阅读说明：本技术 半干旱风沙区周年聚水保墒方法 (Method for year-round water accumulation and soil moisture preservation in semiarid windy sand area ) 是由 胡琦 潘学标 潘志华 郑诗然 邢梦媛 王靖 于 2021-09-28 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及半干旱风沙区周年聚水保墒方法,采取“起宽垄,深沟植,来年垄沟互换”的方式实现旱作农业的水分高效利用。即第一年在垄沟内种植作物,垄面用于集雨,而在作物收获后,或者在再次种植作物之前,将垄沟与垄面的位置互换,原垄面变为垄沟,原垄沟变为垄面,则原垄面处收集的雨水则可高效的为作物的生长提供所需水分。采用半干旱风沙区周年聚水保墒方法后,在很大程度上提高了种植区的土壤水分含量以及降水利用效率,并且提高了作物的叶面积指数和单株干物重。(The invention relates to a method for year-round water accumulation and soil moisture conservation in semiarid windy and sandy areas, which realizes the high-efficiency utilization of water in dry farming by adopting a mode of 'wide ridge forming, deep groove planting and ridge-groove interchange in the next year'. The method is characterized in that crops are planted in furrows in the first year, the ridge surfaces are used for collecting rain, after the crops are harvested or before the crops are planted again, the positions of the furrows and the ridge surfaces are exchanged, the original ridge surfaces become the furrows, the original furrows become the ridge surfaces, and then rainwater collected at the original ridge surfaces can efficiently provide water for the growth of the crops. After the method for accumulating water and preserving soil moisture in semiarid sand areas all the year round is adopted, the soil moisture content and the precipitation utilization efficiency of the planting areas are improved to a great extent, and the leaf area index and the dry weight of a single plant of the crops are improved.)

1. A method for year-round water accumulation and soil moisture conservation in semiarid windy sand areas is characterized by comprising the following steps:

ridging, wherein the width of the ridge surface is the same as that of the furrow;

manually tamping the ridge surface to form an arch;

planting crops in the furrow;

after harvesting the first stubble crops or before planting the second stubble crops, flattening and trimming the original ridge surfaces and furrows, forming new furrows at the positions of the original ridge surfaces, and forming new ridge surfaces at the positions of the original furrows to realize the position exchange of the furrows.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the furrow position interchange method is specifically: taking the middle of the original ridge surface as a boundary, turning the soil with the depth of 0-25cm on the ridge into the furrows at the two sides respectively, and tamping the top of the new ridge to form a new ridge surface and a new furrow.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the width of the ridge surface and the furrow is between 1.0m and 1.5 m.

4. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the height of said ridge surface is comprised between 0.20m and 0.25 m.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the ridge surface has a height of 0.25 m.

6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the ridge surface is a rain catchment zone and the slope of the rain catchment zone is between 30 ° and 40 °.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the longitudinal cross-section of the ridge surface is trapezoidal.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of agriculture, in particular to a method for year-round water gathering and soil moisture conservation in semiarid windblown sand areas.

Background

In the farming-pasturing staggered area in the north of China, due to the fact that the atmospheric precipitation is insufficient and irrigation conditions are lacked, the water condition becomes a main factor limiting agricultural development, and therefore the farming-pasturing staggered area is mostly used in rain farming. With the change of global climate, the drought in northern China tends to be further aggravated, the occurrence frequency of extreme rainfall events is increased, and the uncertainty of rain-fed agricultural production is increased.

The field rain collecting technology can effectively relieve the water pressure required by agriculture in arid regions, and plays an important role in the agricultural development process in semiarid and lopsidedness regions.

Therefore, how to improve the utilization rate of the field rainwater in the farming and pasturing staggered zone in arid and semiarid regions so as to relieve the water pressure required by the dry farming agriculture is an important problem at present.

The systematic field research is carried out on the characteristics and the research progress of the dry land rain collecting technology at home and abroad by the new construction and the like, the rain collecting technology is gradually popularized and applied, and the method has obvious economic, social and ecological benefits in arid and semiarid regions in north China. The furrow-ridge rain collecting technology is an important field rainwater on-site superposition utilization technology in arid and semi-arid regions, and can improve the productivity level of farmlands, the crop yield and the water utilization efficiency by improving the water satisfaction degree of crop root regions. The ditch-ridge rain collecting technical research area is mostly concentrated in the semi-arid and arid areas of the loess plateau in the northwest, including provinces such as Shanxi, Gansu and Ningxia, and research crops comprise annual crops such as wheat, oat, corn and potato, and also perennial pasture crops such as Miscanthus angusta and alfalfa.

Mofei et al summarized the field micro rain-collecting technology in the rain-farming agricultural areas of loess plateau for nearly 30 years, and pointed out that the furrow covering micro rain-collecting cultivation technology provided a strong supporting function for greatly improving the yield per unit area of grains in the northwest arid area. In the past, the gutter-ridge rain collecting test focuses on researching the rain collecting effect of rain collecting surfaces made of different materials or the rain collecting effect of the gutter ridges in different proportions.

The furrow rain collecting technology is the prior common furrowing and ridging technology, plays a certain role in improving the utilization rate of rainwater, but still improves the space.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to solve the problems in the prior art and provides a method for annual water accumulation and soil moisture conservation in semiarid windy sand areas with higher efficiency.

The invention relates to a method for year-round water accumulation and soil moisture conservation in semiarid windy sand areas, which comprises the following steps:

ridging, wherein the width of the ridge surface is the same as that of the furrow;

manually tamping the ridge surface to form an arch;

planting crops in the furrow;

after harvesting the first stubble crops or before planting the second stubble crops, flattening and trimming the original ridge surfaces and furrows, forming new furrows at the positions of the original ridge surfaces, and forming new ridge surfaces at the positions of the original furrows to realize the position exchange of the furrows.

Preferably, the specific method for interchanging furrow positions is as follows: taking the middle of the original ridge surface as a boundary, turning 0-25cm of soil on the ridge into the furrows on the two sides respectively, and tamping the top of the new ridge to form a new ridge surface and a new furrow.

Preferably, the width of the ridge surface and the width of the furrow are 1.0-1.5 m.

Preferably, the height of the ridge surface is 0.20 m-0.25 m.

Preferably, the height of the ridge surface is 0.25 m.

Preferably, the ridge surface is a rain collecting area, and the slope of the rain collecting area is 30-40 degrees.

Preferably, the longitudinal section of the ridge surface is trapezoidal.

According to the technical scheme, the prior art is improved, the method is used for planting the potatoes in the semiarid windy area by adopting the annual water gathering and soil moisture conservation method aiming at the problem that the yield of the northern farming-grazing staggered area rain-fed agriculture in the semiarid and partial arid area is low and unstable, the influence of different ridge widths and furrow widths on the soil moisture and the growth, yield and water utilization efficiency of the potatoes is researched, the method aims to provide theoretical basis and reference for planting the potatoes in the annual water gathering and soil moisture conservation method in the semiarid windy and sandy area in the farming-grazing staggered area in China, and provide a scientific thought for realizing stable yield of the regional rain-fed agriculture.

The method for collecting water and preserving soil moisture in semiarid windy and sandy areas all the year round adopts a mode of 'forming wide ridges, planting in deep furrows and exchanging furrows in the second year' to realize the high-efficiency utilization of water in the dry farming. The furrows can realize the effect of water gathering, and the ridge surface is used for storing water for effective utilization after the furrows are exchanged in the second year. The method is characterized in that crops are planted in furrows in the first year, the ridge surfaces are used for collecting rain, after the crops are harvested or before the crops are planted again, the positions of the furrows and the ridge surfaces are exchanged, the original ridge surfaces become the furrows, the original furrows become the ridge surfaces, and then rainwater collected at the original ridge surfaces can efficiently provide water for the growth of the crops.

After the method for accumulating water and preserving soil moisture in semiarid windy sand areas in the year round is adopted, the soil moisture content and the precipitation utilization efficiency of the planting areas are improved to a great extent, the leaf area index and the dry weight of a single plant of the crop are improved, and the commodity potato rate is obviously improved when the method is applied to planting of potatoes.

Drawings

FIG. 1a is a schematic plan view of the year-round water accumulation and soil moisture conservation operation in a semiarid windblown sand region according to the present invention;

FIG. 1b is a schematic view of the year-round water accumulation and soil moisture conservation operation in the semiarid windblown sand region of the present invention;

FIG. 2a shows the water storage capacity of 20-50 cm soil in 2015 under different treatments;

FIG. 2b shows water storage capacity of 20-50 cm soil in 2016 under different treatments;

FIG. 3a is a graph of the effect of different treatments on dry matter weight at different growth stages in 2015;

FIG. 3b is a graph of the effect of different treatments on dry matter weight at different growth stages in 2016;

FIG. 4a is a graph of the effect of different treatments on leaf area index at different growth stages in 2015;

FIG. 4b is a graph of the effect of different treatments on leaf area index at different growth stages in 2016;

FIG. 5 is a comparison of potato commodity rates of potatoes treated in 2015-2016 years;

FIG. 6 is a comparison of potato yields for different treatments in 2015-2016;

FIG. 7 shows the effect of different treatments on precipitation efficiency in 2015-2016.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. It is to be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not limiting of the invention. It should be further noted that, for the convenience of description, only some of the structures related to the present invention are shown in the drawings, not all of the structures.

Referring to the attached drawings 1a-7, the invention provides a method for year-round water accumulation and soil moisture conservation in semiarid windy sand areas and a description of the beneficial effects obtained by the method.

The field-replacing rain-collecting cultivation mechanism is as follows: the field-generation rain collecting technology adopts a mode of 'wide ridge forming, deep groove planting and furrow interchange in the next year' to realize the high-efficiency utilization of water in the dry farming. In the first year, wide ridges are formed, deep groove planting is carried out, most rainwater falling on the ridge surfaces forms runoff and collects in the planting areas, the runoff and the rainfall in the planting areas permeate into the ground together, one part of rainwater forms downward seepage and is stored on the ridge surfaces, the other part of rainwater forms lateral seepage and enters the ridge below to form countercurrent reverse supplement in the ditches in the crop growth season, and more sufficient moisture is provided for the growth of crops. The method can ensure that the crops in the planting area obtain more water and ensure the growth and development of the crops due to insufficient rainfall in the dry farming and farming of the farming and pasturing staggered belt. In the second year, the furrows are exchanged, the crops are planted at the positions of the original ridge surfaces, and the water stored on the ridge surfaces in the previous year is fully utilized through the furrow exchange, so that the crop yield in arid and semi-arid regions is improved.

1. Design of the invention

Fig. 1a-1b are schematic diagrams of a field-generation rain-collecting cultivation technology, and the technical points are as follows:

ridging, wherein a wide ridge needs to be formed in a field-replacing and rain-collecting technology, the width of a ridge surface is the same as that of a furrow, the ridge surface is a rain-collecting area, and the furrow is a planting area. Preferably, the width of the ridge surface and the furrow is 1.0 m-1.5 m. The specific embodiment of the application is mainly explained by the width of the ridge surface and the furrow being 1.0m or 1.5 m.

The ridge surface is tamped manually and is arched, and the height of the ridge surface is preferably 20-25cm, namely 0.20-0.25 m. The slope of the rain collecting surface is set to be an acute angle and can be set to be 30-40 degrees, so that when rain is collected, the furrow can realize the water collecting effect and is used for crop growth, and the ridge surface is used for storing water so as to be effectively utilized after the furrow is exchanged in the second year. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the slope beta is set to 40 deg., as shown in fig. 1 b. Of course, β may also be set specifically to 30 °.

Crops are planted in the furrow.

After the first crop is harvested or before the second crop is planted, trimming the farmland, leveling furrows and ridge surfaces, forming furrows at the positions of the original ridge surfaces, forming ridge surfaces at the positions of the original furrows and realizing the position exchange of the furrows. Specifically, soil on the ridge surfaces is poured into furrows on two sides from the middle, the original ridge surfaces are pushed flat, ridge surfaces with the height of 20-25cm are formed in the furrows of the first stubble (in the first year), and the positions of the ridge surfaces and the furrows of the two stubbles (in the second year) are exchanged.

Specifically, the specific operation method for interchanging the positions of the furrows comprises the following steps: taking the middle of the original ridge surface as a boundary, turning 0-25cm of soil on the ridge into the furrows on the two sides respectively, and tamping the top of the new ridge to form a new ridge surface and a new furrow.

The embodiment of the invention takes the planting of potatoes as an example, and provides a detailed description of a technical method and beneficial effects of field-replacing rain-collecting cultivation. Of course, it should be understood that the rain-collecting effect of the field-collecting cultivation for the rest of the crops is also the same.

The method for collecting water and preserving soil moisture in semiarid windy and sandy areas all the year round adopts a mode of 'forming wide ridges, planting in deep furrows and exchanging furrows in the second year' to realize the high-efficiency utilization of water in the dry farming. The furrows can realize the effect of water gathering, and the ridge surface is used for storing water for effective utilization after the furrows are exchanged in the second year. The method is characterized in that crops are planted in furrows in the first year, the ridge surfaces are used for collecting rain, after the crops are harvested or before the crops are planted again, the positions of the furrows and the ridge surfaces are exchanged, the original ridge surfaces become the furrows, the original furrows become the ridge surfaces, and then rainwater collected at the original ridge surfaces can efficiently provide water for the growth of the crops.

After the method for accumulating water and preserving soil moisture in semiarid windy sand areas in the year round is adopted, the soil moisture content and the precipitation utilization efficiency of the planting areas are improved to a great extent, the leaf area index and the dry weight of a single plant of the crop are improved, and the commodity potato rate is obviously improved when the method is applied to planting of potatoes.

The technicians continuously perform field-replacement rain collection technical effect tests for two years (2015-2016), wherein the planted crops are potatoes, and the planting places are Mongolia Wuchuan counties in typical arid and semiarid regions. The field-replacing rain-collecting cultivation adopts 2 specifications: NM1.5 (i.e. the width of ridge surface and furrow is 1.5m) and NM1.0 (i.e. the width of ridge surface and furrow is 1.0m), the contrast group (CK) is conventional planting, and no furrow is formed. The potato planting mode is hole sowing and artificial planting, the depth is 6-10 cm, the row spacing of potato planting in each cell is 50cm, the rows on the left side and the right side of a ditch are 25cm and ridge spacing is 50cm, the planting density of a control group is 40000 plants per hectare, and the field rain collection cultivation planting densities of NM1.5 and NM1.0 generation are 26000 plants per hectare and 30000 plants respectively. Applying a base fertilizer before sowing: ammonium dihydrogen phosphate 75kg/hm²90kg/hm of urea²60kg/hm of potassium chloride². No additional fertilizer and supplementary irrigation are carried out during the potato growing period.

2. Results of the method

2.1 Water storage volume of soil (SWS)

The field-replacing rain-collecting cultivation technology can achieve the effect of redistributing the rainfall on the earth surface by changing the terrain structure, so that the soil moisture of the planting area is improved, part of rainwater in the first year is stored under the ridge surface, the furrows in the second year can utilize the stored rainwater in a mutual exchange mode, and the effect of redistribution of the rainfall is also achieved.

As shown in FIGS. 2a-2b, in the method for collecting water and preserving soil moisture in semiarid windy sand regions in the year round, the water storage capacity of 20-50 cm soil is higher than that of CK (control group). The water storage capacity of the soil with 20-50 cm in the whole growth period of NM1.0 and NM1.5 treatments in 2015 and 2016 is 16.1% and 21.0% and 21.1% and 26.0% higher than that of CK treatment respectively. The average value of the soil water storage capacity in the whole growth period of two years is increased, the increase range of 2016 is larger than that of 2015, the increase range of 2016 under NM1.0 treatment is 31.8% higher than that of 2015, and the increase range of 2016 under NM1.5 treatment is 25.4% higher than that of 2015. After the beginning of the rainy season in 7 months (about 50 days after sowing), the effect of field-collected rain ploughing on improving the water storage capacity of the soil is more obvious, the water storage capacity of the soil is improved by 22.8% and 25.1% respectively in 2015 compared with CK, the water storage capacity of the soil is improved by 28.7% and 37.8% respectively in 2016 compared with CK, the water storage capacity of the soil under NM1.0 treatment in 2016 is improved by 41.79% compared with 2015, and the water storage capacity of the soil under NM1.5 treatment is improved by 68.19% compared with NM1.5 treatment.

2.2 Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Dry weight

The field-replacing rain-collecting cultivation can provide more water in the growth period of the crops, and is more beneficial to the growth and development of the crops. As shown in fig. 3a-3b, the weight of the dried potato individual plants treated with rainwater in 2015 and 2016 was significantly increased compared to the weight of the dried potato individual plants in 2015 and 2016 compared to the weight of the dried potato individual plants in the control group. The dry matter weight of the individual plants treated at maturity NM1.0 and NM1.5 was increased by 35.5% and 25.7% (2015), 50.6% and 37.9% (2016), respectively, compared to CK treatment. The effect of increasing dry matter weight of individual plants in two years is different in NM1.0 and NM1.5 treatments in the mature period, the dry matter weight of individual plants in 2016 of NM1.0 treatment is increased by 2.86% compared with 2015, and the dry matter weight of individual plants in 2016 of NM1.5 treatment is not changed greatly and is reduced by 0.17% compared with 2015.

The higher leaf area index is beneficial to the photosynthesis of crops to accumulate biomass, thereby having a positive effect on improving the final yield. Fig. 4a-4b show the leaf area index under different treatments, and it can be seen that the leaf area index of the potato cultivated in the field rain collected in 2015 and 2016 years is significantly improved compared with the control group. The leaf area indexes treated by NM1.0 and NM1.5 are obviously higher than CK after 70-102 days (namely from the formation period of potato tubers to the starch accumulation period); the leaf area indexes of all treatments reach the maximum value after 85 days or about 85 days (namely the potato tuber expansion period) after sowing, the leaf area indexes of NM1.0 and NM1.5 treatments in 2015 are respectively improved by 43.0 percent and 31.9 percent compared with CK, and the leaf area indexes of 2016 are respectively improved by 48.7 percent and 57.8 percent; the leaf area index of NM1.0 and NM1.5 treatments was higher than that of CK treatments 100 days or about 100 days after sowing (i.e. potato starch accumulation period), and was increased by 75.5% and 96.7% in 2015 and 72.1% and 75.4% in 2016, respectively.

2.3 yield

FIG. 5 shows the commercial potato yields of the potatoes under different treatments, and it can be seen that the commercial potato yields of the potatoes under the field-collecting rain farming are significantly higher than those of the control group, and the commercial potato yields of the potatoes under the NM1.0 and NM1.5 treatments are 21.3-22.9% and 15.5-30.5% higher than that of CK, respectively.

As shown in fig. 6, the potato yields in different rain harvesting treatments from 2015 to 2016 are shown, where Y1 is the field yield (field yield is the yield obtained by calculating the area of the ridge surface and the area of the furrow, and reflects the average yield level), and Y2 is the planting area yield (field yield is the yield obtained by calculating only the area of the furrow, and reflects the individual yield level). Firstly, in terms of field yield, the total yield rule of the potato field is not completely consistent in two-year test, and the difference of the total yield of the potato field under the rainwater collection treatment in 2015 compared with that of a control group is not significant; the total yield of potato strips treated with NM1.0 was increased by 16.4% in the 2016 test, with significant differences (P <0.05), whereas NM1.5 treatment was not significantly different from the control. Meanwhile, the yield of the potato with the field under the rain collecting treatment is greatly improved compared with that of a control group, the yield of the potato with the field treated by NM1.0 is respectively increased by 52.0% (2015 years) and 81.0% (2016 years), and the difference is obvious; the NM1.5 (2016) treated field potato product also showed significant differences compared to the control group, with 64.0% improvement in field potato yield, and the NM1.0 treated potato field potato product yield was higher than that of NM1.5 in both years of testing.

Secondly, the yield of the plants under the rain collecting treatment was also greatly increased compared to the control group treatment with respect to the yield of the plants. In 2015-2016, the total yield of the planting areas treated by NM1.0 and NM1.5 is increased by 38.5-55.1%, and the difference is obvious. In the two-year test, the total yield of the potato planting areas is consistent, and the total yield of the commercial products in the planting areas treated by NM1.0 is higher than that treated by NM 1.5. Compared with a control group, the commercial potato yield of the potato planting areas treated by NM1.0 and NM1.5 in the 2015 test is increased by 102.6 percent and 79.2 percent respectively, the commercial potato yield of the potato planting areas treated by NM1.0 and NM1.5 in the 2016 test is increased by 141.3 percent and 146.0 percent respectively, the difference is obvious, and the commercial potato yield of the potato planting areas in 2016 is increased by 2015 more greatly.

2.4 Water Use Efficiency (WUE)

Fig. 7 shows the effect of different rain collection treatments on precipitation utilization efficiency, and it can be clearly seen that the water utilization efficiency in NM1.0 and NM1.5 treatments was significantly improved by 12.7% and 15.4% respectively compared to the control treatment in 2015; the water utilization efficiency under the NM1.0 treatment and the NM1.5 treatment in 2016 is obviously improved by 23.4 percent and 17.9 percent respectively compared with the control group treatment. The change rule of the water utilization efficiency under the rain collecting treatment in the two-year test is different, the water utilization efficiency under the NM1.0 treatment in 2015 is slightly lower than that under the NM1.5 treatment, and the water utilization efficiency under the NM1.0 treatment in 2016 is improved to a certain extent compared with that under the NM1.5 treatment, and the increase is large. Compared with a control group, the change rate of the water utilization efficiency in 2016 is higher than that in 2015, the NM1.0 is improved by 83.8%, and the NM1.5 is improved by 14.8%.

3. Conclusion

The rain-collecting cultivation technology for the field generation improves the soil moisture content of a planting area, the water storage capacity of the soil of 20-50 cm in the potato growing period is 16.1-26.0% higher than that of a control group by NM1.0 and NM1.5 treatment, the average value of the water storage capacity of the soil in the full growing period in 2016 is increased by 25.4-31.8% compared with 2015, and the increase of the water storage capacity in 2016 is increased by 25.4-31.8% compared with 2015.

The leaf area index and the weight average of the single dry matter are higher than those of the control group. The dry matter weight of the single plant treated by NM1.0 and NM1.5 in the mature period is increased by 25-50% compared with that of the dry matter weight of the single plant treated by CK, and the leaf area indexes treated by NM1.0 and NM1.5 in the potato tuber expansion period are respectively increased by more than 30% compared with that of the dry matter weight of the single plant treated by CK.

The commodity potato rate of the method for gathering water and preserving soil moisture in semiarid windy sand areas all year round is higher than that of a control group, the commodity potato yield of the planting areas treated by NM1.0 and NM1.5 is the highest, and the yield is increased by 102.6-141.3% and 79.2-146.0% respectively; the yield of the potato with the field treated by NM1.0 is also obviously improved compared with that of the control group.

The annual water gathering and soil moisture conservation method for the semiarid windy sand areas can improve the precipitation utilization efficiency, the water utilization efficiency of NM1.0 treatment in 2015-2016 is improved by 24.8% and the water utilization efficiency of NM1.0 treatment in 2016-2016 are respectively improved by 16.5%, the difference is obvious, the change rate of the water utilization efficiency in 2016 is higher than that of a control group, the NM1.0 is improved by 83.8%, and the NM1.5 is improved by 14.8%.

In summary, the field-replacing rain-collecting cultivation can obviously improve the soil moisture of the northern farming-grazing staggered belt and improve the productivity of the farmland.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the above embodiments of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the invention.