阅读说明：本技术 连续聚焦期间具有改善的图像质量的可变透镜、视频记录装置及包括该可变透镜和该视频记录装置的系统和方法 (Variable lens with improved image quality during continuous focusing, video recording device, and system and method including the variable lens and the video recording device ) 是由 约翰·D·杜克 吴奇祥 雷蒙德·米勒·卡拉姆 约瑟夫·马歇尔·库尼克 保罗·迈克尔·特恩 于 2020-03-12 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种液体透镜,可包括腔、设置在所述腔内的第一液体和设置在所述腔内的第二液体。通过调节由所述第一液体和所述第二液体限定的可变界面的形状,可调节所述液体透镜的焦点。在以具有20屈光度的峰谷幅度和2Hz的频率的周期性振荡调节所述液体透镜的所述焦点时,以1ms间隔测量到的所述液体透镜的均方根(RMS)波前误差(WFE)在所述周期性振荡的一个完整周期中可保持在100nm或更小。(A liquid lens may include a cavity, a first liquid disposed within the cavity, and a second liquid disposed within the cavity. The focus of the liquid lens may be adjusted by adjusting the shape of a variable interface defined by the first liquid and the second liquid. In adjusting the focus of the liquid lens with periodic oscillations having a peak-to-valley amplitude of 20 diopters and a frequency of 2Hz, a Root Mean Square (RMS) wavefront error (WFE) of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals may be maintained at 100nm or less for one complete cycle of the periodic oscillations.)

1. A liquid lens comprising:

a cavity;

a first liquid disposed within the cavity; and

a second liquid disposed within the cavity;

wherein a focus of the liquid lens is adjustable by adjusting a shape of a variable interface defined by the first liquid and the second liquid; and is

Wherein a Root Mean Square (RMS) wavefront error (WFE) of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals remains at 100nm or less for one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation when adjusting the focus of the liquid lens with the periodic oscillation having a peak-to-valley amplitude of 20 diopters and a frequency of 2 Hz.

2. The liquid lens of claim 1, wherein the periodic oscillations comprise a peak at 22 diopters and a trough at 2 diopters.

3. The liquid lens of claim 1, wherein the periodic oscillations comprise a peak at 15 diopters and a trough at-5 diopters.

4. The liquid lens of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a field of view (FOV) of the liquid lens remains substantially constant during the one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation.

5. The liquid lens of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the first liquid and the second liquid contact each other at the interface.

6. The liquid lens of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the first liquid and the second liquid are separated from each other at the interface by a membrane.

7. The liquid lens of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the RMS WFE of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals remains at 80nm or less during the one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation.

8. The liquid lens of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the RMS WFE of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals remains at 70nm or less during the one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation.

9. The liquid lens of any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising:

a common electrode in electrical communication with the first liquid; and

a drive electrode insulated from each of the first and second liquids;

wherein the focus of the liquid lens is adjustable by adjusting a voltage between the common electrode and the drive electrode to adjust the shape of the variable interface defined by the first liquid and the second liquid.

10. The liquid lens as claimed in claim 9, wherein the driving electrode is disposed on a side wall of the cavity.

11. The liquid lens of claim 10, wherein the drive electrode comprises a single drive electrode substantially surrounding the sidewall of the cavity.

12. The liquid lens of claim 10, wherein the drive electrode comprises a plurality of drive electrodes distributed substantially uniformly around the sidewall of the cavity.

13. A method of recording video, the method comprising:

adjusting a focal point of the liquid lens from a first focal length to a second focal length; and

during adjusting the focus of the liquid lens, image light passing through the liquid lens and incident on an image sensor is captured at an image capture rate of at least 30 frames per second (fps) to record the video.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the image capture rate is at least 240 fps.

15. The method of claim 13 or claim 14, wherein the image capture rate is at least 960 fps.

16. The method of any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein:

a video recording device comprising the liquid lens and the image sensor comprises a Spatial Frequency Response (SFR) of at least 35% up to a maximum full field in a focal range of the liquid lens measured according to ISO12233:2017 at 1/4 nyquist frequency;

the focal range is 0 diopters to 30 diopters; and is

The maximum full field is 50 degrees.

17. The method of any one of claims 13 to 16, wherein:

the adjusting the focus of the liquid lens comprises: adjusting the focus of the liquid lens at a focus adjustment rate; and is

The ratio of the focus adjustment rate to the image capture rate is 0.1 diopter/frame to 0.5 diopter/frame.

18. A video recording apparatus comprising:

an image sensor;

an optical system positioned to focus an image on the image sensor and comprising a variable focus lens; and

a controller operable to:

adjusting the focus of the variable focal length lens at a focus adjustment rate during focusing; and

repeatedly capturing said image focused on said image sensor during said focusing at an image capture rate of at least 30 frames per second (fps) to record video;

wherein a ratio of the focus adjustment rate to the image capture rate is 0.1 diopter/frame to 0.5 diopter/frame.

19. The video recording device of claim 18, comprising:

a Spatial Frequency Response (SFR) of at least 35% up to a maximum full field in the focal range of the variable focus lens measured at 1/4 Nyquist frequencies according to ISO12233: 2017;

wherein the focal range is 0 diopters to 30 diopters; and is

Wherein the maximum full field is 50 degrees.

20. The video recording device as claimed in claim 18 or claim 19 wherein the image capture rate is at least 240 fps.

21. The video recording device of any one of claims 18 to 20, wherein the image capture rate is at least 960 fps.

22. The video recording device of any of claims 18 to 21, wherein:

the variable focal length lens comprises a liquid lens comprising a cavity, a first liquid disposed within the cavity, and a second liquid disposed within the cavity; and is

The focus of the liquid lens may be adjusted by adjusting the shape of a variable interface defined by the first liquid and the second liquid.

23. The video recording device of claim 22, wherein a Root Mean Square (RMS) wavefront error (WFE) of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals remains at 100nm or less for one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation when adjusting the focus of the liquid lens with the periodic oscillation having a peak-to-valley amplitude of 20 diopters and a frequency of 2 Hz.

24. An electronic device, comprising:

the video recording device of any one of claims 18 to 23; and

a camera module;

wherein the electronic device is operable to record the video using the video recording device and to capture a still photograph using the camera module.

25. A liquid lens comprising:

a cavity;

a first liquid disposed within the cavity; and

a second liquid disposed within the cavity;

wherein a focus of the liquid lens is adjustable by adjusting a shape of a variable interface defined by the first liquid and the second liquid; and is

Wherein a Root Mean Square (RMS) wavefront error (WFE) of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals remains at 100nm or less for one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation when adjusting the focus of the liquid lens with the periodic oscillation having a peak-to-valley amplitude of 22 diopters and a frequency of 10 Hz.

26. A liquid lens comprising:

a cavity;

a first liquid disposed within the cavity; and

a second liquid disposed within the cavity;

wherein a focus of the liquid lens is adjustable by adjusting a shape of a variable interface defined by the first liquid and the second liquid; and is

Wherein a Root Mean Square (RMS) wavefront error (WFE) of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals remains at 300nm or less for one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation when adjusting the focus of the liquid lens with the periodic oscillation having a peak-to-valley amplitude of 69 diopters and a frequency of 2 Hz.

27. The liquid lens of claim 26, wherein the RMS WFE of the liquid lens measured at the equal 1ms intervals remains 100nm or less in a portion of the one full cycle of the periodic oscillation in which the focal point of the liquid lens is less than 40 diopters.

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to variable lenses, and more particularly, to variable lenses with improved image quality during continuous focusing, and video recording devices, and systems and methods including such liquid lenses and/or video recording devices.

Background

Liquid lenses typically include two immiscible liquids disposed within a chamber. Varying the electric field experienced by the liquids can change the wettability of one of the liquids with respect to the chamber walls, thereby changing the shape of the meniscus formed between the two liquids.

Disclosure of Invention

Variable lenses, video recording devices, and systems and methods including such variable lenses and/or video recording devices are disclosed herein.

Disclosed herein is a liquid lens comprising a cavity, a first liquid disposed within the cavity, and a second liquid disposed within the cavity. By adjusting the shape of the variable interface defined by the first liquid and the second liquid, the focus of the liquid lens can be adjusted. In adjusting the focus of a liquid lens with periodic oscillation having a peak-to-valley amplitude of 20 diopters and a frequency of 2Hz, a Root Mean Square (RMS) wavefront error (WFE) of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals is maintained at 100nm or less for one complete period of the periodic oscillation.

Disclosed herein is a method of recording video, the method comprising: the focus of the liquid lens is adjusted from a first focal length to a second focal length, and image light passing through the liquid lens and incident on the image sensor is captured at an image capture rate of at least 30 frames per second (fps) during adjustment of the focus of the liquid lens to record video.

Disclosed herein is a video recording apparatus including: an image sensor; an optical system positioned to focus an image on an image sensor and comprising a variable focus lens; and a controller operable to adjust the focus of the variable focusing lens at a focus adjustment rate during focusing, and repeatedly capture an image focused on the image sensor at an image capture rate of at least 30 frames per second (fps) to record video. The ratio of the focus adjustment rate to the image capture rate is 0.1 diopter/frame to 0.5 diopter/frame.

An electronic device is disclosed herein that includes a video recording device and a camera module. The electronic device is operable to record video using the video recording device and to capture still photographs using the camera module.

A liquid lens is disclosed herein that includes a chamber, a first liquid disposed within the chamber, and a second liquid disposed within the chamber. By adjusting the shape of the variable interface defined by the first liquid and the second liquid, the focus of the liquid lens can be adjusted. In adjusting the focus of a liquid lens with periodic oscillation having a peak-to-valley amplitude of 22 diopters and a frequency of 10Hz, a Root Mean Square (RMS) wavefront error (WFE) of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals remains at 100nm or less for one complete period of the periodic oscillation.

A liquid lens is disclosed herein that includes a chamber, a first liquid disposed within the chamber, and a second liquid disposed within the chamber. By adjusting the shape of the variable interface defined by the first liquid and the second liquid, the focus of the liquid lens can be adjusted. When adjusting the focus of a liquid lens with periodic oscillations (having a peak-to-valley amplitude of 69 diopters and a frequency of 2 Hz), the Root Mean Square (RMS) wavefront error (WFE) of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals remains at 300nm or less for the entire period of the periodic oscillations.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed subject matter. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the description, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiments and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operations of the embodiments.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of some embodiments of a liquid lens.

Fig. 2 is a schematic front view of some embodiments of the liquid lens shown in fig. 1, as seen through the first outer layer of the liquid lens.

Fig. 3 is a schematic rear view of some embodiments of the liquid lens shown in fig. 1, as seen through the second outer layer of the liquid lens.

FIG. 4 is a graph representing image quality of some embodiments of a liquid lens as its focal point sweeps through a range of focal lengths.

FIG. 5 is a graph representing image quality of some embodiments of a liquid lens as its focal point sweeps through a range of focal lengths.

FIG. 6 is a graph representing image quality of some embodiments of a liquid lens as its focal point sweeps through a range of focal lengths.

Fig. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of some embodiments of a video recording apparatus.

Figure 8 is a block diagram illustrating some embodiments of a video recording system.

Fig. 9 is a schematic ray diagram of some embodiments of the video recording device shown in fig. 7.

Fig. 10A to 10N are graphs representing modeled Spatial Frequency Responses (SFRs) for the entire field of some embodiments of the video recording apparatus shown in fig. 9 as the focal point of the liquid lens is swept through the focal range as shown in fig. 6.

Fig. 11 is a schematic back view of some embodiments of a smartphone including a video recording device.

Figure 12 is a flow diagram illustrating some embodiments of a method for recording video.

Detailed Description

Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments, which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the embodiments.

Numerical values including range endpoints may be expressed herein as approximations preceded by the use of the term "about," "approximately," or the like. In this case, other embodiments include specific numerical values. Whether or not numerical values are expressed as approximations, the disclosure includes two embodiments: one is expressed as an approximation and the other is not expressed as an approximation. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.

In various embodiments, a liquid lens includes a cavity, a first liquid disposed within the cavity, and a second liquid disposed within the cavity. In some embodiments, the focus of the liquid lens may be adjusted by adjusting the shape of a variable interface defined by the first liquid and the second liquid. Additionally or alternatively, when adjusting the focus of the liquid lens with periodic oscillations having a peak-to-valley amplitude of 20 diopters and a frequency of 2Hz, or a higher frequency of 10Hz, the Root Mean Square (RMS) wavefront error (WFE) of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals remains at 100nm or less for one complete cycle of the periodic oscillations.

In various embodiments, a method of recording video, comprising: the focus of the liquid lens is adjusted from a first focal length to a second focal length, and image light passing through the liquid lens and incident on the image sensor is captured at an image capture rate of at least 30 frames per second (fps) during adjustment of the focus of the liquid lens to record video. In some embodiments, a video recording device comprising a liquid lens and an image sensor, the video recording device comprising a Spatial Frequency Response (SFR) of at least 35% up to a maximum full field in a focal range of the liquid lens measured according to ISO12233:2017 at 1/4 nyquist frequency, wherein the focal length range is 0 diopters to 30 diopters and the maximum full field is 50 degrees. Additionally or alternatively, adjusting the focus of the liquid lens comprises: the focus of the liquid lens is adjusted at a focus adjustment rate, and a ratio of the focus adjustment rate to the image capturing rate is 0.1 diopter/frame to 0.5 diopter/frame.

In various embodiments, a video recording device includes an image sensor and an optical system positioned to focus an image on the image sensor and including a variable focal length lens. In some such embodiments, the controller is operable to adjust the focus of the variable focusing lens at a focus adjustment rate during focusing and repeatedly capture images focused on the image sensor at an image capture rate of at least 30 frames per second (fps) to record video. In some embodiments, the ratio of the focus adjustment rate to the image capture rate is 0.1 diopter/frame to 0.5 diopter/frame. Such a focus transition may enable sufficiently fast autofocus without producing image blur that may be caused by higher speed transitions (e.g., at rates higher than 0.5 diopter/frame, such as 0.75 diopter/frame or 1 diopter/frame).

In some embodiments, the liquid lenses described herein are capable of maintaining a relatively low RMS WFE when the focal point of the liquid lens transitions from a first focal length to a second focal length. For example, a relatively low RMS WFE may be achieved by a relatively uniform (e.g., smooth) shape of the variable interface defined between the first and second liquids during the transition, and/or by a velocity of the transformed variable interface (e.g., a response time of the liquid lens). In some embodiments, as described herein, multiple images formed by passing image light through a liquid lens may be captured in succession by a high frame rate to record video (e.g., high speed video). For example, the frame rate may be high enough to cause an image to be captured while the focus of the liquid lens is transitioning, rather than waiting for the liquid lens to stabilize (e.g., to a particular focal length) before capturing the image. In some embodiments, such video may have a suitable image quality as reflected by the SFR of the optical system (e.g., due to the relatively low RMS WFE of the liquid lens during the transition). Thus, the liquid lenses described herein may enable video (e.g., high speed video) to be recorded during continuous focusing.

Fig. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of some embodiments of a liquid lens 100. In some embodiments, the liquid lens 100 includes a lens body 102 and a cavity 104 formed in the lens body. A first liquid 106 and a second liquid 108 are disposed within the cavity 104. In some embodiments, the first liquid 106 is a polar liquid or a conductive liquid. Additionally or alternatively, the second liquid 108 is a non-polar liquid or an insulating liquid. In some embodiments, the first liquid 106 and the second liquid 108 have different refractive indices such that an interface 110 between the first liquid and the second liquid forms a lens. In some embodiments, the first liquid 106 and the second liquid 108 have substantially the same density, which may help avoid changes in the shape of the interface 110 due to changing the physical orientation of the liquid lens 100 (e.g., due to gravity).

In some embodiments, the first liquid 106 and the second liquid 108 are in direct contact with each other at an interface 110. For example, the first liquid 106 and the second liquid 108 are substantially immiscible in each other such that a contact surface between the first liquid and the second liquid defines an interface 110. In some embodiments, the first liquid 106 and the second liquid 108 are separated from each other at an interface 110. For example, the first liquid 106 and the second liquid 108 are separated from each other by a membrane (e.g., a polymer membrane) that defines an interface 110.

In some embodiments, the cavity 104 includes a first portion (or headspace) 104A and a second portion (or bottom portion) 104B. For example, the second portion 104B of the cavity 104 is defined by an aperture in an intermediate layer of the liquid lens 100 as described herein. Additionally or alternatively, the first portion 104A of the cavity 104 is defined by a recess in the first outer layer of the liquid lens 100 and/or is disposed outside of an aperture in the intermediate layer as described herein. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the first liquid 106 is disposed in the first portion 104A of the cavity 104. Additionally or alternatively, the second liquid 108 is disposed within the second portion 104B of the chamber body 104. For example, substantially all or a portion of the second liquid 108 is disposed within the second portion 104B of the chamber 104. In some embodiments, the perimeter of the interface 110 (e.g., the interface edge in contact with the cavity sidewall) is disposed within the second portion 104B of the cavity 104.

The interface 110 may be adjusted via electrowetting. For example, a voltage may be applied between the first liquid 106 and the surface of the chamber 104 (e.g., an electrode located near and insulated from the surface of the chamber as described herein) to increase or decrease the wettability of the chamber surface with respect to the first liquid and to change the shape of the interface 110. In some embodiments, adjusting interface 110 changes the shape of the interface, which changes the focal length or focus of liquid lens 100. For example, such a change in focal length may enable the liquid lens 100 to perform an auto-focus function. Additionally or alternatively, the adjustment interface 110 tilts the interface with respect to the optical axis 112 of the liquid lens 100. For example, such tilting may enable the liquid lens 100 to perform an Optical Image Stabilization (OIS) function. The adjustment interface 110 may be implemented without physical movement of the liquid lens 100 relative to the image sensor, the stationary lens or lens stack, the housing, or other components of the camera module that may incorporate a liquid lens.

In some embodiments, the lens body 102 of the liquid lens 100 includes a first window 114 and a second window 116. In some such embodiments, the cavity 104 is disposed between the first window 114 and the second window 116. In some embodiments, the lens body 102 comprises multiple layers that cooperate to form the lens body. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the lens body 102 includes a first outer layer 118, an intermediate layer 120, and a second outer layer 122. In some such embodiments, the intermediate layer 120 includes apertures formed therethrough. First outer layer 118 may be bonded to one side (e.g., the object side) of intermediate layer 120. For example, the first outer layer 118 is bonded to the intermediate layer 120 by a bonding element 134A. The coupling 134A may be an adhesive coupling, a laser coupling (e.g., laser welding), or another suitable coupling capable of retaining the first and second liquids 106, 108 within the cavity 104. Additionally or alternatively, the second outer layer 122 may be bonded to another side (e.g., image side) of the intermediate layer 120 (e.g., opposite the first outer layer 118). For example, the second outer layer 122 is bonded to the middle layer 120 by bonding elements 134B and/or bonding elements 134C, each of which may be configured as described herein with respect to bonding element 134A. In some embodiments, the middle layer 120 is disposed between the first and second outer layers 118, 122, the apertures in the middle layer are covered on opposite sides by the first and second outer layers, and at least a portion of the cavity 104 is defined within the apertures. Thus, a portion of the first outer layer 118 covering the cavity 104 serves as the first window 114 and a portion of the second outer layer 122 covering the cavity serves as the second window 116.

In some embodiments, the cavity 104 includes a first portion 104A and a second portion 104B. For example, in the embodiment shown in fig. 1, the second portion 104B of the cavity 104 is defined by an aperture in the intermediate layer 120, and the first portion 104A of the cavity is disposed between the second portion of the cavity and the first window 114. In some embodiments, the first outer layer 118 includes recesses as shown in FIG. 1, and the first portion 104A of the cavity 104 is disposed within the recesses of the first outer layer. Thus, the first portion 104A of the cavity 104 is disposed outside of the aperture in the intermediate layer 120.

In some embodiments, the cavity 104 (e.g., the second portion 104B of the cavity) is tapered, as shown in fig. 1, such that the cross-sectional area of the cavity decreases along the optical axis 112 in a direction from the object side to the image side. For example, the second portion 104B of the cavity 104 includes a narrow end 105A and a wide end 105B. The terms "narrow" and "wide" are relative terms, meaning that the narrow end is narrower, or less wide or narrower in width. Such a tapered cavity may help maintain alignment of the interface 110 between the first liquid 106 and the second liquid 108 along the optical axis 112. In other embodiments, the cavity is tapered such that the cross-sectional area of the cavity increases along the optical axis in a direction from the object side to the image side, or is non-tapered such that the cross-sectional area of the cavity remains substantially constant along the optical axis.

In some embodiments, image light enters the liquid lens 100 through the first window 114, is refracted at the interface 110 between the first liquid 106 and the second liquid 108, and exits the liquid lens through the second window 116. In some embodiments, first outer layer 118 and/or second outer layer 122 include sufficient transparency to enable image light to pass through. For example, the first outer layer 118 and/or the second outer layer 122 comprise a polymer, glass, ceramic, or glass-ceramic material. In some embodiments, the outer surfaces of the first outer layer 118 and/or the second outer layer 122 are substantially flat. Thus, even though liquid lens 100 may be used as a lens (e.g., by refracting image light through interface 110), the outer surface of the liquid lens may be flat rather than curved like the outer surface of a stationary lens. Such a flat outer surface may reduce the difficulty of integrating the liquid lens 100 into an optical assembly (e.g., a lens stack). In other embodiments, the outer surface of the first outer layer and/or the second outer layer is curved (e.g., concave or convex). Thus, the liquid lens may comprise an integrated stationary lens. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer 120 comprises a metal, polymer, glass, ceramic, or glass-ceramic material. The intermediate layer may or may not be transparent because the image light may pass through the holes in the intermediate layer 120.

Although the lens body 102 of the liquid lens 100 is described as including the first outer layer 118, the intermediate layer 120, and the second outer layer 122, other embodiments are included in the present disclosure. For example, in some other embodiments, one or more layers are omitted. For example, the holes in the intermediate layer may be configured as blind holes that do not extend completely through the intermediate layer, and the second outer layer may be omitted. Although the first portion 104A of the lumen 104 is described herein as being disposed within a recess in the first outer layer 118, other embodiments are included in the present disclosure. For example, in some other embodiments, the recess is omitted and the first portion of the cavity is disposed within the aperture in the intermediate layer. Thus, the first portion of the cavity is an upper portion of the bore and the second portion of the cavity is a lower portion of the bore. In some other embodiments, the first portion of the cavity is disposed partially within the aperture in the intermediate layer and partially outside the aperture.

In some embodiments, the liquid lens 100 includes a common electrode 124 in electrical communication with the first liquid 106. Additionally or alternatively, the liquid lens 100 comprises drive electrodes 126, the drive electrodes 126 being arranged on side walls of the cavity 104 and being insulated from the first liquid 106 and the second liquid 108. Different voltages may be provided to the common electrode 124 and the drive electrode 126 to change the shape of the interface 110, as described herein.

In some embodiments, the liquid lens 100 includes a conductive layer 128, at least a portion of the conductive layer 128 being disposed within the cavity 104. For example, the conductive layer 128 includes a conductive coating applied to the intermediate layer 120 prior to bonding the first outer layer 118 and/or the second outer layer 122 to the intermediate layer. Conductive layer 128 may include a metallic material, a conductive polymer material, another suitable conductive material, or a combination thereof. Additionally or alternatively, the conductive layer 128 may include a single layer or a plurality of layers, some or all of which may be conductive. In some embodiments, the conductive layer 128 defines the common electrode 124 and/or the drive electrode 126. For example, the conductive layer 128 may be applied to substantially the entire outer surface of the intermediate layer 118 prior to bonding the first outer layer 118 and/or the second outer layer 122 to the intermediate layer. After the conductive layer 128 is applied to the intermediate layer 118, the conductive layer may be separated into various conductive components (e.g., the common electrode 124, the drive electrode 126, and/or other electrical devices). In some embodiments, the liquid lens 100 includes scratches 130A in the conductive layer 128 to isolate (e.g., electrically isolate) the common electrode 124 and the drive electrode 126 from each other. In some embodiments, the scratches 130A comprise gaps in the conductive layer 128. For example, the scratches 130A are gaps having a width of about 5 μm, about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, or any range defined by the listed values.

In some embodiments, liquid lens 100 includes an insulating layer 132 disposed within cavity 104. For example, the insulation layer 132 includes an insulation coating applied to the intermediate layer 120 prior to bonding the first outer layer 118 and/or the second outer layer 122 to the intermediate layer. In some embodiments, insulating layer 132 comprises an insulating coating applied to conductive layer 128 and second window 116 after bonding second outer layer 122 to intermediate layer 120 and before bonding first outer layer 118 to the intermediate layer. Thus, the insulating layer 132 covers the second window 116 and at least a portion of the conductive layer 128 (e.g., the drive electrode 126) of the cavity 104. In some embodiments, the insulating layer 132 may be sufficiently transparent to enable image light to pass through the second window 116, as described herein. The insulating layer 132 may comprise Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), parylene, another suitable polymeric or non-polymeric insulating material, or a combination thereof. Additionally or alternatively, the insulating layer 132 includes a hydrophobic material. Additionally or alternatively, the insulating layer 132 may include a single layer or a plurality of layers, some or all of which may be insulating.

In some embodiments, the insulating layer 132 covers at least a portion of the drive electrodes 126 (e.g., the portion of the drive electrodes disposed within the cavity 104) to insulate the first and second liquids 106, 108 from the drive electrodes. Additionally or alternatively, at least a portion of the common electrode 124 disposed within the cavity 104 is not covered by the insulating layer 132. Thus, the common electrode 124 may be in electrical communication with the first liquid 106, as described herein. In some embodiments, the insulating layer 132 includes a hydrophobic surface layer of the second portion 104B of the cavity 104. Such a hydrophobic surface layer may help to retain the second liquid 108 within the second portion 104B of the cavity 104 (e.g., by attraction between the non-polar second liquid and the hydrophobic material) and/or enable the perimeter of the interface 110 to move along the hydrophobic surface layer (e.g., by electrowetting) to change the shape of the interface, as described herein.

Fig. 2 is a schematic front view of the liquid lens 100 viewed through the first outer layer 118, and fig. 3 is a schematic rear view of the liquid lens as viewed from the second outer layer 122. For clarity, in fig. 2 and 3, with some exceptions, the bonding is shown largely in dashed lines, the scoring is shown largely in bold lines, and the other features are shown largely in lighter lines.

In some embodiments, the common electrode 124 is defined between the scribe 130A and the bond 134A, and a portion of the common electrode is not covered by the insulating layer 132, such that the common electrode can be in electrical communication with the first liquid 106 as described herein. In some embodiments, the bond 134A is configured such that electrical continuity is maintained between the portion of the conductive layer 128 inside the bond (e.g., within the cavity 104) and the portion of the conductive layer outside the bond (e.g., within the cavity). In some embodiments, the liquid lens 100 includes one or more incisions 136 in the first exterior layer 118. For example, in the embodiment shown in fig. 2, liquid lens 100 includes a first cutout 136A, a second cutout 136B, a third cutout 136C, and a fourth cutout 136D. In some embodiments, the cut 136 includes a portion of the liquid lens 100 from which the first outer layer 118 was removed to expose the conductive layer 128. Thus, the cutout 136 may enable electrical connection to the common electrode 124, and the area of the conductive layer 128 exposed at the cutout may serve as a contact to enable the liquid lens 100 to be electrically connected to a controller, a driver, or another component of a lens or camera system.

Although the cutout 136 is described herein as being positioned at a corner of the liquid lens 100, other embodiments are included in the present disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, one or more cutouts are disposed inside the outer perimeter of the liquid lens and/or along one or more edges of the liquid lens.

In some embodiments, the drive electrode 126 comprises a plurality of drive electrode segments. For example, in the embodiment shown in fig. 2-3, the drive electrode 126 includes a first drive electrode segment 126A, a second drive electrode segment 126B, a third drive electrode segment 126C, and a fourth drive electrode segment 126D. In some embodiments, the drive electrode segments are distributed substantially uniformly around the sidewall of the cavity 104. For example, each drive electrode segment occupies one or one quadrant of about four-quarters of the sidewall of the second portion 104B of the cavity 104. In some embodiments, adjacent drive electrode segments are isolated from each other by scratches. For example, the first and second drive electrode segments 126A and 126B are isolated from each other by the scribe 130B. Additionally or alternatively, the second drive electrode segment 126B and the third drive electrode segment 126C are isolated from each other by the scribe 130C. Additionally or alternatively, the third drive electrode segment 126C and the fourth drive electrode segment 126D are isolated from each other by the scribe 130D. Additionally or alternatively, the fourth drive electrode segment 126D and the first drive electrode segment 126A are isolated from each other by a scribe 130E. The various scratches 130 may be configured as described herein with reference to scratch 130A. In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 3, the scratches between the individual electrode segments extend beyond the cavity 104 and to the back side of the liquid lens 100. This configuration may ensure that adjacent drive electrode segments are electrically isolated from each other. Additionally or alternatively, such a configuration may provide each drive electrode segment with a corresponding contact for electrical connection as described herein.

Although the drive electrode 126 is described herein as being divided into four drive electrode segments, other embodiments are included in this disclosure. In some other embodiments, the drive electrode comprises a single drive electrode (e.g., a sidewall that substantially circumscribes the cavity). For example, a liquid lens comprising such a single drive electrode may be capable of changing focal length, but not tilting the interface (e.g., a liquid lens that is only auto-focusing). In some other embodiments, the drive electrodes are divided into two, three, five, six, seven, eight, or more drive electrode segments (e.g., substantially evenly distributed around the sidewall of the cavity).

In some embodiments, the bonds 134B and/or 134C are configured such that electrical continuity is maintained between the portion of the conductive layer 128 within the respective bond and the portion of the conductive layer outside the respective bond. In some embodiments, the liquid lens 100 includes one or more incisions 136 in the second exterior layer 122. For example, in the embodiment shown in fig. 3, liquid lens 100 includes fifth cutout 136E, sixth cutout 136F, seventh cutout 136G, and eighth cutout 136H. In some embodiments, the cut 136 includes a portion of the liquid lens 100 from which the second outer layer 122 was removed to expose the conductive layer 128. Thus, the cutout 136 may enable electrical connection to the drive electrode 126, and the area of the conductive layer 128 exposed at the cutout 136 may serve as a contact to enable the liquid lens 100 to be electrically connected to a controller, a driver, or another component of a lens or camera system.

Different drive voltages may be supplied to different drive electrode segments to tilt the interface of the liquid lens (e.g. for OIS function). Additionally or alternatively, a drive voltage may be provided to a single drive electrode, or the same drive voltage may be provided to each drive electrode segment, to maintain the interface of the liquid lens in a substantially spherical orientation about the optical axis (e.g., for an autofocus function).

In some embodiments, the liquid lens 100 has a sufficiently fast response time when adjusting the liquid lens focal length, and/or maintains a sufficiently smooth or uniform interface 110 during focus transitions such that the liquid lens continuously sweeps through the focal length range while maintaining a relatively low RMS WFE so that high speed video can be recorded during focus adjustment as described herein.

For example, when adjusting the interface 110 of the liquid lens 100 (e.g., to change the focal length of the liquid lens), it takes time for the first liquid 106 and the second liquid 108 to move to their adjusted positions. For example, the movement of the first and second liquids 106, 108 may take time due to fluid dynamics of the liquids moving relative to each other and/or relative to the boundaries of the cavity 104. The configuration and operation of the liquid lens 100 may achieve the fast response times and/or low RMS WFE described herein. For example, the structure of the liquid lens 100, the characteristics of the first liquid 106 and the second liquid 108, and the drive signals used to adjust the interface 110, may achieve the fast response times and/or low RMS WFE described herein.

In some embodiments, increasing the height of the liquid lens 100 may improve (e.g., reduce) response time. For example, increasing the distance between the interface 110 and the first window 114 (e.g., an inner surface of the first window) and/or increasing the distance between the interface and the second window 116 (e.g., an inner surface of the second window) may decrease the response time. Although the present disclosure is not limited by theory, it is believed that the configuration of the liquid lens 100 in which more liquid movement occurs away from the boundary layer of the first liquid 106 and/or the second liquid 108 (e.g., at the first window 114 and/or the second window 116), respectively, helps to make the liquid near the interface 110 move more freely. However, increasing the distance between the interface 110 and the first window 114 and/or the second window 116 may have a diminishing return. Additionally or alternatively, it may be advantageous to reduce the height of the cavity 104 (e.g., reduce the amount of the first and/or second liquids 106, 108 in the liquid lens 100) and/or reduce the distance between the interface 110 and the first and/or second windows 114, 116 (e.g., increase damping as the interface moves). Thus, a balance between competing factors may be used to determine the appropriate height of the cavity 104 (e.g., the distance between the first window 114 and the second window 116) and the volumes of the first liquid 106 and the second liquid 108 in the liquid lens 100.

In some embodiments, reducing the width or diameter of the interface 110 may improve response time. For example, reducing the diameter of the liquid lens 100 (e.g., the diameter of the narrow end 105A and/or the wide end 105B of the cavity 104) may reduce the response time. Additionally or alternatively, reducing the angle between the sidewalls of the cavity 104 and the optical axis 112 may reduce the response time. Although the present disclosure is not limited by theory, it is believed that reducing the amount (e.g., volume) of first liquid 106 and/or second liquid 108 moving within liquid lens 100 may help enable interface 110 to move faster.

In some embodiments, the liquid lens 100 can introduce optical aberrations into light (e.g., image light) transmitted through the liquid lens. For example, the interface 110 can have an optically undesirable shape that can introduce optical aberrations (e.g., coma, trefoil, astigmatism, etc.). In some embodiments, the liquid lens 100 may be configured to reduce optical aberrations or otherwise improve the optical performance of the liquid lens.

In some embodiments, increasing the size of the interface 110 may reduce optical aberrations. For example, widening the cavity 104 relative to the narrow end 105A (e.g., widening the truncated cone forming the sidewalls of the cavity by increasing the cone angle) may reduce some of the optical aberrations. Although the present disclosure is not limited by theory, it is believed that the strongest optical aberrations (e.g., for a trefoil) occur at the edges of the interface 110 (e.g., where the interface contacts the sidewalls of the cavity 104). By moving the edge of the interface 110 outside the area of the liquid lens 110 that transmits light reaching the image sensor (e.g., outside the optical aperture), optical aberrations can be reduced for light reaching the image sensor to produce an image. For example, increasing the size of the narrow end 105A of the cavity 104 while keeping the cone angle and the net aperture the same may reduce some optical aberrations.

In some embodiments, some types of WFE may be increased while other types of WFE may be decreased, or vice versa. For example, reducing the taper angle (e.g., steepening the sidewalls of the chamber 104) may increase the trefoil while reducing the coma. Thus, a balance between competing factors may be used to determine parameters of the liquid lens 100.

In some embodiments, the shape of the cavity 104 may be configured to balance or prioritize the operating parameters of the liquid lens 100 (e.g., to enable the liquid lens to operate for recording high speed video as described herein). For example, the angle of the sidewalls of the cavity 104 relative to the optical axis 112 may be between about 5 degrees, about 10 degrees, about 20 degrees, about 25 degrees, about 30 degrees, about 35 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 45 degrees, about 50 degrees, about 60 degrees, about 70 degrees, about 80 degrees, about 85 degrees, or any angle therebetween, or any range bounded by any combination of these values, although other angles outside of these ranges may be used in some cases.

In some embodiments, the liquid lens 100 may be configured such that shear forces on the first liquid 106 and shear forces on the second liquid 108 may be substantially balanced during transitions of the interface 110 (e.g., during adjustment of the focal point of the liquid lens). For example, the shear force on the first liquid 106 and the second liquid 108 may vary by no more than about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 5%, about 7%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, or any value therebetween, or any range bounded by any combination of these values, although other values may be used. For example, as the interface 110 moves, a portion of the first liquid 106 and a portion of the second liquid 108 may move within the cavity 104, while a portion of the second liquid 108 and a portion of the first liquid 106 adjacent to the fixed structure in the liquid lens 100 (e.g., the first window 114 and/or the second window 116) may act as a boundary layer of the first liquid and the second liquid, which may resist movement. In some embodiments, the shear force may extend and affect the movement of the first and second liquids 106, 108 at the interface 110, which may slow the response time of the liquid lens 100. Additionally or alternatively, the shear force may increase damping in the liquid lens 100. The degree to which the shear force may affect the motion of the interface 110 may depend on, for example, the viscosity of the first and second liquids 106, 108, the area of the interface 110 with the fixed structure, and/or the distance from the boundary layer to the interface. In some embodiments, the first liquid 106 may have a viscosity of 1 to 2mPa · s (at 20 degrees celsius) and/or the second liquid 108 may have a viscosity of 2 to 5mPa · s (at 20 degrees celsius). Because the second liquid 108 may be more viscous than the first liquid 106, the shear force has a greater effect in the second liquid than further away from the boundary layer in the first liquid. Thus, the height of the second liquid 108 may increase as the viscosity of the second liquid increases relative to the viscosity of the first liquid 106 to balance shear forces (e.g., at the interface 110). In some embodiments, a larger boundary layer area (e.g., more contact area between the liquid and the stationary structure) may increase the shear force. Accordingly, the relative heights of the first liquid 106 and the second liquid 108 within the cavity 104 may be adjusted to account for boundary layer area in the liquids. In some embodiments, the ratio of the height of the first liquid 106 to the height of the second liquid 108 may be about 10: 1. about 7: 1. about 5: 1. about 3: 1. about 2: 1. about 1.5: 1. about 1: 1. about 0.75: 1. about 0.5: 1. about 0.25: 1. about 0.1: 1, or any value therebetween, or any range of ratios bounded by any combination of these values, although values outside of these ranges may be used in some instances. In some embodiments, the height of the second liquid 108 may be greater than the height of the first liquid 106 (or vice versa), such as 0% (same size), about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 75%, about 100%, about 150%, about 200%, about 300%, or any value therebetween, or any range of values bounded by any combination of these values, although other values may be used.

In some embodiments, the ratio of the width or diameter of the narrow end 105A of the cavity 104 to the height of the first liquid 106 and/or the height of the second liquid 108 may be about 25: 1. about 20: 1. about 15: 1. about 12: 1. about 10: 1. about 8: 1. about 6: 1. about 5: 1. about 4: 1. about 3: 1. about 2: 1. about 1.5: 1. about 1.25: 1. about 1: 1. about 0.9: 1. about 0.8: 1. about 0.75: 1, or any ratio value therebetween, or any range of values bounded by any combination of these ratio values, although other values outside of these ranges may be used in certain embodiments. The height of the liquid as described herein may refer to the height of the liquid when the liquid lens is in focus of zero diopters (e.g., when the interface is flat). The total height of the cavity 104 may be the sum of any of the values disclosed for the height of the first liquid 106 and the height of the second liquid 108. In some embodiments, the width or diameter of the narrow end 105A of the cavity 104 may be greater than the height of the first liquid 106 and/or the height of the second liquid 108 by 0% (same size), about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 75%, about 100%, about 150%, about 200%, about 300%, about 350%, about 400%, about 450%, about 500%, about 600%, about 700%, about 800%, about 900%, about 1000%, although other values, or any value therebetween, or any range of values defined by any combination of these values, may be used. In some embodiments, the height of the first liquid 106 and/or the height of the second liquid 108 may be 0% (same size), about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 75%, about 100%, about 150%, about 200%, about 300%, about 400%, about 500%, or any value therebetween greater than the width or diameter of the narrow end 105A of the cavity 104, or any combination of these values may limit any range of values, although other values may be used.

In some embodiments, the liquid lens 100 is configured (e.g., using parameters described herein) to have a sufficiently fast response time in adjusting the liquid lens focal length, and/or to maintain a sufficiently smooth or uniform interface 110 during focus transitions such that the liquid lens continuously sweeps through the focal length range while maintaining a relatively low RMS WFE so that video (e.g., high speed video) can be recorded during focus adjustment as described herein. FIG. 4 is a graph representing image quality of some embodiments of liquid lens 100 as the focal point of the liquid lens sweeps through a range of focal lengths. The X-axis shows time in milliseconds. The Y-axis on the left side of the graph shows the RMS WFE or peak-to-valley (PV) Zernike coefficients, each in μm. The Y-axis on the right side of the graph shows the focal length (e.g., lens power) of the liquid lens in diopters. The liquid lens used to produce the curve shown in figure 4 is configured as shown in figure 1 and has a first window 114 of 3.6mm diameter and 55 μm thickness, a 482 μm thick intermediate layer 120, a narrow end 105A of the cavity 104 of 1.85mm diameter, a 30 degree angle between the cavity side wall and the optical axis 112, and a 255 μm distance between the second window 116 and the interface 110 at zero diopters (e.g., the height of the second liquid 108).

To produce the graph shown in fig. 4, the focus of the liquid lens is adjusted in periodic oscillations, with a PV amplitude of 20 diopters and a frequency of 2Hz, resulting in a change in focal length over time, represented by focus curve 160, which has a peak at 22 diopters and a valley at 2 diopters. The WFE curve 162 shows the RMS WFE of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals during focus adjustment (e.g., focus oscillation). As shown in FIG. 4, the RMS WFE of the liquid lens is maintained at 70nm or less throughout one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation. Spherical aberration curve 164 shows PV spherical Zernike coefficients measured at 1ms intervals during focus adjustment (e.g., focus oscillation)Absolute value of (e.g., the determined coefficient multiplied by-1). As shown in fig. 4, the PV sphere Zernike coefficients remain below 40nm for a complete cycle of the entire periodic oscillation. Tetrahedral aberration curve 166 represents the PV vertical tetrahedral Zernike coefficientsWhich are measured at 1ms intervals during focus adjustment (e.g., focus oscillation). As shown in FIG. 4, the PV vertical tetrahedral Zernike coefficients remain below 140nm for a complete cycle of the entire periodic oscillation.

In some embodiments, when adjusting the focus of the liquid lens 100 in a periodic oscillation with a PV amplitude of 20 diopters and a frequency of 2Hz, the RMS WFE of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals remains at 100nm or less, 90nm or less, 80nm or less, or 70nm or less for one complete period of the periodic oscillation. Additionally or alternatively, the PV spherical Zernike coefficient of the liquid lens 100 is maintained below 40nm during one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation. Additionally or alternatively, the PV vertical tetrahedral Zernike coefficients of liquid lens 100 are maintained below 140nm during one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation.

FIG. 5 is a graph representing image quality of some embodiments of liquid lens 100 as the focal point of the liquid lens sweeps through a range of focal lengths. The X-axis shows time in milliseconds. The Y-axis on the left side of the graph shows the RMS WFE or PV Zernike coefficients, each in μm. The Y-axis on the right side of the graph shows the focal length (e.g., lens power) of the liquid lens in diopters. The liquid lens used to produce the curve shown in fig. 5 is the same as the liquid lens used to produce the curve shown in fig. 4.

To produce the graph shown in fig. 5, the focus of the liquid lens is adjusted in periodic oscillations, with a PV amplitude of 22 diopters and a frequency of 10Hz, resulting in a change in focal length over time, represented by focus curve 170, which has a peak at 21 diopters and a valley at-1 diopter. The WFE curve 172 shows the RMS WFE of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals during focus adjustment (e.g., focus oscillation). As shown in FIG. 5, the RMS WFE of the liquid lens is maintained at 90nm or less throughout one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation. Spherical aberration curve 174 shows PV spherical Zernike coefficients measured at 1ms intervals during focus adjustment (e.g., focus oscillation)Absolute value of (e.g., the determined coefficient multiplied by-1). As shown in fig. 5, the PV sphere Zernike coefficients remain below 50nm for a complete cycle of the entire periodic oscillation. Tetrahedral aberration curve 176 represents the PV vertical tetrahedral Zernike coefficientsWhich are measured at 1ms intervals during focus adjustment (e.g., focus oscillation). As shown in FIG. 5, the PV vertical tetrahedral Zernike coefficients remain below 180n for a complete cycle of the entire periodic oscillationm。

In some embodiments, when adjusting the focus of the liquid lens 100 in a periodic oscillation with a PV amplitude of 22 diopters and a frequency of 10Hz, the RMS WFE of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals remains at 100nm or less, or 90nm or less, for one complete period of the periodic oscillation. Additionally or alternatively, the PV spherical Zernike coefficient of the liquid lens 100 is maintained below 50nm for one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation. Additionally or alternatively, the PV vertical tetrahedral Zernike coefficients of liquid lens 100 are maintained below 180nm during one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation.

Comparing fig. 4 and 5, it can be seen that the liquid lens 100 is able to maintain a low RMS WFE throughout the focus sweep even at significantly faster sweeps. For example, liquid lens 100 may maintain an RMS WFE as described herein throughout a complete cycle of periodic oscillation having a PVR amplitude (e.g., 20 diopters to 22 diopters) as described herein and a frequency in a range defined by 2Hz, 3Hz, 4Hz, 5Hz, 6Hz, 7Hz, 8Hz, 9Hz, 10Hz, or any of the listed values.

FIG. 6 is a graph representing image quality of some embodiments of liquid lens 100 as the focal point of the liquid lens sweeps through a range of focal lengths. The X-axis shows time in milliseconds. The Y-axis on the left side of the graph shows the RMS WFE or PV Zernike coefficients, each in μm. The Y-axis on the right side of the graph shows the focal length (e.g., lens power) of the liquid lens in diopters. The liquid lens used to generate the curves shown in fig. 6 is the same as the liquid lens used to generate the curves shown in fig. 4 and 5.

To produce the graph shown in fig. 6, the focus of the liquid lens was adjusted in periodic oscillations with a PV amplitude of 69 diopters and a frequency of 2Hz, resulting in a change in focal length over time, represented by focus curve 180, which has a peak at 68 diopters and a valley at-1 diopter. The WFE curve 182 shows the RMS WFE of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals during focus adjustment (e.g., focus oscillation). As shown in FIG. 6, the RMS WFE of the liquid lens is maintained at 255nm or less throughout one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation. Spherical aberration curve 184 shows the focus adjustment (e.g., focus oscillation) at 1msZernike coefficients of PV sphere measured at intervalsAbsolute value of (e.g., the determined coefficient multiplied by-1). As shown in fig. 6, the PV sphere Zernike coefficients remain below 500nm for a complete cycle of the entire periodic oscillation. The tetrahedral aberration curve 186 represents the PV vertical tetrahedral Zernike coefficientsWhich are measured at 1ms intervals during focus adjustment (e.g., focus oscillation). As shown in FIG. 6, the PV vertical tetrahedral Zernike coefficients remain below 400nm for a complete cycle of the entire periodic oscillation.

In some embodiments, when adjusting the focus of the liquid lens 100 in periodic oscillations at a PV amplitude of 69 diopters and a frequency of 2Hz, the RMS WFE of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals remains at 300nm or less, 290nm or less, 280nm or less, 270nm or less, 260nm or less, or 255nm or less for one complete period of the periodic oscillations. Additionally or alternatively, the PV spherical Zernike coefficient of the liquid lens 100 is maintained below 500nm for one complete cycle of the periodic oscillation. Additionally or alternatively, the PV vertical tetrahedral Zernike coefficients of liquid lens 100 are maintained below 400nm for one complete cycle of periodic oscillation.

In some embodiments, when adjusting the focus of the liquid lens 100 in periodic oscillations at a PV amplitude of 69 diopters and a frequency of 2Hz, the RMS WFE of the liquid lens measured at 1ms intervals remains at 250nm or less, 200nm or less, 150nm or less, 140nm or less, 130nm or less, 120nm or less, 110nm or less, or 100nm or less for a portion of one complete cycle of the periodic oscillations, wherein the focus of the liquid lens is less than 40 diopters, less than 30 diopters, or less than 20 diopters. Thus, the image quality of the liquid lens may be suitable (e.g. for high speed video recording) by a useful part of the focus adjustment (e.g. continuous focus scanning).

The relatively low RMS WFE (e.g., continuous focus sweep) of the liquid lens 100 during focus adjustment shown in fig. 4-6 may enable images to be captured while the interface 110 is in a transition state (e.g., without waiting for the interface to stabilize or stop moving), which may use a liquid lens as described herein.

Fig. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of some embodiments of a video recording apparatus 200. For example, video recording device 200 may be configured as a camera module operable to record video (e.g., high speed video) as described herein. In some embodiments, video recording device 200 includes a lens assembly 202. For example, lens assembly 202 includes a first lens group 204, a liquid lens 100, and a second lens group 206 aligned along an optical axis. Each of the first lens group 204 and the second lens group 206 may independently include one or more lenses (e.g., fixed lenses).

Although the lens assembly 202 is described herein as including the liquid lens 100, other embodiments are also included in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the lens assembly includes a variable focus lens, which may be a liquid lens (e.g., liquid lens 100), a hydrostatic fluid lens (e.g., including a fluid or polymer material disposed within a flexible membrane, the curvature of which is variable, e.g., by injecting or withdrawing fluid and/or by applying an external force to the fluid lens), a liquid crystal lens, or other types of lenses whose focal length may be changed (e.g., without translating, tilting, or moving the lens assembly relative to the image sensor).

Although the lens assembly 202 is described herein as including the liquid lens 100 disposed between the first lens group 204 and the second lens group 206, other embodiments are included in the present disclosure. In some other embodiments, the lens assembly includes a single lens or a single lens group disposed on either side (e.g., object side or image side) of the liquid lens 100 along the optical axis.

In some embodiments, video recording device 200 includes an image sensor 208. For example, the lens assembly 202 is positioned to focus an image on the image sensor 208. The image sensor 208 may include a semiconductor Charge Coupled Device (CCD), a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS), an N-type metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS), another image sensing device, or a combination thereof. The image sensor 208 may detect image light focused on the image sensor by the lens assembly 202 to capture an image presented by the image light. In some embodiments, the image sensor 208 may repeatedly capture images presented by the image light to record video (e.g., high speed video), as described herein.

In some embodiments, video recording device 200 includes a housing 210. For example, as shown in FIG. 7, lens assembly 202 and/or image sensor 208 are mounted in a housing 210. Such a configuration may help maintain proper alignment between the lens assembly 202 and the image sensor 208. In some embodiments, video recording device 200 includes a cover 212. For example, the cover 212 is located on the housing 210. Cover 212 may help protect and/or shield lens assembly 202, image sensor 208, and/or housing 210. In some embodiments, video recording apparatus 200 includes a lens cover 214 disposed adjacent to (e.g., at an end of) lens assembly 202 on the subject side. The lens cover 214 may help protect the lens assembly 202 (e.g., the first lens group 204) from scratches or other damage.

In some embodiments, the field of view (FOV) of the variable focus lens (e.g., liquid lens 100) remains substantially constant during focus adjustment (e.g., focus scan as described with reference to fig. 4-6). For example, the FOV of liquid lens 100 remains substantially constant throughout one full cycle of the periodic oscillation. Such a constant FOV may be achieved by the absence of physical movement (e.g., translation in a direction parallel to the optical axis) of liquid lens 100 and/or optical system 202 relative to image sensor 208. Additionally or alternatively, such a constant FOV may enable changing the focus of liquid lens 100 without compensating for changes at the edges of the resulting image incident on image sensor 208 (e.g., changes caused by a FOV that varies with changing focus). The high speed video recording described herein may be facilitated by the processing power that may be saved without compensating for such variations.

Fig. 8 is a block diagram illustrating some embodiments of a video recording system 300. In some embodiments, the video recording system 300 includes a variable focus lens, such as the liquid lens 100. In some embodiments, video recording system 300 includes a controller 304. The controller 304 may be configured to provide a common voltage to the common electrode 124 of the liquid lens 100 and a drive voltage to the drive electrode 126 of the liquid lens. The shape of the interface 110 of the liquid lens 100 and/or the position of the interface of the liquid lens may be controlled by the voltage difference between the common voltage and the driving voltage. In some embodiments, the common voltage and/or the drive voltage comprises an oscillating voltage signal (e.g., a square wave, a sine wave, a triangular wave, a sawtooth wave, or another oscillating voltage signal). In some such embodiments, the voltage difference between the common voltage and the drive voltage comprises a Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage difference. Additionally or alternatively, the voltage difference between the common voltage and the drive voltage is manipulated using pulse width modulation (e.g., by manipulating the duty cycle of the differential voltage signal), pulse amplitude modulation (e.g., by manipulating the amplitude of the differential voltage signal), another suitable control method, or a combination thereof.

In various embodiments, the controller 304 may include one or more of a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor, an application specific integrated circuit, a field programmable gate array, an analog circuit, a digital circuit, a server processor, a combination of the above, or other now known or later developed processor. The controller 304 may implement one or more of a variety of processing strategies such as multiprocessing, multitasking, parallel processing, remote processing, centralized processing and the like. The controller 304 may be responsive to or operable to execute instructions stored as part of software, hardware, integrated circuits, firmware, microcode, etc.

In some embodiments, video recording system 300 includes a temperature sensor 306, and temperature sensor 306 may be integrated into liquid lens 100, video recording device 200, or another component of the video recording system. Temperature sensor 306 may be configured to detect a temperature within video recording device 200 (e.g., within liquid lens 100) and generate a temperature signal indicative of the detected temperature. In some embodiments, the voltage difference between the common voltage and the drive voltage is based at least in part on a temperature signal generated by a temperature sensor, the temperature signal being capable of compensating for electrical and/or physical properties of the liquid lens that change with temperature changes. Such compensation may help achieve improved speed and image quality of the liquid lenses described herein.

In some embodiments, video recording system 300 includes a heating device 308, and heating device 308 may be integrated into liquid lens 100, video recording device 200, or another component of the video recording system. The heating device 308 may be configured to introduce heat into the video recording device 200, such as the liquid lens 100, to raise the temperature of the video recording device or a portion thereof. Such heating may help achieve improved speed and image quality of the liquid lenses described herein.

Fig. 9 is a schematic ray diagram of some embodiments of a video recording device 200. In some embodiments, video recording device 200 includes a lens assembly 202, lens assembly 202 including a first lens group 204, liquid lens 100, and a second lens group 206 aligned along an optical axis. In the embodiment shown in fig. 9, the first lens group 204 includes two fixed lenses and the second lens group 206 includes three fixed lenses. In other embodiments, the first and second lens groups may include more or fewer lenses. In some embodiments, the video recording device 200 includes an image sensor 208 and an Infrared (IR) cut filter 210, and the lens assembly 202 is positioned to focus an image onto the image sensor through the IR cut filter. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 9, the image sensor 208 comprises a 1/3.2 inch optical format sensor (e.g., a sensor having a diagonal length of 5.68 millimeters, a width of 4.54 millimeters, a height of 3.42 millimeters, an area of 15.5 square millimeters, and a pixel size of about 1 μm).

Fig. 10A to 10N are graphs representing modeled SFRs of the entire field of the video recording apparatus 200 shown in fig. 9 when the focal point of the liquid lens 100 is swept through the focal length range as shown in fig. 6. To generate the graphs shown in fig. 10A-10N, the SFR of the video recording device was modeled at a frequency of 110 line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm), which is equal to the 1/4 nyquist frequency of the image sensor, which can be determined based on the pixel pitch of the image sensor. In the graphs shown in fig. 10A to 10N, the X-axis shows a Y field (e.g., a horizontal field) in mm, and the Y-axis shows an SFR. It should be noted that the Y field number shown in fig. 10A to 10N is a half field number representing half of the image sensor (for example, zero on the Y axis represents the horizontal center of the image sensor). Thus, the full field number can be determined by multiplying the reported half field number by 2, and the SFR data for the other half of the image sensor will be a mirror image of the material shown in the figure. The Y field in mm represents a position (e.g., horizontal position) on the image sensor. The Y field in mm can be converted to radians (or degrees) using the following equation (1):

Y＝f tanθ (1),

where Y is the Y field in millimeters, f is the focal length of the lens system of the video recording device in millimeters, and θ is the Y field (e.g., field of view) in radians. Additionally or alternatively, the Y-field in mm may be expressed as a percentage of the width of the image sensor.

In fig. 10A to 10N, a solid line (lower line pair) represents SFR, and a broken line (upper line pair) represents ideal SFR. Thus, the distance between the SFR and the ideal SFR across the field of view as the liquid lens sweeps through the focal range may be indicative of the optical quality of the image captured by the image sensor. For each pair of lines, the upper line corresponds to the sagittal SFR and the lower line corresponds to the tangent SFR.

Fig. 10A shows the SFR of the video recording apparatus 200 of the liquid lens 100 having a focal point of 0 diopter. Fig. 10B shows the SFR of the video recording apparatus of the liquid lens 100 having a focal point of 5 diopters. Fig. 10C shows the SFR of the video recording apparatus of the liquid lens 100 having a focal point of 10 diopters. Fig. 10D shows the SFR of the video recording apparatus of the liquid lens 100 having a focal point of 15 diopters. Fig. 10E shows the SFR of the video recording apparatus of the liquid lens 100 having a focal point of 20 diopters. Fig. 10F shows the SFR of the video recording apparatus of the liquid lens 100 having a focal point of 25 diopters. Fig. 10G shows the SFR of the video recording apparatus of the liquid lens 100 having a focal point of 30 diopters. Fig. 10H shows the SFR of the video recording apparatus of the liquid lens 100 having a focal point of 35 diopters. Fig. 10I shows the SFR of the video recording apparatus of the liquid lens 100 having a focal point of 40 diopters. Fig. 10J shows the SFR of the video recording apparatus of the liquid lens 100 having a focal point of 45 diopters. Fig. 10K shows the SFR of the video recording apparatus of the liquid lens 100 having a focal point of 50 diopters. Fig. 10L shows the SFR of the video recording apparatus of the liquid lens 100 having a focal point of 55 diopters. Fig. 10M shows the SFR of the video recording apparatus of the liquid lens 100 having a focal point of 60 diopters. Fig. 10N shows the SFR of the video recording apparatus of the liquid lens 100 having the focal point of 68 diopters.

As shown in fig. 10A to 10N, as the focal point of the liquid lens 100 sweeps through the focal range, the SFR of the video recording device 200 decreases with increasing field and increasing focal length. However, as described herein, the improved image quality of liquid lens 100 during focus transitions may enable video recording device 200 to have suitable image quality (e.g., as reflected by the SFR) up to a maximum field (e.g., a maximum field of interest for an intended application) and/or within a focus range (e.g., a focus range of interest for an intended application). In some embodiments, the video recording device 200 maintains an SFR of at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, or at least 70% over the maximum field over the focal range. For example, the maximum field can be 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, or 4.0 millimeters. Additionally or alternatively, the maximum field may be 5 degrees, 10 degrees, 15 degrees, 20 degrees, 25 degrees, 30 degrees, 35 degrees, 40 degrees, 45 degrees, 50 degrees, 55 degrees, 60 degrees, 65 degrees, 70 degrees, or 75 degrees. In some embodiments, the maximum field may represent the maximum half field as described herein. Thus, the maximum full field may be twice the listed value (e.g., the listed value in mm or degrees). Additionally or alternatively, the focus range may be a range bounded by 0 diopters to 5 diopters, 10 diopters, 15 diopters, 20 diopters, 25 diopters, 30 diopters, 35 diopters, 40 diopters, 45 diopters, 50 diopters, 55 diopters, or any combination of any of the listed values. In some embodiments, this may be as in ISO12233:2017 "photography-electronic still picture imaging-resolution and spatial frequency response" to measure SFR. Additionally or alternatively, the SFR may be measured at the 1/4 nyquist frequency.

In some embodiments, the electronic device comprises a video recording device 200. For example, the electronic device may be a smartphone, tablet computer, laptop computer, wearable device, Augmented Reality (AR) device, Virtual Reality (VR) device, digital camera, video chat device, motion camera device, or other suitable electronic equipment. Fig. 11 is a schematic rear view of some embodiments of a smartphone 400 including a video recording device 200. In some embodiments, smartphone 400 includes a camera module 402. The video recording apparatus 200 and the camera module 402 may be configured to perform different functions. For example, the smartphone 400 may be used to record video using the video recording device 200 and capture still photographs using the camera module 402. Additionally or alternatively, the video recording device 200 may be a dedicated video recording device different from the camera module 402. Such a design may enable the video recording apparatus 200 to be configured for improved video recording (e.g., high speed video recording), and the camera module 402 to be configured for improved still photography.

Although the video recording apparatus 200 is described as being incorporated into an electronic device, other embodiments are also included in the present disclosure. For example, in other embodiments, a vehicle (e.g., an automobile, truck, motorcycle, airplane, bus, train, ship, drone, or another vehicle for a person or object) includes the video recording device 200.

Although the video recording apparatus 200 is described herein as recording video, other embodiments are included in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the video recording device is capable of recording still images or both video and still images. For example, video recording may record a still image and/or video may be recorded by sequentially capturing a plurality of still images.

Fig. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating some embodiments of a method 500 for recording video. In some embodiments, method 500 includes adjusting a focal point of liquid lens 100 from a first focal length to a second focal length at step 502. In some embodiments, method 500 includes capturing image light through liquid lens 100 and incident on image sensor 208 at an image capture rate of at least 30 frames per second (fps) during adjustment of the focus of the liquid lens to record video at step 504. For example, the image capture rate is at least 240 frames per second (fps), at least 480fps, or at least 960 fps. The response time and/or relatively low RMS WFE of the liquid lens 100 described herein may help achieve such high image capture rates (e.g., high speed video recording) while maintaining the image quality of the resulting video. For example, a video recording device 200 including a liquid lens 100 and an image sensor 208 includes an SFR as described herein, which may achieve the resulting video quality.

In some embodiments, adjusting the focus of the liquid lens 100 comprises: the focus of the liquid lens is adjusted by the focus adjustment rate. Additionally or alternatively, the ratio of the focus adjustment rate to the image capture rate is a value listed as 0.1 diopter/frame, 0.2 diopter/frame, 0.3 diopter/frame, 0.4 diopter/frame, 0.5 diopter/frame, or any range bounded by any one of the following. For example, the ratio of the focus adjustment rate to the image capture rate is 0.1 diopter/frame to 0.5 diopter/frame. Maintaining the ratio of the focus adjustment rate to the image capture rate at or below 0.5 diopters per frame can help avoid video blur (e.g., too much focus variation over a single frame of video).

In some embodiments, the methods, techniques, microprocessors, and/or controllers described herein are implemented by one or more special-purpose computing devices. A special purpose computing device may be hardwired to perform the techniques, or may include digital electronics, such as one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) or Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), that are persistently programmed to perform the techniques, or may include one or more general purpose hardware processors programmed to perform the techniques according to program instructions in firmware, memory, other storage, or a combination. The instructions may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, a cache, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. Such special purpose computing devices may also incorporate custom hard-wired logic, ASICs, or FPGAs with custom programming to implement these techniques. A special-purpose computing device may be a desktop computer system, a server computer system, a portable computer system, a handheld device, a network appliance, or any other device or combination of devices that incorporates hardwired and/or program logic to implement the techniques.

The processors and/or controllers described herein may be coordinated by operating system software, such as iOS, Android, Chrome OS, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows Server, Windows CE, Unix, Linux, SunOS, Solaris, iOS, Blackberry OS, VxWorks, or other compatible operating systems. In other embodiments, the computing device may be controlled by a proprietary operating system. Conventional operating systems control and schedule computer programs for execution, perform memory management, provide file systems, networking, I/O services, provide user interface functions such as a Graphical User Interface (GUI), and the like.

The processors and/or controllers described herein may implement the techniques described herein using custom hardwired logic, one or more ASICs or FPGAs, firmware, and/or program logic that turns the microprocessors and/or controllers into special purpose machines. In some embodiments, portions of the techniques disclosed herein are performed by a processor (e.g., a microprocessor) and/or other controller component in response to executing one or more sequences of instructions contained in a memory. Such instructions may be read into memory from another storage medium, such as a storage device. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in the memory may cause the processor or controller to perform the process steps described herein. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions.

Furthermore, the various illustrative logical modules and modules described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a machine such as a processor device, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. The processor means may be a microprocessor, or the processor means may be a controller, microcontroller or state machine, combinations thereof or the like. In some embodiments, a processor device may include circuitry configured to process computer-executable instructions. Additionally or alternatively, the processor device may comprise an FPGA or other programmable device that performs logic operations without processing computer-executable instructions. A processor device may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Although described primarily herein with respect to digital technology, the processor means may also primarily comprise analog components. For example, some or all of the techniques described herein may be implemented in analog circuitry or mixed analog and digital circuitry.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the claimed subject matter without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter. Accordingly, the claimed subject matter is limited only by the following claims and their equivalents.