阅读说明：本技术 平板低旁瓣二维可调的漏波平面阵列天线 (Flat-plate low-sidelobe two-dimensional adjustable leaky-wave planar array antenna ) 是由 森格利·福 于 2020-03-16 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明提出了一种平面阵列天线,具有一种小型化二维可调的高增益低旁瓣的辐射RF波束方向图。所述天线包括由多个第一行和第二行天线振子单元组成的超材料阵列,以沿第一轴传播辐射方向图。所述第一行天线振子单元以左手模式工作,所述第二行天线振子单元以右手模式工作。所述天线振子单元分别包括液晶体和虚拟接地线,所述虚拟接地线能够生成用于调整所述液晶的介电值的电位差。所述天线还包括设置在中心位置上的多个RF输入端口和双通道中心馈电网络,所述双通道中心馈电网络通信地耦合到所述多个成对的第一行和第二行天线振子单元以及所述多个RF输入端口,以形成和控制所述辐射RF波束方向图的方向。(The invention provides a planar array antenna, which is provided with a miniaturized two-dimensional adjustable high-gain low-sidelobe radiation RF beam pattern. The antenna includes a metamaterial array composed of a plurality of first and second rows of antenna element units to propagate a radiation pattern along a first axis. The first row of antenna element units operates in a left-hand mode, and the second row of antenna element units operates in a right-hand mode. The antenna oscillator units each include a liquid crystal and a virtual ground line capable of generating a potential difference for adjusting a dielectric value of the liquid crystal. The antenna also includes a plurality of RF input ports disposed in a central location and a dual-channel center feed network communicatively coupled to the plurality of pairs of first and second rows of antenna element units and the plurality of RF input ports to form and control a direction of the radiating RF beam pattern.)

1. An antenna, characterized in that the antenna comprises:

a composite right-and-left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial antenna array for radiating a radio-frequency (RF) beam pattern, wherein the CRLH metamaterial antenna array comprises:

a plurality of paired first and second rows of antenna element elements, wherein one of the first and second rows of antenna element elements is controllable to operate in a left-handed radiation mode and the other of the first and second rows of antenna element elements is controllable to operate in a right-handed radiation mode, the plurality of paired first and second rows of antenna element elements being configured to propagate a radiation pattern along a first axis;

the plurality of pairs of first and second rows of antenna element cells each comprise a liquid crystal having a controllable dielectric value and at least one ground spacer, wherein the at least one ground spacer is configured as a virtual ground line to implement a potential difference for controlling the dielectric value of the liquid crystal;

a plurality of RF input ports disposed at a central location;

a dual channel center feed network structure communicatively coupled to the plurality of pairs of first and second rows of antenna element units and the plurality of RF input ports to form the RF beam pattern, wherein the center feed network structure comprises:

a composite right-and-left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial, a liquid crystal with a controllable dielectric value, and at least one ground spacer configured as a virtual ground line;

a metal top enclosure covering a top side of the center feed network structure;

wherein the dual channel center feed network structure is configured to provide phase reversal information to each of the plurality of RF input ports in sequence such that one of the first and second rows of antenna element units is controlled to operate in a left-hand radiating mode and the other of the first and second rows of antenna element units is controlled to operate in a right-hand radiating mode.

2. The antenna of claim 1, wherein the plurality of pairs of first and second rows of antenna element elements are spaced apart by a distance of one quarter or one half of an operating wavelength.

3. The antenna of claim 1 or 2, wherein each of the plurality of RF input ports is configured to be communicatively coupled to a respective portion of the plurality of pairs of first and second rows of antenna element units.

4. The antenna of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the dual channel center feed network structure comprises a first dual channel center feed network and a second dual channel center feed network, wherein each channel of the first and second dual channel center feed networks is communicatively coupled to one of the plurality of RF input ports.

5. The antenna of claim 4, wherein each channel of the first and second dual-channel center feed networks is to provide alternating phase reversal information to each of the plurality of coupled RF input ports in sequence.

6. The antenna of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the dual channel center feed network structure is configured to apply predetermined control voltages to the first and second rows of antenna element elements to control the direction of the formed RF beam pattern.

7. The antenna of claim 6, wherein the dual channel center feed network structure applies a low level control voltage to rows of antenna element elements operating in the right-hand radiation mode to steer the formed RF beam pattern in azimuth.

8. An antenna according to claim 6 or 7, wherein said dual channel center feed network structure applies a high level control voltage to rows of antenna element elements operating in said left hand radiation mode to steer said formed RF beam pattern in azimuth.

9. A wireless communication device, the wireless communication device comprising:

an antenna for receiving and transmitting wireless signals, wherein the antenna comprises:

a composite right-and-left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial antenna array for radiating a radio-frequency (RF) beam pattern, wherein the CRLH metamaterial antenna array comprises:

a plurality of paired first and second rows of antenna element elements, wherein one of the first and second rows of antenna element elements is controllable to operate in a left-handed radiation mode and the other of the first and second rows of antenna element elements is controllable to operate in a right-handed radiation mode, the plurality of paired first and second rows of antenna element elements being configured to propagate a radiation pattern along a first axis;

the plurality of pairs of first and second rows of antenna element cells each comprise a liquid crystal having a controllable dielectric value and at least one ground spacer, wherein the at least one ground spacer is configured as a virtual ground line to implement a potential difference for controlling the dielectric value of the liquid crystal;

a plurality of RF input ports disposed at a central location;

a dual channel center feed network structure communicatively coupled to the plurality of pairs of first and second rows of antenna element units and the plurality of RF input ports to form the RF beam pattern, wherein the center feed network structure comprises:

a composite right-and-left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial, a liquid crystal with a controllable dielectric value, and at least one ground spacer configured as a virtual ground line;

a metal top enclosure covering a top side of the center feed network structure;

wherein the dual channel center feed network structure is configured to provide phase reversal information to each of the plurality of RF input ports in sequence such that one of the first and second rows of antenna element units is controlled to operate in a left-hand radiating mode and the other of the first and second rows of antenna element units is controlled to operate in a right-hand radiating mode.

10. The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein the plurality of pairs of first and second rows of antenna element units are spaced apart by a distance of one quarter or one half of an operating wavelength.

11. The wireless communication device of claim 9 or 10, wherein each RF input port of the plurality of RF input ports is configured to be communicatively coupled to a respective portion of the plurality of pairs of first and second rows of antenna element units.

12. The wireless communication device of any of claims 9 to 11, wherein the dual-channel center feed network structure comprises a first dual-channel center feed network and a second dual-channel center feed network, wherein each channel of the first and second dual-channel center feed networks is communicatively coupled to one of the plurality of RF input ports.

13. The wireless communication device of claim 12, wherein each channel of the first and second dual-channel center feed networks is configured to provide alternating phase-inverted information to each of the plurality of coupled RF input ports in sequence.

14. The wireless communication device of any of claims 9-13, wherein the dual channel center feed network structure is configured to apply a predetermined control voltage to the first and second rows of antenna element elements to control the direction of the formed RF beam pattern.

15. The wireless communication device of claim 14, wherein the dual channel center feed network structure applies a low level control voltage to rows of antenna element elements operating in the right-hand radiation mode to steer the formed RF beam pattern along a directive angle.

16. The wireless communication device of claim 14 or 15, wherein the dual channel center feed network structure applies a high level control voltage to rows of antenna element elements operating in the left hand radiation mode to steer the formed RF beam pattern along azimuth angles.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to an array antenna. More particularly, the present invention relates to an array antenna including a composite right-left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial.

Background

Leaky-wave antennas include a waveguide structure that provides low-level Radio Frequency (RF) radiation along the length of the guide structure. Leaky-wave antennas are used in many applications including wireless communications (e.g., 5G networks), satellite communications, GPS systems, and the like.

To ensure that the RF radiation is directed in a fixed direction, typical leaky-wave antennas require that the propagation constant of the radiation field along the waveguide structure be stable at known frequencies. Thus, conventional leaky-wave antennas typically have a uniform aperture geometry. This configuration results in a natural exponential decay of the amplitude of the feed point along the antenna aperture.

However, such asymmetric amplitude reduction typically results in poor performance of the side lobes of these antennas along the radiation pattern. Furthermore, a typical leaky-wave antenna can be angularly scanned due to the antenna's inherent positive propagation constant, and can only be controlled to scan within about half of the available space (e.g., <90 °).

In addressing some of the noted problems related to poor sidelobe performance of leaky-wave antennas, lack of beam tunability at fixed frequencies, the incorporation of metamaterials (MTMs) into the construction of antenna structures has been considered to exploit and control certain advantageous Electromagnetic (EM) radiation characteristics.

MTMs are composed of artificial structures that differ from natural materials, which are generally amenable to right-handed transmission of EM radiation. Thus, the MTM may be used to operate in one or both of a left-hand mode and a right-hand mode. These MTMs are known as composite right-left-handed (CRLH) MTMs. CRLH MTM can be designed using conventional dielectric and conductive materials to produce directionally tunable EM radiation characteristics.

Disclosure of Invention

It is an object of the present invention to describe a planar array antenna structure that provides a miniaturized two-dimensional tunable high-gain low-sidelobe radiating RF beam. The planar array antenna includes a composite right-and-left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial antenna array for radiating a radio-frequency (RF) beam pattern. The CRLH metamaterial antenna array comprises a plurality of paired first and second rows of antenna element units. One of the first and second rows of antenna element elements is controllable to operate in a left-hand radiation mode, the other of the first and second rows of antenna element elements is controllable to operate in a right-hand radiation mode, and the plurality of paired first and second rows of antenna element elements are configured to propagate a radiation pattern along the first axis. The antenna element units respectively include a liquid crystal having a controllable dielectric value and at least one ground spacer, wherein the at least one ground spacer is configured as a virtual ground line to implement a potential difference for controlling the dielectric value of the liquid crystal.

The planar array antenna further includes a plurality of RF input ports disposed at a central location and a dual-channel center feed network structure, wherein the dual-channel center feed network structure is communicatively coupled to the plurality of pairs of first and second rows of antenna element elements and the plurality of RF input ports to form the RF beam pattern. The center feed network structure comprises a composite right-and-left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial, a liquid crystal body with controllable dielectric value and at least one grounding isolation sheet configured as a virtual grounding line; a metal top enclosure covering a top side of the center feed network structure; wherein the dual channel center feed network structure is configured to provide phase reversal information to each of the plurality of RF input ports in sequence such that one of the first and second rows of antenna element units is controlled to operate in a left-hand radiating mode and the other of the first and second rows of antenna element units is controlled to operate in a right-hand radiating mode.

According to other aspects of the invention, the plurality of pairs of first and second rows of antenna element elements are spaced apart by a distance of one quarter or one half of the operating wavelength.

According to other aspects of the invention, each of the plurality of RF input ports is for communicatively coupling to a respective portion of the plurality of pairs of first and second rows of antenna element units.

According to other aspects of the present invention, the dual channel center feed network structure includes a first dual channel center feed network and a second dual channel center feed network, wherein each channel of the first and second dual channel center feed networks is communicatively coupled to one of the plurality of RF input ports.

According to other aspects of the invention, each channel of the first and second dual-channel center feed networks is configured to provide alternating phase reversal information to each of the plurality of coupled RF input ports in sequence.

According to other aspects of the invention, the dual channel center feed network structure is configured to apply predetermined control voltages to the first and second rows of antenna element elements to control the direction of the formed RF beam pattern.

According to other aspects of the invention, the dual channel center feed network structure applies a low level control voltage to each row of antenna element cells operating in the right-hand radiation mode to steer the formed RF beam pattern along a directive angle.

According to other aspects of the invention, the dual channel center feed network structure applies a high level control voltage to each row of antenna element elements operating in the left hand radiation mode to steer the formed RF beam pattern along a directive angle.

According to other aspects of the invention, a wireless communication device is provided. The wireless communication device includes an antenna for receiving and transmitting wireless signals, the antenna including a composite right-and-left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial antenna array for radiating a radio-frequency (RF) beam pattern. The CRLH metamaterial antenna array comprises a plurality of paired first and second rows of antenna element units. One of the first and second rows of antenna element units is controllable to operate in a left-hand radiation mode, another of the first and second rows of antenna element units is controllable to operate in a right-hand radiation mode, the plurality of pairs of first and second rows of antenna element units are for propagating a radiation pattern along a first axis, the antenna element units each include a liquid crystal having a controllable dielectric value and at least one ground spacer, wherein the at least one ground spacer is configured as a virtual ground line to achieve a potential difference for controlling the dielectric value of the liquid crystal.

The wireless communication device also includes a plurality of RF input ports disposed at a centralized location and a dual-channel center feed network structure, wherein the dual-channel center feed network structure is communicatively coupled to the plurality of paired first and second row element units and the plurality of RF input ports to form the RF beam pattern. The center feed network structure comprises a composite right-and-left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial, a liquid crystal body with controllable dielectric value and at least one grounding isolation sheet configured as a virtual grounding line; a metal top enclosure covering a top side of the center feed network structure; wherein the dual channel center feed network structure is configured to provide phase reversal information to each of the plurality of RF input ports in sequence such that one of the first and second rows of antenna element units is controlled to operate in a left-hand radiating mode and the other of the first and second rows of antenna element units is controlled to operate in a right-hand radiating mode.

It should be noted that directional references described herein, such as "front," "back," "upper," "lower," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "side," and the like, are used purely for convenience of description and do not limit the scope of the invention. Furthermore, any dimensions provided herein are presented by way of example only and do not limit the scope of the invention unless otherwise indicated. In addition, geometric terms such as "straight," "flat," "curved," "point," and the like are not intended to limit the present invention to any particular geometric precision, but should be understood in the context of the present invention, taking into account normal manufacturing tolerances and functional requirements as understood by those skilled in the art.

Drawings

Reference will now be made by way of example to the accompanying drawings which illustrate embodiments of the present application.

Fig. 1 illustrates a top view of an exemplary planar array antenna in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 2 shows a plurality of sequential antenna element units comprising an array of meta-materials according to an embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 3 shows a top view of an antenna element unit structure according to an embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 4 shows a cross-sectional side view of an antenna element unit structure according to an embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 5 shows an equivalent circuit representation of one example of a composite right-left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial (MTM) array antenna element unit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 6 illustrates the connection of a representative two-channel center feed network to the RF feed input in a planar array antenna in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 7 shows a top view of a structure of a representative dual channel center feed network in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 8 shows a structural cross-sectional side view of a representative dual channel center feed network in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 9 illustrates the application of a DC control voltage to a planar array antenna for steering a radiated RF beam in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 10 shows characteristics of a DC control voltage for steering control of a radiated RF beam according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary wireless communication device in which an example of a planar array antenna described herein may be used according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Like reference numerals may be used to refer to like elements in different figures.

Detailed Description

As described in detail below, the disclosed planar array antenna includes a plurality of bidirectional one-dimensional composite right-left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial (MTM) leaky-wave element arrays (CRLH LWA), in accordance with various embodiments. The plurality of CRLH LWA includes a plurality of paired first and second rows of antenna element units capable of radiating in positive and negative wave propagation directions, respectively.

CRLH LWA includes a Liquid Crystal (LC) loaded transmission line structure based on a modification of a grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) with a thin layer of additional substrate material on at least one surface. A large number of LCs are encapsulated using a first substrate and a second substrate of LWA. The LC in CRLH LWA may perform beam scanning over a full angular range including the side-fire angle (i.e., zero degrees) at multiple RF frequencies or at a fixed RF frequency to generate a steerable beam with relatively low side lobes and relatively high gain in one dimension.

The planar array antenna also includes a dual channel left and right handed center feed network and four RF input ports located at the center of the array and coupled to the center feed network. The dual channel center feed network may be used to provide phase reversal information to the four RF input ports to achieve a two-dimensional low sidelobe high gain tunable radiated RF beam.

Referring to the drawings, fig. 1 illustrates a planar array antenna 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the planar array antenna 100 includes at least a first substrate 104 and a second substrate 105, wherein the first substrate 104 is implemented as a lower (bottom) substrate and the second substrate 105 is implemented as a top substrate. The first (bottom) substrate 104 may include a conductive material printed thereon that acts as a ground layer and includes a dielectric material that electrically isolates the surface of the first substrate 104 from other surfaces. In a wireless device, the surface of the first (bottom) substrate 104 may be a layer included in a multi-layer structure, for example, a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) or a portion of an application board.

The planar array antenna 100 includes a plurality of paired rows of CRLH LWA cell arrays 102A, 102B disposed between a first substrate 104 and a second substrate 105. The CRLH LWA 102A, 102B includes a plurality of sequential antenna element units 110 (see fig. 2). Each antenna element cell 110 includes a Liquid Crystal (LC) 124 having a controllable dielectric value and one or more electrically grounded spacers. The ground spacers are configured as one or more virtual ground lines capable of generating a potential difference in the bulk of the LC 124.

In particular, fig. 2 shows a representative segment of a row of antenna element elements 110. Each row consists of one or more LC-loaded CRLH antenna element units 110 that repeat to form an MTM transmission line structure. Fig. 3 and 4 show an exemplary antenna element unit 110. Fig. 3 is a plan view of the antenna element unit 110, and fig. 4 is a sectional side view of the antenna element unit 110. The antenna element unit 110 includes a portion of the first substrate 104 and a portion of the second substrate 105. In some embodiments, the first substrate 104 and the second substrate 105 are provided by a portion of a PCB or application board. In some embodiments, first substrate 104 and second substrate 105 are double-sided PCBs.

A Liquid Crystal (LC) 124 is embedded between the first substrate 104 and the second substrate 105. In some embodiments, the LC is embedded in a cavity defined within the space between the substrates 104 and 105. Accordingly, the LC 124 is encapsulated between the first substrate 104 and the second substrate 105. Enclosing LC 124 within antenna element unit 110 of CRLH LWA 102 may enable positive and negative electron beam scanning, including side-fire angle (e.g., 0 °) scanning. The other components in the antenna element unit 110 may then be bonded together and placed within the first substrate 104 and the second substrate 105. Thus, the antenna element unit 110 may be more easily manufactured using scalable processes, e.g., without the need for manual construction.

In some embodiments involving non-uniform leaky-wave antennas and the like, the antenna element cells 110 in the CRLH LWA 102 may each have the same geometry and configuration. However, in at least other embodiments involving non-uniform leaky-wave antennas and the like, one or more cells 110 in CRLH LWA 102 may have different geometries and configurations including different capacitors, inductors, and/or virtual ground locations. In some embodiments, the lengths of the paired first and second rows of antenna element cells comprising CRLH LWA 102 are substantially equal.

The first substrate 104 and the second substrate 105 in the antenna element unit 110 are oriented oppositely with a space therebetween and may be aligned with each other to form an area including a large number of LCs 124. In one exemplary embodiment, the first substrate 104, the second substrate 105, and the bulk of the LC 124 may be relatively thin, which may help to improve the LC response to the electrostatic field, which may be used to tune the LC 124.

In some embodiments, the bulk LC 124 may be nematic liquid crystal or any other suitable liquid crystal. Where LC 124 is a nematic liquid crystal, the nematic liquid crystal may have an intermediate nematic gel state between a solid crystal and a liquid state within the expected operating temperature range of planar array antenna 100. Examples of suitable liquid crystals include GT3-23001 liquid crystal or BL038 liquid crystal from Merck group, among others. LC 124 may also have dielectric anisotropy properties at microwave frequencies, and the effective dielectric constant may be adjusted by setting different orientations of the molecules of LC 124 relative to their reference axes. The skilled person will understand that a nematic state is a state in which the liquid crystal elements have a parallel orientation, but they are not required to form a clear plane.

Controlled changes in the electrostatic field between the first substrate 104 and the second substrate 105 may cause changes in the dielectric properties of the LC 124, which are significant at microwave frequencies. Therefore, the effective dielectric constant can be adjusted by changing the DC voltage applied to each antenna element unit 110, so that the transmission phase of the antenna element unit 110 can be controlled.

The antenna element unit 110 comprises one or more ground planes 112a, 112b, 112c, which may be provided on one or both sides of one or both of the first substrate 104 and the second substrate 105. The antenna element unit 110 comprises two series capacitors 114 and two parallel inductors 116. The antenna element unit 110 further comprises one or more spacers configured as a virtual ground 118 in the antenna element unit 110. One or more virtual grounds 118 are located on one side (e.g., the top side) of the first substrate 104. The one or more virtual grounds 118 are electrically isolated from the DC by one or more slots 119. The planar series capacitor 114 and the shunt inductor 116 are arranged in a manner similar to a grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) configuration. As shown in fig. 3, the antenna element units 110 include series capacitors 114 that provide a series electrical coupling between adjacent antenna element units 110. The antenna element unit 110 further comprises a shunt inductor 116 providing a shunt electrical coupling to ground.

In the embodiment shown in fig. 3 and 4, the shunt inductor 116 and the planar capacitor 114 are DC grounded via a DC ground plane in the antenna element unit 110, which may be one or more of the ground planes 112a, 112b, 112 c. Thus, the spacer of the virtual ground 118 may introduce a DC bias voltage to adjust the LC 124. To introduce a potential difference in the bulk of the LC 124 between the first substrate 104 and the second substrate 105, a virtual ground layer 118 may be disposed on one side (e.g., the top side) of the first substrate 104 and placed directly beneath the series capacitor 114 and the parallel inductor 116, as shown in fig. 4. The spacer of the virtual ground 118 may be used as an alternative to the open microstrip transmission structure. Conventional microstrip transmission structures often require additional layers of substrate material. At higher operating frequencies, such as millimeter wave frequencies (e.g., as proposed for 5G communications), additional substrate material may create spurious transmission modes.

It should be appreciated that the configuration of virtual ground 118 enables control of the static field strength in the bulk of LC 124 by electrically adjusting the bulk of LC 124 through application of an appropriate DC control voltage. The spacer of virtual ground 118 acts as a virtual RF ground and can change the electrostatic field in the bulk of LC 124 to achieve beam steering functionality. In operation, the virtual ground 118 isolates the path of the DC feed while allowing RF signals to propagate. Each spacer of the virtual ground 118 may operate as an isolated ground at low frequencies and as a relatively continuous ground at high frequencies. The inclusion of the virtual ground 118 in the antenna element cells 110 of the CRLH MTM arrays 102A, 102B and in the GCPW configuration of the antenna element cells 110 enables the introduction of a DC voltage into a large number of LCs 124 to achieve beam steering functionality.

Referring to fig. 5, fig. 5 shows an equivalent circuit representation of the exemplary CRLH MTM array antenna element unit 110 of fig. 3 and 4. In the disclosed embodiment, the antenna element unit 110 includes a series capacitor 114 having a finite length transmission line and a parallel inductor 116. The antenna element unit 110 may have four circuit parameters, namely a right-hand capacitance C, using the right-hand circuit parameters inherent in the finite transmission line length_RLeft-handed capacitor C_LRight hand electric induction L_RAnd a left-hand inductor L_L。

The dimensions of the capacitor 114 and the inductor 116 may be selected using simulation software such as a High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS), for example, using iterative calculations, to produce the desired right-hand and left-hand capacitances and inductances (C, C)_L、C_R、L_L、L_R). In an exemplary simulation, the transition frequencies of the antenna element elements may be calculated according to the following exemplary formula:

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

in addition, in the planeIn an exemplary simulation of the array antenna 100 operating in a balanced mode (i.e., when the series resonant frequency ω is at_seApproximately equal to the parallel resonance frequency omega_shTime), the series resonance frequency and the parallel resonance frequency may be calculated as follows:

series resonant frequency

Parallel resonant frequency

The above parameters are variable depending on the structural geometry and the effective dielectric constant (E) of the LC 124 embedded between the first substrate 104 and the second substrate 105_R) The constant may be adjusted as described herein. It should be appreciated that in general, any suitable capacitor and inductor configuration may be used as part of the antenna element unit 110.

When the planar array antenna 100 is in operation, the LC 124 may be controlled such that the antenna 100 achieves a maximum scan angle when the effective dielectric constant is set to a minimum value (e.g., 2.5). The antenna 100 may be controlled such that as the dielectric constant increases (e.g., from 2.5 to 3.3), the radiation beam is slowly swept from an initial angle through a side firing angle (i.e., 0 °) to a zenith angle of space.

As described above, the antenna element units 110 are respectively configured to have an RF propagation direction along a first axis (e.g., a longitudinal axis or a transverse axis) of the first substrate 104, and are paired and end-to-end such that they are in accordance with an operating wavelength λ of the planar array antenna 100_opSpaced apart along a first axis of the first substrate 104 by a distance 106. In some embodiments, distance 106 may be set to be close to λ_opA/4 or lambda_op/2。

In various embodiments, the CRLH LWA are each adapted to operate in opposite propagation directions by feeding appropriate phase information to pairs of rows CRLH LWA 102A, 102B. That is, by providing the phase inversion information to each row of antenna element units 110, the antenna element units can be phase-controlled such that one of the paired antenna element units operates substantially in a left-hand mode and the other row operates substantially in a right-hand mode. The phase inversion method can enable the beam to have a two-dimensional high-gain low-sidelobe radiation pattern.

With respect to beamforming, fig. 6 illustrates the connection of a representative two-channel center feed network 108 to RF feed input ports 112A-112D in planar array antenna 100, according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the planar array antenna 100 includes a first right-left-handed (RLH) center feed network 108A and a second two-channel RLH center feed network 108B. The antenna 100 also includes four RF feed input ports 112A to 112D disposed in the center of the array antenna 100 and coupled to the center feed networks 108A, 108B, respectively. The dual channel center feed networks 108A, 108B are used to provide appropriate phased RF signal information to the RF feed input ports 112A to 112D to achieve a two-dimensional high-gain low-sidelobe radiated RF beam.

Fig. 7 and 8 are a top structural view and a side cross-sectional view, respectively, of a dual channel RLH medial feed network 108A/108B in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the structure of the dual channel RLH center feed network 108A, 108B includes a liquid crystal loaded CRLH metamaterial structure, similar to the structure of the leaky-wave CRLH MTM arrays 102A, 102B. That is, the networks 108A, 108B each include a first substrate 204 and a second substrate 205 provided by a portion of a PCB or application board and a large number of LCs 224 embedded in cavities between the first substrate 204 and the second substrate 205. The networks 108A, 108B also include printed liquid crystal loading CRLH assemblies 214, 216 and spacers configured as virtual grounds 218 disposed on the top surface of the first substrate 204.

However, in contrast to CRLH MTM arrays 102A, 102B, RLH center feed networks 108A, 108B do not want to exhibit any radiation along the transmission medium. Thus, an additional metal top enclosure or cover 240 is placed on top of the networks 108A, 108B to prevent any unwanted radiation. In this case, the CRLH transmission characteristics may be adjusted to provide the desired progressive phase along the propagation direction of the networks 108A, 108B.

Returning to fig. 6, the two-channel RLH feed networks 108A, 108B are coupled to RF feed input ports 112A-112D associated with different rows of CRLH MTM arrays 102A, 102B, respectively. In the illustrated embodiment, one channel of one of the RLH feed networks 108A, 108B is coupled to one of the RF feed input ports 112A-112D. This configuration enables the RLH feed networks 108A, 108B to provide phase reversal information (e.g., 0 °, 180 °) to each of the RF feed input ports 112A-112D in a sequentially rotated manner. In this reverse feed approach, one side of the CRLH MTM arrays 102A, 102B will operate in a right-handed transmission mode, while the other side of the CRLH MTM arrays 102A, 102B will operate in a left-handed transmission mode.

By feeding the inverted information to the RF feed input ports 112A-112D, the CRLH LWA 102A, 102B can efficiently radiate in four separate orientations (i.e., right-right, right-left, left-right), resulting in a radiation field with natural exponential decay in all directions from the center feed point. By doing so, a two-dimensional high-gain low-sidelobe RF beam pattern can be achieved in all directions.

In various embodiments, the directional control of the high-gain, low-sidelobe, radiated RF beams produced by CRLH LWA 102A, 102B may be steered and controlled by using appropriate DC control voltages. As described above, the virtual ground 118 and GCPW structure of the antenna element cells 110 (making up the CRLH LWA arrays 102A, 102B) can introduce a DC voltage into the large number of LCs 124 to achieve beam steering operations. Thus, the angular direction of the radiated RF beam may be steered and controlled by applying four DC control voltages coupled to the virtual ground 118 of the CRLH LWA arrays 102A, 102B.

Fig. 9 illustrates the application of DC control voltages to the elements of the planar array antenna 100 to steer a radiated RF beam in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the DC control voltages work in pairs: (a) VDC 1A, 1B is applied to virtual ground 118 in CRLH MTM arrays 102A, 102B; (b) VDC 2A, 2B is applied to virtual ground in the two-channel RLH feed network 108A, 108B.

Fig. 10 shows representative DC control voltage characteristics for RF beam steering of the planar array antenna 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In the disclosed embodiment, the DC control voltages for the left-handed and right-handed CRLH MTM arrays 102B are applied in series. For example, at low beam angles, right-handed CRLH MTM array 102B is controlled with a low DC control voltage (e.g., VDC 1A ═ V)_min) The LC directors of these arrays operate so as to be perpendicular to the intended polarization of the radiation field. In other words, the effective permittivity ε of the LC_r ^effApproximate the vertical permittivity ε of LCs at low beam angles for the right-handed CRLH MTM array 102B^T。

Meanwhile, left-handed CRLH MTM array 102A controls voltage at a high DC (e.g., VDC 1B ═ V)_max) Operating such that the LC directors of these arrays are parallel to the desired polarization of the radiation field, i.e. the effective permittivity ε of the LC_r ^effParallel permittivity epsilon approximating LC^//And vice versa. Similarly, the DC control voltages VDC 2A, 2B operate in the same manner as for beam control in the vertical direction.

It should be appreciated that the embodiments of the planar array antenna 100 disclosed herein provide a number of advantages over conventional leaky-wave antenna array structures. For example, conventional fully phased array antennas typically require multiple (in some cases, hundreds and thousands) of independent RF ports, separate baseband feed controls, and DC control line connections to implement a full two-dimensional RF beam functionality.

In contrast, the presently disclosed structural embodiments of the CRLH MTM arrays 102A, 102B and the two-channel RLH feed networks 108A, 108B are used to achieve a two-dimensional tunable high-gain low-sidelobe radiated RF beam by using only four independent DC control lines and four RF ports.

It should also be noted that the structural embodiment of the disclosed planar array antenna 100 is very compact in height, since both the CRLH MTM arrays 102A, 102B and the dual channel RLH feed networks 108A, 108B are comprised of compact miniaturized circuitry (e.g., on the order of millimeters in thickness). By doing so, the planar array antenna 100 may be implemented in a variety of devices, which may be mobile communication devices, satellite communication devices, wireless routers, base stations, access points, client terminals, and other wireless and telecommunication devices and applications in a wireless communication network, among others. These devices may be used in fixed or mobile environments and may enable communications within a 5G communications network or other wireless communications networks.

Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary wireless communication device 300, and examples of the planar array antenna 100 described herein may be used in the wireless communication device 300, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. For example, the wireless communication device 300 may be a base station, an access point, or a client terminal in a wireless communication network. The wireless communication device 300 may be used for communication within a 5G communication network or other wireless communication network. Although fig. 11 shows a single instance of each component, there may be multiple instances of each component in the wireless communication device 300. The wireless communication device 300 may be implemented using a parallel architecture and/or a distributed architecture.

The wireless communication device 300 may include one or more processing devices 302, such as a processor, a microprocessor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), dedicated logic circuitry, or a combination thereof. The wireless communication device 300 may also include one or more optional input/output (I/O) interfaces 304 that can be coupled to one or more optional input devices 318 and/or output devices 314. The wireless communication device 300 may include one or more Network interfaces 306 to facilitate wired or wireless communication with a Network (e.g., an intranet, the internet, a P2P Network, a WAN and/or LAN, and/or a Radio Access Network (RAN)) or other node. The one or more network interfaces 306 may include one or more interfaces to connect to wired and wireless networks. The wired network may use a wired link (e.g., an ethernet line). One or more network interfaces 306 may provide wireless communication (e.g., full duplex communication) through the example of the planar array antenna 100. The wireless communication device 300 may also include one or more storage units 308, which may include mass storage units such as a solid state disk, a hard disk drive, a magnetic disk drive, and/or an optical disk drive.

The wireless communication device 300 may include one or more memories 310, which may include physical memory 312, where the physical memory 312 may include volatile or non-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory, Random Access Memory (RAM), and/or read-only memory (ROM)). One or more non-transitory memories 310 (as well as storage 308) may store instructions for execution by processing device 302. The one or more memories 310 may include other software instructions for implementing an Operating System (OS), etc., as well as other applications/functions. In some examples, one or more data sets and/or modules may be provided by external memory (e.g., an external drive in wired or wireless communication with wireless communication device 300) as well as by transitory or non-transitory computer-readable media. Examples of non-transitory computer readable media include RAM, ROM, Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, CD-ROM, or other portable memory.

There may be a bus 316 that provides communication among the components of the wireless communication device 300. The bus 316 may be any suitable bus architecture including a memory bus, a peripheral bus, or a video bus. Optional input device(s) 318 (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, touch screen, and/or keyboard) and optional output device(s) 314 (e.g., display, speaker, and/or printer) are shown external to wireless communication device 300 and connected to optional I/O interface 304. In other examples, one or more of the one or more input devices 1035 and/or one or more output devices 314 may be included as a component of the wireless communication device 300.

One or more processing devices 302 may be used to control the communication of transmit/receive signals with the planar array antenna 100. The one or more processing devices 302 may be used to control beam steering by the planar array antenna 100, for example, by controlling the voltage applied to the isolation ground in the antenna element unit to adjust the packaged liquid crystal. The one or more processing devices 302 may also be used to control the phase of the phase variable lens in order to control the antenna beam in the 2D plane.

The inventive description provided herein may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the subject matter of the claims. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. Selected features of one or more of the embodiments described above may be combined to create alternative embodiments not explicitly described, and features suitable for such combinations are understood to fall within the scope of the invention.

It will also be understood that while the inventive principles presented herein have been described with reference to particular features, structures and embodiments, it will be apparent that various modifications and combinations can be made without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded only as illustrative of the invention as defined in the appended claims and are intended to cover any and all modifications, variations, combinations, or equivalents that fall within the scope of the invention.