阅读说明：本技术 用于对数据中心中的电气系统进行监测的系统和方法 (System and method for monitoring electrical systems in a data center ) 是由 帕特里克·吉勒·马约 米歇尔·比斯克 巴斯蒂安·切基纳托 克里斯托夫·莫里斯·蒂博 于 2021-05-27 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明提供了一种用于对数据中心中的电气系统进行监测的系统和方法。用于对数据中心中的电气系统进行监测的系统包括多个电力分配单元(PDU),所述多个PDU中的每个PDU包括临时缓冲存储器和多个电力出口并且配置成：感测与该PDU的电力出口中的每个电力出口有关的一个或更多个电力参数；生成电气系统操作数据；以及在接收到请求时,通过在电力线上操作的数量链路将存储在临时缓冲存储器中的电气系统操作数据的至少一部分传输至联网设备。以可通信的方式连接至所述多个PDU的联网设备配置成发送传输电气系统操作数据的请求、接收电气系统操作数据并且向所述多个PDU中的每个PDU发出命令。还提供了一种用于数据中心中的电气系统监测的方法。(A system and method for monitoring electrical systems in a data center is provided. A system for monitoring electrical systems in a data center includes a plurality of Power Distribution Units (PDUs), each PDU of the plurality of PDUs including a temporary buffer memory and a plurality of power outlets and configured to: sensing one or more power parameters related to each of the power outlets of the PDU; generating electrical system operating data; and upon receiving the request, transmitting at least a portion of the electrical system operating data stored in the temporary buffer memory to the networked device over a quantity link operating on the power line. A networking device communicably connected to the plurality of PDUs is configured to send a request to transmit electrical system operation data, receive electrical system operation data, and issue a command to each PDU of the plurality of PDUs. A method for electrical system monitoring in a data center is also provided.)

1. A system for electrical system monitoring in a data center, the system comprising:

a plurality of Power Distribution Units (PDUs), each of the plurality of PDUs including a power inlet, a plurality of power outlets, and a temporary buffer memory, each of the plurality of PDUs configured to:

receiving power from a power link connected to the power portal;

distributing power to an electrical system of the data center connected to the plurality of power outlets;

sensing one or more power parameters related to each of the power outlets;

generating electrical system operating data from the one or more power parameters;

storing the electrical system operating data in the temporary buffer memory;

upon receiving a request to transmit the electrical system operation data, transmitting at least a portion of the electrical system operation data stored in the temporary buffer memory via a data link operating over the power link;

a networking device communicably connected to the plurality of PDUs through the data links, the networking device configured to:

sending a request for transmission of the electrical system operating data; and

receiving the electrical system operating data;

wherein a time period T between a first transmission of a first request by the networking device to one or more of the plurality of PDUs and a second transmission of a second request by the networking device to the one or more of the plurality of PDUs is adapted to a number of PDUs included in the system and a maximum data rate D of the data link, each of the plurality of PDUs issuing electrical system operation data having an electrical system operation data size S in bits according to the following equation: the equation isWherein N is₁Is the number of PDUs in the system, and N₂Is the number of power outlets of each of the plurality of PDUs.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of PDUs comprises a processing unit communicably connected to the plurality of power outlets and configured to:

receiving the one or more power parameters;

issuing a disable signal upon receiving a command from the networked device and/or when the one or more power parameters exceed a configurable power threshold;

issuing a re-enable signal when a command is received from the networked device;

each power outlet of the plurality of power outlets comprises:

a first relay selectively connecting the power outlet to an AC power source, the first relay disconnecting the power outlet from the AC power source in response to the disable signal and connecting the power outlet back to the AC power source in response to the re-enable signal;

a first detector configured to:

receiving the one or more power parameters, an

Issuing the disable signal when the one or more power parameters exceed a fixed power limit;

combinatorial logic configured to: the disable signal is maintained when the disable signal is asserted until a re-enable signal is received by the combinational logic.

3. The system of claim 1 or 2, wherein each of the plurality of PDUs is further configured to simultaneously sense the one or more power parameters of each of the PDU's corresponding power outlets at a first sampling rate.

4. The system of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein generating the electrical system operating data from the one or more power parameters comprises: calculating, for each of the plurality of power outlets of one of the plurality of PDUs, an average of power consumption over a first time period, a minimum of power consumption over the first time period, and a maximum of power consumption over the first time period.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein generating the electrical system operating data from the one or more power parameters further comprises: concatenating three values, wherein each three value is associated with a different one of the plurality of power outlets of the one of the plurality of PDUs, and wherein each three value includes an average, minimum, and maximum of the power consumption over the first time period for the different one of the plurality of power outlets of the one of the plurality of PDUs.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein storing the electrical system operating data in the temporary buffer memory comprises: storing the three values in the temporary buffer memory.

7. The system of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein a second time period between a first transmission of a first request by the networking device to each of the plurality of PDUs and a second transmission of a second request by the networking device to each of the plurality of PDUs is at most one-half of a storage duration of electrical system operating data in the temporary buffer memory.

8. The system of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the networking device sends the requests to the plurality of PDUs sequentially, each request being addressed to a different PDU.

9. The system of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the networking device sends the request to the plurality of PDUs simultaneously.

10. The system of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the networking device mediates data transmission in a personal area network.

11. The system of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the data link is a Power Line Communication (PLC) protocol over the power line.

12. A method for monitoring electrical systems, each communicatively connected to a power outlet of one of a plurality of Power Distribution Units (PDUs), the method comprising:

sensing one or more power parameters related to each of a plurality of power outlets of each of the plurality of PDUs;

generating electrical system operating data from the one or more power parameters;

storing the electrical system operation data in a plurality of temporary buffer memories, each temporary buffer memory included in one PDU of the plurality of PDUs, the temporary buffer memory of each PDU configured to store the electrical system operation data corresponding to the electrical system communicably connected to the corresponding PDU;

upon receiving a request, transmitting at least a portion of the electrical system operation data stored in the plurality of temporary buffer memories from each of the PDUs to a remote device via a data link operating over a power link,

wherein a time period T between a first reception of a first request and a second transmission of a second request is adapted to a number of PDUs of the plurality of PDUs and a maximum data rate D of the data link, each PDU of the plurality of PDUs issuing electrical system operation data having an electrical system operation data size S in bits according to the following equation: the equation isWherein N is₁Is the number of PDUs in the plurality of PDUs, and N₂Is the number of power outlets of each of the plurality of PDUs.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein after transmitting at least a portion of the electrical system operating data, the method further comprises, for each PDU of the plurality of PDUs:

issuing a command from the remote device to the PDU;

issuing, by a processing unit of the PDU, a disable signal or a re-enable signal according to the command;

disconnecting one or more of the plurality of outlets from the source of AC power upon issuing the disable signal;

connecting one or more of the plurality of outlets with the source of AC power upon issuing a re-enable signal.

14. The method of claim 12 or 13, wherein generating the electrical system operating data from the one or more power parameters for each of the plurality of PDUs comprises: for each of the plurality of power outlets of the PDU, calculating an average of power consumption over a first time period, a minimum of power consumption over the first time period, and a maximum of power consumption over the first time period.

Technical Field

The present technology relates to systems and methods for electrical system monitoring. In particular, systems and methods for electrical system monitoring in a data center are disclosed.

Background

Large-scale networks and data centers for cloud computing, search engines, and similar applications typically include tens or hundreds of servers for load sharing and for redundancy. These networks need to be highly scalable, thus requiring more servers to be added to the network infrastructure on a regular basis.

Large-scale server networks and data centers consume large amounts of electrical energy and generate large amounts of heat. Any way of accurately monitoring the power consumption and electrical health of the different components of the network is desirable.

Smart grid networks, i.e., networks that support bidirectional dynamic information flow, may be used to transmit information over the power lines of an electrical grid. However, the use of this type of network must be decided before the implementation of this type of network. In fact, the electrical system of the network must be configured to sense the physical values and actively transmit data before use. The monitoring network must be expected before the monitoring is carried out. Thus, smart grid networks are typically implemented into newly built homes, offices, modern building structures, etc., and the transformation of large-scale networks that have been used would be a very time consuming and expensive operation, as each system of the grid needs to be disconnected from the grid, modified to be able to share information and reconnect to the grid. Furthermore, the limited bandwidth and data rate of the smart grid network limits the frequency at which information is sampled and/or the number of electrical systems that can be used for information to be sampled.

Power distribution units are commonly used in data centers to distribute power to a plurality of servers. Some power distribution units are capable of sensing power parameters related to servers connected to outlets of the power distribution unit. However, power distribution units typically require a dedicated network, such as a Wi-Fi or ethernet connection, to communicate measured real-time electrical system operation data.

While the latest research identified above may provide benefits, improvements to real-time and accurate monitoring of pre-existing large-scale networks and data centers are still desirable.

The subject matter discussed in the background section should not be considered prior art merely because the subject matter was mentioned in the background section. Similarly, the problems mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be considered as having been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background section is only representative of different approaches.

Disclosure of Invention

Embodiments of the present technology have been developed based on a developer's understanding of the shortcomings associated with the prior art.

In particular, such drawbacks may include: (1) near real-time electrical consumption cannot be measured; (2) there is a need to implement and use networks dedicated to the transmission of electrical system operating data (e.g., networks other than physical power lines); and/or (3) the inability to locate electrical faults that may occur in the electrical grid with sufficient accuracy.

In one aspect, various embodiments of the present technology provide a system for monitoring an electrical system of a data center, the system comprising:

a plurality of Power Distribution Units (PDUs), each of the plurality of PDUs including a power inlet, a plurality of power outlets, and a temporary buffer memory, each of the plurality of PDUs configured to:

receiving power from a power line connected to a power inlet;

distributing power to an electrical system of a data center connected to the plurality of power outlets;

sensing one or more power parameters related to each of the power outlets;

generating electrical system operating data from the one or more power parameters;

storing electrical system operating data in a temporary buffer memory;

upon receiving a request to transmit electrical system operation data, transmitting at least a portion of the electrical system operation data stored in the temporary buffer memory via a data link operating over the power link;

a networking device communicably connected to the plurality of PDUs through a data link, the networking device configured to:

sending a request to transmit electrical system operating data; and

electrical system operating data is received.

In some embodiments of the present technology, each of the plurality of PDUs further comprises a processing unit communicably connected to the plurality of power outlets and configured to:

receiving one or more power parameters;

issuing a disable signal when one or more power parameters exceed a configurable power threshold;

each power outlet of the plurality of power outlets comprises:

a first relay selectively connecting the power outlet to the AC power source, the first relay disconnecting the power outlet from the AC power source in response to a disable signal;

a first detector configured to:

receive one or more power parameters, and

issuing a disable signal when one or more power parameters exceed a fixed power limit;

combinatorial logic configured to: the disable signal is maintained when the disable signal is asserted until the combinational logic receives the re-enable signal.

In some embodiments of the present technology, the processing unit is further configured to: upon receiving a command from a networked device, a disable signal or a re-enable signal is issued.

In some embodiments of the present technology, each of the plurality of PDUs is further configured to simultaneously sense the one or more power parameters of each of the PDU's corresponding power outlets at a first sampling rate.

In some embodiments of the present technology, generating electrical system operating data from the one or more power parameters comprises: for each of the plurality of power outlets of one of the plurality of PDUs, an average of power consumption over a first time period, a minimum of power consumption over the first time period, and a maximum of power consumption over the first time period are calculated.

In some embodiments of the present technology, generating electrical system operating data from the one or more power parameters further comprises: concatenating three values, wherein each three value is associated with a different one of the plurality of power outlets of the one of the plurality of PDUs, and wherein each three value includes an average, minimum, and maximum value of power consumption over a first time period for the different one of the plurality of power outlets of the one of the plurality of PDUs.

In some embodiments of the present technology, storing electrical system operating data in a temporary buffer memory comprises: the three values are stored in a temporary buffer memory.

In some embodiments of the present technology, the temporary buffer memory of each PDU of the plurality of PDUs is further configured to store the electrical system operating data for a predetermined storage duration.

In some embodiments of the present technology, the second time period between the first transmission of the first request by the networking device to each of the plurality of PDUs and the second transmission of the second request by the networking device to each of the plurality of PDUs is at most one-half of the duration of storage of the electrical system operating data in the temporary buffer memory.

In some embodiments of the present technology, the system is further configured to: the distribution of electrical power over the electrical systems of the data center is controlled based on the electrical system operating data.

In some embodiments of the present technology, the networking device sends the request to the plurality of PDUs simultaneously.

In some embodiments of the present technology, a time period T between a first transmission of a first request by the networking device to one or more of the plurality of PDUs and a second transmission of a second request by the networking device to the one or more of the plurality of PDUs is adapted to a number of PDUs of the system and a maximum data rate D of the data link, each of the plurality of PDUs issuing electrical system operation data having a certain electrical system operation data size S in bits according to the following equation:wherein N is₁Is the number of PDUs in the system, and N₂Is the number of power outlets for each of the plurality of PDUs.

In some embodiments of the present technology, the networking device sends the requests sequentially to the plurality of PDUs, each request addressed to a different PDU.

In some embodiments of the present technology, the one or more power parameters of each of the power outlets of each of the plurality of PDUs are sensed at a frequency that varies from one measurement every 0.5 milliseconds to one measurement every 5 milliseconds.

In some embodiments of the present technology, the networked device sends a request to transmit electrical system operating data every 5 to 30 seconds.

In some embodiments of the present technology, a networking device mediates data transmission in a personal area network.

In some embodiments of the present technology, the data link is a Power Line Communication (PLC) protocol over a power line.

In some embodiments of the present technology, the one or more power parameters related to each of the power outlets of the plurality of PDUs are selected from the group consisting of: voltage, current, real current, instantaneous power level, instantaneous active power, instantaneous reactive power, phase angle of voltage with respect to current, and combinations thereof.

In accordance with another aspect of the present technique, a method for monitoring an electrical system is provided. The method comprises the following steps: sensing one or more power parameters related to each of a plurality of power outlets of a Power Distribution Unit (PDU); generating electrical system operating data from the one or more power parameters; storing electrical system operating data in a temporary buffer memory of the PDU; upon receiving the request, at least a portion of the electrical system operation data stored in the temporary buffer memory is transmitted from the PDU to the remote device via a data link operating over the power link.

In some embodiments, after processing at least a portion of the electrical system operating data, the method further comprises: issuing a command from the remote device to the PDU; issuing a disable signal or a re-enable signal by a processing unit of the PDU according to the command; disconnecting one or more of the plurality of outlets from the source of AC power upon issuing the disable signal; upon issuing the re-enable signal, connecting one or more of the plurality of outlets with a source of AC power.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: in generating electrical system operating data from the one or more power parameters, an average of power consumption over a first time period, a minimum of power consumption over the first time period, and a maximum of power consumption over the first time period are calculated for each of the plurality of power outlets of the PDU.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: in generating electrical system operating data from the one or more power parameters, concatenating three values, wherein each three value is associated with a different one of the plurality of power outlets of the PDU, and wherein each three value comprises an average, minimum, and maximum value of power consumption over the first time period for the different one of the plurality of power outlets of the PDU.

In the context of this document, unless specifically stated otherwise, a computer system may refer to, but is not limited to, "electronic devices," "operating systems," "computer-based systems," "controller units," "monitoring devices," "control devices," and/or any combination thereof, as appropriate for the task at hand.

In the context of this document, unless explicitly stated otherwise, the expressions "computer-readable medium" and "memory" are intended to include any medium of any nature and kind, non-limiting examples of which include RAM, ROM, magnetic disks (CD-ROM, DVD, floppy disk, hard drive, etc.), USB keys, flash memory cards, solid state drives, and tape drives. Also in the context of this document, the terms "a" and "an" computer-readable medium should not be construed as the same computer-readable medium. Conversely, and where appropriate, "a" computer-readable medium and "the" computer-readable medium may also be interpreted as first and second computer-readable media.

In the context of this document, unless otherwise expressly stated, the words "first," "second," "third," and the like are used as adjectives, merely for the purpose of permitting distinction between the terms that modify one another, and not for the purpose of describing any particular relationship between the terms.

Implementations of the present technology all have at least one, but not necessarily all, of the above objects and/or aspects. It should be appreciated that some aspects of the present technology that result from an attempt to achieve the above-described objects may not meet this object and/or may meet other objects not specifically recited herein.

Additional and/or alternative features, aspects, and advantages of embodiments of the present technology will become apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims.

Drawings

For a better understanding of the present technology, as well as other aspects and further features of the present technology, reference is made to the following description which is to be used in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a system for monitoring electrical systems of a data center in accordance with embodiments of the present technique;

FIG. 2 is another illustration of a system for monitoring an electrical system of a data center, in accordance with another embodiment of the present technique;

FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrams of connections between components of a data center, according to embodiments of the present technology;

FIG. 4 is a high-level schematic diagram of an AC smart fuse in accordance with embodiments of the present technique;

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating electrical system operation data generation occurring in an electrical power distribution unit, in accordance with one embodiment of the present technique;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of a communication circuit breaker, in accordance with one embodiment of the present technique;

FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of electrical system operating data constructed in networked devices in accordance with one embodiment of the present technique;

FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of electrical system operating data and status signal communication in accordance with an embodiment of the present technique;

FIG. 9 is a diagram of communications between different components of a data center, in accordance with one embodiment of the present technique;

FIG. 10 is a sequence diagram illustrating the operation of a method for monitoring an electrical system of a data center in accordance with one embodiment of the present technique.

FIG. 11 is a sequence diagram illustrating the operation of a method for locating an electrical fault in a data center in accordance with one embodiment of the present technology.

It should also be noted that the drawings are not to scale unless explicitly stated otherwise herein.

Detailed Description

The exemplifications and conditional terms set out herein are primarily intended to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the technology, and are not intended to limit the scope of the technology to such specifically recited examples and conditions. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the technology.

Furthermore, to facilitate understanding, the following description may describe relatively simplified embodiments of the present technology. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, various embodiments of the present technology may be of greater complexity.

In some cases, helpful examples that are considered as modifications to the present techniques may also be set forth. This is done merely to aid understanding and is not intended to limit the scope or to set forth the limits of the present technology. These modifications are not an exhaustive list and other modifications may be made by those skilled in the art, while remaining within the scope of the present technology. Further, where no examples of modifications are set forth, it should not be construed that no modifications are possible and/or that the only way to implement this element of the present technology is described.

Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the technology, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof, whether currently known or later developed. Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any block diagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry embodying the principles of the technology. Similarly, it will be appreciated that any flow charts, flow diagrams, state transition diagrams, pseudocode, and the like represent various processes which may be substantially represented in non-transitory computer readable media and so executed by a computer or processor, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitly shown.

The functions of the various elements shown in the figures, including any functional blocks labeled as "processors", may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well as hardware capable of executing software in association with appropriate software. When provided by a processor, the functions may be provided by a single dedicated processor, by a single shared processor, or by a plurality of individual processors, some of which may be shared. In some embodiments of the present technology, the processor may be a general-purpose processor, such as a Central Processing Unit (CPU), or a processor dedicated to a specific purpose, such as a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). Moreover, explicit use of the term "processor" should not be construed to refer exclusively to hardware capable of executing software, and may implicitly include, without limitation, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Read Only Memories (ROMs) for storing software, Random Access Memories (RAMs) and non-volatile storage. Other hardware, conventional and/or custom, may also be included.

In this document, software modules or simple modules implied as software may be represented as any combination of flowchart elements or other elements indicating the execution of process steps and/or textual description. Such modules may be performed by hardware as shown explicitly or implicitly. Further, it should be understood that a module may comprise, for example but not limited to, computer program logic, computer program instructions, software, a stack, firmware, hardware circuitry, or a combination thereof that provides the desired capabilities.

With these basic principles in place, we will now consider some non-limiting examples to illustrate various embodiments of aspects of the present technology.

Various aspects of the present disclosure generally address one or more of the problems found in conventional electrical systems of data center monitoring systems. To this end, in other aspects, the present disclosure introduces a system that: the system provides a networking device communicatively connected to a plurality of PDUs via data links, the PDUs configured to sense one or more power parameters of a plurality of electrical systems, which may be servers, of a data center connected with a plurality of outlets of the PDUs. The networked devices may mediate data transmissions in a personal area network or the like.

Electrical system operation data relating to one or more electrical power parameters for each of the electrical power outlets calculated therefrom by the processing unit of each of the electrical power distribution units is stored in a temporary buffer memory located in each of the electrical power distribution units. Upon receiving the request, at least a portion of the electrical system operating data is transmitted to the networked devices of the system via the data link.

In one embodiment of the present technology, electrical system operating data generated by and relating to one power outlet of one PDU is associated with the corresponding PDU and the corresponding power outlet of the PDU.

In one embodiment of the present technology, each PDU of a plurality of PDUs is associated with a separate network address, and electrical system operating data transmitted by one PDU may be associated with the separate network address of the PDU and the associated power outlet of the PDU.

In one embodiment of the present technology, one or more power parameters are sampled at a near real-time rate that is adapted to the limited bandwidth and maximum data rate of the data link and the number of systems used for monitoring in the data center. At least two requests for electrical system operating data are sent by the networking device over the data link during a storage duration of the electrical system operating data in the temporary buffer memory of the plurality of power distribution units. Upon request, electrical system operating data is transmitted from the temporary buffer memory of the plurality of power distribution units to the networked device via the data link. The data link may operate over the power line using, for example, a Power Line Communication (PLC) protocol.

While the present techniques are described in the context of operation of a data center, it should be understood that this aspect is not limiting. Rather, in some embodiments, the present techniques may be utilized in various contexts in monitoring and/or locating faults of electrical systems.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a system 100 for monitoring electrical systems of a data center, in accordance with embodiments of the present technique. The system includes a plurality of Power Distribution Units (PDUs) 110 ', each of which includes a temporary buffer memory 120'. Without limitation, the plurality of electrical systems 130 'of the data center may be servers, each electrical system 130 connected to one power outlet of one of the plurality of PDUs 110' via a power link 152. The plurality of PDUs 110' are linked to the networked device 102 and a power source (not shown) via the power line 150. Although three PDUs and nine servers are shown in fig. 1, system 100 may include a different number of PDUs and servers. This aspect is not limiting.

Each power outlet of each of the plurality of PDUs includes an output loop. An output circuit is configured to sense one or more power parameters related to a corresponding power outlet of the output circuit. For each power outlet, electrical system operating data is generated from that power outlet to assess the electrical health of the electrical system connected to the power outlet. The electrical system operation data generation will be described hereinafter.

In one embodiment of the present technology, the electrical system operating data generation relating to one particular power outlet includes calculating: an average value of power consumption over a certain period of time, a minimum value of power consumption over a certain period of time, and a maximum value of power consumption over a certain period of time.

The temporary buffer memory 120 of each PDU 110 is configured to store electrical system operating data calculated from one or more power parameters and related to each power outlet of the corresponding PDU 110. The operation of the output circuit and the storage of electrical system operating data is described further below.

As a non-limiting example and to aid understanding, fig. 1 depicts a system 100 for monitoring electrical systems of a data center, wherein each PDU 110 senses one or more power parameters related to three electrical systems 130 and stores relevant electrical system operating data generated from the one or more power parameters in a corresponding temporary buffer memory 120 of the PDU. Moreover, this is done solely for the purpose of aiding understanding and is not meant to limit the scope or set forth the limits of the present technology.

Upon request from the networking device 102 to one of the PDUs 110, electrical system operating data is sent from the temporary buffer memory of the PDU 110 to the networking device via a data link (not shown). The data link may operate over the power line 150, for example, via a Power Line Communication (PLC) protocol. It is known that the maximum data rate for communication over power lines is lower than that of other types of networks, such as IP networks. As an example, the data rate associated with a PLC may typically range from 4kb/s to greater than 100 kb/s. Furthermore, PLC communications are known to be susceptible to electrical noise interference, which can lead to data loss. The present techniques aim to mitigate the disadvantages of data links operating on power lines, while providing near real-time and reliable monitoring of operational data and/or detection of faults of electrical systems. The present techniques also aim to avoid deploying a dedicated communication network (e.g. to collect data from PDUs), which would be expensive and cumbersome for large scale deployment, such as in a data centre.

FIG. 2 is another illustration of the system 100, in accordance with embodiments of the present technique. Fig. 2 provides an alternative embodiment of the system 100 introduced in the foregoing description of fig. 1. The communication breakers 104 are connected to the networking device 102, each of the communication breakers is connected to at least one PDU 110 via a power link, and includes internal electrical switches. The communication breaker 104 is communicatively connected to the networked device 102 via a second network (not shown) and is configured to transmit signal states related to the electrical state of the internal electrical switches of the communication breaker to the networked device 102 over the dedicated network. In some embodiments, the second network is different from the data link operating over the power line. Given the small number of communication breakers compared to the number of PDUs deployed in a typical data center, installing dedicated communication equipment for the communication breakers has proven to be an acceptable compromise. The features of the communication breaker will be described in more detail below.

In one embodiment of the present technology, the status signal issued by each communication breaker is associated with the corresponding communication breaker for the status signal.

In one embodiment of the present technology, each of the plurality of communication breakers 104 is each associated with a separate network address, and the status signal transmitted by one communication breaker 104 may be associated with the separate network address of the communication breaker 104.

Fig. 3A and 3B are illustrations of connections between components of a data center, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. As shown in fig. 3A, the servers of the data center are typically connected to the power supply converters before being connected to the power distribution units, each server 130 is connected to one power supply converter 310, and the power supply converters 310 are connected to the power distribution units 110. Although three servers 130 and their corresponding power supply converters 310 are shown on fig. 3A, each PDU of the system 100 may be connected to a different number of power supply converters and servers. Without limitation, the power supply converter 310 of the illustrated embodiment may conform to the ATX power supply standard. In fact, many devices, such as servers in a data center, need to receive power at more than one voltage. ATX has become a de facto industry standard for providing power to servers at 12 volts DC, 3.3 volts DC, and 5 volts DC. For example, but not limiting of, the electronic device may consume power at 5 volts, and the cooling fan may consume power at 12 volts.

Such as Raspberry for PDU 110^TMOr other Microchip^TMA processing unit, such as a microcontroller, is configured to generate electrical system operating data based on sensing of one or more power parameters for each of the plurality of power outlets, each power outlet corresponding to a combination of one power supply converter 310 and one server 130. The electrical system operating data may include the actual electrical consumption of each of the plurality of electrical power outlets of the PDU 110. Details of the detection sub-loop for each of the outlets of PDU 110 are described in later figures. The multiple PDUs of the data center may be the same as PDU 110.

Referring to the alternative electrical configuration of fig. 3B, in accordance with one embodiment of the present technique, each of the plurality of servers 130 is connected to a plurality of power supply converters 310. The illustration of fig. 3B is merely an example of many possible configurations, where three servers 130 are connected to three power supply converters 310. The connection of the server to the plurality of power supply converters 310 achieves the utility of the connection in redundancy. Indeed, if an electrical fault occurs on one power supply converter, the other power supply converters may compensate for the power delivered to the server connected to the faulty power converter. Furthermore, in contrast to the configuration shown in fig. 3A, this configuration allows the processing unit of the PDU to determine whether an electrical fault occurs on one power supply converter 310 or on one server 130. In the event of a failure of server 130, multiple power converters 310 will be affected, resulting in multiple anomalous identical power parameter measurements on multiple power outlets of the power distribution unit. In case of a power supply converter failure, the power parameter measurement of the corresponding outlet of the PDU would indicate a failure of the power supply converter if the other power outlets do not have similar power parameter measurements.

Referring concurrently to fig. 1-3, PDU 110 stores electrical system operating data in a temporary buffer memory of the PDU 110, and upon receiving a request, PDU 110 transmits at least a portion of the electrical system operating data to a networked device via a data link that may operate over a power line 150, for example, using a Power Line Communication (PLC) protocol, wherein the electrical system operating data may be processed by an operator or technician of a data center. In the event of a failure associated with multiple power outlets of a particular PDU, or in the event that electrical system operational data is not received from a PDU, a technician can readily infer that an electrical failure occurred in the corresponding PDU.

As previously mentioned, the connection shown on fig. 3B allows a technician to detect electrical faults on a particular server, on a particular power supply converter, or on a single PDU. The signal conditions sent by the communication breaker 104 also allow a technician to detect electrical faults on a group of PDUs, as communication breakers are typically connected to multiple PDUs. The system described herein allows a technician at a data center to detect on which server, or on which power supply converter, or which power distribution unit, or which group of power distribution units, an electrical fault has occurred.

FIG. 4 is a high-level schematic diagram of an AC smart fuse in accordance with embodiments of the present technique. Without limitation, AC smart fuses may be integrated in the Power Distribution Unit (PDU) 110. In the illustrated embodiment, the PDU 110 includes a power inlet 424 and one or more power outlets, the power inlet 424 being, for example, a CEE 7 type plug for european countries or a National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)5 type plug for north american countries, each power outlet of the PDU 110 being adapted to connect to a server or a power supply converter of a server. To simplify the following description, both cases are described as if only one server would be connected for each power outlet of PDU 110. The power inlet 424 is adapted to connect the PDU 110 to an AC power source (not shown), also referred to as a sector or grid, via the power line 150 as shown in fig. 1. PDU 110 is protected against overcurrent by a fixed protection 422, for example a 15 amp circuit breaker. Each power outlet includes an output loop 450. Power line 464 connects power inlet 424 to each of output loops 450. Each of the output circuits 450 includes an output connector 428 adapted to connect the output circuit 450 to a server, such as a plug type C13, connected in series to the power inlet 424 via a power line 464, a relay 420 and an internal power line 466. The relay 420 selectively connects the output connector 428 to a source of AC power via the power inlet 424. Each output circuit 450 includes a detection sub-circuit 416 that protects the output connector 428 by controlling the relay 420. The detection sub-loop 416 includes a fixed detector 410 adapted to apply a fixed power limit to the output loop 450 and a configurable detector 412 adapted to apply a configurable power threshold to the output loop 450. The fixed power limit is greater than a maximum value for the configurable power threshold. Fixed detector 410 may issue a first fault signal when the sensed power level exceeds a fixed power limit, and configurable detector 412 may issue a second fault signal when the sensed power level exceeds a configurable power threshold.

In an embodiment, the fixed detector 410 is adapted to enforce a fixed high level current limit, e.g., 10 amps, and the configurable detector 412 is adapted to enforce a definable current set point. In the same or another embodiment, the differential detector 414 compares the load current flowing from the output connector 428 to the server with the neutral current (neutral current) returning from the server to the output connector 428 in order to detect any ground fault at the server. The differential detector 414 may issue a third fault signal when the difference between the current flowing from the output connector 428 to the server and the neutral current returning from the server to the output connector 428 exceeds a maximum differential current set point. Accordingly, any of the fixed detector 410, the configurable detector 412, and the differential detector 414 may issue a fault signal to cause the combinational logic 418 to generate the disable signal. The disable signal, in turn, causes the relay 420 to adopt a non-conductive position, causing the output connector 428 and the server to be disconnected from the power inlet 424 and thus from the AC power source. The combinational logic 418 holds the disable signal when set until it receives a re-enable (re) signal. In the output loop 450, the sensor 426 senses the level of power delivered to the server via the output connector 428. In an embodiment, the sensors 426 measure the load current flowing from the output connectors 428 towards the servers and the neutral current from the servers back to the output connectors 428. It is also contemplated that other types of sensors may be used, such as, for example, voltmeters, ammeters, power meters, and combinations thereof. The sensor 426 provides one or more power parameters 460 to the detection sub-loop 416.

PDU 110 also includes a processing unit 404, such as a microprocessor (μ P), operatively connected to detection sub-loop 416, combination logic 418, temporary buffer memory 120, and sensors 426 of each output loop 450 via an internal bus 462. In the same or another embodiment, the processing unit 404 receives one or more power parameters 460 to generate electrical system operating data related to each power outlet of the PDU, the one or more power parameters 460 selected from: voltage, current, real current, instantaneous power level, instantaneous active power, instantaneous reactive power, phase angle of voltage with respect to current, or combinations thereof.

As shown, current flows from the power inlet 424 and the stationary protector 422 through the relay 420 via the power line 464 before being measured by the sensor 426. However, according to one embodiment, current may flow through sensor 426 before reaching relay 420. Accordingly, fig. 4 is highly schematic and is intended to provide a conceptual diagram of some aspects of the present technology.

The processing unit 404 is further configured to also provide a signal via the internal bus 462 to define a set point of the configurable detector 412 of the detection sub-loop 416. The processing unit 404 may also send a re-enable signal that allows the combinational logic 418 to release the disable signal 36 or a disable signal that allows the combinational logic 418 to release the disable signal 36 after receiving the command.

The measurement of the one or more power parameters and the generation of electrical system operating data calculated from the one or more power parameters will be described further below.

The communication module 406 allows the processing unit 404 to communicate with the networked device 102 or other devices, such as with a remote processing unit (not shown) or with processing units of other PDUs, via a power line 464 using, for example, a Power Line Communication (PLC) protocol. User interface 402 allows a user of PDU 110 to communicate with processing unit 404. User interface 402 need not be part of PDU 110, but can be connected with PDU 110 via a communication link.

In one embodiment of the present technique, the PDU 110 includes one (1) power inlet 424, one processing unit 404, and eight (8) distinct output loops 450, each of which includes its own output connector 428, detection sub-loop 416, combination logic 418, and sensor 426. In the same or another embodiment, the power inlet 424 with the fixed protector 422 can deliver up to 15 amps to the output loop 450. The processing unit 404 can control each of the different configurable detectors 412 such that the aggregate load current delivered by all output loops 450 of the PDU 110 does not exceed a maximum limit, such as the 15 amp limit of the fixed protector 422.

In one embodiment of the present technology, the detection subcircuit 416 of the AC smart fuse of each of the plurality of outlets of the PDU senses the one or more power parameters selected from the group consisting of: voltage, current, power level, real current, instantaneous power, instantaneous active power, instantaneous reactive power, phase angle of voltage with respect to current, and combinations thereof from a plurality of servers of a data center. Thus, the actual increase and decrease in electrical consumption of each server connected to the PDU can be measured.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating electrical system operation data generation in one power distribution unit in accordance with one embodiment of the present technique. In this illustrative embodiment, the power distribution unit includes eight (8) power outlets. The one or more power parameters of each power outlet are sampled by the detection sub-loop previously described in fig. 4 at a first rate, the time period related to the first rate also being referred to as T1. By way of example and not limitation, the time period T1 may vary from 0.5 milliseconds to 4 milliseconds.

The processing unit 404 is configured to simultaneously collect values of the one or more power parameters related to each power outlet in a local memory (not shown) and generate electrical system operation data related to each power outlet of the PDU. The generation of electrical system operating data may be periodic, with the associated time period also referred to as T2. In one embodiment of the present technology, T2 is higher than T1. By way of example and not limitation, T2 may vary from 5 seconds to 60 seconds. In the same or another embodiment, the electrical system operation data generation includes calculating three values for each of a plurality of power outlets of a given PDU, each three value including: the average of the power consumption over a period of time equal to T2, the minimum of the power consumption over a period of time equal to T2, and simultaneously the maximum of the power consumption over a period of time equal to T2.

In the same or another embodiment, the bit (bit) size of the electrical system operation data associated with one PDU is fixed and independent of the time period T2, because the electrical system operation data contains only three values associated with the power outlet of one PDU, each three values corresponding to one power outlet. These three values indicate correct functioning of the system with real-time accuracy, since the sampling rate 1/T1 allows the system to detect a sharp increase or decrease in power consumption of the power outlet, which may be indicative of abnormal operation of the server or power supply converter. By way of example and not limitation, the sampling rate 1/T1 may vary from 250Hz to 2 kHz.

With respect to fig. 5, electrical system operating data is generated by processing unit 404 prior to being stored in temporary buffer memory 120. In the illustrative embodiment, the electrical system operation data is concatenated and stored as electrical system operation data frames 510, 520, 530, and 540.

The temporary buffer memory 120 of each PDU of the plurality of PDUs is configured to store electrical system operating data for a predetermined storage duration. Alternatively, the temporary buffer memory 120 may not be constrained by a predetermined storage duration, but may act as a FIFO buffer, wherein data is processed in the same order as it arrives in the FIFO buffer, and old data is periodically erased with new data, regardless of whether the data is transmitted to the networked device. In this mode of operation, the temporary buffer is limited to storing electrical system operating data reflecting past periods of operation, which is then replaced with newer data.

The electrical system operation data frame 510 includes: electrical system operation data D11 associated with the first power outlet and generated during a first time period equal to T2; electrical system operation data D21 associated with the second power outlet and generated during a first time period equal to T2; and similar electrical system operating data related to other power outlets of the PDU. The electrical system operation data frame 520 includes: electrical system operation data D12 related to the first power outlet and generated during a second time period equal to T2 after the first time period; electrical system operation data D21 associated with the second power outlet and generated during a second time period equal to T2 after the first time period; and similar electrical system operating data related to other power outlets of the PDU. The electrical system operation data frame 530 includes: electrical system operation data D13 related to the first power outlet and generated during a third time period equal to T2 after the second time period; electrical system operation data D21 related to the second power outlet and generated during a third time period equal to T2 after the second time period; and similar electrical system operating data related to other power outlets of the PDU. Subsequent electrical system operation data frames are constructed in a similar manner.

Upon receiving the request from the networking device 102, the communication module 406 transmits at least one electrical system operation data frame from the temporary buffer memory 120 of PDUs to the networking device 102 via a data link. In one embodiment, a time period between a first transmission of a first request by the networking device to each of the plurality of PDUs and a second transmission of a second request by the networking device to each of the plurality of PDUs is at most one-half of a storage duration of the electrical system operating data in the temporary buffer memory.

Fig. 6 is an illustration of a communication circuit breaker, in accordance with one embodiment of the present technique. Sensing sub-loop 620 is configured to sense a power level of power line 150. Detector 640 is communicatively connected to sensing sub-loop 620 and may issue a fault signal when the sensed power level exceeds a fixed power limit or issue a re-enable signal upon receipt of a command. Upon receiving the fault signal, the actuator 642 opens the contacts of an internal electrical switch 644 located on the power line 150 to protect a power distribution unit that may be connected to the communication circuit breaker. Upon receiving the re-enable signal, the actuator 642 connects the contacts of the internal electrical switch 644.

The communication sub-loop 680 is communicatively coupled to the actuator 642 and the networked device via a data link 690. The communication sub-loop is configured to send a status signal to the networked device indicating a status of the actuator. Upon receiving a command from a networked device over data link 690, the communication sub-loop is further configured to issue a re-enable signal to actuator 642.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of an electrical system operation data structuring in networked devices, in accordance with an embodiment of the present technique. The networked device includes a memory 710 configured to store electrical system operating data upon receipt of the electrical system operating data frame. In the illustrative embodiment, the networked devices are communicably coupled to a PDU (not shown). It should be understood that the networking device is configured to communicably couple a plurality of PDUs. In the illustrative embodiment, each electrical system data frame is structured as an electrical system data frame 720. The electrical system operation data frame 720 contains three values for each of the power outlets of the PDU, each three value including an average, minimum, and maximum value of the power consumption of the corresponding power outlet. In the illustrative embodiment, the three values are calculated over a time period Δ t equal to the time period between two successive generations of electrical system operation data frames by processing unit 404.

In an illustrative embodiment, the networked device periodically sends requests to the PDUs and receives electrical system data frames, the time period being equal to Δ t. Thus, the networked devices are configured to provide temporal variations (temporal events) of the average, minimum, and maximum values of the power consumption of each of the power outlets of the PDU with a sampling period of Δ t. Thus, it can be said that the networked devices create a history of electrical system operating data that is updated in a near real-time manner. This method allows monitoring past and current electrical system operating data and allows analysis of such data, alone or in combination with other data. The results of such analysis include monitoring of consumption, prediction of consumption, detection and/or prediction of faults, and the like.

As previously described, the electrical system operation data transmitted from one PDU is associated with the individual network address of the corresponding PDU and the corresponding power outlet of the PDU. Since each of the three values is updated at a sampling rate of 1/T1 for a period of time equal to at before being sent to the networked device 102, this allows an operator to access the temporal variation of the three values of a particular power outlet of a particular PDU with near real-time accuracy, among other possible operations.

FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of electrical system operating data and status signal communication in accordance with an embodiment of the present technique; the networked device 102 is communicably connected to the power distribution units 810, 820, and 830 and the communication breakers 840 and 850. In this illustrative embodiment, three PDUs, upon receiving a request from a networked device, transmit electrical system operation data related to one or more power parameters of a plurality of corresponding power outlets of the PDU as electrical system operation data frames 812, 822, and 832. At the same time, the electrical state of the internal electrical switches of the communication breaker are communicated as a status signal 860' to the networked device 102. Although three PDUs and two communication breakers are shown on fig. 8, the networking device 102 may communicate with a different number of PDUs and communication breakers. This aspect is not limiting.

The electrical data frames 812, 822, and 832 are stored in the memory of the networked device, as described in detail in the description of fig. 7. The status signal 860' is a real-time indication of the electrical status of the communication breakers 840 and 850, respectively.

Thus, excessive consumption of power by the power outlets of the PDUs, electrical faults of the power supply converter or server, electrical faults of a PDU or a group of PDUs, or combinations thereof, may be detected based on a correlation between the electrical system operation data and the status signals related to each communication breaker.

For example, an increase in time of the average value of the power consumption of a particular power outlet may be detected, which causes overheating of the connected server or power supply converter.

For example, electrical failures of a PDU may be detected using a time reduction in power consumption of multiple power outlets of a particular PDU.

For example, a time increase in the average of the power consumption of the plurality of power outlets of the plurality of PDUs, each of which is connected to the same communication breaker, may indicate an increase in the room temperature at which the plurality of PDUs are located. This may result in an imminent fault signaling by an associated communication breaker, typically located in the same room as the PDU, because the breaker is typically sensitive to temperature.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating the collection and sharing of electrical system operating data between different components of a data center, according to one embodiment of the present technique. The system 900 shown in FIG. 9 is one possible implementation of the present technology and does not limit the scope or set forth the limits of the present technology.

The communication breaker 104 is communicatively connected to the networking device 102 and the PDU 110 via a data link.

In the illustrative embodiment, the data link is a Power Line Communication (PLC) protocol over the power line 910. An AC power source (not shown) provides power to the power distribution unit 110 through the communication breaker 104 via the power line 910. The communication breaker 104 is also configured to send a status signal to the network device 102 via the data link 902.

The PDU 110 distributes power via a power link 906 to a power supply converter 210 connected to one of the power outlets of the PDU 110. The power supply converter 210 provides the adapted power to the server 114 via the power link 908. As previously described, PDU 110 is configured to sense one or more power parameters related to the power outlets connected to power link 906. Upon receiving a request from the networked device 102 via the power line 910, electrical system operating data relating to the power supply converter 210 and the server 114 generated therefrom is transmitted from the PDU 110 to the networked device 102 via the power line 910.

In the same or another embodiment of the present technology, each request issued by a networked device 102 conforms to the PCL G3 standard message length and header description, and indicates an individual network address of a target PDU that will be the recipient of the request.

In the same or another embodiment of the present technology, electrical system operation data is transmitted from the PDU 110 to the networked device 102 as electrical system operation data frames, each electrical system operation data frame including electrical system operation data related to one or more power parameters of each power outlet of the PDU 110 sampled during a period of time T2, the sampling rate being equal to 1/T1.

Thus, the networking device is configured to receive the status signal of the communication breaker 104 via the data link 902 and electrical system operation data from the PDU 110 over the power line 910. The data signals and electrical system operating data are further analyzed and correlated to control and assess the proper operation of the system. The networking device sends a first command to a particular PDU when electrical system operating data received from the one PDU indicates an electrical fault in relation to a signal status received from a communication breaker connected to the one PDU. Each PDU is further configured to disconnect one or more particular power outlets from the PDU's AC power source upon receiving a command from the networking device. Upon receiving a second command from the networking device, each PDU is configured to connect one or more particular power outlets back to the AC power source.

Although one server 114, one power supply converter 210, one power distribution unit 110, and one communication breaker 104 are shown on fig. 9, the system of the present disclosure may include a different number of servers, power supply converters, PDUs, and communication breakers. This is not a limiting aspect. The networking device 102 is typically connected to a plurality of communication breakers, each connected to a plurality of PDUs.

In the same or another embodiment of the present technology, the networking device 102 is further configured to send requests to multiple PDUs simultaneously.

In the same or another embodiment of the present technology, the networking device 102 is further configured to send requests to a set of PDUs, each request being addressed to a different PDU.

In the same or another embodiment, the time period T between the first transmission of a first request by the networked device 102 to one or more PDUs and the second transmission of a second request by the networked device 102 to the one or more PDUs is adapted to the number of PDUs comprised in the system and the maximum data rate of the data link, each PDU issuing one electrical system operation data frame having a certain electrical system operation data frame size in bits according to the following equation:

where N1 is the number of PDUs in the system, N2 is the number of power outlets per PDU, S is the bit size of one electrical system operation data frame, T is the time period between two consecutive transmissions of electrical system operation data from a PDU, and D is the maximum data rate of the data link as a Power Line Communication (PLC) protocol over the power line 910.

In this particular embodiment, the time period T2 during which the one or more power parameters of the power outlet of each PDU are sampled prior to generating the electrical system operating data is equal to T.

In one embodiment of the present technology, but not by way of limitation, the system includes one hundred forty-four (144) PDUs, each PDU including eight (8) power outlets, the time period between two consecutive requests to be sent from a networked device is five (5) seconds, and the data rate of the data link operating on the power line 910 is 40 kb/s.

The system is also configured to allow the operator to adjust the time period T2, and thus the time period T, according to the number of PDUs, the number of power outlets per PDU, the size of the electrical system data frames sent out by each PDU, and the maximum data rate D of the data link.

FIG. 10 is a sequence diagram illustrating the operation of a method of monitoring an electrical system of a data center in accordance with one embodiment of the present technique. In fig. 10, the sequence includes a plurality of operations that may be performed in a variable order, some of which may be performed concurrently, and some of which may be optional.

At operation 1010, one or more power parameters of each power outlet of each PDU is sensed at a first sampling rate, the one or more power parameters being voltage, current, real current, instantaneous power level, instantaneous active power, instantaneous reactive power, phase angle of voltage with respect to current, or a combination thereof. At operation 1020, the processing unit of each PDU periodically generates electrical system operation data related to each power outlet based on the one or more parameters sensed at operation 1010. In one embodiment of the present technology, the time period T1 between two samples of one or more power parameters for each power outlet is less than the time period T2 between two generations of power system operating data; electrical system operating data relating to one power outlet is based on sampling of one or more power parameters of the power outlet performed during a time period equal to T2.

In one embodiment of the present technology, the generating of the electrical system operation data related to one of the power outlets of the PDU comprises: at sub-operation 1022, three values relating to the power outlet are calculated, including an average of the power consumption over a time period equal to T2, a minimum of the power consumption over a time period equal to T2, and a maximum of the power consumption over a time period equal to T2. At sub-operation 1024, three values relating to the same time period may be concatenated.

At operation 1030, as electrical system operation data is generated, the processing unit of each PDU may transmit the electrical system operation data to a temporary buffer memory of the PDU to be stored as electrical system operation data frames, each electrical system operation data frame relating to one or more parameters of each power outlet of the PDU sampled at a sampling rate equal to 1/T1 during a time period equal to T2. In the same or another embodiment, the electrical system operation data frame includes three values, each of the three values corresponding to one electrical outlet of the PDU, and the bit size of each electrical system operation data frame is fixed and independent of the time period T2.

At operation 1040, upon receiving a request from the networking device, the communication module of each PDU transmits at least one electrical system operating data from the temporary buffer memory to the networking device via the data link. In one embodiment, the data link operates over a power line. In the same or another embodiment, the networked device is configured to periodically issue requests with an associated time period equal to the time period T2 between two generations of electrical system operating data by each PDU.

At operation 1050, the networking device may issue a command to one or more particular PDUs causing the processing unit of the PDU to issue a disable signal or a re-enable signal, resulting in disconnection or connection of one or more power outlets of the PDU, respectively.

In the same or another embodiment, the networked device issues a request to each PDU of the system simultaneously and periodically. The time period T2 and the time period between two consecutive issues of a request by a networked device is further adapted to the number of PDUs in the system, the number of power outlets per PDU, and the maximum data rate of the data link that can operate on the power line, such that receiving electrical system operation data frames by the remote device associated with the first issue of a request is completed before performing the second issue of a request, each electrical system operation data frame having a fixed bit size regardless of T2.

FIG. 11 is a sequence diagram illustrating the operation of a method for detecting electrical faults in a data center in accordance with one embodiment of the present technology. In one embodiment, the plurality of PDUs are communicably connected via the first network to a remote device, which may be a networking device or the like. The system includes a plurality of communication breakers as depicted in fig. 2, each communication breaker connected to a plurality of PDUs via a power line, and each communication breaker communicatively connected to a remote device via a second network. In fig. 11, the sequence includes a plurality of operations that may be performed in a variable order, some of which may be performed concurrently, and some of which may be optional.

At operation 1110, the detection sub-loop of each power outlet of each PDU is configured to sense one or more power parameters related to the corresponding power outlet of the detection sub-loop. At operation 1120, the processing unit of each PDU generates electrical system operation data related to each power outlet, each PDU processing unit communicatively connected to the detection sub-loop of each power outlet of the PDU and the temporary buffer memory of each PDU. At operation 1130, the temporary buffer memory is configured to receive and store electrical system operation data associated with an associated power outlet and an associated PDU of the electrical system operation data.

In one embodiment, each PDU is associated with a separate network address. The electrical system operation generated by the processing unit of the PDU contains the individual address of the PDU.

At operation 1140, the communication module of each PDU sends the electrical system operating data contained in the temporary buffer memory to the networking device upon receiving the request. In one embodiment, the electrical system operating data received from one PDU includes an average, minimum, and maximum value of power consumption for each power outlet of the PDU over a period of time.

At sub-operation 1150, the communication breaker sends status signals to the remote device via the second network, each status signal issued by one communication breaker and may be a real-time communication regarding a status of an internal electrical switch of the communication breaker. Thus, the status signal associated with one communication breaker indicates whether current is flowing through the PDU connected to the communication breaker.

The remote device receives electrical system operation data of the PDU and a status signal from the communication breaker, processes the electrical system operation data to detect whether an electrical fault occurs within the PDU, a power outlet of the PDU, or the communication breaker corresponding to the set of PDUs, the electrical system operation data associated with the corresponding PDU and the corresponding power outlet of the electrical system operation data, and the status signal associated with the corresponding communication breaker of the status signal at operation 1160.

At operation 1170, the remote device may issue one or more control commands to one or more PDUs, each command being addressed to one PDU. Upon receipt of a control command, the PDU is configured to disconnect or reconnect one or more power outlets, the identification of which and the nature of the action of the PDU towards the power outlets being dependent on the control command.

Although the above embodiments have been described and illustrated with reference to particular steps performed in a particular order, it should be understood that the steps may be combined, subdivided, or reordered without departing from the teachings of the present technology. At least some of these steps may be performed in parallel or in series. Accordingly, the order and grouping of the steps is not a limitation of the present technique.

It should be expressly understood that not every and every implementation of the present technology is required to enjoy all of the technical effects mentioned herein.

Modifications and improvements to the above-described embodiments of the present technology will become apparent to those skilled in the art. The foregoing description is intended to be exemplary rather than limiting. Accordingly, the scope of the present technology is intended to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.