阅读说明：本技术 全息波导背光及相关制造方法 (Holographic waveguide backlight and related methods of manufacture ) 是由 J·D·沃德恩 M·M·波波维奇 A·J·格兰特 于 2020-03-12 设计创作，主要内容包括：图示了根据本发明各种实施例的用于全息波导背光的系统和方法。一个实施例包括一种光学照明设备,其包括至少一个波导、光学耦合到所述至少一个波导的被配置为发射具有第一偏振状态的光的光源、用于将具有第一偏振状态的光衍射出所述至少一个波导进入第一组输出路径的第一多个光栅元件、用于将具有第一偏振状态的光衍射出所述至少一个波导进入第二组输出路径的第二多个光栅元件,以及被配置为将具有第一偏振状态的光的至少一部分朝着第一多个光栅元件和第二多个光栅元件耦合的至少一个输入耦合器。(Systems and methods for holographic waveguide backlighting according to various embodiments of the present invention are illustrated. One embodiment includes an optical illumination device comprising at least one waveguide, a light source optically coupled to the at least one waveguide configured to emit light having a first polarization state, a first plurality of grating elements to diffract the light having the first polarization state out of the at least one waveguide into a first set of output paths, a second plurality of grating elements to diffract the light having the first polarization state out of the at least one waveguide into a second set of output paths, and at least one input coupler configured to couple at least a portion of the light having the first polarization state toward the first and second plurality of grating elements.)

1. An optical illumination device comprising:

a light guide structure having an upper surface for extracting illumination, and a lower surface;

a light source optically coupled to the light guiding structure and configured to provide polarized light that undergoes total internal reflection within the light guiding structure; and

at least one plurality of grating elements disposed in at least one grating layer for extracting light from the light guide structure.

2. The optical illumination device of claim 1, wherein the light source is configured to sequentially emit at least a first wavelength-collimated light color and a second wavelength-collimated light color, wherein the at least one plurality of grating elements comprises a first plurality of grating elements for diffracting the first wavelength light out of the light guide structure into a first set of output paths and a second plurality of grating elements for diffracting the second wavelength light out of the light guide structure into a second set of output paths that substantially overlap the first set of output paths.

3. The optical illumination device of claim 2, further comprising a substrate having half-wave retardation regions interspersed with transparent regions covering the upper surface, wherein each of the half-wave retardation regions overlaps at least one grating element in each of the first and second pluralities of grating elements; and wherein each of the transparent regions overlaps at least one grating element in each of the first and second pluralities of grating elements.

4. The optical illumination device of claim 2, further comprising a disposed quarter-wave retardation layer having a first surface disposed proximate the lower surface and the reflective surface.

5. The optical illumination device of claim 2, wherein the first plurality of grating elements are disposed in a grating layer separate from the second plurality of grating elements, wherein grating elements for diffracting the first wavelength light overlap grating elements for diffracting the second wavelength light.

6. The optical illumination device of claim 2, wherein the grating elements for diffracting the first wavelength light and the second wavelength light are disposed as a first plurality of grating elements and a second plurality of grating elements uniformly dispersed in a layer.

7. The optical illumination device of claim 2, wherein grating elements for diffracting light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength are disposed as a first plurality of grating elements and a second plurality of grating elements uniformly dispersed in two layers, wherein the grating elements for diffracting light of the first wavelength overlap the grating elements for diffracting light of the second wavelength.

8. The optical illumination device of claim 2, wherein the grating elements for diffracting light of a first wavelength have a first grating vector and the grating elements for diffracting light of a second wavelength have a second grating vector in a direction opposite to the first grating vector.

9. The optical illumination device of claim 2, wherein the grating elements for diffracting light of the first wavelength and the grating elements for diffracting light of the second wavelength have grating vectors aligned in substantially parallel directions.

10. The optical illumination device of claim 2, wherein the grating elements for diffracting light of the first wavelength and the grating elements for diffracting light of the second wavelength are off-Bragg relative to each other.

11. The optical illumination device of claim 2, wherein grating elements for diffracting light of a first wavelength are disposed in a first layer, grating elements having a first grating vector and grating elements having a second grating vector in a direction opposite to the first grating vector being uniformly dispersed in the first layer, wherein grating elements for diffracting light of a second wavelength are disposed in a second layer, grating elements having a first grating vector and grating elements having a second grating vector in a direction opposite to the first grating vector being dispersed in the second layer.

12. The optical illumination device of claim 2, wherein the first wavelength light has a first polarization and the second wavelength light has a second polarization orthogonal to the first polarization.

13. The optical illumination device of claim 2, wherein the first wavelength light and the second wavelength light have the same polarization.

14. The optical illumination device of claim 2, wherein grating elements for diffracting first and second wavelengths of light are disposed as a first and second plurality of grating elements multiplexed in a single layer, wherein grating elements for diffracting the first wavelength are multiplexed with grating elements for diffracting the second wavelength of light.

15. The optical illumination device of claim 2, wherein grating elements for diffracting light of a first wavelength and light of a second wavelength are disposed as a first plurality of grating elements and a second plurality of grating elements in a stack of two contact layers, wherein grating elements for diffracting light of the first wavelength overlap grating elements for diffracting light of the second wavelength.

16. The optical lighting device of claim 2, wherein grating elements of the first plurality of grating elements are switched to a diffractive state when the light source emits the first wavelength light, and grating elements of the second plurality of grating elements are switched to a diffractive state when the light source emits the second wavelength light.

17. The optical illumination device of claim 2, wherein the output paths are angularly separated.

18. The optical illumination device of claim 2, wherein the output path is substantially perpendicular to the upper surface.

19. The optical illumination device of claim 1, wherein the at least one plurality of grating elements is disposed in at least one grating layer, wherein the light guide structure comprises at least one waveguide, wherein each of the waveguides supports at least one of the grating layers.

20. The optical lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the layer is formed between transparent substrates, a transparent conductive coating being applied to each of the substrates, at least one of the coatings being patterned into individually addressable elements overlapping the grating elements, wherein an electrical control circuit is provided operable to apply a voltage across each of the grating elements.

21. The optical illumination device of claim 1, wherein each of the grating elements comprises at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of: a planar bragg surface, optical power, optical retardation, diffusion characteristics, spatially varying diffraction efficiency, diffraction efficiency proportional to a voltage applied across the grating element, and phase retardation proportional to a voltage applied across the grating element.

22. The optical illumination device of claim 1, wherein the at least one plurality of grating elements comprises a two-dimensional array.

23. The optical illumination device of claim 1, wherein the at least one plurality of grating elements comprises a one-dimensional array of elongated elements.

24. The optical illumination device of claim 1, wherein each of the grating elements is recorded in a holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal.

25. The optical illumination device of claim 1, wherein the light is coupled into the light guide structure by a grating or a prism.

26. The optical lighting device of claim 1, wherein the light source is a laser or an LED.

27. The optical lighting device of claim 1, further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of: beam deflectors, dichroic filters, microlens arrays, beam shapers, light integrators, and polarization rotators.

Technical Field

The present invention relates generally to waveguide devices and more particularly to holographic waveguide backlights.

Background

Waveguides may be referred to as structures having the ability to confine and guide waves (i.e., limit the spatial region in which waves may propagate). One subclass includes optical waveguides, which are structures that can guide electromagnetic waves, typically in the visible spectrum. Waveguide structures can be designed to control the propagation path of the wave using a variety of different mechanisms. For example, planar waveguides may be designed to diffract and couple incident light into the waveguide structure using a diffraction grating, such that the coupled-in light may continue to travel within the planar structure via Total Internal Reflection (TIR).

Fabrication of the waveguide may include the use of a material system that allows the holographic optical element to be recorded within the waveguide. One class of such materials includes Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) mixtures, which are mixtures comprising photopolymerizable monomers and liquid crystals. Another subclass of such mixtures includes Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (HPDLC) mixtures. A holographic optical element, such as a volume phase grating, may be recorded in such a liquid mixture by illuminating the material with two mutually coherent laser beams. During the recording process, the monomers polymerize and the mixture undergoes phase separation by photopolymerization, creating areas densely filled with liquid crystal droplets, interspersed with areas of transparent polymer. The alternating rich and lean liquid crystal regions form an edge plane of the grating. The resulting grating, commonly referred to as a Switchable Bragg Grating (SBG), has all of the characteristics typically associated with volume or Bragg gratings, but has a higher range of refractive index modulation and the ability to electrically tune the grating (the proportion of incident light diffracted into the desired direction) over a continuous range of diffraction efficiencies. The latter can extend from non-diffractive (transparent) to diffractive with efficiencies approaching 100%.

Waveguide optics, such as those described above, may be considered for a range of display and sensor applications. In many applications, waveguides containing one or more grating layers encoding a variety of optical functions can be implemented using various waveguide architectures and material systems, leading to new innovations in near-eye displays for Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR), compact overhead displays (HUD) and head-mounted or head-mounted displays (HMD) for road transportation, aviation, and military applications, and sensors for biometric identification and LIDAR (LIDAR) applications.

Disclosure of Invention

Systems and methods for holographic waveguide backlighting according to various embodiments of the present invention are illustrated. One embodiment includes an optical illumination apparatus comprising a light guide structure having an upper surface for extracting illumination and a lower surface; a light source optically coupled to the light guiding structure and configured to provide polarized light, the light undergoing total internal reflection within the light guiding structure; and at least one plurality of grating elements disposed in the at least one grating layer for extracting light from the light guide structure.

In another embodiment, the light source is configured to sequentially emit at least first and second wavelength collimated light colors, wherein the at least one plurality of grating elements comprises a first plurality of grating elements for diffracting light of a first wavelength out of the light guiding structure into a first set of output paths, and a second plurality of grating elements for diffracting light of a second wavelength out of the light guiding structure into a second set of output paths that substantially overlap the first set of output paths.

In a further embodiment, the optical lighting device further comprises a substrate having half-wave retardation regions interspersed with transparent regions covering the upper surface, wherein each half-wave retardation region overlaps at least one grating element in each of the first and second pluralities of grating elements, and each transparent region overlaps at least one grating element in each of the first and second pluralities of grating elements.

In yet another embodiment, the optical lighting device further comprises a disposed quarter-wave retarder layer having a first surface disposed proximate the lower surface and the reflective surface.

In yet another embodiment, the first plurality of grating elements is disposed in a grating layer separate from the second plurality of grating elements, wherein grating elements for diffracting light of the first wavelength overlap grating elements for diffracting light of the second wavelength.

In yet another embodiment, grating elements for diffracting light of the first and second wavelengths are disposed as first and second pluralities of grating elements uniformly dispersed in a layer.

In yet another embodiment, grating elements for diffracting light of the first and second wavelengths are disposed as first and second pluralities of grating elements uniformly dispersed in two layers, wherein the grating elements for diffracting light of the first wavelength overlap the grating elements for diffracting light of the second wavelength.

In another additional embodiment, the grating elements for diffracting light of the first wavelength have a first grating vector and the grating elements for diffracting light of the second wavelength have a second grating vector in a direction opposite to the first grating vector.

In further additional embodiments, the grating elements for diffracting light of the first wavelength and the grating elements for diffracting light of the second wavelength have grating vectors aligned in substantially parallel directions.

In another embodiment, the grating elements for diffracting light of the first wavelength and the grating elements for diffracting light of the second wavelength are under Bragg with respect to each other.

In yet another embodiment, grating elements for diffracting light of a first wavelength are disposed in a first layer, with grating elements having a first grating vector and grating elements having a second grating vector in a direction opposite to the first grating vector being uniformly dispersed therein, wherein grating elements for diffracting light of a second wavelength are disposed in a second layer, with grating elements having a first grating vector and grating elements having a second grating vector in a direction opposite to the first grating vector being dispersed therein.

In yet another embodiment, the first wavelength light has a first polarization and the second wavelength light has a second polarization orthogonal to the first polarization.

In yet another embodiment, the first wavelength light and the second wavelength light have the same polarization.

In yet an additional embodiment, grating elements for diffracting first and second wavelengths of light are disposed as first and second pluralities of grating elements multiplexed in a single layer, wherein the grating elements for diffracting the first wavelength are multiplexed with the grating elements for diffracting the second wavelength of light.

In yet an additional embodiment, grating elements for diffracting light of the first and second wavelengths are disposed as first and second pluralities of grating elements in a stack of two contact layers, wherein the grating elements for diffracting light of the first wavelength overlap the grating elements for diffracting light of the second wavelength.

In yet another embodiment, the grating elements of the first plurality of grating elements are switched to the diffractive state when the light source emits light of a first wavelength, and the grating elements of the second plurality of grating elements are switched to the diffractive state when the light source emits light of a second wavelength.

In yet another embodiment, the output paths are angularly separated.

In yet an additional embodiment, the output path is substantially perpendicular to the upper surface.

In yet an additional embodiment, at least one plurality of grating elements is disposed in at least one grating layer, wherein the light guide structure comprises at least one waveguide, wherein each waveguide supports at least one of the grating layers.

In yet another embodiment, the layers are formed between transparent substrates, a transparent conductive coating is applied to each substrate, at least one of the coatings is patterned into individually addressable elements overlapping the grating elements, wherein an electrical control circuit is provided operable to apply a voltage across each grating element.

In yet another embodiment, each grating element includes at least one characteristic that is one of a planar Bragg surface, optical power, optical retardation, a diffusive characteristic, a spatially varying diffraction efficiency, a diffraction efficiency proportional to a voltage applied across the grating element, and a phase retardation proportional to a voltage applied across the grating element.

In another additional embodiment, the at least one plurality of grating elements comprises a two-dimensional array.

In yet an additional embodiment, the at least one plurality of grating elements comprises a one-dimensional array of elongated elements.

In yet an additional embodiment, each grating element is recorded in a holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal.

In yet an additional embodiment, the light is coupled into the light guiding structure by a grating or a prism.

In yet additional embodiments, the light source is a laser or an LED.

In yet another additional embodiment, the optical illumination apparatus further comprises at least one component that is one of a beam deflector, a dichroic filter, a microlens array, a beam shaper, a light integrator, and a polarization rotator.

Yet another embodiment again includes an optical illumination device comprising at least one waveguide, a light source optically coupled to the at least one waveguide configured to emit light having a first polarization state, a first plurality of grating elements to diffract the light having the first polarization state from the at least one waveguide into a first set of output paths, a second plurality of grating elements to diffract the light having the first polarization state from the at least one waveguide into a second set of output paths, and at least one input coupler configured to couple at least a portion of the light having the first polarization state toward the first and second plurality of grating elements.

In yet another embodiment, the optical illumination device further comprises a quarter-wave plate having a reflective surface, and a substrate comprising a plurality of transparent regions and a plurality of regions supporting the half-wave plate, wherein at least one of the first plurality of grating elements is configured to diffract a first portion of the light having the first polarization state towards at least one of the plurality of transparent regions, at least one of the second plurality of grating elements is configured to diffract a second portion of the light having the first polarization state towards the quarter wave plate, and the quarter-wave plate is configured to reflect incident light having the first polarization state toward at least one of the plurality of regions supporting the half-wave plate, wherein the polarization state of the reflected incident light changes to a second polarization state orthogonal to the first polarization state, wherein the first and second plurality of grating elements are formed in at least one grating layer disposed within the at least one waveguide.

In yet an additional embodiment, the optical illumination device further comprises a third and a fourth plurality of grating elements, wherein the light having the first polarization state comprises light of a first wavelength band and light of a second wavelength band, the at least one input coupler comprises a first input coupler for coupling light of the first wavelength band towards the first and second plurality of grating elements and a second input coupler for coupling light of the second wavelength band towards the third and fourth plurality of grating elements.

In yet another embodiment, the at least one waveguide includes first and second grating layers, the first and second plurality of grating elements being interspersed within the first grating layer, the third and fourth plurality of grating elements being interspersed within the second grating layer, the first and third plurality of grating elements having grating vectors in a first direction, and the second and fourth plurality of grating elements having grating vectors in a direction opposite to the first direction.

In yet an additional embodiment, the emitted light is collimated light and the light source is configured to sequentially emit light of the first and second wavelength bands.

In yet additional embodiments, the first and second plurality of grating elements are configured to switch to the diffractive state when the light source emits light in a first wavelength band, and the third and fourth plurality of grating elements are configured to switch to the diffractive state when the light source emits light in a second wavelength band.

In yet an additional embodiment, the optical illumination device further comprises third and fourth pluralities of grating elements, wherein the at least one waveguide comprises first and second grating layers, the first and third pluralities of grating elements being dispersed within the first grating layer, the second and fourth pluralities of grating elements being dispersed within the second grating layer, the light having the first polarization state comprising light of a first wavelength band and light of a second wavelength band, and the at least one input coupler comprises a first input coupler for coupling light of the first wavelength band towards the first and second pluralities of grating elements, and a second input coupler for coupling light of the second wavelength band towards the third and fourth pluralities of grating elements.

In yet an additional embodiment, the optical lighting device further comprises a quarter wave plate having a reflective surface, a third and a fourth plurality of grating elements, wherein the light source is further configured to emit light having a second polarization state, the light having the first polarization state being in a first wavelength band, the light having the second polarization state being in a second wavelength band, the third and fourth plurality of grating elements being configured to diffract the light having the second polarization state towards the quarter wave plate, the at least one waveguide comprises a first and a second grating layer, the first and third plurality of grating elements are dispersed within the first grating layer, and the second and fourth plurality of grating elements are dispersed within the second grating inner layer, and the first plurality of grating elements spatially overlap the second plurality of grating elements.

In yet an additional embodiment, the first plurality of grating elements has a grating vector in a first direction and the second plurality of grating elements has a grating vector in a direction opposite to the first direction.

In yet a further additional embodiment, the light source is a laser source.

Additional embodiments and features are set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the specification or may be learned by practice of the invention. A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the drawings, which form a part of this disclosure.

Drawings

The description herein will be more fully understood with reference to the following drawings and data diagrams, which are presented as exemplary embodiments of the invention and should not be construed as a complete description of the scope of the invention.

Fig. 1A and 1B conceptually illustrate switching characteristics of an HPDLC SBG device and an SBG according to various embodiments of the present invention.

Figure 2 conceptually illustrates a waveguide backlight, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 3 conceptually illustrates a flow diagram of a process for providing waveguide backlighting, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 conceptually illustrates a waveguide backlight having two waveguide layers, in accordance with embodiments of the invention.

Figure 5 conceptually illustrates a waveguide backlight having a single waveguide layer, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

Figure 6 conceptually illustrates a waveguide backlight having two waveguide layers with alternating wavelength diffraction grating elements, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

Figure 7 conceptually illustrates a waveguide backlight having a single waveguide layer with alternating wavelength diffraction grating elements, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

Figure 8 conceptually illustrates a waveguide backlight having two waveguide layers with alternating wavelength diffraction grating elements for input light having orthogonal polarizations, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

Figure 9 conceptually illustrates a waveguide backlight having a single waveguide layer with alternating wavelength diffraction grating elements for input light having orthogonal polarizations, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

Detailed Description

For purposes of describing the embodiments, some well-known features of optical technology known to those skilled in the art of optical design and visual display have been omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the underlying principles of the invention. Unless otherwise indicated, the term "on-axis" in relation to the ray or beam direction refers to propagation parallel to an axis perpendicular to the surface of the optical component described in relation to the present invention. In the following description, the terms light, ray, beam and direction may be used interchangeably and are associated with each other to indicate the direction of propagation of electromagnetic radiation along a straight trajectory. The terms light and illumination may be used with respect to the visible and infrared bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Portions of the following description will be presented using terminology commonly employed by those skilled in the art of optical design. As used herein, the term grating may encompass, in some embodiments, a grating consisting of a set of gratings. For purposes of illustration, it should be understood that the drawings are not drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated.

An ideal backlight unit (BLU) should have a compact (i.e., thin) form factor and should deliver uniform luminance and color, efficiently couple light from the illumination source and extract it from the BLU onto the display panel to be backlit. In a mobile display, the BLU thickness should be a few millimeters. Television displays also require low thickness to image diagonal ratios. Conventional edge-lit solutions fail to meet form factor and uniformity requirements. A waveguide or lightguide that carries illumination light by total internal reflection while extracting a portion of this light from the waveguide can provide a very thin form factor. However, due to the dispersive nature of the grating, which is typically implemented in a waveguide, the waveguide suffers from spatial variations in luminance and color. In some cases, the use of a laser source can significantly mitigate dispersion.

Illumination non-uniformity may be caused by wavelength dependent absorption within the grating; the small losses generated by each beam-grating interaction multiply as the beam propagates along the waveguide, resulting in a gradual darkening of light along the waveguide. In the case of a laser source, which may form a very compact source-to-waveguide coupling optics, the high coherence of the laser light may lead to banding effects due to gaps or overlaps caused by imperfect interleaving of the totally internally reflected beams. Laser illuminated BLUs also suffer from laser speckle. Another source of non-uniformity when using birefringent materials to form a grating is the polarization rotation that occurs with each beam bounce. Such polarization variations may manifest themselves as luminance non-uniformities. Color non-uniformity also occurs due to the wavelength dependence of birefringence. Finally, a birefringent grating may cause a spatially varying polarization to occur at the output of the BLU. When the display panel to be illuminated is a liquid crystal device, this may result in luminance and color unevenness.

Turning now to the figures, holographic waveguide backlights according to various embodiments of the present invention are illustrated. In many embodiments, the waveguide backlight is implemented as a compact, efficient, highly uniform color waveguide backlight that can be used in a range of display applications, such as, but not limited to, LCD monitors, digital holographic displays, and mobile computing and telecommunications devices. In many embodiments, a waveguide backlight includes a waveguide and a light source configured to provide input light. Various different methods may be used to couple the input light into the waveguide in the path of total internal reflection. In some embodiments, an input coupler (such as, but not limited to, a grating or a prism) is used to couple light into the waveguide. In several embodiments, the light sources are configured to provide light of different wavelengths. In a further embodiment, the light source is configured to sequentially emit at least first and second wavelength collimated light colors. The waveguide may include at least two sets of grating elements disposed across at least one grating layer. Each set of grating elements may be configured to operate at a particular wavelength/angular frequency band. In many embodiments, each group of grating elements is configured to diffract and extract light either up or down. In several embodiments, each set of grating elements is configured for a particular wavelength band. In a further embodiment, each set of grating elements comprises a switchable Bragg grating and is switched to a diffractive state when the light source emits light of the wavelength intended for that set. In some embodiments, solid line waveplates and retarders are used to control the polarization of the light. As can be readily appreciated, waveguide backlights according to various embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in a variety of configurations, which can be application specific. Waveguide backlight configurations, optical waveguide structures, materials and fabrication processes are discussed in further detail in the sections below.

Optical waveguide and grating structure

The optical structure recorded in the waveguide may include many different types of optical elements, such as, but not limited to, diffraction gratings. The grating may be implemented to perform various optical functions including, but not limited to, coupling light, directing light, and preventing transmission of light. In many embodiments, the grating is a surface relief grating located on the outer surface of the waveguide. In other embodiments, the grating implemented is a Bragg grating (also referred to as a bulk grating), which is a structure with periodic refractive index modulation. Bragg gratings can be manufactured using a number of different methods. One process includes interference exposure of a holographic photopolymer material to form periodic structures. Bragg gratings can have high efficiency, with little light being diffracted into higher orders. The relative amounts of diffracted order and zeroth order light can be varied by controlling the refractive index modulation of the grating, a characteristic that can be used to fabricate lossy waveguide gratings to extract light over a large pupil.

One type of Bragg grating used in holographic waveguide devices is a Switchable Bragg Grating (SBG). SBGs can be manufactured by first placing a thin film of a mixture of photopolymerizable monomers and liquid crystal material between substrates. The substrate may be made of various types of materials, such as glass and plastic. In many cases, the substrates are in a parallel configuration. In other embodiments, the substrate forms a wedge shape. One or both substrates may support electrodes, typically transparent tin oxide films, for applying an electric field across the film. The grating structure in SBGs can be recorded in a liquid material (commonly referred to as a slurry) by photopolymerization-induced phase separation with interferometric exposure with spatially periodic intensity modulation. Factors such as, but not limited to, controlling the radiation intensity, the volume fraction of the components of the materials in the mixture, and the exposure temperature, can determine the resulting grating morphology and performance. It will be readily understood that a wide variety of materials and mixtures may be used depending on the specific requirements of a given application. In many embodiments, HPDLC materials are used. During the recording process, the monomers polymerize and the mixture undergoes phase separation. The LC molecules aggregate to form discrete or coalesced droplets that are periodically distributed in the polymer network over the optical wavelength range. The alternating liquid crystal-rich and liquid crystal-poor regions form the fringe planes of the grating, which can produce Bragg diffraction with a strong optical polarization caused by the order of orientation of the LC molecules in the droplet.

The resulting volume phase grating can exhibit very high diffraction efficiency, which can be controlled by the strength of the electric field applied to the thin film. In the case where an electric field is applied to the grating via the transparent electrode, the natural orientation of the LC droplet may change, resulting in a reduction in the refractive index modulation of the fringes and a reduction in hologram diffraction efficiency to a very low level. Typically, the electrodes are configured such that the applied electric field is perpendicular to the substrate. In many embodiments, the electrodes are made of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). In the OFF state, where no electric field is applied, the extraordinary axis of the liquid crystal is generally aligned perpendicular to the fringes. Therefore, the grating has higher refractive index modulation and higher diffraction efficiency for P-polarized light. In the case of an applied electric field to the HPDLC, the grating switches to the ON state, where the extraordinary axis of the liquid crystal molecules is aligned parallel to the applied electric field and thus aligned perpendicular to the substrate. In the ON state, the grating exhibits lower refractive index modulation and lower diffraction efficiency for both S-polarized light and P-polarized light. Thus, the grating regions no longer diffract light. Depending on the function of the HPDLC device, each grating area may be divided into a plurality of grating elements, such as, for example, a pixel matrix. Typically, the electrodes on one substrate surface are uniform and continuous, while the electrodes on the opposite substrate surface are patterned according to a plurality of selectively switchable grating elements.

Typically, SBG elements are cleared within 30 μ s and turned on with a longer relaxation time. The diffraction efficiency of the device can be adjusted over a continuous range by means of the applied voltage. In many cases, the device exhibits near 100% efficiency without applied voltage, and substantially zero efficiency with sufficiently high applied voltage. In certain types of HPDLC devices, a magnetic field can be used to control the LC orientation. In some HPDLC applications, the phase separation of the LC material from the polymer may be to the extent that no discernable droplet structure is produced. SBGs may also be used as passive gratings. In this mode, the main advantage is the unique high index modulation. SBGs may be used to provide transmission or reflection gratings for free space applications. The SBG may be implemented as a waveguide device, where the HPDLC forms a waveguide core or evanescent coupling layer near the waveguide. The substrate used to form the HPDLC cell provides a Total Internal Reflection (TIR) light guide structure. When the switchable grating diffracts light at an angle exceeding the TIR condition, light may be coupled out of the SBG. In various embodiments, a reverse mode grating device may be implemented-i.e. the grating is in its non-diffractive (clear) state when the applied voltage is zero, and switches to its diffractive state when a voltage is applied across the electrodes.

Fig. 1A and 1B conceptually illustrate the switching characteristics of HPDLC SBG devices 100, 110 and SBGs according to various embodiments of the invention. In FIG. 1A, the SBG 100 is in the OFF state. As shown, the LC molecules 101 are aligned substantially perpendicular to the edge plane. As such, the SBG 100 exhibits high diffraction efficiency, and incident light can be easily diffracted. FIG. 1B illustrates the SBG 110 in the ON position. The applied voltage 111 may orient the optical axis of the LC molecules 112 within the droplet 113 to produce an effective refractive index that matches the refractive index of the polymer, thereby substantially creating a transparent cell in which incident light is not diffracted. In the illustrative embodiment, an AC voltage source is shown. As can be readily appreciated, a variety of voltage sources may be used depending on the specific requirements of a given application. In addition, different materials and device configurations may also be implemented. In some embodiments, the device implements a different material system and can be operated in reverse with respect to the applied voltage-i.e., the device exhibits high diffraction efficiency in response to the applied voltage.

In some embodiments, the LC may be extracted or drained from the SBG to provide a Surface Relief Grating (SRG), which has very similar characteristics to a Bragg grating due to the depth of the SRG structure, which is much greater than can actually be achieved using surface etching and other conventional processes commonly used to fabricate SRGs. LC can be extracted using a number of different methods, including but not limited to rinsing with isopropanol and solvent. In many embodiments, one of the transparent substrates of the SBG is removed and the LC is extracted. In a further embodiment, the removed substrate is replaced. The SRG may be at least partially backfilled with a material having a higher or lower index of refraction. Such gratings provide a range for tailoring efficiency, angular/spectral response, polarization, and other characteristics to accommodate various waveguide applications.

Waveguides according to various embodiments of the present invention may include various grating configurations designed for specific purposes and functions. In many embodiments, the waveguide is designed to achieve a grating configuration that can maintain the eye box size while reducing the lens size by effectively expanding the exit pupil of the collimating optical system. The exit pupil may be defined as a virtual aperture through which only light rays that pass enter the user's eye. In some embodiments, the waveguide includes an input grating optically coupled to the light source, a folded grating for providing beam expansion in a first direction, and an output grating for providing beam expansion in a second direction generally orthogonal to the first direction and beam extraction toward the eyebox. As can be readily appreciated, the waveguide architecture that the grating configuration implements may depend on the specific requirements of a given application. In some embodiments, the grating configuration comprises a plurality of folded gratings. In several embodiments, the grating configuration includes an input grating and a second grating for performing beam expansion and beam extraction simultaneously. The second grating may comprise gratings of different specifications for propagating different portions of the field of view, arranged in separate overlapping grating layers or multiplexed in a single grating layer. The multiplexed grating may comprise superimposing at least two gratings with different grating specifications within the same volume. Gratings with different grating specifications may have different grating vectors and/or grating tilts with respect to the waveguide surface.

In several embodiments, the gratings within each layer are designed to have different spectral and/or angular responses. For example, in many embodiments, different gratings across different grating layers are overlapped or multiplexed to provide an increase in spectral bandwidth. In some embodiments, a full-color waveguide is implemented using three grating layers, each designed to operate in a different spectral band (red, green, and blue). In other embodiments, a full color waveguide is implemented using two grating layers, a red-green grating layer and a green-blue grating layer. As can be readily appreciated, such techniques may similarly be implemented to increase the angular bandwidth operation of the waveguide. In addition to multiplexing of gratings across different grating layers, multiple gratings may be multiplexed within a single grating layer-i.e., multiple gratings may be superimposed within the same volume. In several embodiments, the waveguide includes at least one grating layer having two or more grating specifications multiplexed in the same volume. In a further embodiment, the waveguide comprises two grating layers, each layer having two grating specifications multiplexed in the same volume. Multiplexing two or more grating specifications within the same volume can be accomplished using various fabrication techniques. In various embodiments, a multiplexed master grating is used with an exposure configuration to form a multiplexed grating. In many embodiments, the multiplexed grating is fabricated by sequentially exposing the layer of optical recording material with two or more configurations of exposure light, where each configuration is designed to form a grating specification. In some embodiments, the multiplexed grating is fabricated by alternately exposing the layer of optical recording material between two or more configurations of exposure light, where each configuration is designed to form a grating specification. As can be readily appreciated, the multiplexed grating may be fabricated using a variety of techniques, including those well known in the art, as appropriate.

In many embodiments, the waveguide may incorporate at least one of: angle multiplexed gratings, color multiplexed gratings, folded gratings, double-interaction gratings, rolling K-vector gratings, cross-folded gratings, mosaic gratings, chirped gratings, gratings with spatially varying refractive index modulation, gratings with spatially varying grating thickness, gratings with spatially varying average refractive index, gratings with spatially varying refractive index modulation tensor, and gratings with spatially varying average refractive index tensor. In some embodiments, the waveguide may incorporate at least one of: a half-wave plate, a quarter-wave plate, an anti-reflection coating, a beam splitting layer, an alignment layer, a photochromic backing layer for reducing glare and a louver film for reducing glare. In several embodiments, the waveguide may support a grating that provides separate optical paths for different polarizations. In various embodiments, the waveguide may support a grating that provides separate optical paths for different spectral bandwidths. In various embodiments, the grating may be an HPDLC grating, a switched grating (such as a switchable Bragg grating) recorded in an HPDLC, a Bragg grating recorded in a holographic photopolymer, or a surface relief grating. In many embodiments, the waveguide operates in a monochromatic frequency band. In some embodiments, the waveguide operates in the green band. In several embodiments, waveguide layers operating in different spectral bands, such as red, green, and blue (RGB), may be stacked to provide a three-layer waveguide structure. In a further embodiment, the layers are stacked with an air gap between the waveguide layers. In various embodiments, the waveguide layer operates in a wider frequency band (such as blue-green and green-red) to provide a dual waveguide layer solution. In other embodiments, the grating is color multiplexed to reduce the number of grating layers. Various types of gratings may be implemented. In some embodiments, at least one grating in each layer is a switchable grating.

Waveguides incorporating optical structures such as those discussed above may be implemented in a variety of different applications, including but not limited to waveguide displays. In various embodiments, the waveguide display is implemented with an eye box of greater than 10mm, and an eye distance of greater than 25 mm. In some embodiments, the waveguide display comprises a waveguide having a thickness between 2.0-5.0 mm. In many embodiments, the waveguide display may provide an image field of view of at least 50 ° diagonal. In a further embodiment, the waveguide display may provide an image field of view of at least 70 ° diagonal. Waveguide displays may employ many different types of Picture Generation Units (PGUs). In several embodiments, the PGU may be a reflective or transmissive spatial light modulator, such as a liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) panel or a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) panel. In various embodiments, the PGU may be an emissive device such as an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) panel. In some embodiments, the OLED display may have a luminance greater than 4000 nits and a resolution of 4k × 4k pixels. In several embodiments, the waveguide can have an optical efficiency of greater than 10%, such that an OLED display with a luminance of 4000 nits can be used to provide an image luminance of greater than 400 nits. Waveguides implementing P-diffraction gratings (i.e., gratings with high efficiency for P-polarized light) typically have waveguide efficiencies of 5% -6.2%. Since P-diffraction or S-diffraction gratings can waste half of the light from a non-polarized source (such as an OLED panel), many embodiments are directed to waveguides that can provide S-diffraction and P-diffraction gratings to allow a two-fold increase in the efficiency of the waveguide. In some embodiments, the S-diffraction and P-diffraction gratings are implemented in separate overlapping grating layers. Alternatively, under certain conditions, a single grating may provide high efficiency for both p-polarized light and s-polarized light. In several embodiments, the waveguide comprises a Bragg-like grating produced by extracting LC from an HPDLC grating (such as those described above) to achieve high S and P diffraction efficiencies over certain wavelength and angular ranges for appropriately selected values of grating thickness (typically in the range of 2-5 μm).

Optical recording material system

HPDLC mixtures typically include LC, monomers, photoinitiator (photoinitiator) dyes and coinitiators (coinitiators). The mixture (often referred to as a slurry) also typically includes a surfactant. For the purposes of describing the present invention, a surfactant is defined as any chemical agent that reduces the surface tension of the total liquid mixture. The use of surfactants in PDLC mixtures is known and dates back to the earliest studies of PDLC. For example, a PDLC mixture comprising monomers, photoinitiators, co-initiators, chain extenders and LC to which surfactants can be added is described in a paper by r.l. sutherland et al SPIE, volume 2689, page 158-169, 1996, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Surfactants are also mentioned in Journal of Nonlinear optical physics and Materials, volume 5, phase 1, pages 89-98, 1996 paper, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Furthermore, U.S. patent No.7,018,563 to Sutherland et al discusses a polymer dispersed liquid crystal material for forming a polymer dispersed liquid crystal optical element, the material having: at least one acrylic monomer; at least one type of liquid crystal material; a photoinitiator dye; a co-initiator; and a surfactant. The disclosure of U.S. patent No.7,018,563 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The patent and scientific literature contains many examples of material systems and processes that may be used to fabricate SBGs, including research into formulating such material systems to achieve high diffraction efficiencies, fast response times, low drive voltages, and the like. Both U.S. patent No.5,942,157 to Sutherland and U.S. patent No.5,751,452 to Tanaka et al describe combinations of monomers and liquid crystal materials suitable for making SBG devices. Examples of formulations (recipe) can also be found in papers in the early 90 s of the 20 th century. Many of these materials use acrylate monomers including:

r.l. sutherland et al, chem.mater, volume 5, page 1533 (1993), describes the use of acrylate polymers and surfactants, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Specifically, the formulation includes a cross-linked multifunctional acrylate monomer; the chain extender N-vinyl pyrrolidone, LC E7, the photoinitiator Bengal red and the co-initiator N-phenylglycine. In some variants the surfactant octanoic acid is added.

Fontechio et al SID 00Digest, page 774 and 776, 2000, describes a UV curable HPDLC for reflective display applications comprising multifunctional acrylate monomers, LC, photoinitiators, co-initiators and chain terminators, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Y.H.Cho et al, Polymer International, No. 48, pp.1085-1090, 1999, discloses HPDLC formulations comprising acrylates, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Karasawa et al, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol.36, pp.6388-6392, 1997, describe acrylates in various functional sequences, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

T.J.Bunning et al, Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol.35, p.2825-2833, 1997, also describe multifunctional acrylate monomers, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Lannacchiane et al, Europhysics Letters, Vol 36(6), p 425-430, 1996, describe PDLC mixtures comprising pentaacrylate monomers, LC, chain extenders, co-initiators and photoinitiators, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Acrylates have the advantages of fast kinetics, good mixing with other materials and good compatibility with the film forming process. Since acrylates are crosslinked, they tend to be mechanically robust and flexible. For example, urethane acrylates with functions of 2(di) and 3(tri) have been widely used in HPDLC technology. Higher functional materials such as pentagonal and hexagonal functional rods may also be used.

Preparation of Material composition

High luminance and excellent color fidelity are important factors in various waveguide applications. In each case, a high degree of uniformity across the FOV is required. However, the fundamental optics of the waveguide can cause non-uniformity due to gaps or overlaps of the beams bouncing along the waveguide. Further non-uniformities may be caused by imperfections in the grating and non-planarity of the waveguide substrate. In SBGs, there is a further problem of polarization rotation due to the birefringent grating. Where applicable, the greatest challenge is typically to fold the grating, where the multiple intersections of the beam with the grating fringes result in millions of optical paths. Careful management of the grating properties, particularly the refractive index modulation, can be used to overcome the non-uniformity.

Of the many possible beam interactions (diffraction or zero-order transmission), only a subset contributes to the signal present at the eye-frame. By back-tracking from the eyebox, the fold region contributing to a given field point can be precisely located. An accurate correction to the modulation required to send more data to the dark areas of the output illumination can then be calculated. After the output illumination uniformity for one color is restored to the target, the process can be repeated for the other colors. Once the index modulation pattern is established, the design can be exported to the deposition mechanism, with each target index modulation translated into a unique deposition setting for each spatial resolution cell on the substrate to be coated/deposited. The resolution of the deposition mechanism depends on the technical limits of the system used. In many embodiments, the spatial pattern can be achieved with complete repeatability to a resolution of 30 microns.

In contrast to waveguides utilizing Surface Relief Gratings (SRGs), SBG waveguides implementing fabrication techniques according to various embodiments of the present invention may allow grating design parameters that affect efficiency and uniformity, such as, but not limited to, refractive index modulation and grating thickness, to be dynamically adjusted during deposition without the need for a different master. Such a scheme is impractical for modulating an SRG controlled by etch depth, since each change in the grating requires a complex and expensive process to be repeated. Furthermore, achieving the required etch depth accuracy and resist imaging complexity can be very difficult.

Deposition processes according to various embodiments of the present invention may provide for adjustment of grating design parameters by controlling the type of material to be deposited. Various embodiments of the present invention may be configured to deposit different materials or different material compositions in different areas on the substrate. For example, the deposition process may be configured to deposit HPDLC material onto substrate areas intended to be grating areas and to deposit monomers onto substrate areas intended to be non-grating areas. In several embodiments, the deposition process is configured to deposit a layer of optical recording material that varies spatially in composition, thereby allowing various aspects of the deposited material to be modulated. The deposition of materials having different compositions can be achieved in several different ways. In many embodiments, more than one deposition head may be used to deposit different materials and mixtures. Each deposition head may be coupled to a different material/mixture reservoir. Such embodiments may be used in a variety of applications. For example, different materials may be deposited for the grating and non-grating regions of the waveguide cell. In some embodiments, the HPDLC material is deposited on the grating areas, while only the monomer is deposited on the non-grating areas. In several embodiments, the deposition mechanism may be configured to deposit a mixture having different component compositions.

In some embodiments, the nozzles may be implemented to deposit multiple types of materials onto a single substrate. In waveguide applications, the nozzle may be used to deposit different materials for the grating and non-grating regions of the waveguide. In many embodiments, the jetting mechanism is configured for printing a raster, wherein at least one of material composition, birefringence, and/or thickness can be controlled using a deposition apparatus having at least two selectable jets. In some embodiments, a manufacturing system provides an apparatus for depositing a grating recording material optimized for controlling a laser band. In several embodiments, a manufacturing system provides an apparatus for depositing a grating recording material optimized for polarization non-uniformity control. In several embodiments, a manufacturing system provides an apparatus for depositing a grating recording material optimized for control of polarization non-uniformity associated with an alignment control layer. In various embodiments, the deposition work cell may be configured for deposition of additional layers, such as a beam splitting coating and an environmental protection layer. An inkjet printhead may also be implemented to print different materials on different areas of a substrate.

As discussed above, the deposition process may be configured to deposit an optical recording material that spatially varies in composition. Modulation of the material composition can be achieved in many different ways. In various embodiments, an inkjet printhead may be configured to modulate material composition by utilizing various inkjet nozzles within the printhead. By altering the composition on a "point-by-point" basis, a layer of optical recording material can be deposited such that it has a varying composition over the planar surface of the layer. Such a system may be implemented using a variety of devices, including but not limited to an inkjet printhead. Similar to how color systems use a palette of only a few colors to produce a spectrum of millions of discrete color values, such as the CMYK system in a printer or the additive RGB system in display applications, an inkjet printhead according to various embodiments of the present invention may be configured to print optical recording materials having different compositions using only a few containers of different materials. In many embodiments, a 300DPI ("dots per inch") inkjet printhead is used. Depending on the level of accuracy, discretization of different compositions of a given quantity of material can be determined across a given region. For example, given two types of material to be printed and an inkjet printhead with an accuracy level of 300DPI, for a given volume of printed material, if each dot location can contain one of the two types of material, there are 90,001 possible discrete values for the composition ratio of the two types of material across 1 square inch. In some embodiments, each dot location may contain either or both types of materials. In several embodiments, more than one ink jet print head is configured to print a layer of optical recording material having a spatially varying composition. While dot printing in bi-material applications is essentially a binary system, averaging printed dots across regions can allow discretization of the sliding scale of the ratio of the two materials to be printed. For example, the number of discrete levels of density/ratio possible within a unit square is given by the number of dot locations that can be printed within the unit square. As such, there may be a range of different combinations of concentrations ranging from 100% of the first material to 100% of the second material. As can be readily appreciated, these concepts apply to actual units and may be determined by the level of accuracy of the inkjet printhead. Although specific examples of modulating the material composition of printed layers are discussed, the concept of modulating the material composition using an inkjet printhead can be extended to the use of more than two different material reservoirs, and the level of accuracy can be different, depending largely on the type of printhead used.

Changing the composition of the printed material may be advantageous for several reasons. For example, in many embodiments, changing the composition of the material during deposition may allow for the formation of a waveguide with a grating having a spatially varying diffraction efficiency across different regions of the grating. In embodiments using HPDLC blends, this can be achieved by modulating the relative concentration of liquid crystals in the HPDLC blend during the printing process, which results in a composition that can produce gratings with different diffraction efficiencies when the material is exposed. In several embodiments, a first HPDLC blend with a certain liquid crystal concentration and a second HPDLC blend without liquid crystal are used as a printing palette in an inkjet printhead for modulating the diffraction efficiency of gratings that can be formed in printed materials. In such embodiments, the discretization can be determined based on the accuracy of the inkjet printhead. The discrete levels may be given by the concentration/ratio of the material printed across a particular area. In this example, the discrete levels range from no liquid crystal in the first PDLC mixture to a maximum concentration of liquid crystal.

The ability to vary the diffraction efficiency across the waveguide can be used for various purposes. Waveguides are typically designed to guide light internally by reflecting the light multiple times between two planar surfaces of the waveguide. These multiple reflections may allow the optical path to interact with the grating multiple times. In many embodiments, the layers of material may be printed with different material compositions such that the resulting grating has a spatially varying diffraction efficiency to compensate for light loss during interaction with the grating, thereby allowing for uniform output intensity. For example, in some waveguide applications, the output grating is configured to provide exit pupil expansion in one direction while also coupling light out of the waveguide. The output grating may be designed such that only a portion of the light is refracted out of the waveguide when the light within the waveguide interacts with the grating. The remaining portion continues in the same optical path, remains within TIR and continues to reflect within the waveguide. After a second interaction with the same output grating again, another portion of the light is refracted out of the waveguide. During each refraction, the amount of light still traveling within the waveguide reduces the amount of refraction out of the waveguide. As such, the refracted portion gradually decreases in total intensity at each interaction. By varying the diffraction efficiency of the grating so that it increases with increasing propagation distance, the decrease in output intensity along each interaction can be compensated for, allowing for a uniform output intensity.

Varying the diffraction efficiency can also be used to compensate for other attenuations of the light within the waveguide. All objects have a certain degree of reflection and absorption. Light trapped by TIR within the waveguide is constantly reflected between the two surfaces of the waveguide. Depending on the material constituting the surface, part of the light may be absorbed by the material during each interaction. In many cases, this attenuation is small, but can be large across a large area where many reflections occur. In many embodiments, the waveguide cells may be printed with different compositions such that gratings formed from the layer of optical recording material have different diffraction efficiencies to compensate for absorption of light from the substrate. Depending on the substrate, certain wavelengths may be more readily absorbed by the substrate. In a multilayer waveguide design, each layer may be designed to couple a specific range of light wavelengths. Thus, light coupled by these separate layers may be absorbed by the substrate of the layer in different amounts. For example, in various embodiments, the waveguide is made of a three layer stack, where each layer is designed for one of red, green, and blue colors, to achieve a full color display. In such embodiments, the gratings within each waveguide layer may be formed to have different diffraction efficiencies to perform color balance optimization by compensating for color imbalance due to transmission loss of certain wavelengths of light.

In addition to varying the concentration of liquid crystal within the material to vary the diffraction efficiency, another technique involves varying the thickness of the waveguide cells. This may be achieved by using spacers. In many embodiments, spacers are dispersed throughout the optical recording material for structural support during construction of the waveguide unit. In some embodiments, spacers of different sizes are dispersed throughout the optical recording material. The spacers may be dispersed in ascending order of size in one direction of the optical recording material layer. When constructing a waveguide cell by lamination, the substrate sandwiches the optical recording material and forms a wedge-shaped layer of optical recording material under structural support of spacers of different sizes. Similar to the modulation process described above, spacers of different sizes may be dispersed. Furthermore, modulation of spacer size may be combined with modulation of material composition. In several embodiments, reservoirs of HPDLC material each suspended with differently sized spacers are used to print layers of HPDLC material with differently sized spacers strategically dispersed to form wedge-shaped waveguide cells. In various embodiments, spacer size modulation is combined with material composition modulation by providing a number of reservoirs equal to the product of the number of differently sized spacers and the number of different materials used. For example, in one embodiment, an inkjet printhead is configured to print different concentrations of liquid crystal with two different spacer sizes. In such an embodiment, four reservoirs may be prepared: a liquid crystal-free mixed suspension with spacers of a first size, a liquid crystal-free mixed suspension with spacers of a second size, a liquid crystal-rich mixed suspension with spacers of a first size, and a liquid crystal-rich mixed suspension with spacers of a second size. Further discussion regarding material conditioning may be found in U.S. application No.16/203,071 entitled "Systems and Methods for Manufacturing Waveguide Cells," filed on 18.11.2018. The disclosure of U.S. application No.16/203,491 is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.

Waveguide backlight

Waveguide backlights according to various embodiments of the present invention can be implemented using a variety of different configurations. As can be readily appreciated, the particular configuration implemented may depend on various factors including, but not limited to, the intended application, cost constraints, form factor constraints, and the like. In many embodiments, the waveguide backlight is implemented with at least one waveguide layer comprising at least one grating layer sandwiched between first and second substrates. The substrate may comprise various transparent materials including, but not limited to, glass and plastic. The grating layer(s) may include different sets of grating elements configured for various purposes. In some embodiments, the grating layer includes two different sets of grating elements, each set being configured and designed to have a high diffraction efficiency for a particular wavelength band and/or angular band. In various embodiments, the grating layer includes two different sets of grating elements, where each set contains grating elements having the same K-vector. In various embodiments, the two sets of grating elements have opposite K vectors. In several embodiments, the grating layer includes two different sets of grating elements, each set configured and designed to diffract and extract light from a different direction. For example, in various embodiments, the grating layer includes a first set of grating elements configured to diffract TIR light reflected from the first substrate and extract such light through the second substrate and a second set of grating elements configured to diffract TIR light reflected from the second substrate and extract such light through the first substrate.

Grating elements implemented in waveguide backlights may be arranged in a number of different configurations. In many embodiments, a waveguide backlight includes a grating layer having first and second sets of grating elements interspersed with one another. In some embodiments, the first and second sets of grating elements are disposed across two different grating layers. The two different grating layers may be adjacent to each other (i.e., the waveguide layer comprises two grating layers sandwiched between two substrates) or disposed across two different waveguide layers. As can be readily appreciated, such a grating architecture may be extended to implement more than two sets of grating elements. Further, the waveguide layer(s) can be configured to implement a variety of different grating structures, including, but not limited to, HPDLC gratings, switched gratings (e.g., switchable Bragg gratings) recorded in HPDLC, Bragg gratings recorded in holographic photopolymers, vacuum Bragg gratings, back-filled vacuum Bragg gratings, and surface relief gratings.

Depending on the type of grating implemented, the light polarization response may be an important factor in the manner and effect in which the waveguide backlight operates. For example, in some embodiments, the grating is implemented using HPDLC material that forms a grating sensitive to P-polarized light. In such cases, the waveguide backlight may be designed according to appropriate considerations. The waveguide backlight may include various wave plate and retarder configurations for manipulating the polarization of light traveling through the waveguide backlight. In some embodiments, the waveguide backlight includes a Quarter Wave Plate (QWP). QWP converts linearly polarized light into circularly polarized light and vice versa. In a further embodiment, the QWP is implemented with a mirror, which may be formed on an outer surface of the QWP. Such a configuration may allow incident linearly polarized light to be reflected with its polarization orthogonally changed. For example, incident P-polarized light may be converted to circularly polarized light by QWP, reflected by a mirror to give circularly polarized light in the opposite direction, and finally converted to linearly S-polarized light. In many embodiments, the waveguide backlight includes a half-wave plate (HWP) for converting the polarization of P-polarized light to S-polarized light and vice versa. In various embodiments, a waveguide backlight includes a substrate supporting a half-wave retarder. Various types of light sources may be utilized to introduce light into the backlight. In many embodiments, P-and/or S-polarized light is coupled into a waveguide backlight. In several embodiments, unpolarized light is coupled into a waveguide backlight. As can be readily appreciated, the specific configuration of the input light and the grating structure may depend on the specific requirements of a given application.

The grating elements within the waveguide backlight may be arranged and implemented in various configurations. In several embodiments, all grating elements in the waveguide layer are designed to operate at a common wavelength band. As described above, the grating elements may have K vectors configured to diffract the upward or downward rays in the waveguide layer. In several embodiments, two types of gratings are provided in the waveguide layer. In a further embodiment, both types of gratings are provided in a single grating layer. In some embodiments, the grating elements may have K vectors in different directions, but operate over a common wavelength band. It should be appreciated from the discussion that any number of separate wavelength bands may be provided. Figure 2 conceptually illustrates a waveguide backlight having two interspersed sets of grating elements, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the waveguide backlight 200 includes: a waveguide 201 formed of substrates 202, 203 sandwiching a grating layer 204. In many embodiments, a light source (not shown) may be optically coupled to the waveguide structure 201 and may be configured to emit collimated light. The substrates 202, 203 may provide TIR structures for input light. The grating layer 204 may include a plurality of grating elements for diffracting light out of the waveguide and ultimately toward the external illumination surface. In the illustrative embodiment, grating layer 204 includes two sets of planar gratings having two grating configurations (e.g., grating elements 205, 206) with opposing K vectors for diffracting TIR light from different directions. For example, grating elements 205 are configured to diffract light reflected from the outer surface of substrate 202, while grating elements 206 are configured to diffract light reflected from the outer surface of substrate 203. For clarity, light in two different directions may also be referred to as TIR light in up and down directions, respectively, with the direction of the waveguide as a reference frame in the figure. In the embodiment of fig. 2, this pair of grating configurations is repeated along grating layer 204 to form two interspersed sets of grating elements.

The waveguide backlight 200 of fig. 2 further comprises a quarter-wave plate 207 and a transparent layer 208, the transparent layer 208 being divided into a transparent region 209 and a region supporting a half-wave retarder 210. In an illustrative embodiment, the QWP 207 is implemented with a mirror to provide reflection of incident light while orthogonally changing its polarization. The QWP 207 and transparent layer 208 may be separated from the waveguide 201 by an air gap or a layer of low refractive index material (including but not limited to nanoporous material). Methods of such embodiments are discussed in the above sections. Referring back to fig. 2, the illustrative embodiment shows the operation of the waveguide backlight 200, where the input P-polarized light 211 (which is the preferred light polarization state for SBG diffraction) undergoes TIR within the waveguide 201. A portion of the light (TIR light traveling up) may be diffracted (212) by the grating elements 205 and directed towards the transparent regions 209 of the transparent layer 208 to provide output light 213 of P-polarization. The downward TIR light incident on grating element 206 may be diffracted downward by QWP 207 (214) and reflected by QWP 207 (215), with its polarization rotated from P to S. The S-polarized light may pass through the grating layer 204 and proceed out of the waveguide 201 toward the half-wave retarder region 210 of the transparent layer 208. After transmission through half-wave retarder region 210, the polarization of the light is rotated from S to P (216). By repeating the above ray-grating interaction across the waveguide, extraction of incident light towards a similar direction can be achieved to a large extent. As can be readily appreciated, such configurations can include various modifications, which can depend on the specific requirements of a given application. For example, in several embodiments, the diffraction efficiency of the grating elements may be varied along the waveguide path to control uniformity. In many embodiments, the grating elements may be electrically switchable. In some embodiments, a grating layer may be formed between transparent substrates, with a transparent conductive coating applied to each substrate. At least one of the coatings may be patterned into individually addressable elements that overlap the grating elements. An electrical control circuit may be provided which is operable to apply a voltage across each grating element.

Figure 3 conceptually illustrates a flow diagram of a process for providing waveguide backlighting, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, process 300 includes providing (301) a waveguide having a first set of grating elements for diffracting the downward rays and a second set of grating elements for diffracting the upward rays, wherein the grating elements are disposed between first and second transparent substrates. The input light may be coupled (302) into a total internal reflection path within the waveguide. Various types of input light may be utilized. In many embodiments, narrow band laser illumination is used. In some embodiments, the input light is P-polarized light. A portion of the input light passing through the outer surface of the first transparent substrate may be extracted (303) using a first set of grating elements, and a portion of the input light passing through the outer surface of the second transparent substrate may be extracted (304) using a second set of grating elements. In many embodiments, the first set of grating elements is configured to extract light reflected from the outer surface of the second substrate, and the second set of grating elements is configured to extract light reflected from the outer surface of the first substrate. Various types of gratings may be implemented. In several embodiments, a P-polarization sensitive grating is used. In many embodiments, an S-polarization sensitive grating is used. In some embodiments, two types of gratings are implemented. As can be readily appreciated, the type of grating used depends on the type of input light. Light extracted from the second transparent surface may have its polarization rotated (305) and may be reflected toward the waveguide, propagating through to the outer surface of the first transparent surface. In many embodiments, QWPs are used to rotate the polarization of the light and reflect it towards the waveguide. The light whose polarization is rotated may optionally have its polarization rotated again after it has propagated through the outer surface of the first transparent substrate (306). In some embodiments, the substrate containing the HWP region may be implemented to rotate the polarization of light after it propagates through the first transparent substrate. While fig. 3 illustrates a particular method of providing waveguide backlighting, various other processes may be implemented as appropriate to the particular requirements of a given application. For example, in some embodiments, the input light comprises only P-polarized light. In other embodiments, the input light includes both S and P polarized light.

Waveguide backlights according to various embodiments of the present invention can be configured for many different applications. In many embodiments, the waveguide backlight is configured for narrowband illumination applications-i.e., the wavelength band may have a narrow bandwidth typically provided by a laser. In some embodiments, the wavelength band may have a wider bandwidth, such as may be provided by an LED. As can be readily appreciated, the backlight may also be used to provide non-visible radiation, such as infrared and ultraviolet. In some embodiments, the waveguide backlight is configured as a color waveguide backlight. Such a backlight may be implemented based on principles similar to those shown in fig. 2. In some embodiments, the backlight provides light from red, green, and blue (RGB) sources. In such embodiments, the backlight may include RGB raster elements dispersed within a single layer or disposed in some manner on two or more layers. In some embodiments, separate RGB layers may be used. In several embodiments, the waveguide backlight operates using first and second wavelength input light covering a large portion of the visible frequency band. For example, in various embodiments, the first wavelength light covers a blue to green band and the second wavelength light may cover a green to red band. In several embodiments, a color waveguide backlight may be implemented using a separate grating layer for each color component to be emitted from the backlight. In some embodiments, the waveguide backlight incorporates an SBG. In such cases, the waveguide backlight may include a first set of grating elements configured to switch to a diffractive state when the light source emits light of a first wavelength band and a second set of grating elements configured to switch to a diffractive state when the light source emits light of a second wavelength band.

FIG. 4 conceptually illustrates a waveguide backlight having two waveguide layers, in accordance with embodiments of the invention. In the following paragraphs, to simplify the description of the present invention, a waveguide will be discussed that will include the emission of light of two different wavelength bands (first and second wavelengths of light) using first and second sets of grating elements formed in two waveguide layers, each waveguide layer containing a single grating layer. However, any number of waveguide layers and grating layers may be used as appropriate depending on the specific requirements of a given application. Referring back to fig. 2A, a waveguide backlight 400 is shown that includes first and second waveguides 401, 402. Backlight 400 also includes a quarter-wave plate (QWP)403 and a transparent substrate 404, transparent substrate 404 being divided into a transparent region 405 and a region supporting a half-wave retarder 406. Each waveguide may be configured to operate according to principles similar to those shown in fig. 2. For example, the first waveguide 401 may be configured to receive p-polarized light of a first band of wavelengths, while the second waveguide 402 may be configured to receive p-polarized light of a second band of wavelengths. In the illustrative embodiment, each of the first and second waveguides 401, 402 includes a grating layer 407, 408. The second waveguide 402 may include a similar grating element configuration as the first waveguide 401, but operate in a different wavelength band. For example, in an illustrative embodiment, the first waveguide 401 may include grating elements configured to operate in a red-green wavelength band, while the second waveguide 402 may include grating elements configured to operate in a green-blue wavelength band, thereby allowing for a full color waveguide backlight. In other embodiments, a full-color waveguide backlight may be implemented with three waveguide layers, each configured to operate in one of red, green, and blue wavelength bands. The ray and grating interaction shown for the second waveguide 402 is similar to that of the first waveguide 401, as indicated by the two sets of rays (dashed and solid lines, representing rays of different wavelengths). The first and second wavelengths of light extracted from the two waveguides may be combined to provide uniform illumination. In many embodiments, the first and second wavelengths of light may be introduced into the waveguide sequentially.

The waveguide structure of fig. 4 may be equivalently implemented using a variety of different grating configurations. In some embodiments, the backlight may be implemented as a single waveguide layer containing multiple grating elements configured to operate at different wavelength bands. Figure 5 conceptually illustrates a waveguide backlight having a single waveguide layer, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. As shown, the waveguide backlight 500 includes a grating configuration 501 formed by two adjacent grating layers 502, 503 sandwiched between two substrates 504, 505. Waveguide backlight 500 further comprises a QWP 506 and a transparent substrate 507, transparent substrate 507 being divided into a transparent region 508 and a region supporting a half-wave retarder 509. In the illustrative embodiment, the grating configuration 501 includes two grating layers 508, 509 capable of operating in different wavelength bands. In many embodiments, the operating wavelength bands of the two grating layers cover a substantial portion of the visible band. Each grating layer also includes two interspersed sets of grating elements 510, 511 and 512, 513 for diffracting the up (510, 512) and down (511, 513) TIR light. As can be readily appreciated, the backlight shown in fig. 5 may operate according to principles similar to those shown in fig. 4. In fig. 5, two grating layers are shown in separate adjacent layers, the combination of which provides the grating configuration. In other embodiments, grating elements across two grating layers are multiplexed and superimposed into a single layer. For example, grating element 510 may be multiplexed with grating element 512, and grating element a 311 may be multiplexed with grating element 513.

Although fig. 4 and 5 illustrate particular multi-color waveguide backlight embodiments, various configurations may be implemented as appropriate to the particular requirements of a given application. For example, in several embodiments, the waveguide backlight includes two waveguide layers, each waveguide layer containing interspersed grating elements configured to operate in two wavelength bands. Figure 6 conceptually illustrates a waveguide backlight 600 having two waveguide layers 601, 602, each including a grating layer 603, 604 having alternating first wavelength diffractive 605 and second wavelength diffractive 606 grating elements, in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Both grating elements 605, 606 may have a K-vector configured to diffract one of the up-going or down-going TIR light through the outer surface of the waveguide (e.g., up-going in the illustrative embodiment of fig. 6). In the illustrative embodiment, the first and second wavelength diffraction grating elements 605, 606 spatially overlap. During operation, first wavelength P-polarized light 607 and second wavelength P-polarized light 608 may couple into the waveguide and undergo diffraction and extraction as indicated by rays 609, 610 corresponding to the first wavelength light and rays 611, 612 corresponding to the second wavelength light. The waveguide structure of figure 6 can be equivalently implemented using a variety of different grating configurations. Similar to the embodiment shown in fig. 5, the backlight shown in fig. 6 may be implemented with a single waveguide layer. Figure 7 conceptually illustrates a waveguide backlight having a single waveguide layer with alternating wavelength diffraction grating elements, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. As shown, the waveguide backlight 700 includes a single grating configuration 701 sandwiched by two substrates 702, 703. The grating configuration 701 comprises two grating layers 704, 705. In the illustrative embodiment, two sets of grating elements 706, 707 are interspersed within and between the two grating layers 704, 705. Grating elements from the first group 706 spatially overlap with grating elements from the second group 707. The grating elements may be configured in a number of different ways. In some embodiments, each set of grating elements is configured to diffract a particular wavelength band. In many embodiments, all raster vectors are configured to have similar K vectors. In the embodiment of fig. 7, all grating elements are configured with diffracted light and direct light directed in the same direction. As can be readily appreciated, the waveguide backlight shown in fig. 7 may operate according to principles similar to those shown in fig. 6. In fig. 7, two grating layers 704, 705 are shown in separate adjacent layers, the combination of which provides a single grating configuration 701. In other embodiments, the grating elements within the two grating layers 704, 705 are multiplexed and superimposed in the same layer-i.e., each multiplexed region contains a grating element 706 and a grating element 707.

Although fig. 2-7 illustrate a particular waveguide backlight receiving P-polarized input light, waveguide backlights according to various embodiments of the present invention may be configured for operation with a variety of light sources. Figure 8 conceptually illustrates a waveguide backlight 800 having two waveguide layers 801, 802 with alternating wavelength diffraction grating elements for input light having orthogonal polarizations, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. As shown, the first waveguide layer 801 includes a first grating layer 803 having a first set of alternating first wavelength diffraction 804 and second wavelength diffraction 805 grating elements. Similarly, second waveguide layer 802 includes a second grating layer 806 having a second set of alternating first wavelength diffraction 804 and second wavelength diffraction 805 grating elements. Waveguide backlight 800 also includes QWP 807. Various light sources may be suitably implemented by such a configuration. In the illustrative embodiment, the input light includes first and second wavelengths of light 808, 809 having orthogonal polarizations. For example, the input first wavelength light 808 may be P-polarized, while the input second wavelength light 809 may be S-polarized. In the illustrative embodiment, first wavelength diffraction grating element 804 has a K vector configured to diffract TIR light traveling up through upper waveguide surface 810 of first waveguide layer 801, and second wavelength diffraction grating element 805 has a K vector configured to diffract TIR light traveling down through lower waveguide surface 811 of second waveguide layer 802. As shown, the first and second wavelength diffractive grating elements 804, 805 spatially overlap. Light extracted from lower waveguide surface 813 (of a second wavelength of light) has its polarization rotated from S to P by QWP 807 before being re-transmitted through both waveguide layers 801, 802 and exiting upper surface 810. Thus, the output light from the waveguide backlight 800 is all P-polarized. Similar to the embodiments shown in fig. 5 and 7, the configuration shown in fig. 8 may be implemented within a single waveguide layer. Figure 9 conceptually illustrates a waveguide backlight implementation 900 of the embodiment of figure 8 that uses a single waveguide layer 901 with adjacent grating layers 902, 903. As can be readily appreciated, such a waveguide backlight may operate according to principles similar to those shown in fig. 8. Furthermore, such a grating layer may also be implemented as a single layer containing multiplexed gratings.

An important principle of the embodiments discussed above is that a Bragg grating diffracts with high efficiency when the light satisfies the Bragg equation for the angular and wavelength tolerances set by the angular and spectral bandwidths of the grating. The spectral and angular bandwidths can be calculated using volume holographic grating theory. Waveguide rays that fall within the above bandwidth limits are referred to as being on Bragg, while rays that fall outside the bandwidth are referred to as being off Bragg.

Another factor to be addressed in displays and lighting devices, particularly those using lasers, is due to beam edge mismatch when the beam undergoes TIR. For a waveguide of thickness D, distance between successive beam surface interactions W, and TIR angle U, the condition for seamless matching of the upstream and downstream TIR beams is given by equation 2dtan (U) ═ W. When this condition is not met, gaps or overlaps between adjacent beam segments can occur, which results in non-uniformity of the output illumination, known as banding. Striping can be mitigated to some extent by using a broadband source, such as an LED. However, it is much more difficult to overcome this effect with a laser. In many embodiments, the waveguide backlight may be configured to operate entirely in collimated space. In other words, the input and output beams replicated at each beam-grating interaction are collimated. In some embodiments, the input beam is scanned in at least one angular direction. In several embodiments, the cross-section of the input beam may vary with angle of incidence to match the debanding condition according to the embodiments or teachings disclosed in PCT/US2018/015553 "wavegide DEVICE WITH UNIFORM OUTPUT ILLUMINATION," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In various embodiments, the input beam cross-section may be adjusted by means of an edge formed on a surface or layer supported by the waveguide, as discussed in the above references.

In many embodiments, a grating or prism is used to couple light into the waveguide. In many embodiments, the optics used to couple light into the waveguide may also include beam splitters, filters, dichroic filters, polarizing components, light integrators, condenser lenses, microlenses, beam shaping elements, and other components commonly used in display illumination systems.

In many embodiments, the light source is a laser that is scanned in at least one angular direction using an electromechanical beam deflector. In some embodiments, the laser scanner may be an electro-optical device.

In many embodiments, light may be extracted from the waveguide into angularly separated output paths. In many embodiments, the output path may be substantially perpendicular to the total internal reflection surface of the waveguide. In many embodiments, the light extracted from the waveguide is collimated.

In many embodiments, the grating element comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a planar grating, a grating having optical power, a grating providing optical retardation, and a grating having diffusive properties. In many embodiments, the grating elements may have spatially varying diffraction efficiencies to enable light to be extracted along the waveguide. In many embodiments, the grating elements have a diffraction efficiency that is proportional to the voltage applied across the electrodes. In some embodiments, the grating element may have a phase delay proportional to the voltage applied across the electrodes. In many embodiments, the grating elements may be configured as a one-dimensional array of elongated elements. In many embodiments, the gratings may be configured as a two-dimensional array. In many embodiments, the grating elements are recorded in a holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal. In many embodiments, the spatiotemporal addressing of raster elements by electronic control circuit addresses may be characterized by a cyclic process. In many embodiments, the spatiotemporal addressing of the raster elements by the electronic control circuit may be characterized by a random process.

Principle of equivalence

While the above description contains many specificities of the invention, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as an exemplification of one embodiment thereof. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiments illustrated, but by the appended claims and their equivalents.