阅读说明：本技术 提升水果黄瓜产量品质的氮硅施肥法 (Nitrogen-silicon fertilization method for improving fruit cucumber yield and quality ) 是由 彭红云 黄奇伟 于 2021-09-09 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种提升水果黄瓜产量品质的氮硅施肥法,氮硅配比为1:0.14～1:0.18；以N计,氮肥的施肥量为695.05～749.50kg/hm～(2),以SiO-(2)计,硅肥的施肥量为108.42～123.52kg/hm～(2)；硅肥和氮肥均作为基肥。采用本发明,能提高水果黄瓜的产量和品质,还提高了氮肥利用率。(The invention discloses a nitrogen-silicon fertilization method for improving the yield and quality of fruit cucumbers, wherein the nitrogen-silicon proportion is 1: 0.14-1: 0.18; the fertilizing amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 695.05-749.50 kg/hm in terms of N 2 With SiO 2 The fertilizing amount of the silicon fertilizer is 108.42-123.52 kg/hm 2 (ii) a Both silicon fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer are used as base fertilizer. By adopting the invention, the yield and the quality of the fruit cucumber can be improved, and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is also improved.)

1. Promote the nitrogen silicon fertilization method of fruit cucumber output quality, its characterized in that: the ratio of nitrogen to silicon is 1: 0.14-1: 0.18.

2. The nitrogen-silicon fertilization method for improving fruit cucumber yield and quality as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nitrogen-silicon fertilization method comprises the following steps: the fertilizing amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 695.05-749.50 kg/hm in terms of N²With SiO₂The fertilizing amount of the silicon fertilizer is 108.42-123.52 kg/hm²；

Both silicon fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer are used as base fertilizer.

3. The nitrogen-silicon fertilization method for improving fruit cucumber yield and quality as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein: the silicon fertilizer is micro-nano silicon.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural production, in particular to a nitrogen-silicon fertilization scheme for improving the yield and quality of fruit cucumbers.

Background

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) is an annual climbing plant of the genus Cucumis in the family Cucurbitaceae and is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world. Fruit cucumbers, also called gherkin and mini cucumber, are high-quality cucumber varieties introduced from Europe at the earliest stage, and various domestic varieties are developed, are mostly strong female or full female, have strong parthenocarpy capacity, high yield, good growth vigor and are resistant to storage and transportation, the fruits are short rod-shaped, the length of the cucumbers is 12-15 cm, the diameter of the cucumbers is about 3cm, the peels of the cucumbers are smooth and non-thorn, the cucumbers feel sweet, crisp and fragrant, the flavor is good, the nutritional value is high, the cucumber cucumbers are rich in active substances such as tartronate, cucumber enzyme, carotene, various vitamins and the like, and the cucumber is suitable for fresh eating. With the gradual improvement of living standard of people, the diet concept and the consumption consciousness are changed, people pay attention to the health and the safety of food gradually, so the fruit cucumber is gradually developed and cultivated in various places and becomes one of the popular fruits. However, the planting time of fruit cucumbers in China is shorter compared with that in foreign countries, the planting experience is insufficient, the fertilization blindness is high, too much compound fertilizer is applied, the nutrient proportion is unreasonable, and no targeted fertilization concept exists, so that a large amount of available nutrients in soil are accumulated, the soil quality is deteriorated, and even the ecological environment is influenced.

The optimal design is a test design scheme which is obtained from the basic aim of minimizing the test error variance. However, people still want to improve the test accuracy, reduce the test scale, reduce the residual degree of freedom and improve the test efficiency. The most efficient regression test is to determine the number of unknown parameters equal to the number of test points. This design is known as a saturation design. The two-factor saturated D-optimal design is a scheme for designing two variable factors, determining specific values of the two factors according to the determined structural matrix codes, and finally performing experiments. According to the experimental result of the two-factor saturated D-optimal design, the interaction effect and the optimal point of the two change factors can be obtained.

The micro-nano silicon fertilizer is a novel silicon fertilizer which takes calcium silicate as a main mineral, has small particle size and large specific surface. Compared with common silicon fertilizer, the silicon fertilizer has the characteristics of large specific surface area and multiple micropores, becomes an ammonia stabilizer with strong adsorbability, can adsorb ammonia molecules, slow down the release period of the ammonia fertilizer, and reduce nitrogen leaching loss caused by excessive nitrogen application. Meanwhile, the micro-nano silicon can be applied in combination with chemical fertilizers, biological fertilizers, organic fertilizers, humic acid and the like, so that the effectiveness of the micro-nano silicon is further improved. At present, micro-nano silicon is applied to a certain degree, and has the advantages of obvious effect, high economic benefit and wide application prospect.

At present, silicon fertilizer is not applied in the conventional fruit cucumber planting.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a nitrogen-silicon fertilization scheme for improving the yield and quality of fruit cucumbers.

In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a nitrogen-silicon fertilization method for improving the yield and quality of fruit cucumbers, which comprises the following steps: the weight ratio of nitrogen to silicon is 1: 0.14-1: 0.18.

The improvement of the nitrogen-silicon fertilization method for improving the yield and the quality of the fruit cucumbers is as follows: the fertilizing amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 695.05-749.50 kg/hm in terms of N²With SiO₂Metering the fertilizing amount of the silicon fertilizerIs 108.42-123.52 kg/hm²；

Both silicon fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer are used as base fertilizer.

The invention is further improved by the nitrogen-silicon fertilization method for improving the yield and the quality of the fruit cucumbers: the silicon fertilizer is micro-nano silicon. Micro-nano Silicon (SiO)₂53.1%), and an average particle size of about 4.035 μm.

The nitrogen application amount of the invention is reduced by about 20 percent compared with the prior fruit cucumber cultivation method.

In the invention process, the following design scheme is set, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:

(1) designing a pot experiment scheme:

taking soil of a planting area, and designing six groups of pot planting treatment by using a two-factor saturation-D optimal design code nitrogen and silicon application amount.

(2) Measuring yield and quality indexes:

and (4) measuring the yield cycle for 24 days, recording the number of the fruits of each cucumber, and calculating the yield of each plant after independently weighing. Sampling is carried out in the full-bearing period, and 4-5 fruits with the same size and maturity are taken from each fruit cucumber for quality determination.

(3) Establishing a regression model

A two-dimensional quadratic fertilizer efficiency model is established, and a mathematical expression is given: a is₀+a₁X₁+a₂X₂+a₃X₁ ²+a₄X₂ ²++a₅X₁X₂. With X₁(N) and X₂(SiO₂) The code is independent variable, and the yield Yy and quality score Ys of the single plant are dependent variables.

(4) Model parsing and simulation optimization

Judging whether the nitrogen and silicon have an interaction effect according to a regression model, finding out an optimal nitrogen and silicon fertilization point and fertilization proportion, and searching for an optimal fertilization interval through simulation optimization.

(5) Practical application

And (5) obtaining the optimal nitrogen-silicon fertilization proportion according to the simulation, and fertilizing.

In the step (3), after scoring and standardizing all quality indexes, establishing a regression model; namely, the second partial derivative of the binary quadratic regression equation of the regression model is required to form a blackplug matrix, the extreme value of the multivariate function is judged, and whether the maximum value exists or not is determined to be a typical fertilizer efficiency model.

In the invention process, soil conditions of different regions are fully considered, and the fruit cucumber fertilizing case is flexibly adjusted.

Compared with the prior fertilization scheme, the invention has the advantages that:

1. aiming at the growth requirements of fruit cucumbers, an optimal nitrogen and silicon fertilizer application point and an optimal proportion are found, so that the yield and the quality of the fruit cucumbers are increased.

2. Improves the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer and reduces the application of the fertilizer.

In conclusion, the invention obtains the optimal nitrogen and silicon fertilization point and fertilization proportion for planting the fruit cucumbers by designing a two-factor saturated D-optimal design test and the like, and applies the optimal nitrogen and silicon fertilization point and fertilization proportion to the field, thereby improving the yield and the quality of the fruit cucumbers (namely, obtaining high-yield and high-quality products), improving the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer (the nitrogen application amount is lower than the conventional nitrogen application amount), and improving the economic benefit of planting the fruit cucumbers.

Drawings

The following describes embodiments of the present invention in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the interaction effect of the yield (A) of a single fruit cucumber plant and the quality comprehensive score (B).

Detailed Description

The invention will be further described with reference to specific examples, but the scope of the invention is not limited thereto:

the average grain diameter of the micro-nano silicon is about 4.035 mu m.

Urea (N is more than or equal to 46.4%) and potassium sulfate (K)₂O is more than or equal to 52.0 percent), and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (P)₂O₅≥52.0％，K₂O is more than or equal to 34.0 percent) and micro-nano Silicon (SiO)₂ 53.1％)。

Firstly, designing a pot experiment scheme

The test was carried out in a sunlight greenhouse at the hong Kong school district of Zhejiang university at 4-6 months in 2020. The maximum gas degree in the daytime is 35.1 ℃, and the minimum gas degree in the nighttime is 29.7 ℃. The potting soil is taken from a farm (0-20 cm) of the eight-Fu ecological agriculture company Limited, the soil blocks are moved with stones, crushed (sieved by a sieve with 20 meshes), mixed evenly and loaded into flowerpots with the specification of the upper diameter of 25.5cm, the lower diameter of 19.5cm, the height of 26cm and the capacity of 3 gallons. 8.5kg of soil per pot. The basic chemical properties of the soil of the test field are as follows: pH 5.91, organic matter 17.3g/kg, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen 134.5mg/kg, quick-acting phosphorus 131.7mg/kg, quick-acting potassium 143.2mg/kg and available silicon 109.5 mg/kg.

Variety of fruit cucumber to be tested: "Bixi" was purchased from Jiaxing Xianfeng Seiko Co., Ltd. The fruit cucumber seeds were soaked in warm water at 27 ℃ for 4 hours. After germination, the germinated seeds are buried in seedling raising hole trays filled with nutrient soil, and one hole is formed. The cucumber seeds are cultivated to the three leaves and one heart at the seedling stage, and the cucumber seedlings with consistent growth vigor are transplanted into a pot plant. The nitrogen-silicon fertilization test was performed using a two-factor saturated D-optimum design, repeated 4 times. The code for the individual treatment factors and application rates is given in Table 1.

Fertilizer for test: urea (N is more than or equal to 46.4%) and potassium sulfate (K)₂O is more than or equal to 52.0 percent), and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (P)₂O₅≥52.0％，K₂O is more than or equal to 34.0 percent) and micro-nano Silicon (SiO)₂53.1%) as a fertilizer.

The application amount of phosphorus and potassium is P₂O₅ 300kg/hm²And K₂O 1125kg/hm²30% of fertilizer is used as base fertilizer to be mixed into potting soil, and the rest 70% of fertilizer is divided into 4 times, and is applied in the form of water and fertilizer after being dissolved in water in a vigorous growth period (10%), an initial flowering period (20%), an initial harvest period (20%) and a full bearing period (20%); dissolving the fertilizer with 250mL of water, and adding the fertilizer into a basin for 4-5 times in each period. Watering twice a day in the morning and evening in the flourishing period and the initial flowering period, wherein each time is 250mL, and watering 1 time a day in the morning of the initial harvest period and the full bearing period, wherein each time is 250 mL.

TABLE 1 Nitrogen, silicon two factor saturated D-optimum design factor code and Nitrogen silicon application

Second, measuring the yield and quality index

The yield measuring period of the fruit cucumbers is 24 days (from the transplanting date), the number of the fruit cucumbers harvested from each plant is recorded, and the single plant yield is calculated after the fruit cucumbers are weighed independently. Sampling is carried out in the full-bearing period, and 4-5 fruits with the same size and maturity are taken from each fruit cucumber for quality determination. The sum of the normalized score weights of all the quality indexes of each treatment is the quality comprehensive score of each treatment. According to the correlation degree of each quality index of the fruit cucumber with sensory identification and commodity quality, the weight values of vitamin C, reducing sugar, soluble protein, dry matter content and nitrate are respectively drawn up to be 0.25, 0.2 and 0.1, wherein the nitrate is an inverse index. Therefore, the quality comprehensive score calculation formula is as follows:

F＝ω₁y₁+ω₂y₂+…ω_my_m (1)

in equation (1): f is the quality comprehensive score, omega is the weight of each index, and y is the standardized score of each quality index. And calculating the standardized scores of the quality indexes, and substituting the standardized scores into a formula to obtain the comprehensive score of the processing quality. Since nitrate is the inverse indicator, the nitrate indicator is first reduced to unity (y is M-x, where M is an upper allowable limit for the indicator x) and then the normalized score is calculated.

Establishment of regression model of silicon nitride

According to the experimental design scheme, a two-dimensional quadratic equation fertilizer efficiency model is established, and a mathematical expression is given: a is₀+a₁X₁+a₂X₂+a₃X₁ ²+a₄X₂ ²++a₅X₁X₂. With X₁(N) and X₂(SiO₂) The code is independent variable, and the yield Yy of a single plant is dependent variable, namely, in the formula, Y represents the yield obtained by the test, X1 represents the nitrogen application amount obtained by the test, and X2 represents the silicon application amount obtained by the test. Establishing a regression equation of the application amount of the nitrogen and the silicon and the yield of the single plant according to the data in the table 2:

Y_y＝2468.28+135.68X₁+113.52X₂-350.57X₁ ²-173.25X₂ ²-161.92X₁X₂ (2)

in the formula (2), Yy is the yield per plant, X₁And X₂The amounts of nitrogen and silicon applied were coded separately. The regression equation F has a value of 31.93, corresponding to a p value of 2.407 × 10^-8The regression equation is extremely significant. From constant term to nitrogen-silicon interaction term X in equation₁X₂The p values corresponding to the t test of (1) are respectively:<10^-16，0.000206，0.001101，1.65×10^-50.010089 and 0.000113 are both higher than the significant level, which shows that the regression equation is good in actual fitting condition, reflects the relation between the nitrogen and silicon content and the yield of each plant of cucumber, and has a good prediction effect on the yield of each fruit of cucumber. Nitrogen silicon interaction term X₁ X₂The p values of the compounds reach extremely remarkable levels, which indicates that the nitrogen-silicon interaction has an influence on the yield of the single plants.

Similarly, based on the data in table 3, a regression equation between the amount of silicon and nitrogen applied and the overall cucumber quality score can be established:

Y_s＝1.099684+0.409928X₁+0.275778X₂-1.234941X₁ ²-0.400626X₂ ²-0.240824X₁X₂ (3)

in the formula (3), Ys is the quality comprehensive score, X₁And X₂The amounts of nitrogen and silicon applied were coded separately. The regression equation has a F value of 3126 and a corresponding p value of<2.2×10^-16The regression equation is extremely significant. From constant term to X in the equation₁X₂All the p values corresponding to the t test of (1)<10^-16And the regression equation is higher than the extremely significant level, so that the regression equation is excellent in actual fitting condition, reflects the relation between the nitrogen and silicon content and the cucumber quality score, and has a good prediction effect on the quality score of the fruit cucumber. Nitrogen silicon interaction term X₁X₂The p value of (a) reaches a very significant level, indicating that the nitrogen-silicon interaction has an effect on the quality score.

And forming a blackplug matrix by the second-order partial derivatives of the two binary quadratic regression equations, and judging the extreme value of the multivariate function. The black plug matrixes of the two regression equations are negative definite matrixes, namely the regression equations have maximum values and accord with the law of decreasing the fertilizer reward, so that the two binary quadratic regression equations are both typical fertilizer efficiency models.

TABLE 2 Individual yield of fruit cucumbers at different nitrogen and silicon application rates

TABLE 3 quality composite score for fruit cucumber at different nitrogen and silicon application rates

Note: the quality composite score is obtained by the formula (1).

Third, model interaction effect analysis

In the experiment, a fertilizer efficiency model is established, a nitrogen-silicon interaction item exists, p values of two regression equation interaction items are higher than a significant level in t test, the interaction is significant, the highest single plant yield, the highest quality comprehensive score and the corresponding fertilizing amount can be obtained, and a three-dimensional curved surface (shown in figure 1) of the single plant yield and the quality comprehensive score changing along with the fertilizing amount of nitrogen-silicon is drawn.

As can be seen from the figure 1, the curved surface of the nitrogen-silicon interaction effect equation is an upward convex paraboloid, and the maximum value can be obtained within the range of the coding fertilizer application amount. The highest yield of the single plant obtained by the hydrolysis is 2494.88g, and the corresponding nitrogen application amount is 722.66kg/hm²And the silicon application amount is 113.93kg/hm²(ii) a The quality comprehensive score is 1.169 at most, and the corresponding nitrogen application amount is 725.03kg/hm²And the silicon application amount is 117.29kg/hm²。

Through interactive effect analysis, the nitrogen-silicon ratio capable of obtaining the highest comprehensive score of the yield and quality of a single plant is obtained through analysis, but the fertilization amount cannot be controlled at a certain fixed fertilization point in the actual production process, so that a high-yield and high-quality section is set by taking a 95% confidence interval, a set of nitrogen-silicon fertilization intervals capable of obtaining high yield and high quality is obtained through simulation optimization, and the method has a greater guiding significance for actual fertilization.

In this test, the individual plant yield of the high yielding segment was higher than 2400g, and the quality composite score of the high yielding segment was higher than 1.000. Setting the coding step length of the nitrogen and silicon fertilization amount to be 0.1, and obtaining 21 multiplied by 21 to 441 fertilization schemes by two factors; then, the 441 fertilization schemes were ranked according to the overall scores of individual plant yield and quality. The statistical analysis was performed on the protocol with yield greater than 2400g per plant and the quality score greater than 1.000, and the results are shown in tables 4 and 5.

TABLE 4 yield > 2400g simulated optimization results

TABLE 5 quality Integrated score > 1.000 simulated optimization results

The yield of the single plant is more than or equal to 2400g, and the N value range is 695.05-748.67 kg/hm²，SiO₂The value range of (a) is 108.42-120.78 kg/hm²The yield of the target individual plant is 2441.628-2451.115 g. The total quality comprehensive scores are more than or equal to 77 schemes with the quality comprehensive score of more than or equal to 1.000, wherein the value range of N is 701.90-749.50 kg/hm²，SiO₂The value range is 110.02-123.52 kg/hm²The target score is 1.073-1.096. Therefore, the nitrogen-silicon fertilization scheme for high yield and high quality of the greenhouse potted fruit cucumber under the test condition is N: 695.05-749.50 kg/hm²，SiO₂：108.42～123.52kg/hm²The ratio of nitrogen to silicon is 1: 0.14-1: 0.18.

The nitrogen and silicon fertilization amount obtained by simulation and optimization has certain fluctuation, high yield and high quality can be achieved, and the feasibility and the practical value are realized by adjusting the fertilization amount according to different environmental conditions in actual application.

Therefore, the finally set nitrogen-silicon fertilization scheme for improving the yield and quality of the fruit cucumbers comprises the following steps: the weight ratio of nitrogen to silicon is 1: 0.14-1: 0.18; the fertilizing amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 695.05-749.50 kg/hm in terms of N²With SiO₂The fertilizing amount of the silicon fertilizer is 108.42-123.52 kg/hm²；

Both silicon fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer are used as base fertilizer.

The nitrogen fertilizer is conventional nitrogen fertilizers (such as organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer), and the silicon fertilizer is micro-nano Silicon (SiO) with average particle size of 4.035 μm₂ 53.1％)。

The other fertilization and daily management modes of the fruit cucumbers refer to cucumber formula fertilization and matched cultivation technology which is published in new crop formula fertilization technology.

Examples 1,

The test site is located on a farm of eight-fortune ecological agriculture development limited company, Jiaxing city, Zhejiang province, and the test time is 6 months and 4 days to 8 months and 5 days in 2020. The basic physicochemical properties of the soil in the test field are as follows: pH 5.91, organic matter 17.3g/kg, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen 134.5mg/kg, available phosphorus 131.7mg/kg, quick-acting potassium 143.2mg/kg, available silicon 109.5 mg/kg. Each cell area is 19.5m²(1 ridge multiplied by 1.5m multiplied by 13m), every two rows, 0.6m of transverse interval and 1m of longitudinal interval between cells.

The method comprises the following specific steps:

applying dry sheep manure (72kg, containing 1.6% of nitrogen) and Aiguofeng (1.1kg, 16-10-16 (the ratio of major elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the fertilizer)), wherein the total nitrogen application amount of the cell is the dry sheep manure and the Aiguofeng. Nitrogen fertilizer (dry sheep manure as organic fertilizer and Aiguofeng as compound fertilizer) and micro-nano silicon fertilizer are applied to each test cell respectively, and are ploughed and uniformly mixed with soil to serve as base fertilizer.

For cucumber variety I (Bili) and cucumber variety II (summer light), the following two groups of fertilization modes are designed (the whole process is represented by "+ Si" to apply micro-nano silicon fertilizer): control group (CK): conventional fertilization; the optimal group is as follows: and optimizing the proportion of nitrogen and silicon. The specific amount of fertilizer applied is shown in table 6.

TABLE 6 concrete fertilization mode and amount of fertilizer application for each treatment

The application effect is as follows:

when the fruit cucumbers can be picked up by one tenth of the whole fruit quantity, harvesting and measuring yield; harvesting once every 3 days in the yield measuring period, weighing each cell for measuring yield, and measuring the yield for 30 days (7 months, 6 days to 8 months, 5 days). Sampling in the full bearing period, taking 4-5 fruits of cucumber with consistent size and maturity in each treatment, and measuring the quality index. The results of the yield and quality measurements are shown in Table 7 below.

TABLE 7 influence of micro-nano silicon fertilizer on fruit cucumber yield, fruit weight and nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity

Note: partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFP) is nitrogen area yield/nitrogen application amount

Compared with the conventional habitual fertilization, the fruit yield of the optimal nitrogen-silicon fertilization scheme is increased by 27.42% to the maximum, the single fruit weight is increased by about 22% to the maximum, the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer is also increased remarkably, and the economic benefit of fruit cucumber planting is improved remarkably.

TABLE 8 quality of fruit cucumbers with different nitrogen and silicon application rates

Compared with the conventional habitual fertilization, the content of vitamin C is improved by 28.57 percent to the maximum, the content of reducing sugar is improved by 34.60 percent to the maximum, the content of soluble protein is improved by 30.00 percent to the maximum, the content of dry matters is improved by 16.27 percent to the maximum, the content of nitrate is reduced by 32.10 percent to a maximum, all quality indexes of the optimal nitrogen-silicon fertilization scheme are obviously improved, and the overall quality is obviously enhanced.

Comparative example 1, the CK in the example 1 is changed into the commonly used fertilizing amount at present, namely the consumption of the dry sheep manure and the Aiguofeng is increased in an equal ratio, so that the nitrogen application amount (kg/hm)²)850, and only "Bilxi" as the experimental subject, the rest is equivalent to example 1.

The results obtained were: the cell yield (kg) is 53.67 + -1.21, the single fruit weight (g) is 116.34 + -4.88, and the nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity (PFP) is 53.67 + -1.21.

Finally, it is also noted that the above-mentioned lists merely illustrate a few specific embodiments of the invention. It is obvious that the invention is not limited to the above embodiments, but that many variations are possible. All modifications which can be derived or suggested by a person skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present invention are to be considered within the scope of the invention.