阅读说明：本技术 一种高含水农业废弃物的处理方法及应用 (Treatment method and application of high-water-content agricultural waste ) 是由 陈剑 钱仲仓 齐文 蒋海凌 何豪豪 王旭辉 王艳丽 陈孝赏 马义虎 檀国印 周翠 于 2021-08-23 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及一种高含水农业废弃物的处理方法及应用,所述方法包括如下处理步骤：将所述高含水农业废弃物与干燥农业废弃物、泥土混合均匀,形成混合物；将所述混合物粉碎成颗粒状的粉碎混合物；将所述粉碎混合物压缩至颗粒间形成水分充分交换；将压缩的粉碎混合物分散；将分散的粉碎混合物起堆,进行有氧发酵至发酵充分。具体应用涉及提供一种植物有机肥、栽培/育苗基质并提供一种适用于循环农业的西兰花-水稻轮作方法。本发明通过粉碎、压缩等物理处理,对西兰花-水稻轮作生产中产生的农业废弃物无害化处理和再利用,处理过程中不引入新的对环境可能构成影响的物质,成本低效率高,实现了低排放的循环农业生产模式。(The invention relates to a treatment method and application of high-water-content agricultural wastes, wherein the method comprises the following treatment steps: uniformly mixing the high-water-content agricultural waste with dry agricultural waste and soil to form a mixture; pulverizing the mixture into a granulated pulverized mixture; compressing the crushed mixture until water is fully exchanged among particles; dispersing the compressed comminuted mixture; piling the dispersed crushed mixture, and carrying out aerobic fermentation until the fermentation is complete. The specific application relates to providing a plant organic fertilizer and a cultivation/seedling raising matrix and providing a broccoli-rice rotation method suitable for circular agriculture. The method has the advantages that through physical treatment such as crushing, compression and the like, agricultural wastes generated in the broccoli-rice crop rotation production are subjected to harmless treatment and reutilization, no new substances which possibly affect the environment are introduced in the treatment process, the cost is low, the efficiency is high, and the low-emission circular agricultural production mode is realized.)

1. A method for treating high-water-content agricultural wastes is characterized by comprising the following steps: comprises the following specific steps

(1) Uniformly mixing the high-water-content agricultural waste with dry agricultural waste and soil to form a mixture;

(2) pulverizing the mixture into a granulated pulverized mixture;

(3) compressing the crushed mixture until water is fully exchanged among particles;

(4) dispersing the compressed comminuted mixture;

(5) piling the dispersed crushed mixture, and carrying out aerobic fermentation until the fermentation is complete.

2. The processing method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the high-water-content agricultural waste is all stem and leaf waste after broccoli is harvested.

3. The processing method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: the dry agricultural waste is chaff and/or gramineous crop straw.

4. The processing method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: the weight of the dried agricultural wastes and the soil in the mixture are respectively 15-25% and 15-25% of the weight of the high-water-content agricultural wastes.

5. The processing method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: the average particle size of the comminuted mixture is within 5 millimeters.

6. The processing method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: the compression density of the pulverized mixture is 700-900kg/m³。

7. The processing method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: turning over the pile once every 5-10 days in the fermentation process to ensure that the core temperature is not more than 70 ℃.

8. A plant organic fertilizer is characterized in that: the fermentation product prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 7 is directly used as a plant organic fertilizer, or is further prepared into particles to be used as the plant organic fertilizer.

9. A cultivation/seedling raising substrate is characterized in that: uniformly mixing the fermentation product prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 7 and soil according to the weight ratio of 1:1 to obtain a cultivation/seedling raising substrate.

10. A broccoli-rice crop rotation method suitable for recycling agriculture is characterized in that: comprises the following specific steps

(1) The rice is covered and returned to the field after being harvested; after rice is processed, keeping 100 kg/mu of rice hulls according to the planting area of broccoli of the next crop for later use;

(2) after harvesting and processing broccoli, fermenting all stem and leaf wastes and the rice hulls reserved in the step (1) as raw materials according to the method of any one of claims 1 to 7;

(3) preparing the fermentation product into particles to be used as a rice/broccoli field organic fertilizer; and/or uniformly mixing the fermentation product and soil according to the weight ratio of 1:1 to obtain the rice/broccoli seedling culture substrate.

Technical Field

The invention relates to a method for treating and applying high-water-content agricultural wastes, in particular to a method for harmlessly treating and recycling agricultural wastes generated in broccoli production, an organic fertilizer and a seedling culture medium obtained by treating broccoli stem and leaf wastes by using the method, and a broccoli-rice circulating agricultural production mode with low pollution and low emission by using the method.

Background

The broccoli is introduced from 1989 in Taizhou city, the planting area of the broccoli is stabilized to about 10 ten thousand mu after 2003, the broccoli accounts for about 60% of the planting area of the broccoli in Zhejiang province, 25% of the broccoli is the largest production center of the broccoli in winter and spring in China, and the total amount of stem and leaf wastes of the broccoli generated each year is more than 20 ten thousand tons.

The edible part of the broccoli is a curd and only accounts for 30-50% of the total weight of the plant, which means that the weight of stem and leaf wastes generated in the production of the broccoli is 1-2 times of the weight of the broccoli product. Among them, the part left in the field during harvesting is mainly treated in a direct ploughing and returning way, while a large amount of stem and leaf wastes are generated again in the processing and treating process before marketing, and cannot be treated in a simple way such as returning to the field.

For example, in broccoli harvested every year in Taizhou city, over 1/3 is used for quick-freezing, stem and leaf wastes generated in the processing process are about 5 ten thousand t every year, and the generation time of the stem and leaf wastes is concentrated in the period of mass harvesting of broccoli. The accumulation of a large amount of stem and leaf wastes in a short time makes the treatment of the stem and leaf wastes a difficult problem for local governments and enterprises.

At present, the development and utilization degree of broccoli stem and leaf waste is still low, only a few enterprises can produce broccoli stem and leaf powder, broccoli silage, leaf protein and other products except for farmers who feed livestock with fresh stems and leaves, but the method is limited by factors such as cost, environmental protection and the like, the yield is limited, the large-scale popularization is difficult, and the problem of treatment of a large amount of broccoli stem and leaf waste generated in a short time cannot be solved. Under the actual condition, the vast majority of processing stem leaf discarded object is emptyd in the field excessively after being concentrated and collected, not only influences the normal use of this field piece in the coming year, still can bring sewage, foul smell scheduling problem, also causes the serious waste of resource simultaneously. Moreover, the stem and leaf wastes which cannot be treated are discarded in natural environments such as the field, the beaches and the like, and the deterioration causes environmental pollution.

The prior art related to the treatment and utilization of broccoli stem and leaf waste comprises a method (CN202010683049.7) for improving the yield of early rice in coastal areas of Zhedong by using broccoli fields, wherein the method mainly utilizes broccoli straws remained in the fields after harvesting to return to the fields, does not comprise the treatment of broccoli stem and leaf waste generated in processing, and only solves the treatment problem of partial waste in a direct returning way, and a series of problems of soil-borne diseases, unbalanced soil nutrition and the like are easily caused by excessive returning to the fields. Therefore, the method for treating the broccoli waste into fertilizer and preparing the organic fertilizer/biomass energy through the decay-promoting fermentation is a better development direction compared with the method for directly returning the broccoli waste into the field.

According to the requirement of microorganism on oxygen, the compost can be divided into aerobic compost and anaerobic compost, and the aerobic composting mode is mainly adopted for high-water-content agricultural wastes including most vegetable wastes. In the existing composting method, high-water-content agricultural wastes and other materials are simply mixed after being crushed, and the wastes are piled into a stack or fermented in a pool by utilizing microorganisms carried by the wastes or adding different fermentation inoculants, so that the method has various defects in the fermentation process, including easy seepage of sewage, pollution to the environment, long fermentation time, unbalanced fermentation and the like. The existing broccoli composting related technologies (such as CN201510338524.6 and CN201910399922.7) all adopt the composting mode, and do not relate to the technical problem of how to solve the sewage seepage in the composting process. Therefore, the prior composting technology is improved, the problem of sewage seepage in the composting process is solved, and the resource and harmless utilization of high-water agricultural wastes including broccoli stem and leaf wastes is better promoted.

Meanwhile, broccoli-rice is a common crop rotation production mode in the east Zhejiang, and in the mode, about 500 kg/mu of broccoli stem and leaf waste generated by processing in a short time is comprehensively treated and reused, so that the discharge of the waste can be reduced to the greatest extent, the production cost of fertilizers, matrixes and the like can be saved, and an environment-friendly ecological cycle agricultural production mode is realized.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a method for treating high-water-content agricultural wastes and a specific application mode, and aims to solve the technical problem of avoiding the generation of sewage in the process of treating the high-water-content agricultural wastes including broccoli stem and leaf wastes in a microbial fermentation mode.

Correspondingly, the invention provides a method for treating high-water-content agricultural wastes, which comprises the following specific steps:

(1) uniformly mixing the high-water-content agricultural waste with dry agricultural waste and soil to form a mixture;

(2) pulverizing the mixture into a granulated pulverized mixture;

(3) compressing the crushed mixture until water is fully exchanged among particles;

(4) dispersing the compressed comminuted mixture;

(5) piling the dispersed crushed mixture, and carrying out aerobic fermentation until the fermentation is complete.

Wherein, the function of drying the agricultural wastes is to reduce the overall water content of the mixture and simultaneously adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the mixture, and the main functions of the soil comprise changing the physical properties of the mixture, improving the density of the mixture, increasing the friction force of stirring and providing natural microorganisms required by fermentation. The method is realized by a compression mode, and different particles with different properties are mutually contacted and extruded, so that the moisture in the high-moisture agricultural waste particles is transferred to the dry agricultural waste particles with extremely low moisture content and better water retention, the redistribution of the total moisture in the mixture is realized, and the sewage seepage caused by the reduction of the water retention capacity of the high-moisture agricultural waste particles in the fermentation process is greatly reduced. During the compression process, proper particle size, pressure (compression density) and sufficient stirring are all sufficient guarantees for water exchange, however, additional experiments show that sufficient stirring, finer particle size and increased proportion of dry material cannot replace the water exchange effect brought by compression.

Further, the high-water-content agricultural waste is all stem and leaf waste after broccoli harvesting. In fact, although the invention starts with solving the practical problems in broccoli production and uses broccoli stem and leaf waste as experimental material, the skilled person can foresee that the application scope of the method is not limited to the stem and leaf waste in broccoli production, but is applicable to various high-water-content agricultural wastes, especially the high-water-content wastes left after fruit and vegetable harvesting and processing, such as cauliflower stem and leaf, cabbage stem and leaf, radish stem and leaf, cabbage stem and leaf, lettuce stem and leaf, watermelon peel and the like.

Further, the dry agricultural waste is chaff and/or gramineous crop straw. The wastes such as chaff, straw and the like are not only easy to obtain, but also have better water retention property, and have certain complementarity with high-water-content agricultural wastes in terms of element composition, so that the wastes are the optimal type of the dry agricultural wastes in the invention.

Further, the weight of the dried agricultural wastes and the soil in the mixture are respectively 15-25% and 15-25% of the weight of the high-water-content agricultural wastes.

Further, the average particle size of the pulverized mixture is within 5 mm.

Further, the compression density of the pulverized mixture is 700-900kg/m³。

In fact, the above parameters are all the corresponding parameters determined in the experimental stage of the invention, but are not the parameter range values that are set necessary for realizing the invention. For example, on the premise of avoiding sewage seepage, if fermentation time is not considered or special requirements are made on the nutrient structure of a fermentation product, the proportion of dry waste can be greatly increased, and the invention can also be realized.

Further, the stack is turned once every 5-10 days in the fermentation process, and the temperature of the core of the stack is ensured not to exceed 70 ℃.

The invention also provides a plant organic fertilizer, and particularly a fermentation product prepared by the treatment method is directly used as the plant organic fertilizer, or is further prepared into particles to be used as the plant organic fertilizer.

The invention also provides a cultivation/seedling raising substrate, and specifically, the fermentation product prepared by the treatment method is uniformly mixed with soil according to the weight ratio of 1:1 to be used as the cultivation/seedling raising substrate.

The invention also provides a broccoli-rice rotation method suitable for recycling agriculture, which comprises the following specific steps:

(1) the rice is covered and returned to the field after being harvested; after rice is processed, keeping 100 kg/mu of rice hulls according to the planting area of broccoli of the next crop for later use;

(2) after harvesting and processing broccoli, taking all stem and leaf wastes and the rice hulls reserved in the step (1) as raw materials, and fermenting according to the treatment method;

(3) preparing the fermentation product into particles to be used as a rice/broccoli field organic fertilizer; and/or uniformly mixing the fermentation product and soil according to the weight ratio of 1:1 to obtain the rice/broccoli seedling culture substrate.

The beneficial effects obtained by the invention are as follows: (1) through physical treatment such as crushing, compression, the 100% innocent treatment and the recycle of high water-containing agricultural wastes are realized, new waste liquid and solid wastes are not generated in the treatment process, the auxiliary materials are less in addition type, the cost is low, new substances which possibly influence the environment are not introduced, the integral treatment difficulty is low, the efficiency is high, and the environment is friendly. (2) The agricultural waste treatment product generated in the broccoli-rice crop rotation production is used for the subsequent crop rotation production, so that the use of chemical fertilizers and non-renewable substrates is reduced, the production cost is reduced, the ecological environment is protected, and a low-pollution and low-emission circular agricultural production mode is realized.

Detailed Description

The following examples are specific verifications of the actual effects of the various embodiments included in the present invention, and it should be noted that these verifications are only for providing corresponding evidence of the technical effects achieved by the invention, and not for providing all the processes completed by the invention. It should be understood, however, that the present disclosure may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.

Example 1: influence of raw material proportion and compression density on fermentation effect

Stem leaf and flower ball wastes generated by broccoli processing enterprises are uniformly mixed with dry rice hulls and soil according to 5 groups of different proportions, and the treatment is 1: the mass ratio of the broccoli waste to the rice hulls to the soil is 8: 1: 1; and (3) treatment 2: the mass ratio of the broccoli waste to the rice hulls to the soil is 7: 1: 1; and (3) treatment: the mass ratio of the broccoli waste to the rice hulls to the soil is 6: 1: 1; and (4) treatment: the mass ratio of the broccoli waste to the rice hulls to the soil is 5: 1: 1; and (4) treatment 5: the mass ratio of the broccoli waste to the rice hulls to the soil is 4: 1: 1. pulverizing the mixture of different proportions to average particle diameter of 5mm, stirring, and respectively compressing to density of 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900kg/m³(wherein, the dry agricultural wastes and the soil are added in equal proportion, the average grain size is 5mm, which are relatively optimal parameters determined by earlier experiments), the water in the stem and the leaf of the broccoli can be fully absorbed by the dry materials through the extrusion contact among different material particles, the compacted mixture is scattered, piled and fermented, and the product is sampled and inspected after the fermentation is finished. The temperature, moisture seepage during composting and the results of measurements of fermentation products from different treatments are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 different compost treatment-related indices

The results show that after treatment with different compression densities, mixtures of 5 groups with different material ratios have certain difference in composting, wherein in the treatment 1, the treatment 2 and the treatment 3, the added broccoli waste accounts for a larger proportion, and the water content of the composting raw materials is higher, so that the temperature rise is slower and the composting time is longer in the composting process; treatments 4 and 5 achieved a compression density of 700kg/m³、800kg/m³And 900kg/m³Under the condition of (3), no sewage seeps out in the composting process; according to the sampling detection results of different treatments after the composting is finished, the total nutrient content of the compost product is reduced along with the reduction of the added broccoli waste, and the organic matter content is reduced along with the reduction of the added broccoli wasteRising with increasing chaff. Therefore, on the premise of considering that the broccoli waste is treated as much as possible, the composting time is shortened, the nutrient content of the compost product is improved, and meanwhile, sewage is not generated, the material proportion of the treatment 4 is relatively optimal treatment, namely the mass ratio of the broccoli waste to the rice husks to soil is 5: 1:1, namely the rice husk and the soil respectively account for 20 percent of the weight of the broccoli waste, and the optimal compression density is 700-900kg/m³。

Example 2: influence of crushed particle size on sewage seepage in composting process

The method comprises the following steps of mixing stem leaf and flower ball wastes generated by broccoli processing enterprises with dry rice husks and soil according to a mass ratio of 5: 1:1, mixing, respectively crushing the mixture into 3 groups of particles with different particle sizes, uniformly stirring, and treating 1: the average grain diameter is 3 mm; and (3) treatment 2: the average grain diameter is 5 mm; and (3) treatment: the average particle diameter is 10 mm. The mixture pellets were compressed to densities of 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900kg/m, respectively³The compacted mixture was then broken up, piled up and fermented, and the seepage of sewage during composting under different treatments is shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Water infiltration for different treatments of compost

As is clear from the test results, the varying sizes of the pulverized particles had an influence on the water exudation during composting, wherein treatments 1 and 2 had a compression density of 700kg/m³And 900kg/m³In the above, no sewage seeped out during composting, and treatment 3 only reached a compression density of 900kg/m³No sewage seeps out when the device is used.

Example 3: influence of different materials on composting effect of broccoli waste

According to the test results of the embodiment 1 and the embodiment 2, stem leaf and flower ball wastes generated by broccoli processing enterprises are mixed with different dry straws and soil according to the mass ratio of 5: 1:1, treatment 1: rice straw; and (3) treatment 2: corn stalks; and (3) treatment: wheat straw. Mixing different materialsPulverizing the mixture to average particle size of 5mm, stirring, and respectively compressing to density of 800kg/m³And finally, scattering the compacted mixture, piling up and fermenting, and sampling and inspecting the product after fermentation. The temperature, moisture seepage during composting and the results of measurements of fermentation products from different treatments are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 composting with different straw additions

The composting test results of adding different straws show that the broccoli waste can be successfully composted after being added with the dry straws and soil of the gramineous crops, and no sewage seeps out in the composting process after the optimal composting scheme screened in the examples 1 and 2 is developed.

Example 4: influence of different substrate seedling culture on rice seedling quality

The mass ratio of the screened compost products in example 1, namely the broccoli waste, the chaff and the soil, is 5: 1:1, compressing to a density of 800kg/m³Then, the compost is scattered, piled and fermented, and the compost product and soil are mixed according to the proportion of 1:1, fully and uniformly stirring and sieving to prepare a matrix.

Three groups of seedling raising treatments are set, wherein the treatment 1 is soil, the treatment 2 is conventional matrix, the treatment 3 is matrix made of compost products, blanket-shaped seedling trays are used for seeding and seedling raising, 3 trays are set for each treatment, the measurement results are repeated, and the average value is taken. The rice variety selected in the test is 39 in the middle-early stage, the seedling quality is examined at the seedling age of 25 days, and the results of the examination are shown in a table 4.

TABLE 4 quality of seedlings treated differently

In seedling raising tests with different matrixes, the quality of the treated seedlings is the worst, and all examination indexes are the lowest; the seedling quality of the treatment 2 is not greatly different from that of the treatment 3, wherein the overground part of the treatment 3 is better in growth, and the underground part of the treatment 2 is stronger in growth. Therefore, the substrate made of the broccoli compost serving as the raw material can basically replace the conventional substrate sold in the market on the premise of not reducing the quality of seedlings.

Example 5: application of organic fertilizer prepared from broccoli compost in rice production

The compost product prepared by the optimal scheme screened in the example 1 is prepared into granular organic fertilizer, and after sampling and detection, the organic matter content is 57.7 percent, and the total nutrient content is 2.97 percent. The test adopts a seedling raising and artificial transplanting mode, the selected rice variety is Zhongzao 39, and the total application amount of the fertilizer is 180kg/hm according to pure N²The ratio of N, P and K is 12:4: 8. In the test, 5 treatments are set, wherein in comparison with no fertilizer application (treatment 1) and conventional fertilizer application (treatment 2), under the condition that the total fertilizer application amount is the same, the organic fertilizer and the fertilizer are mixed and applied in different proportions, and 80% of chemical fertilizer + 20% of compost (treatment 3), 60% of chemical fertilizer + 40% of compost (treatment 4) and 40% of chemical fertilizer + 60% of compost (treatment 5) are set. Each treatment is repeated 3 times, the area of each cell is 2.5m multiplied by 4.2m and is about 10.5 square meters, the random block design is adopted, the cells are separated by water baffles, and the individual irrigation and drainage are strictly carried out. The cultivation density is 20cm multiplied by 14cm, and the number of seedlings per hole is 4-5. The main economic traits and the yield results of the rice test are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Main economic traits of Rice and test yield

	Effective ear (ten thousand/mu)	Total grain number (/ ear)	Percentage of fruit set (%)	Thousand Kernel weight (g)	Yield per mu (kg)
						Process 1	13.3	102.8	90.5	26.6	355.4
Treatment 2	18.1	126.9	91.2	26.1	577.1
						Treatment 3	16.9	125.4	91.9	26.3	539.8
Treatment 4	17.1	126.0	92.4	26.3	554.7
						Treatment 5	16.8	123.0	92.1	26.4	532.3

According to the economic characters and the yield indexes of different treatments of early rice, when the broccoli waste compost is used as an organic fertilizer, the broccoli waste compost can replace a chemical fertilizer to a certain extent to provide nutrients required by the growth of rice; in the fertilizer-organic fertilizer distribution treatment, the effective spike, the total grain number, the setting rate and the yield of 4 (60% + compost 40%) treatment are the highest, wherein the yield is increased by 56.1% compared with 1 treatment, and the 4 treatment is a relatively proper fertilizer-organic fertilizer distribution ratio in view of all indexes; the indexes of effective ears, total grain number, yield and the like of the treated 2 (pure fertilizer) are slightly higher than those of the treatment of fertilizer-organic fertilizer application, which is caused by the reasons that the time is needed for decomposing the organic fertilizer, the fertilizer efficiency is released slower than that of the chemical fertilizer and the like; in the long term, the amount of the fertilizer is reduced, a proper amount of organic fertilizer is applied, the organic matter content of soil can be increased, the physical properties of the soil are improved, and the soil nutrient substances are balanced, so that the method is an important way for saving energy and improving efficiency.

The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the appended claims.