

Preferably, the seeds are collected at a planting density of 7.5-9.5 ten thousand plants/hm²The plant size of the large-leaved gentian is 7.5-9.5 ten thousand plants/hm²The planting density of the method is closer to the growth density of wild gentiana macrophylla, so that the quality of seeds harvested from the plants is higher.

In an alternative embodiment, the raising of seedlings comprises selection of a raising place, preparation of a raising place, seed treatment, sowing and inter-seedling management in this order.

Preferably, the seedling raising land comprises a seedling raising land which has the altitude of 2200 m-2400 m, the pH value of 5.0-6.5, the sunshine ground surface temperature of 10-27 ℃ and the sunshine time of 5-7 hours/day.

Preferably, the soil for raising the seedlings comprises one or the combination of more than two of sandy loam, alluvial soil and dark brown soil, and the soil generally has the advantages of deep soil layer, loose soil and good air permeability, and is beneficial to the growth of gentiana macrophylla pall and the synthesis of medicinal components.

Preferably, the preparation of the seedling growing land comprises soil preparation of the seedling growing land, fertilization of the seedling growing land and bed preparation of the seedling growing land in sequence.

Preferably, the seedling land preparation comprises the steps of deeply ploughing the seedling land by 35-50 cm, alternately freezing the seedling land by sunlight and night for 60-70 days, wherein the temperature of the sunlight ground surface is 10-27 ℃, the sunshine time is at least 5 hours/day, the night freezing temperature is-4-5 ℃, the night freezing time is at least 3 hours/day, and temperature control equipment such as a greenhouse, a heater and the like is adopted if necessary.

Preferably, the operation time of soil preparation of the seedling growing land is 11 months.

Preferably, the fertilizing of the seedling growing land comprises applying compound rotten farmyard manure or matrix soil mixed with potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer, and then deeply ploughing for 35-45 cm, wherein the compound rotten farmyard manure is obtained by mixing at least two of sheep manure, pig manure and cow manure according to a random ratio.

Preferably, the seedling land preparation further comprises a fine raking step after the seedling land is deeply ploughed.

Preferably, the number of fine harrowing passes in the fine harrowing step is 2-4, and more preferably 3.

Preferably, the fertilizing amount of the seedling raising land for fertilization is 1.5-5.0 kg/m²。

Preferably, the fertilizing amount of the seedling raising field is 4.5kg/m²。

Preferably, the step of making the bed in the seedling raising field comprises the step of making strip beds with the length, the width and the height of 20-40 m, 1.2m and 40cm in the seedling raising field respectively.

Preferably, the seed treatment comprises the steps of soaking the standby gentiana macrophylla pall seeds in water for 2-5 hours, then soaking the seeds in gibberellin solution for 5-8 hours, simultaneously carrying out ultrasonic oscillation treatment, then fishing out and mixing fine river sand (the diameter of the river sand is 3-8mm), keeping the temperature at 15-22 ℃, keeping the humidity at 65-70%, carrying out germination acceleration treatment for 10-15 days, and sowing when 50-60% of the seeds are exposed to the white.

Preferably, the seeds of gentiana macrophylla are soaked in water for 2 hours.

Preferably, the water temperature of the seed soaking water is 18-25 ℃.

Preferably, ultrasonic oscillation treatment is adopted while the seed is soaked.

Preferably, the concentration of the gibberellin solution is 100mg/L to 500 mg/L.

Preferably, the seed soaking time of the gibberellin solution is 5-8 h.

Preferably, the mass ratio of the gentiana macrophylla seeds to the fine river sand is 1: 6-8.

Preferably, the sowing comprises the steps of opening a bed surface into a ditch with the depth of 2cm and the width of 5-6 cm at a row distance of 8-12 cm, sowing seeds in a row, raking the bed surface, covering soil with the thickness of 2-3 cm, covering pine hair or straws with the thickness of 1.5-2.5 cm, watering for one time, spreading a mulching film, covering an arch film and a shading net, wherein the arch height is 0.7-0.8 m, and the arch distance is 1.2-1.5 m.

Preferably, the row spacing between the bed surfaces is 15 cm.

Preferably, the seeding quantity of the drill seeds is 0.6-0.8 g/m²。

Preferably, the seed drill is performed using a dibbler.

Preferably, the inter-seedling management comprises the steps of sowing the seeds of the gentiana macrophylla pall, covering with a flat mold and an arched film in a double-layer mode, controlling the surface temperature of the ground to be 20-28 ℃ and the humidity to be 60-75%, removing the flat mold covered by the bed surface when the emergence rate reaches 80%, removing pine hair or straws, watering by using a watering can when the surface layer of the soil is dried to be 2-5 cm in depth and the humidity is lower than 50%, and simultaneously avoiding water accumulation of the seedbed, wherein the pH value of the soil is controlled to be 5.0-6.5 in the seedling stage.

Preferably, when the drying depth of the soil surface layer is 2cm, the humidity is lower than 50%, and watering is carried out by using a watering can.

Preferably, the removal of the pine hairs or straws is done in three separate operations.

Preferably, the watering can waters a minimum of two times.

In an alternative embodiment, the nutrient content of the substrate soil mixed with the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer comprises: 70.14-85.26 g/kg of organic matter, 2.04-3.86 g/kg of total nitrogen, 1.26-1.56 g/kg of total phosphorus, 6.07-7.24 g/kg of total potassium, 92.69-110.78 mg/kg of alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen, 215.16-228.66 mg/kg of quick-acting potassium, 66.08-78.56 mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 60.26-70.92 mg/kg of effective iron, 40.54-59.57 mg/kg of effective manganese, 1.56-2.65 mg/kg of effective zinc and 0.98-1.50 mg/kg of effective copper.

The nutrient content of the substrate soil mixed with the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer limits 9 element fertilizers, organic matters and various fertilizers are blended through pH control, and the formula is characterized in that the limiting mode of adopting the element fertilizers is the most accurate after long-term and large-scale attempts of the inventor on various fertilizers due to the long cultivation period of the gentiana macrophylla, and creative labor is paid for obtaining the content.

In an optional embodiment, the transplanting place is selected from an area with the altitude of 2500 m-3000 m, the annual average temperature of 5.5-10 ℃, the average temperature of the coldest month of-3.5-5.5 ℃, the average temperature of the hottest month of 13-17.5 ℃, the annual accumulated temperature of more than or equal to 10.0 ℃, the annual precipitation of 1550.0-320.0 ℃, the annual precipitation of 600 mm-1000 mm and the frost-free period of 120-210 days.

Preferably, the transplanting land comprises non-continuous cropping cultivated land or barren slope land with the slope of 10-20 ℃, the sunshine low-temperature preservation temperature of 10-27 ℃ and the sunshine time of at least 5 hours/day, the large-leaved gentian roots with thick stems are not planted in the three years before the non-continuous cropping cultivated land or the barren slope land, and the previous crops comprise at least one of tartary buckwheat, autumn rapes or kidney beans.

Preferably, the soil of the transplanting land is brown loam or sandy loam.

In an optional embodiment, the land preparation of the transplanting land comprises the steps of deeply ploughing twice, applying compound decomposed farmyard manure or matrix soil mixed with potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer, ditching and conditioning soil moisture to prepare flat furrows with the width of 0.8-1.0 m, and covering with black mulching films.

Preferably, the depth of the first deep ploughing in the two deep ploughing is 30-50 cm, weeds and broken stones are removed, then sunshine is carried out, the sunshine ground surface temperature is 10-27 ℃, the sunshine time is 5-7 hours/day, and the depth of the second deep ploughing is 30-50 cm after 30 days of sunshine.

Preferably, the compound decomposed farmyard manure is applied or the matrix soil mixed with the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer is added, and simultaneously, the calcium phosphate is also applied.

Preferably, the application amount of the matrix soil mixed with the compound decomposed farmyard manure or the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer is 5.5kg per square meter.

Preferably, the application amount of the calcium phosphate is 450-600 kg/h square meter.

Preferably, the calcium phosphate contains 15-20% of P by mass₂O₅。

Preferably, the calcium phosphate contains 17% of P by mass₂O₅。

In an optional embodiment, the transplanting comprises the steps of digging holes on a transplanting ground in an inverted triangle shape with the row spacing of 20-25 cm and the plant spacing of 15-20 cm, transplanting seedlings into the holes, covering soil for 2-3 cm after planting, and watering.

Preferably, the seedling is a first-stage seedling, and/or a second-stage seedling.

In an alternative embodiment, the field management comprises weeding, pest control, top dressing, moisturizing, pinching and harvesting in sequence.

Preferably, the top dressing comprises applying compound rotten farmyard manure 11 months in the year after transplanting, applying fertilizer twice in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th months in the second year, and applying fertilizer once in the last 5 th months in the third year after transplanting.

Preferably, the application amount of the decomposed farmyard manure applied in 11 th month of the year is 22500-30000 kg/hm²。

Preferably, the fertilizers used for fertilizing twice in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th of the second year comprise urea and compound fertilizer, and the compound fertilizer comprises N, P₂O₅And K₂O, said N, P₂O₅And K₂The mass ratio of O is 1: 0.5-3.

Preferably, N, P is applied to the compound fertilizer for two fertilization in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th of the second year₂O₅And K₂The mass ratio of O is 1:1: 1.

Preferably, the mass fraction of the N content in the compound fertilizer used for fertilizing twice in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th of the second year is 40-50%.

Preferably, the mass fraction of the urea content in the compound fertilizer used for fertilizing twice in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th of the second year is 46%.

Preferably, the fertilizing amount for twice fertilization in the first 6 th and the middle 8 th of the year comprises 300-450 kg/hm of urea²And 225-375 kg/hm of compound fertilizer²。

Preferably, the fertilizer for the first topdressing in late 5 th month of the third year comprises a potassium fertilizer and a compound fertilizer, and the compound fertilizer comprises N, P₂O₅And K₂O, said N, P₂O₅And K₂The mass ratio of O is 1: 0.5-3.

Preferably, N, P is contained in the compound fertilizer for one topdressing in late 5 th of the third year₂O₅And K₂The mass ratio of O is 1:1: 1.

Preferably, the mass fraction of K content in the potassium fertilizer in the compound fertilizer used for the first topdressing in 5 th late month in the third year is 20-70%.

Preferably, the mass fraction of K content in the potassium fertilizer in the compound fertilizer used for the first topdressing in 5 th decade of the third year is 50%.

Preferably, the one-time additional fertilizer application amount in late 5 months of the third year comprises 300-450 kg/hm of potassium fertilizer²And 450-675 kg/hm of compound fertilizer²。

Preferably, the pointing time is that the gentiana macrophylla enters the bud stage.

Preferably, the number of the sharpening is 2-3.

Preferably, the moisturizing comprises a water content of 45-65% of soil during the growth period of gentiana macrophylla.

Preferably, the harvesting time comprises 11 months in the second year after transplanting, and the harvesting conditions comprise withering of the plants.

The invention also provides a large-leaved gentian root obtained by the cultivation method of the large-leaved gentian.

The invention also provides the application of the gentiana macrophylla root in preparing Chinese patent medicines.

The invention has the following beneficial effects:

the classification of the gentiana macrophylla pall seedlings provided by the invention not only plays a role together with other steps such as seed selection, breeding, field management and the like, is beneficial to the accumulation of effective components of the gentiana macrophylla pall at the root, improves the drug effect of the gentiana macrophylla pall, increases the medicinal value and the yield of the gentiana macrophylla pall, and simultaneously realizes the feasibility of standardized production of the cultivation of the gentiana macrophylla pall through the classification of the gentiana macrophylla pall seedlings, which is an important prerequisite for promoting the standardization of the traditional Chinese medicine of the gentiana macrophylla pall. The method comprises the steps of classifying the seedlings of the large-leaved gentian, matching with corresponding inspection regulations, and then specifying enterprise standards, local standards and even national standards, and is an effective measure for storing excellent large-leaved gentian varieties and promoting improved variety production.

The invention also provides the gentiana macrophylla pall roots harvested by adopting the standard cultivation technology, and the fresh weight of the gentiana macrophylla pall roots reaches 15000-18000 kg/hm²And the proportion of the harvested gentiana macrophylla roots which meet the commodity requirement accounts for more than 80%.

Detailed Description

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were conducted under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available commercially.

The features and properties of the present invention are described in further detail below with reference to examples.

Example 1

The embodiment provides a high-quality and high-yield cultivation method for gentiana macrophylla pall, which comprises the following steps:

(1) seed selection of gentiana macrophylla

The method comprises the steps of picking mature seeds of the large-leaved gentian with the thick stem, which are planted (the planting density is 7.5 ten thousand plants per square meter per hour) in an environment imitating the growth of the wild large-leaved gentian, airing the seeds under natural conditions, selecting a standard sieve of 40 meshes for screening, and taking the seeds of the large-leaved gentian, which cannot pass through the 40-mesh sieve and have the grain weight of more than 0.35g, as breeding materials for later use.

(2) Seedling raising

Selecting and preparing seedling growing land

Selecting sandy loam with low terrain, near water source, deep soil layer, loose soil and good air permeability in an area with the altitude of about 2200m, wherein the soil is pollution-free and convenient to drain and irrigate, a slightly acidic land with the pH value of 5.5 is suitable for a land block with sufficient sunlight, preparing the land in the first ten days of 11 months to 11 months, namely deeply ploughing for 40cm, then irradiating the land by sunlight in the daytime in the next 65 days, and freezing for night; then, applying matrix soil (composite matrix soil for short, the nutrient content is shown in table 1) mixed with the potassium sulfate type NPK compound fertilizer in the last ten days from 2 months to 3 months in the next year, wherein the using amount of the matrix soil is 4.5kg per square meter; then deeply ploughing for 40cm and finely raking for 3 times; finally, making a strip bed with the width of 1.2m, the length of 30m and the height of 40cm, finely raking the surface of the ridge bed, leveling and preparing for seeding and seedling raising.

TABLE 1 nutrient content of composite matrix soil in example 1

Name (R)	Unit of	Content (wt.)	Name (R)	Unit of	Content (wt.)
						pH value	-	5.5	Quick-acting potassium	mg/kg	215.16
Organic matter	g/kg	70.14	Fast-acting phosphorus	mg/kg	66.08
						Total nitrogen	g/kg	2.04	Effective iron	mg/kg	60.26
All-phosphorus	g/kg	1.26	Effective manganese	mg/kg	40.54
						Total potassium	g/kg	6.07	Effective zinc	mg/kg	1.56
Basic nitrogen of hydrolysis	mg/kg	92.69	Effective copper	mg/kg	0.98

② seed treatment

In late 2 months of the next year, soaking the coarse-stem gentiana macrophylla seeds obtained by screening in the step (1) with water (the water temperature is 20 ℃) for 2 hours, simultaneously carrying out ultrasonic oscillation treatment, soaking the seeds with a gibberellin solution with the concentration of 300mg/L for 6.5 hours, fishing out and mixing with fine river sand, placing the seeds and the fine river sand in a plastic basin, keeping the volume ratio of the seeds to the fine river sand at 15-22 ℃, keeping the humidity at 65-70%, carrying out germination accelerating treatment for 10-15 days, and sowing when 50-60% of the seeds are exposed to the white.

Thirdly sowing

Sowing in the middle ten days of the next year from 3 months to 4 months, wherein the sowing method comprises the steps of forming a ditch with the depth of 2cm and the width of 5-6 cm by a bed surface according to the row distance of 10cm, drilling seeds by using a dibbler according to the dosage of 0.7 g/square meter, raking the bed surface by using a rake, covering soil with the thickness of 2-3 cm, covering pine or straw with the thickness of 1.5-2.5 cm, watering for one time, spreading a mulching film, covering an arch film and a shading net, wherein the arch height is 0.7-0.8 m, and the arch spacing is 1.2-1.5 m.

Seedling stage management

After sowing seeds of gentiana macrophylla pall, carrying out double-layer covering by using a flat die and an arched film, controlling the surface temperature to be 20 ℃ and the humidity to be 60%, and then, sprouting can be carried out for about 7-12 days, when the sprouting rate can reach about 80%, removing the flat die covered on the bed surface, and removing pine hair or straws for three times, so that the seedlings can adapt to illumination and can be promoted to grow rapidly. And (3) timely weeding is carried out in the seedling stage, when the surface layer of the soil is dried to 2cm and the humidity is lower than 50%, watering by using a watering can to prevent dry buds from dying, watering repeatedly twice each time to avoid water accumulation on a seedbed, keeping the wet layer of the soil to be 8-12 cm, and strictly controlling the pH of the soil to be 5.0 in the seedling stage.

(3) Transplanting

Selection of a transplanting land: selecting the area with the altitude of 2500m, the annual average temperature of 5.5-10 ℃, the coldest month average temperature of-3.5-5.5 ℃, the hottest month average temperature of 13-17.5 ℃, the annual accumulated temperature of not less than 10.0 ℃, 1550.0-320.0 ℃, the annual precipitation amount of 600-1000 mm, the frost-free period of 120-210 days, sandy loam, the slope of 10-20 ℃, sufficient sunshine, non-continuous cropping cultivated land or barren slope land, no large-stem gentiana macrophylla in the first three years and tartary buckwheat as the previous crop.

Land preparation of a transplanting land: deep turning from 9 late months to 10 early months of the next yearRemoving weeds and broken stones by 40cm, and fully exposing the weeds and broken stones to the sun; deep turning for the second time by 40cm from 11 to 12 months in the next year; before ditching and managing the soil moisture, spreading composite thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure with the dosage of 5.5kg per square meter and simultaneously applying 500kg per square meter of calcium superphosphate, wherein P in the calcium superphosphate is counted by mass fraction₂O₅The content of (A) is 17%; making a flat bed with the width of 1.0 meter; covering with black mulching film for transplanting.

Thirdly, grading and transplanting the transplanted seedlings: digging seedlings of a seedling raising land in the next 10 th ten days, digging holes in an inverted triangle shape by taking first-grade seedlings (shown in table 2) according to the row spacing of 20cm and the plant spacing of 20cm, transplanting the seedlings to the cultivation land obtained in the step (3), covering 2-3 cm of soil after cultivation, and watering.

Table 2 first stage shoot characteristics used in example 1

Project \ level	First-class seedling
		Root length (cm)	≥15
Diameter (mm)	≥6
		Root integrity (%)	98
Integrity of reed head (%)	100
		Presence or absence of infection by pests	Is free of

(4) Transplanting field management:

firstly, in the growing period of the large-leaved gentian, weeds are removed in time, and diseases and insect pests are prevented; the prevention and control of the plant diseases and insect pests are as follows: when the root rot is found, digging the pond with the roots in time to remove the large-leaved gentian plants infected with the root rot; when the cutworm is found, the 1000-time liquid of the wettable powder is trapped and killed by poison bait or 2.5 percent of enemy;

② in 11 th of the next year, covering 22500kg/hm of compound decomposed farmyard manure on the compartment surface in combination with ridging²；

③ topdressing: and (3) dressing urea and compound fertilizer in the first 6 th and middle 8 th of the third year after transplanting in combination with intertillage weeding, wherein the dressing amount is as follows: 400kg/hm of urea with 46 percent of N content by mass fraction²300kg/hm of compound fertilizer²In the compound fertilizer, N is P₂O₅:K₂The mass ratio of O is 1:1: 1; covering the compartment surface with 30000kg/hm of compound decomposed farmyard manure in 11 middle-month ten days of the third year after transplanting in combination with hilling²(ii) a After transplanting, potassium fertilizer and compound fertilizer are applied in the last 5 th month of the fourth year, wherein the application amount is as follows: potash fertilizer with K content of 50 mass percent being 400kg/hm²500kg/hm of compound fertilizer²In the compound fertilizer, N is P₂O₅:K₂The mass ratio of O is 1:1: 1.

Fourthly, when the gentiana macrophylla pall enters the bud stage, 2-3 times of pointenting and bud picking are carried out;

fifthly, during the growth period of the gentiana macrophylla pall, keeping the water content of the soil at 45-65 mass percent;

sixthly, collecting roots of the gentiana macrophylla pall when the plant withers 11 months after transplanting.

Example 2

The embodiment provides a high-quality and high-yield cultivation method for gentiana macrophylla pall, and the difference from the embodiment 1 is that the seedlings of gentiana macrophylla pall selected by the embodiment are second-level seedlings, and the characteristics are as follows:

TABLE 3 Secondary seedling characteristics of Gentiana macrophylla selected in example 2

Project \ level	Second-level seedling
		Root length (cm)	8～15
Diameter (mm)	2～6
		Root integrity (%)	95
Integrity of reed head (%)	100
		Presence or absence of infection by pests	Is free of

The rest of the procedure was the same as in example 1.

Example 3

The embodiment provides a high-quality and high-yield cultivation method for gentiana macrophylla pall, and the method is different from the embodiment 1 in that the first-stage seedlings and the second-stage seedlings of the gentiana macrophylla pall with the same quantity are simultaneously selected, and the rest steps are the same as the embodiment 1.

Comparative example 1

The comparison example provides a high-quality and high-yield cultivation method for gentiana macrophylla pall, and the difference from the example 1 is that the seedlings of gentiana macrophylla pall selected by the comparison example are third-level seedlings, and the characteristics are as follows:

table 4 third-class seedlings of gentiana macrophylla selected in comparative example 1

The roots of gentiana macrophylla obtained in the above examples 1 to 3 and comparative example 1 were examined as follows:

(ii) size detection

Measuring the diameter and length of the obtained root of gentiana macrophylla pall and recording.

Detection of extract: the extract contents of examples 1 to 3 and comparative example 1 were measured by a hot dipping method according to general rule 2201 of pharmacopoeia of Chinese medicine 2015, using ethanol as a solvent.

③ detecting the total ash content: the total gray content is obtained by detecting examples 1-3 and comparative example 1 according to the general rule 2302 method of the traditional Chinese medicine pharmacopoeia 2015 edition.

Detecting the content of gentiopicroside and loganin acid: according to the traditional Chinese medicine pharmacopoeia 2015 edition, the contents of gentiopicroside and loganin in examples 1-3 and comparative example 1 are measured by high performance liquid chromatography 0521.

The detection result is as follows: see the following Table

TABLE 5 detection results of Gentiana macrophylla Roxb root obtained in examples 1 to 3 and comparative example

As can be seen from table 5, compared with the selection of the second-level seedling, the first-level/second-level mixed seedling and the third-level seedling, the size of the gentiana macrophylla root obtained by the cultivation of the first-level seedling is largest, the extract is largest, the content of the effective components is highest, the gray level is minimum, and the yield is also highest, so that the cultivation of the first-level seedling by grading the seedling in the early stage of cultivation has a remarkable economic value.

The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.