阅读说明：本技术 一种基于红壤果园土壤硬度与肥料利用率的施肥决策方法 (Fertilization decision method based on soil hardness and fertilizer utilization rate of red soil orchard ) 是由 范博 范迁 聂桂枝 刘媛 陈环 于 2021-09-08 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及一种基于红壤果园土壤硬度和肥料利用率的施肥决策方法。该方法基于土壤硬度可以作为以酸、粘、硬、板、重为主要生产障碍的红壤果园土壤肥力的代表指标。施肥决策以拟用施肥措施对土壤硬度和肥料利用率的影响结果来评价施肥措施是否合理,并提供了一种改错纠偏的方法和分析步骤,供技术人员和果农,在果树施肥作业前,对拟采用的每一个施肥措施,给予评价,留用合理的,废弃错误的,修正有偏差的,使每项施肥决策都能在降低土壤硬度和提高肥料利用率上发挥作用。与现有技术相比,本发明为制定红壤果园施肥方案提供一个评价调整的决策方法,应用本方法施肥决策,选肥准确,操作合理,能提高果园生产能力,降低成本,增加生产效益。(The invention relates to a fertilization decision method based on soil hardness and fertilizer utilization rate of a red soil orchard. The method can be used as a representative index of the soil fertility of the red soil orchard taking acid, viscosity, hardness, plate weight and weight as main production obstacles based on soil hardness. The fertilization decision evaluates whether the fertilization measures are reasonable or not according to the influence results of the planned fertilization measures on the soil hardness and the fertilizer utilization rate, and provides a method for correcting errors and a step for analyzing, so that technicians and fruit growers can evaluate each planned fertilization measure before the fertilization operation of fruit trees, the application is reasonable, the abandonment is wrong, the correction is deviated, and each fertilization decision can play a role in reducing the soil hardness and improving the fertilizer utilization rate. Compared with the prior art, the method provides a decision method for evaluating and adjusting the fertilization scheme of the red soil orchard, and the application of the method for fertilizing the fertilizer has the advantages of accurate fertilizer selection, reasonable operation, improvement of the orchard production capacity, reduction of the cost and increase of the production benefit.)

1. A fertilization decision method based on soil hardness and fertilizer utilization rate of a red soil orchard is characterized by comprising the following steps:

s01: aiming at reducing the soil hardness and improving the fertilizer utilization rate, establishing a standard for realizing the target;

s02: measuring data such as orchard hardness and soil nutrient;

s03: comparing the relevant data obtained in the step S02 with the standard for achieving the target established in the step S01 to find a gap in the aspects of reducing the hardness of the soil and improving the utilization rate of the fertilizer;

s04: finding the difference between the hardness of the orchard soil and the utilization rate of the fertilizer according to the step S03, and setting a target task of orchard fertilization decision;

s05: according to the target task of the fertilization decision, a plurality of fertilization measures are drawn up;

s06: evaluating the plurality of fertilization measures in the step S05 by respectively taking whether the target tasks of reducing soil hardness and improving fertilizer utilization rate can be completed or not as a standard, and respectively obtaining one evaluation conclusion from three conclusions of reasonable implementation, error abandonment and deviation correction; the method comprises the steps of listing a single fertilization measure with an evaluation conclusion of reasonable implementation into a fertilization scheme, discarding the single fertilization measure with an evaluation conclusion of error discarding, redesigning the single fertilization measure with an evaluation conclusion of deviation requiring correction, and evaluating whether a fertilization target task can be completed or not until the evaluation conclusion of all the single fertilization measures is reasonable implementation;

s07: and (5) collecting and sorting the reasonable and implementable fertilization measures to form a fertilization decision scheme according to the evaluation conclusion obtained in the step (S06).

2. The fertilization decision method based on soil hardness and fertilizer utilization rate of the red soil orchard of claim 1, wherein the step S05 further comprises listing fertilization measures to be selected for preparing a single evaluation.

3. The fertilization decision method based on the soil hardness and fertilizer utilization rate of the red soil orchard according to claim 1,

the evaluation method described in step S06 specifically includes:

(a) performing a fertilization measure to be selected, and supposing to obtain an orchard reaction result in the aspect of completing a fertilization target task;

(b) evaluating the orchard reaction result obtained in the step (a) by taking whether the fertilization target task can be completed as a standard: the method can complete the targeted fertilization task and adopts the fertilization measures, and the evaluation conclusion is 'reasonable and implementable'; assuming that the orchard fertilization reaction result obtained by implementation is opposite to the target task, and the evaluation conclusion is 'mistaken abandonment is required'; assuming that the fertilization reaction result of the orchard obtained by implementation tends to a target task but needs to be improved if defects exist, and the evaluation conclusion is that 'deviation needs to be corrected';

(c) redesigning the planned fertilization measures of the orchard reaction result which is obtained in the step (b) and has deviation and needs to be corrected, and re-evaluating according to the step (b) until a reasonable implementable result is obtained.

Technical Field

The invention relates to a fertilization decision method based on soil hardness and fertilizer utilization rate of a red soil orchard, in particular to a decision method for evaluating and adjusting a fruit tree fertilization scheme by applying the influence result of fertilization on soil hardness and fertilizer utilization rate, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural fertilization.

Background

Fruit trees are perennial economic crops, the economic life is less for ten years and more for decades, and the fertilizer is continuously applied during the period. Due to the fact that orchard fertilizers are various in varieties, multiple in fertilization times and large in fertilizer consumption, the problems of soil acidification, hardening, little microbial population, small quantity, low fertilizer utilization rate and the like generally occur.

The total area of the red and yellow soil region in south China is 218 ten thousand square kilometers, which accounts for 22 percent of the land area in China, and the red and yellow soil region has rich light, temperature, water, soil and biological resources and has the planting advantages of fruit trees. Taking navel orange as an example, the advantages of the resources are well exerted, the yield per mu can exceed 1 ten thousand jin each year, and the fertilizer cost per jin of fruit is about 0.25 yuan; when the production obstacles such as acid, sticky, hard, plate, heavy, seasonal drought, water and soil loss and the like of red loam are not well solved and still are production obstacles, a better garden is managed, the yield per mu is about 5000 jin, and the cost of fruit fertilizer is more than 0.4 yuan per jin; the average yield per mu of citrus in China is about 2000 jin. Such a large yield difference is formed, and besides being relevant to pruning management and pest control, a fertilization decision method is a key.

In the production practice, compared with the soil hardness of high-yield orchards and low-yield orchards, or the soil hardness of high-yield plants and low-yield plants in the same orchard, the difference of the production capacity of fruit trees is highly consistent with the difference of the soil hardness, namely, the soil hardness is low and the hard bottom layer position is deeper in the orchard with high productivity or a high-yield single plant in the same orchard; poor garden or tree, high soil hardness and shallow hard bottom layer.

The soil hardness is also called soil compactness, factors influencing the soil compactness are comprehensively analyzed in the text of the research progress of the farmland soil compactness, and the basic law that the too compact soil is an obstacle of agricultural production and the loose and deep soil is favorable for the growth of crops is proved.

The patent publication CN108876209A discloses a red soil paddy field soil fertility evaluation method considering relative yield, which realizes soil fertility evaluation by performing weight optimization calculation by using 14 single fertility quality indexes such as soil PH, organic matters, total N, total P, total K, alkaline-hydrolyzed nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus, effective potassium, volume weight, capillary, porosity, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, relative yield and the like. Of the 14 fertility quality indexes, except for nutrient factors, the fertility of the soil in a red loam orchard is closely related to the hardness of the soil. In the publication CN108169162A, a rapid evaluation method for soil fertility level in a tea garden evaluates soil fertility by measuring soil organic matters through near infrared spectrum, and provides a scientific method for judging the soil fertility level. The organic matter content representing the soil fertility is in positive correlation with the soil hardness of the red loam.

The prior art has proved that the soil hardness can be used as a representative index of the red soil orchard soil fertility which takes acid, viscosity, hardness, plate weight and weight as main production obstacles; soil hardness is used for evaluating soil fertility, and technicians and fruit growers can understand, easily determine and see the soil fertility and easily distinguish the effects of various fertilization decisions.

The fertilizer utilization rate is influenced by a plurality of factors, and the method for improving the fertilizer utilization rate through four ways of reasonably using the fertilizer, fully utilizing soil, effectively controlling nutrient loss, improving yield and the like is provided in the text of the current situation of the fertilizer utilization rate of the main grain crops in China, and can be used as a technical direction for improving the fertilizer utilization rate.

In the prior art, in a red loam orchard, aiming at numerous fertilizers and application methods, how to evaluate the influence of a planned fertilization measure on soil hardness and fertilizer utilization rate based on the standards of reducing soil hardness and improving fertilizer utilization rate before fertilization and adjust a fertilization scheme according to an evaluation result is short of a decision-making method.

Disclosure of Invention

A fertilization decision method based on soil hardness and fertilizer utilization rate of a red soil orchard evaluates a planned fertilization scheme by taking the influence result of planned fertilization measures on the soil hardness and the fertilizer utilization rate as a standard, leaves reasonable abandonment errors, corrects deviation, and provides the fertilization decision method for reducing the soil hardness and improving the fertilizer utilization rate of the red soil orchard.

The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme.

A fertilization decision method based on soil hardness and fertilizer utilization rate of a red soil orchard comprises the following steps:

s01: aiming at reducing the soil hardness and improving the fertilizer utilization rate, establishing a standard for realizing the target;

s02: measuring data such as orchard hardness and soil nutrient;

s03: comparing the relevant data obtained in the step S02 with the standard for achieving the target established in the step S01 to find a gap in the aspects of reducing the hardness of the soil and improving the utilization rate of the fertilizer;

s04: finding the difference between the hardness of the orchard soil and the utilization rate of the fertilizer according to the step S03, and setting a target task of orchard fertilization decision;

s05: according to the target task of the fertilization decision, a plurality of fertilization measures are drawn up;

s06: evaluating the plurality of fertilization measures in the step S05 by respectively taking whether the target tasks of reducing soil hardness and improving fertilizer utilization rate can be completed or not as a standard, and respectively obtaining one evaluation conclusion from three conclusions of reasonable implementation, error abandonment and deviation correction; the method comprises the following steps of (1) listing a single fertilization measure with an evaluation conclusion of reasonable implementation into a fertilization scheme, discarding the single fertilization measure with the evaluation conclusion of error discarding, redesigning the single fertilization measure with the evaluation conclusion of deviation and correction, and evaluating whether a fertilization target task can be completed or not until the evaluation conclusion of all the single fertilization measures is reasonable implementation;

s07: and (5) collecting and sorting the reasonable and implementable fertilization measures to form a fertilization decision scheme according to the evaluation conclusion obtained in the step (S06).

Further, step S05 includes listing the fertilization measures to be selected, and preparing a single evaluation.

Further, the evaluation method for fertilization measures described in step S06 specifically includes:

(a) performing a fertilization measure to be selected, and supposing to obtain an orchard reaction result in the aspect of completing a fertilization target task;

(b) evaluating the orchard reaction result obtained in the step (a) by taking whether the fertilization target task can be completed as a standard: the method can complete the targeted fertilization task and adopts the fertilization measures, and the evaluation conclusion is 'reasonable and implementable'; assuming that the orchard fertilization reaction result obtained by implementation is opposite to the target task, and the evaluation conclusion is 'mistaken abandonment is required'; assuming that the fertilization reaction result of the orchard obtained by implementation tends to a target task but needs to be improved if defects exist, and the evaluation conclusion is that 'deviation needs to be corrected';

(c) redesigning the planned fertilization measures of the orchard reaction result which is obtained in the step (b) and has deviation and needs to be corrected, and re-evaluating according to the step (b) until a reasonable implementable result is obtained.

The invention provides a method for evaluating and adjusting a fertilization scheme by taking the influence result of fertilization measures on soil hardness reduction and fertilizer efficiency improvement as a standard, so that each fertilization measure can reduce soil hardness and improve fertilizer utilization rate.

Compared with the prior art, the fertilizing decision method has the advantages that the fertilizing measures are obtained, the nutrition required by the tree can be reasonably met, the fertilizer application amount is reduced, and the cost is saved; the soil hardness is reduced, the soil is loosened, the soil fertility is comprehensively improved, the orchard production capacity is improved, the fruiting life is prolonged, and the income is increased.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a flow chart of a fertilization decision scheme of the present invention.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples. The following examples will assist those skilled in the art in further understanding the invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any way. It should be noted that variations and modifications can be made by persons skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. All falling within the scope of the present invention.

Example 1

As shown in fig. 1, a fertilization decision method based on soil hardness and fertilizer utilization rate of a red soil orchard is performed according to the following steps:

s01, aiming at reducing the soil hardness and improving the fertilizer utilization rate, establishing a target standard to be realized by a fertilization decision.

Summarizing the theory and practical experience of the prior art, aiming at reducing the soil hardness and improving the fertilizer utilization rate, the objective standards to be realized by fertilization decisions are set, as shown in tables 1, 2 and 3.

Table 1 teaches the target criteria to be achieved for soil hardness production impairment performance and fertilization decisions for a laterite orchard; table 2 obstacles to improving fertilizer utilization in red soil orchards and target standards to be achieved for corresponding fertilization decisions; table 3 shows the improvement of the function evaluation of the common organic fertilizer and the realization of the goals of reducing the soil hardness and improving the fertilizer utilization rate;

TABLE 1 soil hardness production obstacle Performance in Red loam orchards and target criteria to be achieved for corresponding fertilization decisions

TABLE 2 obstacles to fertilizer utilization enhancement in red soil orchards and target criteria to be achieved for corresponding fertilization decisions

TABLE 3 functional evaluation of commonly used organic fertilizers and improved method for achieving the goals of reducing soil hardness and improving fertilizer utilization rate

S02, the conventional method for applying the chicken, pig and sheep manure and the dry cake fertilizer organic fertilizer has the effects of reducing the soil hardness and improving the fertilizer utilization rate, and the investigation result is that:

the concept of reducing soil hardness and improving fertilizer utilization rate is thin and lacks methods; the organic fertilizer mainly comprises chicken, pig and sheep manure and cake manure, wherein the manure has insufficient decomposition, the cake manure basically does not ferment and decompose, and the phenomena of root burning, root rot and garden damage often occur; a small part of the gardens which use improper manure cause root-knot nematode harm; the fertilizer is generally applied in an excessive amount; the mixed application of the base fertilizer organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer is common in winter, and the habit of mixed application of organic fertilizers with different functions is avoided; the growing season is mainly chemical fertilizer, and the habit of mixing and applying the chemical fertilizer and the organic fertilizer is avoided.

S03, comparing the results of the S02 orchard investigation with the orchard fertilization targets shown in tables 1, 2 and 3, the difference of the performances in the aspects of orchard soil hardness and fertilizer utilization rate is shown in the following steps:

(1) the surface soil is hardened, and the hard bottom layer is shallow; the aggregate structure of the mellow soil layer is not obvious, the hardness is large and the mellow soil layer is not deep enough;

(2) in orchards with a small amount of root-knot nematodes, the application of chicken pig manure risks the harm of the root-knot nematodes or the outbreak of the root-knot nematodes;

(3) the soil is heavily acidified, and the yellow leaves and roots of many orchards are rotten;

(4) the application amount of the chemical fertilizer exceeds the required amount of the fruit yield by 2-3 times, and the utilization rate of the fertilizer is not high.

S04, in order to make up the gap of S03, a target task of applying base fertilizer to the orchard is set:

(1) ensuring full fermentation and qualified germination test;

(2) applying chicken manure to prevent root-knot nematode damage;

(3) the problem of surface soil hardening is solved;

(4) loosening deep soil and reducing the hardness of the soil;

(5) reducing the acidity of the soil;

(6) the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved.

S05, combining the fertilization habit to finish the target task of applying base fertilizer to the orchard set in S4, and possibly selecting the technical scheme as shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5

S06, taking the proposed measures which are possible to be selected as the fertilization measures to be evaluated, comparing the set fertilization target tasks of the orchard, and performing comparative analysis to obtain one of three results of reasonable implementation, deviation needing to be corrected and error abandonment, which are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6

And (4) rejecting the fertilization measures with errors and discarding the fertilization measures with deviations and corrections until the selected measures can complete the target task.

S07, based on the target requirements of reducing soil hardness and improving fertilizer utilization rate, the fertilization decision results of the red soil orchard winter fertilization base fertilizer mainly comprising chicken, pig and sheep manure and cake fertilizer are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7

Example 2

Based on the target requirements of reducing the soil hardness and improving the fertilizer utilization rate, the water-soluble fertilizer is applied in acidified, hardened and hard-bottom shallow red soil orchards.

S01, establishing a target standard for applying the water-soluble fertilizer based on the target of reducing the soil hardness and improving the fertilizer utilization rate.

(1) The nutrition is supplemented, and the requirements of tree growth and fruiting are met;

(2) loosening deep and surface soil, and reducing soil hardness;

(3) the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved.

S02, the results of the investigation on the application of the existing water-soluble fertilizer based on the reduction of soil hardness and the improvement of fertilizer utilization rate are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 investigation results of application of commonly used water-soluble fertilizers

S03, the difference is mainly shown in:

(1) the soil cannot be loosened well to reduce the hardness of the soil.

(2) The result of the single water soluble fertilizer application is: if a macroelement water-soluble fertilizer is selected, the utilization rate is limited; if other water-soluble fertilizers are selected, the amount of the macroelements is not enough.

(3) The effect of enhancing tree vigor and increasing yield, which has not reached the intended goal.

S04, in an acidified, hardened and hard bottom shallow red soil orchard, on the basis of the requirements of reducing hardness and improving the utilization rate of the fertilizer, the target task of flushing and applying the water-soluble fertilizer is as follows:

(1) a large amount of element nutrition is rapidly provided, and the yield and quality target is realized;

(2) the problem of surface soil hardening is solved;

(3) loosening soil and reducing the hardness of the soil;

(4) and culturing a deep mature soil layer and deepening a hard bottom layer.

S05, designing many fertilizing measures for completing the target task set up in S04.

S06, analyzing, evaluating and adjusting the established multiple fertilization measures one by one, so that the selected fertilization measure can play a role in reducing the soil hardness and improving the fertilizer utilization rate, and the evaluation and adjustment results are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 evaluation and adjustment results for fertilization decisions for commonly used water soluble fertilizers

S07, in an acidified, hardened and hard bottom shallow red soil orchard, based on the requirements of reducing soil hardness and improving fertilizer utilization rate, watering a fertilization decision of water-soluble fertilizer, wherein the optimization result is as follows:

(1) the macroelement water-soluble fertilizer and the organic water are mixed and applied, so that the utilization rate of the fertilizer is greatly improved;

(2) mineral source potassium humate, biochemical potassium fulvate, amino acid peptide protein and other three types of water soluble fertilizers are alternately matched with macroelement water soluble fertilizers for pouring;

(3) the shallow watering around the water dripping line of the tree crown is changed into the shallow watering around the tree crown, a plurality of watering points are divided under the tree crown, the watering is carried out at the diagonal rotation positions all the year round, one point is watered thoroughly, so that water and fertilizer are put into the deep layer, the root is led downwards, and the deep soil is loosened.

Example 3

And (3) making a fertilizing decision for dressing the quick-acting chemical fertilizer in the growing season based on the requirements of reducing the soil hardness and improving the fertilizer utilization rate.

S01, setting the following targets: is beneficial to reducing the soil hardness, improving the fertilizer utilization rate, supplementing sufficient nutrition and realizing the yield target.

S02, investigating the existing method for applying the quick-acting chemical fertilizer based on the requirements of reducing the soil hardness and improving the fertilizer utilization rate, wherein the fertilizer utilization rate is low in some methods and is high in some methods. The results of the analysis, based on factors affecting soil hardness and fertilizer interest rate, are given in table 10.

Watch 10

S03, the comparison of the table 10 shows that different application methods of quick-acting fertilizers have high fertilizer utilization rate and low fertilizer utilization rate, and the difference is clear at a glance.

S04, the target tasks of topdressing are as follows:

(1) the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved;

(2) loosening soil and reducing the hardness of the soil;

and S05, preparing various fertilizing measures according to the requirements of the orchard tree body based on the reduction of soil hardness and the improvement of fertilizer utilization rate.

And S06, performing one-to-one evaluation decision on the prepared fertilization measures of S05.

S07, based on the requirements of reducing soil hardness and improving fertilizer utilization rate, the decision scheme for applying the quick-acting chemical fertilizer is as follows:

(1) the water-soluble quick-acting chemical fertilizer is applied in a pouring way in combination with the organic water-soluble fertilizer, so that the utilization rate of the fertilizer is greatly improved;

(2) planning to irrigate a plurality of irrigation sites under the tree crown, and irrigating by a one-point thorough irrigation method, so that deep soil can be loosened and fertilized;

(3) the quick-acting chemical fertilizer and the humic acid water-soluble fertilizer are mixed and applied, and the two fertilizers can generate a complexing chelation reaction, so that the damage of chemical fertilizers such as compound fertilizer, urea, potash fertilizer, diammonium phosphate and the like to root systems is buffered, the utilization rate of the fertilizers is improved, the soil is loosened, and the soil hardness is reduced;

(4) the quick-acting chemical fertilizer is mixed with the biochemical fulvic acid and the amino acid organic water-soluble fertilizer for pouring, so that the propagation of soil microorganisms can be promoted, the soil is fertilized, and the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved;

(5) comprehensive nutrition, reasonable collocation, supply according to needs, and timely application can improve the utilization rate of the fertilizer.

Nothing in this specification should be taken as an admission that the prior art is known to those skilled in the art.

The foregoing description of specific embodiments of the present invention has been presented. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and that various changes and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention.