阅读说明：本技术 一种丘陵区玉米专用肥及丘陵区玉米种植方法 (Special fertilizer for hilly area corn and hilly area corn planting method ) 是由 郭松 卢庭启 曾祥忠 周子军 秦鱼生 陈琨 喻华 上官宇先 何明江 于 2021-09-18 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开一种丘陵区玉米专用肥及丘陵区玉米种植方法,所述专用肥总养≥50％,N-P-K：28-11-11,控释氮≥14％；所述方法包括以下步骤：9月～10月根据茬口适时播种绿肥；绿肥生长期间不施任何肥料,绿肥在玉米播种前将绿肥切断、翻压；玉米播前施用有机渣肥；旋耕整地作业层深度≥12cm,作业层深度合格率≥85％,层内直径大于4cm的土块≤5％,地表残秆残留量≤200g/m～(2),表土细碎、地面平整、无板结且上虚下实；选择适合旱坡耕地自然条件、抗逆性强以及氮磷高效的玉米品种；种肥同播,株距12cm～31cm,行距50cm～75cm,播深4cm～6cm；每公顷成苗密度5.25万株～6.75万株；使用本发明所述专用肥和方法种植玉米,玉米产量分别为9660kg/ha和8653kg/ha,较常规种植方法的8574kg/ha和7544kg/ha,分别增产12.67％和14.70％。(The invention discloses a special fertilizer for corns in a hilly area and a planting method for corns in the hilly area, wherein the total nutrient of the special fertilizer is more than or equal to 50 percent, and N-P-K: 28-11-11, the controlled release nitrogen is more than or equal to 14 percent; the method comprises the following steps: seeding green in time according to crops for 9-10 monthsFertilizing; no fertilizer is applied during the growth period of the green manure, and the green manure is cut off and pressed before corn sowing; applying organic residue fertilizer before sowing corn; the depth of the rotary tillage soil preparation operation layer is more than or equal to 12cm, the depth qualification rate of the operation layer is more than or equal to 85%, the soil mass with the inner diameter of more than 4cm is less than or equal to 5%, and the residual quantity of residual stalks on the ground surface is less than or equal to 200g/m 2 The surface soil is fine, the ground is smooth, no hardening exists, and the upper part is deficient and the lower part is excessive; selecting a corn variety which is suitable for the natural conditions of the dry slope farmland, has strong stress resistance and high nitrogen and phosphorus efficiency; sowing seeds and fertilizers at the same time, wherein the plant spacing is 12-31 cm, the row spacing is 50-75 cm, and the sowing depth is 4-6 cm; the seedling density per hectare is 5.25-6.75 ten thousand; when the special fertilizer and the method are used for planting the corns, the yield of the corns is 9660kg/ha and 8653kg/ha respectively, and the yield is increased by 12.67 percent and 14.70 percent respectively compared with 8574kg/ha and 7544kg/ha of the conventional planting method.)

1. The fertilizer special for the corns in the hilly area is characterized by comprising more than or equal to 50 percent of total nutrient, N-P-K: 28-11-11 percent, and the controlled release nitrogen is more than or equal to 14 percent.

2. The hilly area corn planting method based on the special fertilizer of claim 1 is characterized by comprising the following steps:

1) seed-applied green manure

Sowing green manure in time according to crops for 9-10 months; no fertilizer is applied during the growth period of the green manure, and the green manure is cut off and pressed before corn sowing;

2) applying organic residue fertilizer before sowing corn;

3) rotary tillage soil preparation

The depth of the operation layer is more than or equal to 12cm, the depth qualification rate of the operation layer is more than or equal to 85 percent, the soil mass with the inner diameter of more than 4cm is less than or equal to 5 percent, and the residual quantity of the residual stalks on the earth surface is less than or equal to 200g/m²The surface soil is fine, the ground is smooth, no hardening exists, and the upper part is deficient and the lower part is excessive;

4) selecting a corn variety which is suitable for the natural conditions of the dry slope farmland, has strong stress resistance and high nitrogen and phosphorus efficiency;

5) the seed and the fertilizer are sowed at the same time,

the plant spacing is 12 cm-31 cm, the row spacing is 50 cm-75 cm, and the sowing depth is 4 cm-6 cm; the seedling density per hectare is 5.25-6.75 ten thousand plants;

the special fertilizer is applied below the seeds and is more than 5cm away from the seeds.

3. The hilly area corn planting method of claim 2, wherein the corn variety is adult No. 716 or Chuanno No. 15.

4. The hilly area corn planting method of claim 2, wherein the green manure is one or more of vetch, radishes, and ryegrass.

5. The method for planting corn in hilly areas of claim 4, wherein the green manure is planted in the mixture of smooth vetch seeds, fatted radish and ryegrass, and the planting proportion of the green manure is that of the smooth vetch seeds: fertilizing radishes: ryegrass 3:1: 1.5.

6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the seeding rate of the green manure is lightVetch 30kg/hm²10kg/hm of radish for fertilizing field²Ryegrass 15kg/hm²。

7. The method for planting corn in hilly areas as claimed in claim 2, wherein the organic slag fertilizer is applied in an amount of 3000-4000kg/hm²。

8. The method for planting corn in hilly areas as claimed in claim 2, wherein the special fertilizer is applied to control nitrogen by 50% and the release period is 90 days.

9. The hilly area corn planting method of claim 2, wherein the amount of the special fertilizer is 45 kg/acre.

10. The method for planting corn in the hilly area as claimed in claim 2, wherein the organic residue fertilizer is one or more of rape residue, decomposed cattle manure, decomposed sheep manure, pig manure, chicken manure or mushroom residue, and the nitrogen content of the organic residue fertilizer is measured before application, and is based on the conventional fertilization level, so as to replace 15% of the pure nitrogen dosage of the fertilizer.

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of corn planting, and relates to a special fertilizer for corn, in particular to a special fertilizer for corn planting in hilly areas and a method for planting corn by using the special fertilizer for corn.

Background

Corn is the first large grain crop in China, and Sichuan is one of the main production areas of corn in China, and plays a very important role in solving the problem of grain safety in China. Since the green revolution of the last century, fertilizers were the most critical elements affecting crop yield. China has become the world's largest country for producing and using chemical fertilizers. However, the fertilizer utilization rate in China is very low, only 30%, and the average level in the world in the same period is 50%.

The large use and loss of fertilizers cause a series of very serious environmental problems: such as soil acidification, water eutrophication, increased greenhouse gas emission, etc. Agricultural source of China NH₃、N₂O、CH₄、CO₂Respectively account for 90%, 60%, 50% and 10% of artificial emission, so that farmland emission reduction is the key emission control direction.

The Sichuan corn is mainly planted on hills and mountain slopes, the soil fertility difference is large, and the water and soil loss is serious; the difference between planting management technology fields is large, the technology universality is poor, and the like. In order to pursue yield in planting, the cost of corn planting is increased by relying on a large amount of input of water and fertilizer, the utilization rate of the fertilizer is low, and the soil, water and air environment are continuously deteriorated. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer is a main source of greenhouse gas of farmlands, and loss of phosphate fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer is a main source of non-point source pollution of farmlands. How to improve the use efficiency of fertilizer for crops and reduce the environmental risk caused by excessive application of the fertilizer is a great challenge in agricultural production in China at present.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of the above, an object of the present invention is to provide a fertilizer specially used for corn in hilly areas.

The invention also aims to provide a corn planting method for increasing yield and losing weight.

The inventor provides a special fertilizer for the corn in the hilly area, wherein the total nutrient of the special fertilizer is more than or equal to 50 percent, and the ratio of N-P-K: 28-11-11 percent, and the controlled release nitrogen is more than or equal to 14 percent.

A hilly area corn planting method based on the special fertilizer comprises the following steps:

1) seed-applied green manure

Sowing green manure in time according to crops for 9-10 months; no fertilizer is applied during the growth period of the green manure, and the green manure is cut off and pressed before corn sowing;

2) applying organic residue fertilizer before sowing corn;

3) rotary tillage soil preparation

The depth of the operation layer is more than or equal to 12cm, the depth qualification rate of the operation layer is more than or equal to 85 percent, the soil mass with the inner diameter of more than 4cm is less than or equal to 5 percent, and the residual quantity of the residual stalks on the earth surface is less than or equal to 200g/m²The surface soil is fine, the ground is smooth, no hardening exists, and the upper part is deficient and the lower part is excessive;

4) selecting a corn variety which is suitable for the natural conditions of the dry slope farmland, has strong stress resistance and high nitrogen and phosphorus efficiency;

5) the seed and the fertilizer are sowed at the same time,

the plant spacing is 12 cm-31 cm, the row spacing is 50 cm-75 cm, and the sowing depth is 4 cm-6 cm; the seedling density per hectare is 5.25-6.75 ten thousand;

the special fertilizer is applied below the seeds and is more than 5cm away from the seeds.

According to one embodiment of the method for planting maize in hilly areas of the present invention, the maize variety is adult monos 716 or Chuanmonos 15.

According to one embodiment of the method for planting corn in hilly areas, the green manure is one or more of vetch, radishes in fatlands and ryegrass.

According to one embodiment of the method for planting corn in hilly areas, the green manure is planted in the smooth vetch, the fatted field radish and the ryegrass in a mixed mode, and the planting proportion of the green manure is that the smooth vetch: fertilizing radishes: ryegrass 3:1: 1.5.

According to one embodiment of the method for planting corn in hilly areas, the sowing amount of the green manure is 30kg/hm of vetch respectively²10kg/hm of radish for fertilizing field²Ryegrass 15kg/hm²。

According to one embodiment of the method for planting the corns in the hilly area, the application amount of the organic slag fertilizer is 3000-4000kg/hm²。

According to one embodiment of the method for planting the corns in the hilly area, the special fertilizer is applied to control the nitrogen by 50%, and the release period is 90 days.

According to one embodiment of the hilly area corn planting method, the special fertilizer is used in an amount of 45 kg/mu.

According to one embodiment of the method for planting the corns in the hilly area, the organic residue fertilizer is one or more of rape residue, decomposed cattle manure, decomposed sheep manure, pig manure, chicken manure or mushroom residue, the nitrogen content of the organic residue fertilizer is measured before application, and a conventional fertilization level is taken as a standard to replace 15% of pure nitrogen dosage of a chemical fertilizer.

Compared with the prior art, one of the technical solutions has the following advantages:

a) compared with the prior art, the invention not only can increase the yield, but also can reduce the application amount of the fertilizer, and the cost per mu is saved and the income is increased by more than 224.6 yuan.

b) Two-year continuous field experiments in 2019-2020 show that the yield of the corns planted by using the special fertilizer and the method provided by the invention is 9660kg/ha and 8653kg/ha respectively, and the yield is increased by 12.67% and 14.70% respectively compared with 8574kg/ha and 7544kg/ha of the conventional planting method.

c) Compared with the conventional fertilization, the special fertilizer and the method for planting the corn provided by the invention have the advantages that the yield is increased, and the application amount of the fertilizer is reduced by more than 25%.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a graph of yield analysis of different varieties.

Detailed Description

The following description will be given with reference to specific examples.

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention. Thus, the following detailed description of embodiments of the invention is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention.

Example 1

The test group adopts the method of the invention to plant corn, and the control group adopts the conventional fertilization method to plant corn. The test field and the control field are adjacent plots and all adopt the same sowing mode.

Test group

(1) Selection of maize varieties

Selecting corn varieties which are suitable for natural conditions of dry slope cultivated land in Sichuan province, have strong stress resistance (drought resistance and disease resistance) and high nitrogen and phosphorus efficiency, and preferably selecting the corn varieties into the Sichuan monads 716 and the Sichuan monads 15.

The yield analysis of different varieties is shown in fig. 1, wherein EE is a high-nitrogen and high-yield double-high-efficiency variety with high nitrogen and low nitrogen, HNE is a high-nitrogen and high-yield high-nitrogen and high-efficiency variety, LNE is a low-nitrogen and high-yield low-nitrogen resistant variety, and NN is a high-nitrogen and low-yield double-low-efficiency variety. N0-4000 showed low planting density of 4000 plants/acre, N0-4800 showed low planting density of 4800 plants/acre. Tests show that the mature seed 716 and the Chuandan 15 are high-nitrogen-yield and high-efficiency varieties (EE types) under different densities.

Analyzing disease and insect resistance of different varieties:

the adult list 716 (variety number 2) and the Chuandan 15 (variety number 10) have good effect on resisting diseases and pests.

(2) Fertilizing technology

The winter green manure is sowed in time according to crops for rotation in 9-10 months every year. The seeding amount of the green manure is 30kg/hm of vetch²10kg/hm of radish for fertilizing field²Ryegrass 15kg/hm². 3 varieties of vetch/fatting field radish/ryegrass are sowed in a mixing way according to the ratio of 3:1: 1.5. No fertilizer is applied during the growth period of the green manure, and the green manure is cut and pressed before corn sowing in winter. Before sowing, the corn is sown according to 3300kg/hm²The standard of (3) is to apply the rape dregs and the pig manure, and the manure such as decomposed cow manure, decomposed sheep manure, chicken manure, fungus dregs and the like can be selected to replace the manure in the production. The nitrogen content of the organic residue fertilizer is measured before the organic fertilizer is applied, and the conventional fertilization level is taken as a standard to replace 15% of the pure nitrogen dosage of the fertilizer.

Comparing the yield and the nutrient content of the green manure variety:

the biomass and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the fertilized field radish or the fertilized field radish and other green fertilizers are higher.

Influence of green manure variety on soil fertility:

the method has the highest organic matter increasing amplitude and is used for processing the radishes in the fertile field. The vetch is treated with the highest promotion amplitude of total nitrogen and alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen. The highest increase of the quick-acting phosphorus is the treatment of ryegrass. The organic matters of the compound green manure are easy to accumulate on the calcareous purple soil.

The medium rotary cultivator is adopted for soil preparation, the depth of an operation layer is more than or equal to 12cm, the depth qualification rate of the operation layer is more than or equal to 85 percent, soil blocks with the inner diameter of more than 4cm are less than or equal to 5 percent, residual straw on the ground surface is less than or equal to 200g/m²The surface soil is fine, the ground is smooth, no hardening exists, and the upper part is deficient and the lower part is excessive.

(3) Farming management technique

The special fertilizer for the corn is mechanically applied at one time during sowing by adopting the controlled-release fertilizer, and the total nutrient of the special fertilizer for the corn is larger than or equal to 50% (solvent-free biodegradable ultrathin polyurethane, N-P-K: 28-11-11, and controlled-release nitrogen is larger than or equal to 14%). In the embodiment, the special fertilizer for corn controls N50%, and the release period is 90 days. 45kg of special corn fertilizer is applied to each mu of corn field.

2-4 rows of precision sowing machines are selected to finish the procedures of ditching, fertilizing, sowing, earthing, pressing and the like at one time, wherein the plant spacing is 20cm, the row spacing is 60cm, and the sowing depth is 5 cm. The plant spacing can be adjusted within the range of 12 cm-31 cm, the row spacing can be adjusted within the range of 50 cm-75 cm, and the sowing depth is controlled within the range of 4 cm-6 cm. The quality of the seeding operation meets the conditions that the single grain rate is more than or equal to 85 percent, the hole rate is less than 5 percent, the grain spacing qualification rate is more than or equal to 80 percent, the left-right deviation of the row spacing is less than or equal to 4cm, and the seed crushing rate is less than or equal to 1.5 percent. The fertilizer is under the seeds and is more than 5cm away from the seeds. The seedling density per hectare is 5.25-6.75 ten thousand.

(4) Yield of the product

The available phosphorus of the soil of the test field is about 71.8mg/kg, the available potassium is about 2.1g/kg, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is about 212.6g/kg, the organic matter is about 24.4g/kg, and the pH value is about 6.5;

control group

Applying conventional fertilizer application means, namely nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer. The compound fertilizer and urea are used (the pure nitrogen is used in 240 kg/hm)²,P₂O₅The dosage is 120kg/hm²,K₂O dosage is 120kg/hm²) And fertilization mode (manual, one-base and one-top dressing).

Test field

Controlled release fertilizer N-P₂O₅-K₂28-11-11 percent of O, 50 percent of N fertilizer is controlled release N, and the N fertilizer is applied as a base fertilizer 675kg/hm at one time². The slow and controlled release fertilizer is applied mechanically at one time.

The field test effects in 2019 and 2020 are compared:

the above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that the above preferred embodiment should not be considered as limiting the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention should be subject to the scope defined by the claims. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and these modifications and adaptations should be considered within the scope of the invention.