阅读说明：本技术 一种用于寒区大豆种植的玉米秸秆配合菌剂全还田耕作方法 (Corn straw and microbial inoculum combined full-returning cultivation method for soybean planting in cold regions ) 是由 王伟东 晏磊 刘涛 于 2020-09-20 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及一种用于寒区大豆种植的玉米秸秆配合菌剂全还田耕作方法,属于寒区玉米秸秆还田领域。该方法包括机械化玉米秸秆全还田、秸秆分解菌剂施用及大豆种植等。本方法结合玉米秸秆就地还田及寒区土壤特性,科学合理的控制秸秆还田条件,采用机械化秸秆还田,通过调节还田深度、还田粒径、菌剂施用量等技术条件,有效加快秸秆降解速率,提升土壤肥力,减少农业面源污染；同时还降低了生产成本,增加了轮作作物的产量,是一种操作程序简单、省工、省力、环保的实用还田模式,适用于东北地区推广应用。(The invention relates to a corn straw complete returning cultivation method for soybean planting in cold regions by matching with a microbial inoculum, and belongs to the field of cold region corn straw returning. The method comprises the steps of mechanized corn straw returning, straw decomposition microbial inoculum application, soybean planting and the like. The method combines the characteristics of the corn straws in-situ returning and the cold region soil, scientifically and reasonably controls the straw returning condition, adopts the mechanized straw returning, effectively accelerates the straw degradation rate, promotes the soil fertility and reduces the agricultural non-point source pollution by adjusting the returning depth, the returning particle size, the application amount of the microbial inoculum and other technical conditions; meanwhile, the production cost is reduced, the yield of crop rotation is increased, and the method is a practical field returning mode which is simple in operation procedure, labor-saving and environment-friendly, and is suitable for popularization and application in northeast regions.)

1. A corn straw full-returning cultivation method for planting soybeans in cold regions is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) the corn straws are completely returned to the field, namely after the corns are ripe and harvested, the corn straws are smashed on the spot and are uniformly scattered in the field, and the chopped corn straws have the length of 2-15 cm;

(2) applying 2-2.5kg of straw decomposing microbial inoculum per mu: according to the proportion of 1: 200-250, diluting the straw decomposition microbial inoculum with water, and uniformly spraying the diluted straw decomposition microbial inoculum on the corn straws in the step (1);

(3) mechanically ploughing and preparing land: after spraying the microbial inoculum, deep ploughing and fine harrowing are carried out, and the corn straws are buried in the soil, wherein the ploughing depth is 30-40 cm;

(4) timely sowing soybeans in the next year: 5-6kg of soybeans are sown in each mu, 15-25kg of base fertilizer is applied, and normal farming, herbicide spraying and fertilization are carried out until the soybeans are ripe and harvested.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the chopped length of the corn stover of step (1) is from 5 to 12 cm.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the straw decomposition microbial inoculum in step (2) comprises one or more of an organic material decomposition agent, a straw returning microbial inoculum and a straw decomposition agent.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the condition of spraying the straw decomposition microbial inoculum in the step (2) is that the environmental temperature is 15-25 ℃.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the soybean sowing method in the step (4) comprises: the width of the whole ridge is 50-70cm, the sowing depth is 3-10cm, and the fertilizing depth is 10-20 cm.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the herbicide applied to the soybeans in step (4) is a closed herbicide and is applied for a period of time from the soybean up to 6 leaves.

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of returning corn straws to fields in cold regions, and particularly relates to a corn straw and microbial inoculum combined full-returning cultivation method for planting soybeans in cold regions.

Background

Liaoning, Ji, Heishan and eastern areas of inner Mongolia are the main concentrated areas of precious black soil resources in China, and are called as 'golden corn zone'. The perennial corn planting area is stabilized to about 2.4 hundred million mu, which accounts for about 44 percent of the national corn planting area, the annual corn yield is about 1000 hundred million kilograms, and the corn straw yield is as high as 1500-1800 hundred million kilograms (a few points of the northeast corn straw road problems are seen [ J ] agricultural machinery science and technology popularization, 2018(1): 24-26.). The traditional corn straw treatment method mainly comprises dyeing, forage treatment, compost decomposition and the like. The most incineration treatment is performed, and investigation shows that more than 40% of straws are still subjected to direct incineration treatment at present, but severe air pollution is caused by incineration, and the haze weather of northeast spring and autumn is caused by one year. The treatment methods of feed conversion, compost decomposition and the like have less straw treatment amount and cannot deal with a large amount of excess straws year after year. The method for treating the straws is an ideal method for treating the straws after returning the straws to the field totally, but the method cannot be completely realized in northern areas of China. The main reasons for this are the cold northern climate and the lack of a perfect returning mode. In northern areas, due to cold drying in autumn and winter, the activity of microorganisms is greatly influenced by low temperature, and the degradation of straws is not facilitated. Although the related research of straw returning is more, the straw returning is mostly partially returned to the field.

Patent (CN201710351456.6) discloses a corn straw returning method for improving soil fertility, which comprises the following steps: crushing the corn straws, preparing a pit, performing aerobic fermentation on the corn straws, performing anaerobic fermentation on the aerobic fermentation products of the corn straws, and returning the anaerobic fermentation products of the corn straws to the field. However, due to the large planting area of the northeast corns and the large straw yield, too many cellars cannot be prepared, so that the large-area popularization and use cannot be realized in the implementation process.

Based on a typical crop rotation system (first year corn and second year soybean) of agriculture in northern areas of China, the invention provides a corn straw and microbial inoculum combined full-returning cultivation mode for planting soybeans in cold regions, aiming at the problems that the cold climate and returning mode in northern areas need to be improved and the like.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a corn straw complete returning cultivation method for soybean planting in cold regions by matching with a microbial inoculum, and mainly solves the problems that the existing northeast region lacks a complete straw complete returning mode, agricultural non-point source pollution and the like.

A corn straw full-returning cultivation method for planting soybeans in cold regions by matching with a microbial inoculum comprises the following steps:

(1) the corn straws are completely returned to the field, namely after the corns are ripe and harvested, the corn straws are smashed on the spot and are uniformly scattered in the field, and the chopped corn straws have the length of 2-15 cm;

(2) applying 2-2.5kg of straw decomposing microbial inoculum per mu: according to the proportion of 1: 200-250, diluting the straw decomposition microbial inoculum with water, and uniformly spraying the diluted straw decomposition microbial inoculum on the corn straws in the step (1);

(3) mechanically ploughing and preparing land: after spraying the microbial inoculum, deep ploughing and fine harrowing are carried out, and the corn straws are buried in the soil, wherein the ploughing depth is 30-40 cm;

(4) timely sowing soybeans in the next year: 5-6kg of soybeans are sown in each mu, 15-25kg of base fertilizer is applied, and normal farming, herbicide spraying and fertilization are carried out until the soybeans are ripe and harvested.

Preferably, the length of the chopped corn stalks in the step (1) is 5-12 cm.

Preferably, the straw decomposition microbial inoculum in the step (2) comprises one or more of an organic material decomposition agent, a straw returning microbial inoculum and a straw decomposition agent.

Preferably, the condition of spraying the decomposing microbial inoculum in the step (2) is that the environmental temperature is 15-25 ℃ and the temperature is cloudy.

Preferably, the soybean sowing method in the step (4) comprises the following steps: the width of the whole ridge is 50-70cm, the sowing depth is 3-10cm, and the fertilizing depth is 10-20 cm.

Preferably, the herbicide sprayed on the soybeans in the step (4) is an enclosed herbicide, and the spraying time is the period that the soybeans grow to 6 leaves.

The invention has the beneficial effects that: the method disclosed by the invention has the best degradation effect on the corn straws, can effectively improve the degradation speed of the corn straws in northeast regions, improve the organic matter content of soil, improve the content of nutrients such as N, P, K with 20% and reduce N loss with more than 32%, and thus, the purposes of saving cost, improving crop yield and reducing agricultural non-point source pollution are achieved. The method combines the characteristics of the corn straws and the cold region soil, scientifically and reasonably controls the straw returning condition, adopts mechanized straw returning, effectively accelerates the straw degradation rate, improves the soil fertility and reduces the agricultural non-point source pollution by adjusting the returning depth, the returning particle size, the application amount of the microbial inoculum and other technical conditions; meanwhile, the production cost is reduced, the yield of crop rotation is increased, and the method is a practical field returning mode which is simple in operation procedure, labor-saving and environment-friendly, and is suitable for popularization and application in northeast regions.

Drawings

FIG. 1 detection results of soil nutrients after returning to field

a. Total nitrogen (g/kg); b. organic phosphorus (mg/kg); c. quick acting potassium (mg/kg); pH of

FIG. 2 shows the results of detecting the nutrients in the eluviation solution

a. Water soluble phosphorus (mg/kg); b. water soluble potassium (mg/kg); c. nitrate nitrogen (mg/kg); d. total nitrogen (mg/kg)

Detailed Description

The principles and features of this invention are described below in conjunction with examples which are set forth to illustrate, but are not to be construed to limit the scope of the invention.

Example 1

Site selection in this embodiment: heilongjiang keshan farm

Area of the test field: 500 mu m

Time: 2018-2019

Selecting a microbial inoculum: the organic material decomposing inoculant (Jixin) and the registration number microbial fertilizer (2016) standard number (4758) have effective viable count of more than or equal to 1.0 hundred million/gram.

A corn straw and microbial inoculum combined full-returning cultivation method for soybean planting in cold regions comprises the following steps:

(1) mechanically returning the corn straws to the field, namely smashing the corn straws on the spot after the corns are ripe and harvested, and uniformly scattering the smashed corn straws in the field, wherein the length of the chopped corn straws is 4-7 cm;

(2) applying 2kg of straw decomposing microbial inoculum per mu: according to the proportion of 1: 200-250, diluting the straw decomposition microbial inoculum with water, uniformly spraying the diluted straw decomposition microbial inoculum on the corn straws obtained in the step (1), spraying the diluted straw decomposition microbial inoculum at the environmental temperature of 17 ℃, and keeping the temperature in the shade;

(3) ploughing and soil preparation: after spraying the microbial inoculum, deep ploughing and fine harrowing are carried out, and the corn straws are buried in the soil, wherein the ploughing depth is 30 cm;

(4) and (3) determination of soil nutrient components: collecting 5 sample points by an S-shaped sampling method about 3 months and 20 days in the next year before sowing, wherein the collection depth is 0-20cm, uniformly mixing the soil samples of each sample point, forming a mixed sample by adopting a multi-point collection method, removing impurities such as plant roots, scraps and the like, screening the mixed sample by a 2mm soil screen, and storing the mixed sample in a 4 ℃ refrigerator for measuring soil nutrients;

(5) timely soybean sowing: 5kg of soybeans are sown in each mu, 15kg of base fertilizer is applied, and closed herbicide is sprayed; and spraying herbicide when the plant grows to 6 leaves.

(6) And (3) determination of soil nutrient components: and (5) collecting soil samples and detecting soil nutrients in 7, 10 days in the next year, wherein the method is the same as the step (4), and adding fertilizers according to the detection result.

(7) Soil leaching test: and 7, 25 days (rainy season) in the next year, performing a soil leaching test on a Keshan farm, and detecting nutrients of the leaching solution.

(8) And (5) mechanically harvesting soybeans in 10 months in the next year, and calculating the yield per mu.

(9) And (5) collecting a soil sample and detecting soil nutrients in 11 months and 1 day in the next year, wherein the method is the same as the step (4).

Example 2

Site selection in the experiment: xilianxiang of Keshan county of Heilongjiang

Area of the test field: 300 mu

Time: 2018-2019

Selecting a microbial inoculum: the organic material decomposing inoculant (Jixin) and the registration number microbial fertilizer (2016) standard number (4758) have effective viable count of more than or equal to 1.0 hundred million/gram.

A corn straw and microbial inoculum combined full-returning cultivation method for soybean planting in cold regions comprises the following steps:

(1) the corn straws are completely returned to the field, namely after the corns are ripe and harvested, the corn straws are smashed on the spot and are uniformly scattered in the field, and the chopped corn straws have the length of 4-7 cm;

(2) applying 2kg of straw decomposing microbial inoculum per mu: according to the proportion of 1: 200-250, diluting the straw decomposition microbial inoculum with water, uniformly spraying the diluted straw decomposition microbial inoculum on the corn straws obtained in the step (1), spraying the diluted straw decomposition microbial inoculum at the environmental temperature of 17 ℃, and keeping the temperature in the shade;

(3) mechanically ploughing and preparing land: after spraying the microbial inoculum, deep ploughing and fine harrowing are carried out, and the corn straws are buried in the soil, wherein the ploughing depth is 35 cm;

(4) and (3) determination of soil nutrient components: collecting 5 sample points by an S-shaped sampling method about 3 months and 20 days in the next year before sowing, wherein the collection depth is 0-20cm, uniformly mixing the soil samples of each sample point, forming a mixed sample by adopting a multi-point collection method, removing impurities such as plant roots, scraps and the like, screening the mixed sample by a 2mm soil screen, and storing the mixed sample in a 4 ℃ refrigerator for measuring soil nutrients;

(5) timely soybean sowing: 5kg of soybeans are sown in each mu, 15kg of base fertilizer is applied, and closed herbicide is sprayed; and spraying herbicide when the plant grows to 6 leaves.

(6) And (3) determination of soil nutrient components: and (5) collecting soil samples and detecting soil nutrients in 7, 10 days in the next year, wherein the method is the same as the step (4), and adding fertilizers according to the detection result.

(7) Soil leaching test: and 7, 25 days (rainy season) in the next year, performing a soil leaching test on a Keshan farm, and detecting nutrients of the leaching solution.

(8) And (5) mechanically harvesting soybeans in 10 months in the next year, and calculating the yield per mu.

(9) And (5) collecting a soil sample and detecting soil nutrients in 11 months and 1 day in the next year, wherein the method is the same as the step (4).

Comparative example 1

Test field: heilongjiang keshan farm

Area of the test field: 500 mu m

Time: 2018-2019

The specific test method is as follows:

(1) mechanically returning the corn straws to the field, namely smashing the corn straws on the spot after the corns are ripe and harvested, and uniformly scattering the smashed corn straws in the field, wherein the length of the chopped corn straws is 4-7 cm;

(2) applying 100kg of organic fertilizer per mu: uniformly applying the organic fertilizer in the field at the ambient temperature of 17 ℃ in cloudy days;

(3) mechanically ploughing and preparing land: after applying the organic fertilizer, deep ploughing and fine harrowing are carried out, and the corn straws are buried in the soil with ploughing depth of 30 cm;

(4) and (3) determination of soil nutrient components: and (3) collecting 5 sampling points by an S-shaped sampling method about 20 days in 3 months in the next year before sowing, wherein the collecting depth is 0-20 cm. And uniformly mixing the soil samples of the sampling points of each sample area, and forming a mixed sample by adopting a multipoint collection method. Removing impurities such as plant root systems and debris, sieving with a 2mm soil sieve, and storing in a refrigerator at 4 deg.C for measuring soil nutrients;

(5) timely soybean sowing: 5kg of soybeans are sown in each mu, 10kg of base fertilizer is applied, and closed herbicide is sprayed until the soybeans grow to 6 leaves;

(6) and (3) determination of soil nutrient components: and (7) collecting a soil sample for 10 days after 7 months, detecting soil nutrients, and adding fertilizers according to the detection result in the same step (4).

(7) And 7, 25 days (rainy season) in the next year, performing a soil leaching test on a Keshan farm, and detecting nutrients of the leaching solution.

(8) And (5) mechanically harvesting soybeans in 10 months in the next year, and calculating the yield per mu.

(9) And (5) collecting a soil sample and detecting soil nutrients in 11 months and 1 day in the next year, wherein the method is the same as the step (4).

Comparative example 2

Test field: heilongjiang keshan farm

Area of the test field: 500 mu m

Time: 2018-2019

The specific test method is as follows:

(1) mechanically returning the corn straws to the field, namely smashing the corn straws on the spot after the corns are ripe and harvested, and uniformly scattering the smashed corn straws in the field, wherein the length of the chopped corn straws is 4-7 cm;

(2) mechanically ploughing and preparing land: deep ploughing and fine harrowing are carried out, the corn straws are buried in the soil, and the ploughing depth is 30 cm;

(3) and (3) determination of soil nutrient components: and (3) collecting 5 sampling points by an S-shaped sampling method in about 20 days in 3 months before sowing in the next year, wherein the collecting depth is 0-20 cm. And uniformly mixing the soil samples of the sampling points of each sample area, and forming a mixed sample by adopting a multipoint collection method. Removing impurities such as plant root system and debris, sieving with 2mm soil sieve, storing in 4 deg.C refrigerator for measuring soil nutrients,

(4) timely soybean sowing: 5kg of soybeans are sown in each mu, 10kg of base fertilizer is applied, and the closed herbicide is sprayed. And spraying herbicide when the plant grows to 6 leaves.

(5) And (3) determination of soil nutrient components: and (7) in 7 months, collecting a soil sample, detecting soil nutrients, and adding fertilizers according to the detection result in the same step (3).

(6) In 7 months (rainy season) in the next year, soil leaching tests are carried out on Keshan farms, and leaching solution nutrients are detected.

(7) And (5) mechanically harvesting soybeans in 10 months in the next year, and calculating the yield per mu.

(8) And (4) collecting a soil sample and detecting soil nutrients in 11 months and 1 day in the next year, wherein the method is the same as the step (3).

The test results are as follows:

in the embodiment 1, the whole straws are deeply ploughed and returned to the field, and microbial inoculum is sprayed, wherein the ploughing depth is 30 cm; in the embodiment 2, the whole straws are deeply ploughed and returned to the field, and the ploughing depth is 35 cm; in the comparative example 1, the whole straws are deeply turned to be returned to the field, organic fertilizer is applied, microbial inoculum is not applied, and the rest is the same as that in the example 1. In the comparative example 2, the whole straws are deeply turned and returned to the field, no microbial inoculum or organic fertilizer is applied, and the rest is the same as the embodiment. The results of the soil nutrient detection after straw returning to the field are shown in fig. 1 and the results of the nutrient detection of the leaching solution are shown in fig. 2. As can be seen from the figure 1, the soil in the examples 1 and 2 and the soil in the comparative example 1 have higher nutrient content, can meet the nutritional requirements of crops, and achieves the effects of increasing both production and income. The contents of ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the harvested samples are obviously higher than those of the samples in 3 months in the examples 1 and 2, which shows that the method reduces the loss of nutrient substances in soil and agricultural non-point source pollution caused by fertilizers and the like on the basis of ensuring the normal growth of crops. FIG. 2 shows that the addition of microbial inoculum during straw returning can increase N, P, K content by about 20%, reduce N loss by more than 32%, but increase P, K loss by 45% and 5%; the addition of the organic fertilizer can improve the N, P content by about 9 percent and simultaneously reduce the loss of more than 10 percent of N, P, K nutrient elements. Therefore, the microbial inoculum or organic fertilizer is added in the straw returning process, so that the content of nutrient elements in the soil can be obviously increased, the loss of part of nutrient elements is reduced, and the environmental pollution is reduced.

The soybean yields of the examples and the comparative examples are counted, and the results show that the average yield per mu of the example 1 is 431.3 jin, the average yield per mu of the example 2 is 440.1 jin, the average yield per mu of the comparative example 1 is 412.7 jin, and the average yield per mu of the comparative example 2 is 403.4 jin. The average yield per mu of the examples is improved by 4.5 to 9.1 percent compared with the comparative example. In the soil leaching test, the water-soluble phosphorus content of the rainwater is 0.01 +/-0 mg/kg, the water-soluble potassium content is 0.27 +/-0.19 mg/kg, the total nitrogen content is 0.61 +/-0.07 mg/kg, and the nitrate nitrogen content is 0.47 +/-0.05 g/kg. To sum up, the method has the advantages of reducing the application and increasing the yield, reducing the loss of soil nutrients and reducing the agricultural non-point source pollution.