阅读说明：本技术 神经刺激系统 (Neurostimulation system ) 是由 D·K·L·彼得森 D·J·周 M·多内加 X·蒙 于 2019-12-13 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种用于电刺激神经(3)的系统(1),该系统包括：用于电刺激神经的第一刺激器(5)和第二刺激器(7),第一刺激器和第二刺激器彼此相隔第一距离；以及控制器(9),其被布置成：a)根据第一距离和动作电位在神经中的传播速度来设置时间间隔；b)在第一刺激时段激活第一刺激器,从而引起神经中的电活动；以及c)在第二刺激时段激活第二刺激器,第二刺激时段在第一时间段结束后经过了所述时间间隔之后。优选地,所述时间间隔是第一时间段和允许神经从刺激中恢复的缓冲时间段之和。(A system (1) for electrically stimulating a nerve (3), the system comprising: a first stimulator (5) and a second stimulator (7) for electrically stimulating the nerve, the first stimulator and the second stimulator being spaced apart from each other by a first distance; and a controller (9) arranged to: a) setting a time interval according to the first distance and a propagation speed of the action potential in the nerve; b) activating a first stimulator for a first stimulation period, thereby inducing electrical activity in a nerve; and c) activating the second stimulator for a second stimulation period, the second stimulation period following the elapse of the time interval after the end of the first period. Preferably, the time interval is the sum of the first time period and a buffer time period that allows the nerve to recover from stimulation.)

1. A system for electrically stimulating a nerve, the system comprising:

a first stimulator and a second stimulator for electrically stimulating the nerve, the first stimulator and the second stimulator being spaced apart from each other by a first distance; and

a controller arranged to:

a) setting a time interval according to the first distance and a propagation speed of the action potential in the nerve;

b) activating a first stimulator for a first stimulation period, thereby inducing electrical activity in a nerve; and

c) activating the second stimulator for a second stimulation period, the second stimulation period after the time interval has elapsed after the end of the first period.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the time interval comprises a first time period approximately equal to or greater than the first distance divided by a velocity of propagation of the action potential in the nerve.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the propagation velocity of the action potential in the nerve is about 0.5 mm/ms.

4. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first distance between the first stimulator and the second stimulator is approximately equal to or greater than 3 mm.

5. The system of claims 3 and 4, wherein the first time period is approximately equal to or greater than 6 ms.

6. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first distance between the first stimulator and the second stimulator is equal to or greater than 5 mm.

7. The system of claims 3 and 6, wherein the first time period is approximately equal to or greater than 10 ms.

8. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first distance between the first stimulator and the second stimulator is about 6 mm.

9. The system of claims 3 and 8, wherein the first time period is approximately equal to or greater than 12 ms.

10. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first distance is about 6.4 mm.

11. The system of claims 3 and 10, wherein the first time period is approximately equal to or greater than 12.8 ms.

12. The system according to any of the preceding claims 2, wherein the time interval is set as the sum of a first time period and a buffer time period allowing the nerve to recover from stimulation.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the buffer period is equal to or greater than a length of time required for an effect of the electrical activity induced in the nerve at the location of the second stimulator to decrease below a predetermined threshold or decrease completely.

14. The system of claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the buffer time period is equal to or greater than 10 ms.

15. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the time interval is equal to or less than half of a first stimulation period.

16. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein each of the first and second stimulators comprises one or more electrodes.

17. The system of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising an attachment device for electrically coupling the first and second stimulators to the nerve, wherein the attachment device defines a bore having an inner diameter for receiving the nerve.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein the inner diameter is approximately equal to or greater than 5 mm.

19. The system of claim 17 or claim 18, wherein the inner diameter is approximately equal to or less than 13 mm.

20. The system of any of claims 17 to 19, wherein the inner diameter is approximately 7.5 mm.

21. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the system is attached to a nerve.

22. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the system surrounds a nerve.

23. The system of claim 21 or claim 22, wherein the nerve is an autonomic nerve.

24. The system of any one of claims 21 to 23, wherein the nerve is a splenic nerve.

25. The system of claim 21 or claim 22, wherein the nerve is unmyelinated.

26. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the controller is further arranged to:

step b) is performed after the time interval has elapsed after the end of the second stimulation period.

27. The system of claim 25, wherein the controller is further arranged to:

repeating steps c) and d) to alternately stimulate the first stimulator and the second stimulator.

28. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first stimulation period and the second stimulation period are approximately equal to each other.

29. The system of any one of claims 16 to 28, wherein the system comprises a third electrode.

30. The system of claim 29, wherein the third electrode has a larger surface area than the first and second electrodes.

31. The system of claim 30, wherein the third electrode is an IPG shell.

32. A system for electrically stimulating a nerve, the system comprising:

a first stimulator for electrically stimulating the nerve at a first stimulation site and a second stimulator for electrically stimulating the nerve at a second stimulation site, the first stimulator and the second stimulator being spaced apart from each other by a first distance;

a controller arranged to:

activating the first stimulator for a first stimulation period, thereby causing electrical activity in nerves at the first stimulation site and the second stimulation site; and is

The second stimulator is activated only after the amount of electrical activity elicited at the second stimulation site falls below a threshold amount of electrical activity.

33. A method for electrically stimulating a nerve, the method comprising:

positioning a first stimulator at a first stimulation site of a nerve;

positioning a second stimulator at a second stimulation site of the nerve;

activating a first stimulator for a first period of time, thereby causing electrical activity in nerves at a first stimulation site and a second stimulation site; and is

The second stimulator is activated for a second period of time only after the amount of electrical activity elicited at the second stimulation site falls below a threshold amount of electrical activity.

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for electrically stimulating nerves.

Background

In the treatment of disease, it is desirable to electrically stimulate nerves within a patient at a particular frequency. However, when stimulated at frequencies above a certain level, nerves are prone to fatigue (also known and referred to as slowed action potential conduction, APCS). For example, C-fibers, unmyelinated fibers, which make up the nerves in the splenic neurovascular bundle, are prone to fatigue when stimulated at certain frequencies, APCS, and become increasingly sluggish over time. The reduced reactivity may be due to an extended action potential profile (profile) of the transmembrane and repolarization (Ringkamp et al, 2010 PLoS ONE 5(2): e9076 doi:1371/journal. hole.0009076).

C-fibers, unmyelinated fibers, require much higher electrical stimulation levels to activate than larger nerve fibers in somatic nerves. This exacerbates the fatigue, APCS problem. A high activation threshold also means that nerve activation occurs near the electrode contact where the current density and field curvature are highest. Axonal activation occurs first at the closest electrode contact and axons further away from the electrode contact (e.g., those within the nerve bundle or within the anatomy of the neurovascular bundle) are later activated, or may not be activated at all.

The activation threshold of the cathodic pulse (i.e., the pulse originating from the cathode) is lower than that of the anodic pulse (i.e., the pulse originating from the anode). This threshold difference may be attributed to the polarized resting membrane potential of the axon. However, if the nerve fibers are very close to the cathode contact surface, the cathodic pulse may cause anodic block at the contact edge. Anodal block may block the action potential from propagating along the nerve away from the contact. In contrast, the anodic pulse may be more effective at activating the fibers near the electrodes because depolarization occurs at the contact edge.

Conventional bipolar neural interfaces use electrodes closer to the target organ (i.e., the distal contact) exclusively as the cathode and electrodes further from the target organ (i.e., the proximal contact) exclusively as the anode. The fibers near the cathode surface are anode blocked at the contact edge. Furthermore, fibers deeper below the anode contact surface may not be activated due to higher threshold activation. Furthermore, the current is limited by the higher compliance voltage required for bipolar electrodes compared to monopolar electrodes. Conventional bipolar stimulation fails to take full advantage of each contact's ability to activate nearby nerve fibers.

Therefore, there is a need for systems that more effectively electrically stimulate nerve fibers, e.g., reduce nerve fatigue, APCS, reduce anodal block, and allow for activation of deeper nerve fibers. This new system will produce a larger and more uniform mass of axons that excites and activates the target structure and results in a more effective treatment.

Disclosure of Invention

In one aspect of the invention, there is a system for electrically stimulating a nerve, the system comprising: a first stimulator and a second stimulator for electrically stimulating the nerve, the first stimulator and the second stimulator being spaced apart from each other by a first distance; and a controller arranged to: a) setting a time interval according to the first distance and a propagation speed of the action potential in the nerve; b) activating a first stimulator for a first stimulation period, thereby inducing electrical activity in a nerve; and c) activating the second stimulator for a second stimulation period, the second stimulation period following the elapse of the time interval after the end of the first period.

In this way, the system introduces a delay (i.e., the time interval) between the stimulation applied by the first stimulator and the stimulation applied by the second stimulator. This delay provides time for the nerve to recover (i.e., repolarize) from the first stimulus before applying the second stimulus. In particular, the delay is a function of the distance between the stimulators and the speed of propagation of the action potential in the nerve, which can be used to set the delay to be greater than the time it takes for a stimulus to pass from a first stimulator to a second stimulator. This ensures that the second stimulator does not activate the nerve (or prevent the nerve from being further stimulated) while the nerve is still being stimulated at the location of the second stimulator by the first stimulation. For example, the second stimulator may not attempt to activate a nerve when the action potential of the first stimulator is near the location of the second stimulator. Furthermore, the use of two stimulators placed at different locations reduces the number of stimulations applied at a particular location, thereby reducing nerve fatigue, APCS, at that location.

The time interval may include a first time period that is approximately equal to or greater than the first distance divided by a propagation speed of the action potential in the nerve. In this way, the delay may be equal to or greater than the time it takes for the stimulation to pass from the first stimulator to the second stimulator. This ensures that the second stimulator does not activate the nerve while the nerve is still stimulated at the location of the second stimulator by the first stimulation. For example, the second stimulator may not attempt to activate a nerve when the action potential of the first stimulator is near the location of the second stimulator.

In one example, the velocity of the action potential in the nerve is approximately 0.5 mm/ms. This may be the case when the nerve is an autonomic nerve, such as the splenic nerve. In one example, the first distance between the first stimulator and the second stimulator is approximately equal to or greater than 3 mm. When the first distance is approximately equal to or greater than 3mm, the first time period is approximately equal to or greater than 6 ms. The first time period is approximately equal to or greater than 10ms when the first distance between the first stimulator and the second stimulator is equal to or greater than 5 mm. The first time period is approximately equal to or greater than 12ms when the first distance between the first stimulator and the second stimulator is approximately 6 mm. When the first distance is about 6.4mm, the first time period is approximately equal to or greater than 12.8 ms. These parameters ensure that the second stimulator does not activate the nerve while the nerve is still stimulated at the location of the second stimulator by the first stimulation. For example, the parameters are such that the second stimulator does not attempt to activate the nerve when the action potential due to the first stimulus is near the location of the second stimulator.

The time interval may be set to the sum of the first time period and a buffer time period that allows the nerve to recover from stimulation. This helps to ensure that the nerve has sufficient time to fully recover before the second stimulus is applied. The buffer period may be equal to or greater than a length of time required for the effect of the electrical activity induced in the nerve at the location of the second stimulator to decrease below a predetermined threshold or decrease completely. For example, the buffering period may be equal to or greater than 10 ms. This provides sufficient time for the autonomic nerve fibers to recover. Electrical activity in nerves is associated with the recovery of sodium channels in the nerves to the point where these channels can be electrically activated again. The end of the buffer period may be set to be after the relative refractory period of the nerve. This may be when most of the sodium channels have returned to an excited state.

The time interval is equal to or less than half of the first stimulation period. This is the preferred maximum length of time between the first and second stimuli. It is desirable to maximize the time between pulses so that the nerve has as much time as possible to return to the most excited state. In the case of unmyelinated fibers (e.g., C fibers) being activated, more time may be required to recover than other nerves.

Each of the first and second stimulators may include one or more electrodes. The system may also include attachment means (attachment means) for electrically coupling the first stimulator and the second stimulator to the nerve, wherein the attachment means defines a hole having an inner diameter for receiving the nerve. The inner diameter may be approximately equal to or greater than 5 mm. The inner diameter may be approximately equal to or less than 13 mm. The inner diameter may be approximately 7.5 mm.

The system may be attached to a nerve. The system may be attached to a neural tissue structure, such as a neurovascular bundle. The nerve may be an autonomic nerve, such as a spleen nerve of the patient. The nerve may be an unmyelinated nerve.

The system may surround the nerve, for example, the system may partially or completely surround the nerve. The system surrounding the nerve may be attached to the nerve. The system surrounding the nerve may not be attached to the nerve, but may be in physical contact with the nerve. The nerve may be an autonomic nerve, such as a spleen nerve of the patient. The nerve may be an unmyelinated nerve.

The controller may be further arranged to: step b) is performed after the time interval has elapsed after the end of the second stimulation period. The controller may be further arranged to: repeating steps c) and d) to alternately stimulate the first stimulator and the second stimulator. Thus, the first stimulator and the second stimulator may be stimulated alternately and repeatedly. The first stimulation period and the second stimulation period may be approximately equal to each other. This equalizes the stimulation between the first and second stimulators, eliminating any fatigue, APCS effects on the stimulators.

In another aspect of the invention, there is a system for electrically stimulating a nerve, the system comprising: a first stimulator for electrically stimulating the nerve at a first stimulation site and a second stimulator for electrically stimulating the nerve at a second stimulation site, the first stimulator and the second stimulator being spaced apart from each other by a first distance; a controller arranged to: activating the first stimulator for a first stimulation period, thereby causing electrical activity in nerves at the first stimulation site and the second stimulation site; and activating the second stimulator only after the amount of electrical activity elicited at the second stimulation site falls below a threshold amount of electrical activity.

In another aspect of the invention, there is a method for electrically stimulating a nerve, the method comprising: positioning a first stimulator at a first stimulation site of a nerve; positioning a second stimulator at a second stimulation site of the nerve; activating a first stimulator for a first period of time, thereby causing electrical activity in nerves at a first stimulation site and a second stimulation site; and activating the second stimulator for a second period of time only after the amount of electrical activity elicited at the second stimulation site falls below a threshold amount of electrical activity.

Drawings

Embodiments of the invention will be described, by way of example, with reference to the following drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates how the reactivity of the spleen nerve varies as a percentage of peak response with respect to the number of pulses applied thereto and the stimulation frequency;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a neurostimulation system;

FIG. 3 illustrates another example of a neurostimulation system;

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of stimulation timing;

FIG. 5 illustrates another example of stimulation timing; and

fig. 6 illustrates another example of stimulation timing.

Fig. 7 illustrates the effect of pulse number on latency (right panel), and thus on conduction velocity, and the relative amplitude of the Compound Action Potential (CAP) during stimulation of the spleen nerve (unmyelinated axons) at different frequencies (left panel).

Detailed Description

Figure 1 illustrates how the reactivity of the splenic nerves (unmyelinated fibers) varies as a percentage of peak reaction with respect to the number of pulses applied. As shown in fig. 1, when the spleen nerve was stimulated at a frequency of 30Hz, the fatigue rate of the nerve, APCS, was high. Stimulation at a frequency of 10Hz also causes nerve fatigue, APCS, but at a slower rate. In contrast, stimulating the nerve at a frequency of 1Hz and with 5 10Hz pulses every 5 seconds results in less fatigue, APCS. Stimulating the nerve at a frequency of 1Hz hardly results in a conduction slowing, while stimulating the nerve with 5 10Hz pulses every 5 seconds is also effective in preventing a conduction slowing. However, it is not desirable that the stimulation be limited to only these frequencies and stimulation patterns. Frequencies between 1Hz and 10Hz are desired.

Depending on the delay between two pulses (stimulation frequency) and the total number of pulses generated, unmyelinated fibers show a decrease in conduction velocity when they are stimulated prior to a conditioned stimulation. This phenomenon manifests itself in a decrease in CAP amplitude and an increase in latency and a decrease in conduction velocity when CAP is recorded.

Referring to fig. 2, there is a system 1 for electrically stimulating a nerve 3. The system comprises a first stimulator 5 and a second stimulator 7 operatively coupled to a controller 9, the controller 9 controlling the application by the stimulators 5, 7And (5) stimulating. The stimulators 5, 7 are attached to a neural interface 9, such as an electrode cuff. The neural interface 9 includes a structure having an inner diameter (id)₁) Bore, inner diameter (id)₁) Is sized to receive a nerve 3. The first and second stimulators 5, 7 are separated by a first distance (d)₁）。

Inner diameter (id)₁) May be approximately equal to or greater than 5 mm. Inner diameter (id)₁) May be approximately equal to or less than 13 mm. Inner diameter (id)₁) May be approximately 7.5 mm. These parameters are preferably used for the splenic nerve of a human subject.

In the example shown in fig. 2, the first stimulator 5 comprises a first electrode 11 and the second stimulator 7 comprises a second electrode 13. The controller 9 is configured to stimulate the electrodes 11, 13 so as to provide either anodic pulses, during which the controller 9 applies a negative current to one of the electrodes, or cathodic pulses, during which the controller 9 applies a positive current to one of the electrodes.

The controller 9 is arranged to activate the first stimulator 5 to provide a first electrical stimulus to the nerve 3 for a first stimulation period. This causes electrical activity in the nerve 3, which may be an action potential in the nerve 3. This electrical activity is transmitted along the nerve between the first stimulator 5 and the second stimulator 7.

The controller 9 is further arranged to activate the second stimulator 7 to provide a second stimulation to the nerve 3 for a second stimulation period. This causes electrical activity in the nerve 3, which may be an action potential in the nerve. This electrical activity is transmitted along the nerve between the second stimulator 7 and the first stimulator 75.

The controller 9 may be configured to operate the first electrode 11 as a cathode and the second electrode 12 as an anode during the first phase. Then, the controller 9 may be configured to operate the first electrode 11 as an anode and the second electrode 13 as a cathode during the second phase. The first and second phases may be within the same stimulation period.

The controller 9 is arranged to set a time interval defining a delay between stimulating the first stimulator 5 and the second stimulator 7. This may be pre-programmed and/or the controller 9 may be provided with a user interface allowing the operator to set the time interval.

Referring to fig. 3, there is a system 1 for electrically stimulating a nerve 3, similar to the system 1 described with reference to fig. 2. In the system 1 shown in fig. 3, the first stimulator 5 comprises a first electrode 11 and a third electrode 12. In addition, the second stimulator 7 includes a second electrode 13 and a third electrode 12. Thus, the first stimulator 11 and the second stimulator 7 share the third electrode 12.

In further embodiments, the third electrode has a larger surface area than the first electrode and the second electrode. The third electrode may be, for example, an IPG shell.

The controller 9 is configured to stimulate the electrodes 11, 12, 13 to provide either anodic pulses, during which the controller 9 applies a negative current to one of the electrodes, or cathodic pulses, during which the controller 9 applies a positive current to one of the electrodes.

In a similar manner to that described above, the controller 9 is arranged to activate the first stimulator 5 to provide a first electrical stimulus to the nerve 3 for a first stimulation period. In one example, this involves stimulating the first electrode 11 and/or the third electrode 12 to provide an anodic pulse or a cathodic pulse. For the anodic pulse, the controller 9 applies a negative current to either the first electrode 11 or the third electrode 12. For the cathodic pulse, the controller 9 applies a positive current to either the first electrode 11 or the third electrode 12.

The controller 9 is further arranged to activate the second stimulator 7 to provide a second stimulation to the nerve 3 for a second stimulation period. In one example, this involves stimulating the second electrode 13 and the third electrode 12 to provide either an anodic pulse or a cathodic pulse. For the anodic pulse, the controller 9 applies a negative current to either the second electrode 13 or the third electrode 12. For the cathodic pulse, the controller 9 applies a positive current to either the second electrode 13 or the third electrode 12.

The controller 9 may be configured to operate the first electrode 11 and/or the second electrode 13 as a cathode and the third electrode 12 as an anode during the first phase. Then, the controller 9 may be configured to operate the first electrode 11 and/or the second electrode 13 as an anode and the third electrode 12 as a cathode during the second phase. The first and second phases may be within the same stimulation period.

Fig. 4 illustrates an example of stimulation timing provided by the system 1 described with reference to fig. 2 and 3. There is a first timing 101 illustrating the stimulation provided by the first stimulator 5, a second timing 102 illustrating the stimulation provided by the second stimulator 7, and a combined timing 103 illustrating the combined effect of the stimulation provided by the first and second stimulators 5, 7 in the nerve 3.

Referring to fig. 2 to 4, first the first stimulator 5 is operated for a first stimulation time period (t)₁) The nerve 3 is stimulated with a first electrical stimulus 111. Next, the second stimulator 7 stimulates for a second stimulation period (t)₂) The nerve 3 is stimulated with a second stimulus 121. The first stimulator 5 then stimulates the nerve 3 with the third electrical stimulation 112 for a first stimulation period, and thereafter the second stimulator 7 stimulates the nerve 3 with the fourth stimulation 122 for a second stimulation period. The process may be repeated such that the first and second stimulators 5, 7 are activated alternately.

In fig. 4, the stimuli 111, 121, 112, 122 are square wave pulses. However, this is only an example and different stimulation patterns, such as bursts of pulses and/or biphasic pulses, may be used.

As can be seen from fig. 4, there is a time interval (t) between the first electrical stimulus 112 and the second electrical stimulus 121_i). This is the delay between the end of the first stimulus 112 and the start of the second stimulus 121.

Setting a time interval (t)_i) In order to ensure that the electrical activity caused by the first stimulus has subsided in the vicinity of the second stimulator before the second stimulus is activated. The delay is set to the distance between the stimulators 5, 7 (i.e. the first distance d)₁) And the speed of propagation of action potentials in the nerve.

In this example, the time interval (t)_i) Comprises a first distance (d)₁) And at least one component (t) defined as a function of the propagation velocity_c) (i.e., the first time period). The function defines a first time period approximately equal to or greater than a first distance (d)₁) Divided by the velocity (v) of propagation of the action potential in the nerve. Conveying applianceThe play speed is the speed at which electrical signals will be transmitted between the stimulators 5, 7. The function can be written as follows:

。

for example, the propagation velocity of autonomic nerves such as unmyelinated C fibers in the spleen nerve is 0.5 mm/ms. Stimulation period t₁And t₂May each be equal to 1 ms.

Thus, the function may define the first time period as listed in the following table, resulting in the combined effective stimulation frequency shown in table 1:

referring to table 1, it can be appreciated that this system allows for higher stimulation frequencies while reducing fatigue in the nerve, the problem of APCS.

In another such example, the time interval (t)_i) Including at least a first time period (t) defined by the above function_c) And a buffering period of time (t)_b). Time interval (t)_i) Is defined as being greater than or equal to a first time period (t)_c) And a buffering period of time (t)_b) And (4) summing. The function can be written as follows:

。

buffer time period (t)_b) May be equal to or greater than 10 ms. This provides sufficient time for the autonomic nerve fibers to recover. However, other time periods may be used depending on the type of nerve. For example, different fiber types and diameters will have different refractory periods. The recovery time of the myelinated fibers is very short, on the order of a few milliseconds. Unmyelinated fibers, such as C-fibers, require a recovery time of about 10 ms. Within one fiber type, the recovery time is shorter for larger diameters and longer for smaller diameters. In addition, the method can be used for producing a composite materialIncreasing the buffer period (t)_b) Will increase the likelihood that the nerve will recover completely before the next stimulus is applied, but will decrease the frequency. On the other hand, the buffering period (t) is reduced_b) Will reduce the likelihood of the nerve recovering completely before the next stimulus is applied, but will increase the frequency. The buffering period (t) can be adjusted_b) In order to find the best trade-off between frequency and recovery. The operator may adjust the buffer time period (t) by interacting with a user interface at the controller 9_b）。

Table 2 shows when using a propagation velocity (v) of 0.5 mm/ms and a stimulation period (t)₁、t₂) Time intervals (t) of respective times_i) Values and resulting frequencies.

Referring to table 2, it can be appreciated that this system allows for higher stimulation frequencies while reducing fatigue in the nerve, the problem of APCS.

Fig. 5 and 6 illustrate specific examples of stimulation patterns provided by the system 1. Referring to fig. 5, the system 1 alternates waveform polarity at each stimulator 5, 7 to allow anodal and cathodal activation. As previously described, anodal stimulation may activate nerve fibers very close to the contact surface, while cathodal stimulation may activate fibers deeper. Thus, nerve fibers close to and further away from the electrodes can be activated by using the waveform shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 5 illustrates a contact arrangement formed by the distal end (E)_d) Near-end contact (E)_p) And current provided in the case of a bipolar neural interface. As shown, the neural interface stimulates the nerve with a symmetrical biphasic waveform. In this example, the shell always acts as an anode, while the proximal and distal contacts are always cathodes, with the two different timing channels running at the same rate 180 ° out of phase. By 180 degrees out of phase is meant that the ordered spacing is one half of the timing channel spacing to maximize recovery time in the event that the fiber is activated by two contacts.

For a bipolar nerve interface with proximal and distal contacts spaced about 6mm apart from each other along the length of the splenic nerve, an action potential with a conduction velocity of 0.5m/s will take about 12ms to propagate between the contacts. The available recovery time for the nerve is half the interval minus about 12ms, or 38ms for 10pps stimulation (i.e., 50ms order interval). In other words, if it takes 12ms for the action potential to propagate to the second contact, the fibre at the second contact recovers 38ms after activation by the delivered action potential. The pulse rate per contact is 10pps, so there is 50ms after the first contact is triggered before the second contact is triggered (the recovery time under the second contact is 50ms-12ms =38 ms). The recovery time (refractory time) for the first stimulated unmyelinated fibers (e.g., C fibers) was less than 10 ms. This indicates that if the average pulse rate is about 1pps, the burst rate can be as high as 30pps without fatigue, APCS or outlet blockage. The charge recovery phase of each pulse is delayed by at least 0.1ms in order to lower the activation threshold by avoiding membrane polarization reversal at the activation site prior to sodium channel activation.

The alternating monopolar stimulation shown in fig. 5 allows all stimulator output currents to be concentrated on a larger surface area subset of contacts using an Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) housing to reduce the required compliance voltage and reduce the current density to avoid IPG capsular bag stimulation.

Fig. 6 illustrates a stimulation pattern requiring four timing channels to sequence the proximal and distal contacts into an anode and a cathode. This allows fibers very close to the contact surface to be activated by an anodic pulse, while fibers deeper are activated by a cathodic pulse. When limited to two timing channels, alternating bipolar waveforms can be used to achieve the same effect as the monopolar stimulation alternation shown in fig. 5.

Passive charge recovery is used in this example as a way to avoid any possible activation by the recharge phase. Even with symmetric biphasic pulses, there may be no recharge phase activation, as the membrane polarization reversal after the subthreshold primary phase is generally non-excitatory.

The term "comprising" encompasses "including" as well as "consisting of … …," e.g., a composition of "comprising" X may consist of X alone or may encompass additional things, such as X + Y. Each embodiment described herein may be combined with another embodiment described herein, unless otherwise specified.

The methods described herein may be performed by software in machine readable form on a tangible storage medium, for example in the form of a computer program comprising computer program code means adapted to perform all the steps of any of the methods described herein, when the program is run on a computer and in case the computer program may be embodied on a computer readable medium. Examples of tangible (or non-transitory) storage media include disks, thumb drives, memory cards, and the like, without including propagated signals. The software may be adapted for execution on a parallel processor or a serial processor such that the method steps may be performed in any suitable order, or simultaneously. This acknowledges that firmware and software can be valuable, separately tradable commodities. It is intended to encompass software running on or controlling a "low energy terminal (dumb)" or standard hardware to achieve the desired functionality. It is also intended to encompass software which "describes" or defines the configuration of hardware to achieve a desired function, such as HDL (hardware description language) software for designing silicon chips or for configuring general purpose programmable chips.

It will be appreciated that the modules described herein, such as the controller, may be implemented in hardware or software. Further, the modules may be implemented at various locations throughout the system.

Those skilled in the art will realize that storage devices utilized to store program instructions can be distributed across a network. For example, the remote computer may store an example of the process described as software. A local or terminal computer may access the remote computer and download a part or all of the software to run the program. Alternatively, the local computer may download pieces of the software, as needed, or execute some software instructions at the local terminal and some at the remote computer (or computer network). Those skilled in the art will also realize that by utilizing conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art that all, or a portion of the software instructions may be carried out by a dedicated circuit, such as a DSP, programmable logic array, or the like.

As will be apparent to the skilled person, any of the ranges or device values given herein may be extended or modified without losing the effect sought.

It will be appreciated that the benefits and advantages described above may relate to one embodiment or may relate to multiple embodiments. Embodiments are not limited to those that solve any or all of the problems or those that have any or all of the benefits and advantages described.

Any reference to "an" item refers to one or more of those items. The term "comprising" is used herein to mean including the identified method blocks or elements, but such blocks or elements do not include an exclusive list, and a method or apparatus may include additional blocks or elements.

The steps of the methods described herein may be carried out simultaneously or in any suitable order where appropriate. Moreover, individual blocks may be deleted from any of the methods without departing from the spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. Aspects of any of the examples described above may be combined with aspects of any of the other examples described to form further examples without losing the effect sought. Any of the modules described above may be implemented in hardware or software.

It will be understood that the above description of the preferred embodiments is given by way of example only and that various modifications may be made by those skilled in the art. Although various embodiments have been described above with a certain degree of particularity, or with reference to one or more individual embodiments, those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the scope of the claims.