High efficiency transmit mode support

文档序号：426123 发布日期：2021-12-21 浏览：4次中文

阅读说明：本技术 高效率发送模式支持 (High efficiency transmit mode support ) 是由 K.K.穆卡维利 J.P.伯克 J.B.索里亚加 P.P.L.翁 M.S.K.阿布德尔加法尔于 2020-05-22 设计创作，主要内容包括：描述了用于无线通信的方法、系统和设备。用户设备(UE)可以支持由网络或UE控制的两种不同的操作模式(例如,正常发送效率模式、高发送效率模式等)。UE可以发送支持不同操作模式的能力的指示,其中网络或UE基于所发送的能力来确定使用哪种操作模式。例如,网络可以发送UE使用哪种操作模式的显式指示和/或可以发送操作模式的指示,其中UE在接收到该指示之后确定使用哪种操作模式。另外,UE可以基于被调度在分配给操作模式的受限带宽之内或之外来确定使用哪种操作模式。(Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communication are described. A User Equipment (UE) may support two different modes of operation (e.g., a normal transmission efficiency mode, a high transmission efficiency mode, etc.) controlled by the network or the UE. The UE may send an indication of the capability to support different modes of operation, where the network or the UE determines which mode of operation to use based on the sent capability. For example, the network may send an explicit indication of which mode of operation the UE uses and/or may send an indication of the mode of operation, where the UE determines which mode of operation to use after receiving the indication. In addition, the UE may determine which mode of operation to use based on being scheduled within or outside of the restricted bandwidth allocated to the mode of operation.)

1. A method for wireless communication at a User Equipment (UE) capable of operating according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, the first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with transmission and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with transmission, the method comprising:

sending an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to the first and second transmission efficiency modes of operation to a base station; and

transmitting to the base station according to the first or second transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the transmitted indication of capability.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein transmitting according to the first or second transmission efficiency mode of operation comprises:

transmitting to the base station according to the first transmission efficiency operation mode;

determining to switch to the operation mode according to the second sending efficiency for sending; and

transmitting to the base station according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the determination.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein determining to switch comprises:

receiving a command from the base station to switch to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

in response to the received command, determining to switch to transmitting according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein determining to switch comprises:

identifying, by the UE, a change in one or more UE operating conditions; and

determining, by the UE, to switch to transmitting according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the identified change.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the indication of capability comprises a first index identifying the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying the second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the indication of the capability comprises a value of each of a set of parameters of the UE associated with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying the second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the set of parameters comprises one or more of: a power headroom, or a maximum power reduction, or an indication of an antenna configuration, or a battery level, or an adjacent channel leakage rate, or an error vector magnitude, or a specific absorption rate, or a maximum allowable exposure, or a switching speed or latency between the first transmission efficiency operating mode and the second transmission efficiency operating mode, or a transmission bandwidth of the first transmission efficiency operating mode or the second transmission efficiency operating mode.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

receiving, from the base station, a configuration identifying a first bandwidth of the UE;

identifying that the first bandwidth configured for the UE is associated with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

determining to operate according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the identifying.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the configuration of the first bandwidth comprises a first bandwidth part configuration of the UE.

10. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

receiving a grant of uplink resources in a first bandwidth from the base station;

identifying that the first bandwidth is associated with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

transmitting to the base station on the uplink resources according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the identifying.

11. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

receiving, from the base station, an indication that the UE is to operate using the first transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

transmitting to the base station according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the received indication.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein receiving the indication comprises:

the indication is received in a configuration, scheduling grant, semi-persistent layer 1 signaling, or Medium Access Control (MAC) control element.

13. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

receiving, from the base station, an instruction for the UE to transmit sounding reference signals using the first transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

transmitting the sounding reference signal according to the first transmission efficiency operation mode.

14. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

receiving, from the base station, an indication to allow the UE to select one of the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation;

selecting, based at least in part on the received indication, to transmit in accordance with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

transmitting to the base station according to the selected first transmission efficiency mode of operation.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein receiving the indication comprises:

the indication is received in a configuration, scheduling grant, semi-persistent layer 1 signaling, or Medium Access Control (MAC) control element.

16. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

identifying a frequency allocation for an uplink transmission by the UE, the frequency allocation comprising a set of resource blocks;

determining that a power level associated with using the first transmission efficiency mode of operation for the frequency allocation is less than a power associated with using the second transmission efficiency mode of operation for the frequency allocation; and

selecting, by the UE, a subset of the set of resource blocks for transmitting according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the determination.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein:

the first capability associated with transmission comprises a first adjacent channel leakage ratio, or a first error vector magnitude, or a first specific absorption rate, or a first maximum allowable exposure, or a combination thereof; and is

The second capability associated with transmission comprises a second adjacent channel leakage ratio, or a second error vector magnitude, or a second specific absorption rate, or a second maximum allowable exposure, or a combination thereof.

18. A method for wireless communications at a base station, comprising:

receiving, from a User Equipment (UE), an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, the first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with transmission and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with transmission, the second capability relaxed relative to the first capability associated with transmission; and

receiving a signal from the UE according to the first or second transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the received indication of capability.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:

receiving an uplink signal from the UE according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation;

sending a command to the UE to switch to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

receiving an uplink signal from the UE according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the indication of capability comprises a first index identifying the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying the second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

21. The method of claim 18, wherein the indication of the capability comprises a value of each of a set of parameters of the UE associated with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying the second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the set of parameters comprises one or more of a power headroom, or a maximum power reduction, or an indication of antenna configuration, or a battery level.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein:

the second capability associated with transmission comprises a second adjacent channel leakage ratio, or a second error vector magnitude, or a second specific absorption rate, or a second maximum allowable exposure, or a combination thereof.

24. An apparatus for wireless communications at a User Equipment (UE) capable of operating in accordance with a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, comprising:

a processor for processing the received data, wherein the processor is used for processing the received data,

a memory coupled with the processor; and

instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

sending, to a base station, an indication of a capability of a UE to operate according to the first and second transmission efficiency modes of operation; and

transmitting to the base station according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the transmitted indication of capability.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

transmitting to the base station according to the first transmission efficiency operation mode;

determining to switch to the operation mode according to the second sending efficiency for sending; and

transmitting to the base station according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the determination.

26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

receiving a command from the base station to switch to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

in response to the received command, determining to switch to transmitting according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation.

27. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

identifying, by the UE, a change in one or more UE operating conditions; and

determining, by the UE, to switch to transmitting according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the identified change.

28. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the indication of the capability comprises a first index identifying the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying the second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

29. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the indication of the capability comprises a value of each of a set of parameters of the UE associated with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying the second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the set of parameters comprises one or more of: a power headroom, or a maximum power reduction, or an indication of an antenna configuration, or a battery level, or an adjacent channel leakage rate, or an error vector magnitude, or a specific absorption rate, or a maximum allowable exposure, or a switching speed or latency between the first transmission efficiency operating mode and the second transmission efficiency operating mode, or a transmission bandwidth of the first transmission efficiency operating mode or the second transmission efficiency operating mode.

31. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

receiving, from the base station, a configuration identifying a first bandwidth of the UE;

identifying that the first bandwidth configured for the UE is associated with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

determining to operate according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the identifying.

32. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the configuration of the first bandwidth comprises a first bandwidth part configuration of the UE.

33. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

receiving a grant of uplink resources in a first bandwidth from the base station;

identifying that the first bandwidth is associated with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

transmitting to the base station on the uplink resources according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the identifying.

34. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

receiving, from the base station, an indication that the UE is to operate using the first transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

transmitting to the base station according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the received indication.

35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the instructions to receive the indication are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

the indication is received in a configuration, scheduling grant, semi-persistent layer 1 signaling, or Medium Access Control (MAC) control element.

36. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

receiving, from the base station, an instruction for the UE to transmit sounding reference signals using the first transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

transmitting the sounding reference signal according to the first transmission efficiency operation mode.

37. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

receiving, from the base station, an indication to allow the UE to select one of the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation;

selecting, based at least in part on the received indication, to transmit in accordance with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

transmitting to the base station according to the selected first transmission efficiency mode of operation.

38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the instructions to receive the indication are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

the indication is received in a configuration, scheduling grant, semi-persistent layer 1 signaling, or Medium Access Control (MAC) control element.

39. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

identifying a frequency allocation for an uplink transmission by the UE, the frequency allocation comprising a set of resource blocks;

selecting, by the UE, a subset of the set of resource blocks for transmitting according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the determination.

40. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein:

41. An apparatus for wireless communication at a base station, comprising:

a processor for processing the received data, wherein the processor is used for processing the received data,

a memory coupled with the processor; and

instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

receiving a signal from the UE according to the first or second transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the received indication of capability.

42. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

receiving an uplink signal from the UE according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation;

sending a command to the UE to switch to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

receiving an uplink signal from the UE according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation.

43. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein the indication of the capability comprises a first index identifying the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying the second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

44. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein the indication of the capability comprises a value for each of a set of parameters for the UE associated with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying the second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

45. The apparatus of claim 44, wherein the set of parameters comprises one or more of: a power headroom, or a maximum power reduction, or an indication of an antenna configuration, or a battery level, or an adjacent channel leakage rate, or an error vector magnitude, or a specific absorption rate, or a maximum allowable exposure, or a switching speed or latency between the first transmission efficiency operating mode and the second transmission efficiency operating mode, or a transmission bandwidth of the first transmission efficiency operating mode or the second transmission efficiency operating mode.

46. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein:

47. An apparatus for wireless communication at a User Equipment (UE) capable of operating in accordance with a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, the first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with transmission and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with transmission, the apparatus comprising:

means for transmitting, to a base station, an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to the first and second transmission efficiency modes of operation; and

means for transmitting to the base station according to the first or second transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the transmitted indication of capability.

48. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein the means for transmitting according to the first or second transmission efficiency modes of operation comprises:

means for transmitting to the base station according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation;

means for determining to switch to transmitting according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

means for transmitting to the base station in accordance with the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the determination.

49. The apparatus of claim 48, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

means for receiving a command from the base station to switch to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

means for determining, in response to the received command, to switch to transmitting according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation.

50. The apparatus of claim 48, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:

means for identifying, by the UE, a change in one or more UE operating conditions; and

means for determining, by the UE, to switch to transmitting according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the identified change.

51. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein the indication of capability comprises a first index identifying the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying the second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

52. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein the indication of the capability comprises a value for each of a set of parameters for the UE associated with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying the second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

53. The apparatus of claim 50, wherein the set of parameters comprises one or more of: a power headroom, or a maximum power reduction, or an indication of an antenna configuration, or a battery level, or an adjacent channel leakage rate, or an error vector magnitude, or a specific absorption rate, or a maximum allowable exposure, or a switching speed or latency between the first transmission efficiency operating mode and the second transmission efficiency operating mode, or a transmission bandwidth of the first transmission efficiency operating mode or the second transmission efficiency operating mode.

54. The apparatus of claim 47, further comprising:

means for receiving, from the base station, a configuration identifying a first bandwidth for the UE;

means for identifying that the first bandwidth configured for the UE is associated with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

means for determining to operate according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the identifying.

55. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the configuration of the first bandwidth comprises a first bandwidth part configuration of the UE.

56. The apparatus of claim 47, further comprising:

means for receiving a grant of uplink resources in a first bandwidth from the base station;

means for identifying that the first bandwidth is associated with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

means for transmitting to the base station on the uplink resources according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the identifying.

57. The apparatus of claim 47, further comprising:

means for receiving, from the base station, an indication that the UE is to use the first transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

means for transmitting to the base station in accordance with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the received indication.

58. The apparatus of claim 55, wherein the means for receiving the indication comprises:

means for receiving the indication in a configuration, scheduling grant, semi-persistent layer 1 signaling, or Medium Access Control (MAC) control element.

59. The apparatus of claim 47, further comprising:

means for receiving, from the base station, an instruction for the UE to transmit sounding reference signals using the first transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

means for transmitting the sounding reference signal according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation.

60. The apparatus of claim 47, further comprising:

means for receiving an indication from the base station that allows the UE to select one of the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation;

means for selecting to transmit according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the received indication; and

means for transmitting to the base station according to the selected first transmission efficiency mode of operation

61. The apparatus of claim 58, wherein the means for receiving the indication comprises:

means for receiving the indication in a configuration, scheduling grant, semi-persistent layer 1 signaling, or Medium Access Control (MAC) control element.

62. The apparatus of claim 47, further comprising:

means for identifying a frequency allocation for an uplink transmission by the UE, the frequency allocation comprising a set of resource blocks;

means for determining that a power level associated with using the first transmission efficiency mode of operation for the frequency allocation is less than a power associated with using the second transmission efficiency mode of operation for the frequency allocation; and

means for selecting, by the UE, a subset of the set of resource blocks for transmitting according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the determination.

63. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein:

64. An apparatus for wireless communication at a base station, comprising:

means for receiving, from a User Equipment (UE), an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, the first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with transmission and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with transmission, the second capability relaxed relative to the first capability associated with transmission; and

means for receiving a signal from the UE according to the first or second transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the received indication of capability.

65. The apparatus of claim 64, further comprising:

means for receiving an uplink signal from the UE according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation;

means for transmitting a command to the UE to switch to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation; and

means for receiving an uplink signal from the UE according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation.

66. The apparatus of claim 64, wherein the indication of the capability comprises a first index identifying the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying the second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

67. The apparatus of claim 64, wherein the indication of the capability comprises a value for each of a set of parameters for the UE associated with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying the second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

68. The apparatus of claim 67, wherein the set of parameters comprises one or more of: a power headroom, or a maximum power reduction, or an indication of an antenna configuration, or a battery level, or an adjacent channel leakage rate, or an error vector magnitude, or a specific absorption rate, or a maximum allowable exposure, or a switching speed or latency between a first transmission efficiency operating mode and a second transmission efficiency operating mode, or a transmission bandwidth of the first transmission efficiency operating mode or the second transmission efficiency operating mode.

69. The apparatus of claim 64, wherein:

70. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a User Equipment (UE) capable of operating according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, the first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with transmission and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with transmission, the method comprising: the code includes instructions executable by a processor to:

sending an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to the first and second transmission efficiency modes of operation to the base station; and

71. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a base station, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to:

receiving a signal from the UE according to the first or second transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the received indication of capability.

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly, to efficient transmission mode signaling.

Background

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems are capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-advanced (LTE-a) systems, or LTE-a Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems that may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ techniques such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), or discrete fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM).

A wireless multiple-access communication system may contain multiple base stations or network access nodes that each simultaneously support communication for multiple communication devices, which may otherwise be referred to as User Equipment (UE). In some cases, different UEs within a wireless communication system may have different power requirements or hardware (e.g., power amplifiers) for communicating with a base station or other UEs. For example, different UEs may use different power amplifiers that are capable of achieving different power requirements. Wireless communication systems may have channel leakage requirements that result in the UE operating power inefficiently. Efficient techniques are needed to accommodate different power requirements of different UEs within the same wireless communication system.

Disclosure of Invention

The described technology relates to improved methods, systems, devices and apparatus that support efficient transmission mode signaling. In general, the described techniques provide for a User Equipment (UE) to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation. For example, a first transmission efficiency mode of operation (e.g., a high efficiency transmission mode) may correspond to a first capability associated with transmission (e.g., leakage or other transmission to an adjacent channel or frequency, other channels within a particular bandwidth (including, for example, other channels within an operator's bandwidth), etc.), and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation may correspond to a second capability associated with transmission that is different from the first capability efficiency mode (e.g., a normal efficiency transmission mode). Capabilities associated with transmission may include different Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) requirements that provide a limit to power leakage for uplink transmissions from the UE to adjacent frequencies and channels. In some cases, the first transmission efficiency operating mode and the corresponding first capability associated with transmission may have higher power leakage than the second transmission efficiency operating mode and the corresponding second capability associated with transmission (e.g., the second capability associated with transmission of the second transmission efficiency operating mode is relaxed relative to the first capability associated with transmission of the first transmission efficiency operating mode). Accordingly, the UE may transmit an indication of the capability of the UE to operate according to the two transmission efficiency operating modes to the base station, and may then transmit an uplink message according to the first transmission efficiency operating mode or the second transmission efficiency operating mode based on the indication.

In some cases, the base station may determine which mode of operation the UE is to use and send an indication of the determination to the UE, where the UE then sends an uplink message according to the determined mode of operation. Additionally or alternatively, the base station may transmit an indication of different transmission efficiency operating modes, and the UE may determine (e.g., autonomously) which transmission efficiency operating mode to use after the indication. In some cases, if the UE is configured with a restricted bandwidth for uplink messages (e.g., a bandwidth reserved for use according to a particular set of transmission efficiency operating modes, such as a high efficiency operating mode), the UE may use a first transmission efficiency operating mode in which the UE is configured to be scheduled in or within the restricted bandwidth.

Methods of wireless communication at a UE capable of operating according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with transmission and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with transmission are described, methods including these. The method may comprise: sending an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to the first and second transmission efficiency modes of operation to the base station; and transmitting to the base station according to the first or second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the transmitted indication of capability.

Apparatus for wireless communication at a UE capable of operating according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with transmission and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with transmission, methods including these are described. The apparatus may include a processor, a memory in electronic communication with the processor, and instructions stored in the memory. The instructions are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: sending an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to the first and second transmission efficiency modes of operation to the base station; and transmitting to the base station according to the first or second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the transmitted indication of capability.

Another apparatus for wireless communication at a UE capable of operating according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, the first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with transmission and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with transmission, methods including these are described. The apparatus may comprise: means for transmitting, to the base station, an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to the first and second transmission efficiency modes of operation, and transmitting, to the base station, according to the first or second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the transmitted indication of the capability.

A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a UE, the UE capable of operating according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, the first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with transmission and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with transmission, methods comprising these are described. The code may include instructions executable by the processor to transmit, to the base station, an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation; and transmitting to the base station according to the first or second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the transmitted indication of capability.

In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, transmitting according to the first or second transmission efficiency mode of operation may include: operations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting to a base station according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation, determining to switch to transmitting according to a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, and transmitting to the base station according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the determination.

In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, determining to switch may comprise: receive a command from the base station to switch to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation, and determine, in response to the received command, an operation, feature, means, or instruction to switch to transmitting according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation.

In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, determining to switch may comprise: identifying, by the UE, a change in one or more UE operating conditions, and determining, by the UE, to switch to transmitting according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the identified change.

In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the indication of capability includes a first index identifying a first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the indication of capability includes a value of each of a set of parameters of the UE associated with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the set of parameters includes one or more of: a power headroom, or a maximum power reduction, or an indication of an antenna configuration, or a battery level, or an adjacent channel leakage rate, or an error vector magnitude, or a specific absorption rate, or a maximum allowable exposure, or a switching speed or latency between a first transmission efficiency operating mode and a second transmission efficiency operating mode, or a transmission bandwidth of the first transmission efficiency operating mode or the second transmission efficiency operating mode.

Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may further include: the apparatus may include means for receiving, from a base station, a configuration identifying a first bandwidth for a UE, the identifying the first bandwidth configured for the UE may be associated with a first transmission efficiency mode of operation, and means for determining, based on the identifying, an operation, feature, component, or instruction to operate in accordance with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation.

In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the configuration of the first bandwidth includes a first bandwidth part configuration of the UE.

Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may further include: the apparatus may include means for receiving a grant of uplink resources in a first bandwidth from a base station, identifying that the first bandwidth may be associated with a first transmission efficiency mode of operation, and transmitting, based on the identifying, to the base station on the uplink resources according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation.

Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may further include: the apparatus may include means for receiving an indication from a base station that the UE is to use a first transmission efficiency mode of operation, and means for transmitting to the base station in accordance with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the received indication.

In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, receiving an indication may include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving the indication in a configuration, scheduling grant, semi-persistent layer 1 signaling, or Medium Access Control (MAC) control element.

Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may further include: the apparatus may include means for receiving an instruction from a base station for a UE to transmit sounding reference signals using a first transmission efficiency mode of operation, and means for transmitting sounding reference signals according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation.

Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may further include: operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving an indication from a base station that a UE may be permitted to select one of a first transmission efficiency mode of operation or a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, selecting to transmit according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the received indication, and transmitting to the base station according to the selected first transmission efficiency mode of operation.

In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, receiving the indication may include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving the indication in a configuration, scheduling grant, semi-persistent layer 1 signaling, or medium access MAC control element.

Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions to: identifying a frequency allocation for uplink transmission of the UE, the frequency allocation comprising a set of resource blocks; determining that a power level associated with frequency allocation using the first transmission efficiency mode of operation may be less than a power associated with frequency allocation using the second transmission efficiency mode of operation; and selecting, by the UE, a subset of the set of resource blocks for transmission according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the determination.

In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the first capability associated with the transmission includes a first adjacent channel leakage ratio, or a first error vector magnitude, or a first specific absorption rate, or a first maximum allowable exposure, or a combination thereof, and the second capability associated with the transmission includes a second adjacent channel leakage ratio, or a second error vector magnitude, or a second specific absorption rate, or a second maximum allowable exposure, or a combination thereof.

A method of wireless communication at a base station is described. The method may include receiving, from a UE, an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, the first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with a transmission and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with the transmission, the second capability being relaxed relative to the first capability associated with the transmission, and receiving, from the UE, a signal according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the received indication of the capability.

An apparatus for wireless communication at a base station is described. The apparatus may include a processor, a memory in electronic communication with the processor, and instructions stored in the memory. The instructions are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: receiving, from a UE, an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, the first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with a transmission and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with the transmission, the second capability being relaxed relative to the first capability associated with the transmission, and receiving, from the UE, a signal according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the received indication of the capability.

Another apparatus for wireless communication at a base station is described. The apparatus may comprise means for: receiving, from a UE, an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, the first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with a transmission and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with the transmission, the second capability being relaxed relative to the first capability associated with the transmission, and receiving, from the UE, a signal according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the received indication of the capability.

A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a base station is described. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to: receiving, from a UE, an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, the first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with a transmission and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with the transmission, the second capability being relaxed relative to the first capability associated with the transmission, and receiving, from the UE, a signal according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the received indication of the capability.

Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may further include: operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving an uplink signal from the UE according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, transmitting a command to the UE to switch to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation, and receiving an uplink signal from the UE according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation.

In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the set of parameters includes one or more of a power headroom, or a maximum power reduction, or an indication of an antenna configuration, or a battery level.

Drawings

Fig. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system that supports high efficiency transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

Fig. 2 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system that supports high efficiency transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

Fig. 3, 4, and 5 illustrate examples of modes of operation that support efficient transmission mode signaling according to aspects of the present disclosure.

Fig. 6 illustrates an example of a process flow to support efficient transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

Fig. 7 and 8 show block diagrams of devices supporting high efficiency transmit mode signaling, according to aspects of the present disclosure.

Fig. 9 illustrates a block diagram of a communication manager that supports efficient transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

Fig. 10 shows a diagram of a system including devices supporting high efficiency transmit mode signaling, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

Fig. 11 and 12 show block diagrams of devices that support high efficiency transmit mode signaling, according to aspects of the present disclosure.

Fig. 13 illustrates a block diagram of a communication manager that supports efficient transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

Fig. 14 shows a diagram of a system including devices supporting high efficiency transmit mode signaling, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

Fig. 15 to 17 show flowcharts illustrating a method of supporting high-efficiency transmission mode signaling according to aspects of the present disclosure.

Detailed Description

In some wireless communication systems, a base station may configure a User Equipment (UE) with frequency resources (e.g., resource allocations), where scheduled transmissions may occur between the base station and the UE (e.g., uplink and/or downlink communications). For example, any uplink transmission from the UE to the base station may occur in the configured frequency resources, wherein the transmit power associated with the uplink transmission is also limited in the frequency resources. However, in some cases, the UE may be able to operate in a high efficiency transmission mode, where power leakage may occur, which causes power of one of the uplink transmissions to spill over into other frequency resources than the frequency resource configured for the uplink transmission. Examples of other frequency resources may be adjacent frequency resources or channels, other channels within the bandwidth of an operator, other channels of other systems, channels containing out-of-band harmonics of the UE's power amplifier (e.g., where such channels are used by different operators), and so forth. The techniques described herein for operating in a high efficiency or standard transmission mode may be applied in view of adjacent channel or other frequency resource transmissions, or transmissions to other out-of-band channels, or some combination of these channels affected by transmissions (e.g., leakage, transmissions, etc.) caused by transmissions by the UE.

The above-described power leakage may be measured by an Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) transmission test that identifies whether power (e.g., how much power) is leaking into adjacent frequency resources. In some cases, power leakage may be affected by other out-of-band emissions (e.g., spectral emissions, non-adjacent channel leakage, etc.). Such power leakage may be measured or otherwise determined from a Spectral Emission Mask (SEM), which is a relative measure of the power in the channel from the off-channel emissions. The SEM may be used to measure excess emissions that interfere with other channels or other systems. Thus, based on one or more ACLR transmission failures (e.g., power leakage into an adjacent channel), the UE may refrain from sending a corresponding uplink transmission to reduce the chance of the UE blocking or interfering with nearby UEs or UEs using adjacent frequency resources. In some cases, power leakage may be more prevalent at the edges of the configured frequency resources, where transmission power is more prone to leak into neighboring frequency resources based on being closer to the neighboring frequency resources.

In some cases, a UE may be restricted to operating in a lower Power Amplifier (PA) efficiency mode even if its Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) requirements are relatively low (e.g., not as high as the requirements that the UE can meet). The lower PA efficiency mode may ensure that ACLR from the UE does not affect other UEs in the wireless communication system and/or affect adjacent operating frequency bands. However, if the UE has several operating modes (e.g., low efficiency, linear and high efficiency, non-linear, etc.), the UE and the network may choose the operating mode according to various UE requirements (e.g., coverage of cell-edge UEs may not require high EVM, such as for low spectral efficiency modes). In addition, different UEs (e.g., new device classes, smart watches, etc.) may be enabled on cellular networks (e.g., PA classes, batteries, etc.) that are both power and size limited. Thus, the UE may need different modes of operation to accommodate the higher efficiency.

As described herein, a UE may send an indication to a base station of different operating modes (e.g., a normal transmission efficiency operating mode, a high transmission efficiency operating mode, etc.) that the UE is capable of using. For example, different operating modes may include different decibel (dB) ranges for different efficiency levels (e.g., higher efficiencies with smaller dB ranges and lower efficiencies with larger dB ranges). In some cases, the indication of the different operating modes may include values of power parameters of the UE (e.g., Power Headroom (PHR), Maximum Power Reduction (MPR), etc.), antenna configuration and antenna parameters of the UE, battery status information or other indications of available power of the UE, status of the UE, etc. Accordingly, based on the indication, the base station may determine different operating modes of the UE. In some cases, the base station may signal a subsequent indication to the UE to use a particular mode of operation. Additionally or alternatively, the base station may signal additional indications of possible operating modes to be used by the UE, and the UE may determine which operating mode to use (e.g., based on autonomous determination at the UE without additional signaling from the base station). In some cases, the UE may indicate (e.g., UE assistance information) to the base station whether a scheduling decision (e.g., scheduling grant, configuration, etc.) is power efficient for the UE, which may enable the base station to determine an operating mode for use by the UE.

In addition, if a restricted bandwidth (e.g., a bandwidth-specific portion (BWP)) is configured for uplink communications, the UE may use a high transmission efficiency mode in which the UE is configured to schedule in or within the restricted bandwidth. For example, if the base station configures the UE to communicate in a particular restricted bandwidth configured for the high transmission efficiency mode of operation, the UE may determine to use the high transmission efficiency mode of operation based on being configured to use the restricted bandwidth. In some cases, the base station and/or the UE may mitigate any ACLR transmission failures (e.g., leaky transmission test failures) based on an indication that the UE is capable of having different operating modes. For example, any uplink transmissions that are initially scheduled to occur near the edges of the configured frequency resources (e.g., and thus may leak into adjacent channels) may be moved (e.g., shifted) to occur on the center frequency resource of the configured frequency resources. Additionally or alternatively, the base station may relax requirements on ACLR transmission and/or improve interference cancellation to accommodate efficient transmission from the UE (e.g., the base station may allow the UE to transmit uplink messages even if corresponding transmit power leaks into frequency resources other than those configured for the UE).

Particular aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented to realize one or more advantages. The described techniques may support improvements in system efficiency such that devices may reduce power consumption, conserve battery power, extend battery life, and improve overall device efficiency, resulting in an improved user experience. As such, the supported technologies may include improved network operation and, in some examples, may improve device and network efficiency, among other benefits.

Aspects of the present disclosure are initially described in the context of a wireless communication system. Additionally, aspects of the disclosure are illustrated by additional wireless communication systems, examples of power amplifiers, different operating modes of a UE, a power range of a UE, and process flows. Aspects of the present disclosure are further illustrated and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flow charts related to efficient transmit mode signaling.

Fig. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system 100 that supports high efficiency transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communication system 100 includes base stations 105, UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-advanced (LTE-a) network, an LTE-a Pro network, or a New Radio (NR) network. In some cases, the wireless communication system 100 may support enhanced broadband communications, ultra-reliable (e.g., mission critical) communications, low latency communications, or communications with low cost and low complexity devices.

The base station 105 may wirelessly communicate with the UE115 via one or more base station antennas. The base station 105 described herein may comprise or may be referred to by those skilled in the art as a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next generation NodeB or a gigabit NodeB (any of which may be referred to as a gNB), a home NodeB, a home eNodeB, or some other suitable terminology. The wireless communication system 100 may include different types of base stations 105 (e.g., macro cell base stations or small cell base stations). The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of communicating with various types of base stations 105 and network equipment, including macro enbs, small cell enbs, gnbs, relay base stations, and the like.

Each base station 105 may be associated with a particular geographic coverage area 110, supporting communication with various UEs 115 within the geographic coverage area 110. Each base station 105 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110 via a communication link 125, and the communication link 125 between the base station 105 and the UE115 may utilize one or more carriers. The communication links 125 shown in the wireless communication system 100 may include uplink transmissions from the UEs 115 to the base stations 105 or downlink transmissions from the base stations 105 to the UEs 115. Downlink transmissions may also be referred to as forward link transmissions, and uplink transmissions may also be referred to as reverse link transmissions.

The geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 105 can be divided into sectors that form a portion of the geographic coverage area 110, and each sector can be associated with a cell. For example, each base station 105 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a small cell, a hotspot, or other type of cell, or various combinations thereof. In some examples, the base stations 105 may be mobile, thus providing communication coverage for a mobile geographic coverage area 110. In some examples, different geographic coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may overlap, and the overlapping geographic coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may be supported by the same base station 105 or different base stations 105. The wireless communication system 100 may include, for example, heterogeneous LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A Pro or NR networks, where different types of base stations 105 provide coverage for various geographic coverage areas 110.

The term "cell" refers to a logical communication entity for communicating with the base station 105 (e.g., over a carrier) and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., Physical Cell Identifier (PCID), Virtual Cell Identifier (VCID)) for distinguishing neighboring cells operating via the same or different carrier. In some examples, a carrier may support multiple cells, and different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., Machine Type Communication (MTC), narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of devices. In some cases, the term "cell" may refer to a portion (e.g., a sector) of geographic coverage area 110 over which a logical entity operates.

The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout the wireless communication system 100, and each UE115 may be fixed or mobile. UE115 may also be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where a "device" may also be referred to as a unit, station, terminal, or client. The UE115 may be a personal electronic device, such as a cellular telephone, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, the UE115 may also refer to a Wireless Local Loop (WLL) station, an internet of things (IoT) device, an internet of everything (IoE) device, or an MTC device, among others, which may be implemented in various articles of manufacture, such as appliances, vehicles, meters, and so forth.

Some UEs 115, such as MTC or IoT devices, may be low cost or low complexity devices and may provide automatic communication between machines (e.g., communication via machine-to-machine (M2M)). M2M communication or MTC may refer to data communication techniques that allow devices to communicate with each other or with a base station 105 without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communications or MTC may involve communications from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay the information to a central server or application that may utilize the information or present the information to a person interacting with the program or application. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enable automatic behavior of the machine. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, device monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based service charging.

Some UEs 115 may be configured to employ a reduced power consumption mode of operation, such as half-duplex communications (e.g., a mode that supports unidirectional communication via transmission or reception but does not transmit and receive simultaneously). In some examples, half-duplex communication may be performed at a reduced peak rate. Other power saving techniques for the UE115 include entering a power saving "deep sleep" mode when not engaged in active communication, or operating on a limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowband communication). In some cases, the UE115 may be designed to support critical functions (e.g., mission-critical functions), and the wireless communication system 100 may be configured to provide ultra-reliable communication for these functions.

In some cases, the UE115 may also be able to communicate directly with other UEs 115 (e.g., using peer-to-peer (P2P) or device-to-device (D2D) protocols). One or more UEs in the group of UEs 115 communicating with D2D may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of the base station 105. Other UEs 115 in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of the base station 105 or otherwise unable to receive transmissions from the base station 105. In some cases, a group of UEs 115 communicating via D2D may utilize a one-to-many (1: M) system in which each UE115 transmits to every other UE115 in the group. In some cases, the base station 105 facilitates scheduling of resources for D2D communication. In other cases, D2D communication is performed between UEs 115 without involving base stations 105.

The base stations 105 may communicate with the core network 130 and may communicate with each other. For example, the base stations 105 may interface with the core network 130 over backhaul links 132 (e.g., via S1, N2, N3, or other interfaces). The base stations 105 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., directly between base stations 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130) over a backhaul link 134 (e.g., via X2, Xn, or other interface).

The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. Core network 130 may be an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) that may contain at least one Mobility Management Entity (MME), at least one serving gateway (S-GW), and at least one Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW). The MME may manage non-access stratum (e.g., control plane) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for UEs 115 served by base stations 105 associated with the EPC. User IP packets may be communicated through the S-GW, which may itself be connected to the P-GW. The P-GW may provide IP address assignment as well as other functions. The P-GW may be connected to a network operator IP service. The operator IP services may include access to the internet, intranet(s), IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) or Packet Switched (PS) streaming services.

At least some of the network devices, such as base stations 105, may contain subcomponents, such as access network entities, which may be examples of Access Node Controllers (ANCs). Each access network entity may communicate with UE115 through a number of other access network transport entities, which may be referred to as radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmit/receive points (TRPs). In some configurations, the various functions of each access network entity or base station 105 may be distributed across various network devices (e.g., radio heads and access network controllers) or incorporated into a single network device (e.g., base station 105).

Wireless communication system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, typically in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). Generally, the region from 300MHz to 3GHz is referred to as the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelength distance is from about 1 decimeter to 1 meter long. Building and environmental features may block or redirect UHF waves. However, the waves may sufficiently penetrate the structure of the macro cell to provide service to the UE115 located indoors. UHF-wave transmission can be associated with smaller antennas and shorter distances (e.g., less than 100km) than longer-wave transmission using the smaller frequencies of the High Frequency (HF) or Very High Frequency (VHF) portions of the spectrum below 300 MHz.

The wireless communication system 100 may also operate in the ultra-high frequency (SHF) region using a frequency band from 3GHz to 30GHz, also referred to as a centimeter band. The SHF area contains frequency bands such as the 5GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands, which can be opportunistically used by devices that can tolerate interference from other users.

The wireless communication system 100 may also operate in the Extremely High Frequency (EHF) region of the spectrum, e.g., from 30GHz to 300GHz (also referred to as the millimeter band). In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may support millimeter wave (mmW) communication between the UE115 and the base station 105, and EHF antennas of respective devices may be smaller and spaced less apart than UHF antennas. In some cases, this may facilitate the use of antenna arrays within the UE 115. However, the propagation of EHF transmissions may be subject to greater atmospheric attenuation and shorter range than SHF or UHF transmissions. The techniques disclosed herein may be employed across transmissions using one or more different frequency regions, and the specified use of frequency bands across these frequency regions may vary by country or regulatory body.

In some cases, the wireless communication system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed radio frequency spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communication system 100 may employ Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), LTE unlicensed (LTE-U) radio access technology, or NR technology in unlicensed bands such as the 5GHz ISM band. When operating in the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, wireless devices such as base stations 105 and UEs 115 may employ a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure to ensure that a frequency channel is clear before transmitting data. In some cases, operation in the unlicensed band may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration along with component carriers operating in the licensed band (e.g., LAA). Operations in the unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, peer-to-peer transmissions, or a combination of these. Duplexing in the unlicensed spectrum may be based on Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD), Time Division Duplexing (TDD), or a combination of both.

In some examples, a base station 105 or UE115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication, or beamforming. For example, the wireless communication system 100 may use a transmission scheme between a transmitting device (e.g., base station 105) and a receiving device (e.g., UE115), where the transmitting device is equipped with multiple antennas and the receiving device is equipped with one or more antennas. MIMO communication may employ multipath signal propagation to improve spectral efficiency by transmitting or receiving multiple signals via different spatial layers, which may be referred to as spatial multiplexing. For example, multiple signals may be transmitted by a transmitting device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Also, multiple signals may be received by a receiving device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Each of the multiple signals may be referred to as a separate spatial stream and may carry bits associated with the same data stream (e.g., the same codeword) or different data streams. Different spatial layers may be associated with different antenna ports for channel measurement and reporting. MIMO technology includes single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) in which multiple spatial layers are transmitted to the same receiving device and multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) in which multiple spatial layers are transmitted to multiple devices.

Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., base station 105 or UE115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam or a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining signals communicated via antenna elements in an antenna array such that signals propagating in a particular direction relative to the antenna array experience constructive interference while other signals experience destructive interference. The adjustment of the signals communicated via the antenna elements may involve the transmitting device or the receiving device applying certain amplitude and phase offsets to the signals carried via each antenna element associated with the device. The adjustment associated with each antenna element may be defined by a set of beamforming weights associated with a particular direction (e.g., relative to an antenna array of a transmitting device or a receiving device, or relative to some other direction).

In one example, the base station 105 may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays for beamforming operations for directional communication with the UEs 115. For example, some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted multiple times in different directions by the base station 105, which may include transmitting signals according to different sets of beamforming weights associated with the different transmit directions. The transmissions in different beam directions may be used to identify beam directions (e.g., by the base station 105 or a receiving device such as the UE115) for subsequent transmissions and/or receptions by the base station 105.

Some signals, such as data signals associated with a particular receiving device, may be transmitted by the base station 105 in a single beam direction (e.g., a direction associated with a receiving device, such as the UE 115). In some examples, a beam direction associated with transmission along a single beam direction may be determined based at least in part on signals transmitted in different beam directions. For example, the UE115 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by the base station 105 in different directions, and the UE115 may report to the base station 105 an indication of the signal it received with the highest signal quality or otherwise acceptable signal quality. Although the techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted by the base station 105 in one or more directions, the UE115 may employ similar techniques to transmit signals multiple times in different directions (e.g., to identify beam directions for subsequent transmission or reception by the UE115), or to transmit signals in a single direction (e.g., to transmit data to a receiving device).

Upon receiving various signals (such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) from the base station 105, a receiving device (e.g., UE115, which may be an example of a mmW receiving device) may attempt multiple receive beams. For example, a receiving device may attempt multiple receive directions by: receiving via different antenna sub-arrays, processing received signals according to different antenna sub-arrays, receiving according to different sets of receive beamforming weights applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, or processing received signals according to different sets of receive beamforming weights applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, any of which may be referred to as "listening" according to different receive beams or receive directions. In some examples, a receiving device may use a single receive beam to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when receiving data signals). A single receive beam may be aligned in a beam direction determined based at least in part on sensing of different receive beam directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have the highest signal strength, highest signal-to-noise ratio, or other acceptable signal quality based at least in part on sensing of multiple beam directions).

In some cases, the antennas of a base station 105 or UE115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays that support MIMO operation or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some cases, the antennas or antenna arrays associated with the base station 105 may be located at different geographic locations. The base station 105 may have an antenna array with multiple rows and columns of antenna ports that the base station 105 may use to support beamforming for communications with the UEs 115. Likewise, the UE115 may have one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations.

In some cases, the wireless communication system 100 may be a packet-based network operating according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communications at the bearer or Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer may be IP-based. The Radio Link Control (RLC) layer may perform packet segmentation and reassembly to communicate over logical channels. A Medium Access Control (MAC) layer may perform priority processing and multiplex logical channels into transmission channels. The MAC layer may also provide retransmissions at the MAC layer using hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) to improve link efficiency. In the control plane, a Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of RRC connections between the UE115 and the base station 105 or core network 130 that support radio bearers for user plane data. At the physical layer, transport channels may be mapped to physical channels.

In some cases, the UE115 and the base station 105 may support retransmission of data to increase the likelihood of successfully receiving the data. HARQ feedback is a technique that increases the likelihood that data will be correctly received over the communication link 125. HARQ may involve a combination of error detection (e.g., using Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)), Forward Error Correction (FEC), and retransmission (e.g., automatic repeat request (ARQ)). HARQ may improve throughput at the MAC layer under poor radio conditions (e.g., signal-to-noise conditions). In some cases, a wireless device may support HARQ feedback for the same slot, where the device may provide HARQ feedback in a particular slot for data received in a previous symbol in the slot. In other cases, the device may provide HARQ feedback in subsequent time slots or according to some other time interval.

The time interval in LTE or NR may be expressed as a multiple of a basic unit of time, which may refer to T, for example_sA sample period of 1/30,720,000 seconds. The time intervals of the communication resources may be organized according to radio frames each having a duration of 10 milliseconds (ms), where the frame period may be denoted T_f＝307,200T_s. The radio frame may be identified by a System Frame Number (SFN) ranging from 0 to 1023. Each frame may contain 10 subframes, numbered from 0 to 9, and each subframe may have a duration of 1 ms. A subframe may be further divided into 2 slots, each having a duration of 0.5ms, and each slot may contain 6 or 7 modulation symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix before each symbol period). Each symbol period may contain 2048 sample periods in addition to a cyclic prefix. In some cases, a subframe may be the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communication system 100 and may be referred to as a Transmission Time Interval (TTI). In other cases, the minimum scheduling unit of the wireless communication system 100May be shorter than a subframe or may be dynamically selected (e.g., one or more time slots, a burst of shortened ttis (sTTI), or in a selected component carrier using sTTI).

In some wireless communication systems, a slot may be further divided into a plurality of minislots containing one or more symbols. In some cases, the symbol of the micro-slot or the micro-slot may be the smallest unit of scheduling. For example, the duration of each symbol may vary depending on the subcarrier spacing or operating frequency band. Additionally, some wireless communication systems may implement time slot aggregation, where multiple time slots or minislots are aggregated together and used for communication between the UE115 and the base station 105.

The term "carrier" refers to a set of radio spectrum resources having a defined physical layer structure for supporting communications over the communication link 125. For example, the carrier of the communication link 125 may contain a portion of the radio frequency spectrum band operating according to physical layer channels for a given radio access technology. Each physical layer channel may carry user data, control information, or other signaling. The carriers may be associated with predefined frequency channels (e.g., evolved universal mobile telecommunications system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absolute radio frequency channel numbers (EARFCNs)) and may be located according to a channel grid for discovery by UEs 115. The carriers may be downlink or uplink (e.g., in FDD mode), or configured to carry downlink and uplink communications (e.g., in TDD mode). In some examples, the signal waveforms transmitted on the carriers may be composed of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multicarrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)).

The organization of the carriers may be different for different radio access technologies (e.g., LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). For example, communications over carriers may be organized according to TTIs or slots, each of which may contain user data as well as control information or signaling to support decoding of the user data. The carrier may also contain dedicated acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals or system information, etc.) and control signaling that coordinates operation of the carrier. In some examples (e.g., in a carrier aggregation configuration), a carrier may also have acquisition signaling or control signaling that coordinates the operation of other carriers.

The physical channels may be multiplexed on the carriers according to various techniques. The physical control channels and physical data channels may be multiplexed on the downlink carrier using, for example, Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) techniques, Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. In some examples, the control information sent in the physical control channel may be distributed in a cascaded manner between different control regions (e.g., between a common control region or common search space and one or more UE-specific control regions or UE-specific search spaces).

The carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the radio frequency spectrum, and in some examples, the carrier bandwidth may be referred to as a carrier or "system bandwidth" of the wireless communication system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be one of a plurality of predetermined bandwidths (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80MHz) of the carrier for a particular radio access technology. In some examples, each served UE115 may be configured to operate over part or all of the carrier bandwidth. In other examples, some UEs 115 may be configured to operate using a narrowband protocol type associated with a predefined portion or range within a carrier (e.g., a set of subcarriers or RBs) (e.g., "in-band" deployment of narrowband protocol types).

In a system employing MCM technology, a resource element may consist of one symbol period (e.g., the duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, where the symbol period and subcarrier spacing are inversely related. The number of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order (order) of the modulation scheme). Thus, the more resource elements the UE115 receives and the higher the order of the modulation scheme, the higher the data rate of the UE115 may be. In a MIMO system, wireless communication resources may refer to a combination of radio spectrum resources, time resources, and spatial resources (e.g., spatial layers), and the use of multiple spatial layers may further increase the data rate of communications with the UE 115.

Devices of the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., base stations 105 or UEs 115) may have a hardware configuration that supports communication over a particular carrier bandwidth or may be configured to support communication over one of a set of carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may include a base station 105 and/or a UE115 that supports simultaneous communication via carriers associated with more than one different carrier bandwidth.

The wireless communication system 100 may support communication with UEs 115 over multiple cells or carriers, a feature that may be referred to as carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. The UE115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both FDD and TDD component carriers.

In some cases, the wireless communication system 100 may utilize an enhanced component carrier (eCC). An eCC may be characterized by one or more characteristics, including a wider carrier or frequency channel bandwidth, a shorter symbol duration, a shorter TTI duration, or a modified control channel configuration. In some cases, an eCC may be associated with a carrier aggregation configuration or a dual connectivity configuration (e.g., when multiple serving cells have suboptimal or non-ideal backhaul links). An eCC may also be configured for use in unlicensed spectrum or shared spectrum (e.g., where more than one operator is allowed to use the spectrum). An eCC characterized by a wide carrier bandwidth may contain one or more segments that may be utilized by UEs 115 that are unable to monitor the entire carrier bandwidth or are otherwise configured to use a limited carrier bandwidth (e.g., to save power).

In some cases, an eCC may utilize a different symbol duration than other component carriers, which may include using a reduced symbol duration compared to the symbol duration of the other component carriers. Shorter symbol durations may be associated with increased spacing between adjacent subcarriers. Devices utilizing eccs, such as UEs 115 or base stations 105, may transmit wideband signals (e.g., according to a frequency channel or carrier bandwidth of 20, 40, 60, 80MHz, etc.) with a reduced symbol duration (e.g., 16.67 microseconds). A TTI in an eCC may consist of one or more symbol periods. In some cases, the TTI duration (i.e., the number of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable.

The wireless communication system 100 may be an NR system that may utilize any combination of licensed, shared, and unlicensed spectrum bands, or the like. Flexibility in eCC symbol duration and subcarrier spacing may allow eCC to be used across multiple spectra. In some examples, NR shared spectrum may increase spectral utilization and spectral efficiency, particularly through dynamic vertical sharing (e.g., across frequency domains) and horizontal sharing (e.g., across time domains) of resources.

In some wireless communication systems, the UE115 may desire to achieve higher transmission efficiency (e.g., high efficiency mode) to improve UE performance (e.g., reduce the power used by the UE 115). For example, higher transmission efficiency may allow uplink transmissions (e.g., UE transmissions) from the UE115, where the uplink transmissions and/or the PA of the UE115 operate at a saturated output power (P)_sat) At or near (e.g., to achieve higher transmission efficiency), while allowing the UE115 to fail one or more ACLR transmissions (e.g., 1/2/n transmissions) because uplink transmissions may be restricted to sub-band or in-band Component Carriers (CCs). Thus, the UE115 may fail ACLR transmission (e.g., or a similar leaky transmission test) based on the power of the uplink transmission leaking into the adjacent frequency resources (e.g., based on the uplink transmission being near the edge of the configured frequency resources allocated to the UE 115). In some cases, different UE implementations may be used for higher transmission efficiency when ACLR fails. For example, the UE115 may contain a PA (e.g., a class from PA) with an adaptive bias that may enable the PA to change from a linear class (e.g., class a, class AB, etc.) for higher data rates (e.g., Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs)) to a strongly non-linear class (e.g., class B, class C, class E, class F +, etc.) that supports high efficiency.

In addition, the wireless communication system 100 may include different types of UEs 115 with different power requirements that may benefit from high transmission efficiency (e.g., using an uplink sub-band high efficiency transmitter (SETI)).For example, the UE115 may include a wearable design (e.g., a smart watch) that uses a lower frequency (e.g., less than two (2) GHz), which results in a smaller bandwidth (e.g., one (1) MHz bandwidth), a low EVM waveform, a PA that drives the UE115 close to P_satA Hard Disk Drive (HDD) RF front end (RFFE), linearized communications received at the base station 105, or a combination thereof. Additionally, the wearable design may incorporate power and size constraints (e.g., limit PA classes, battery of UE115, etc.), such that high transmission efficiency may benefit the operation of the wearable design. Additionally or alternatively, the smart phone design of the UE115 may incorporate uplink transmissions to meet high MCS transmit ACLR (e.g., not EVM limited) or low bandwidth transmit range extension (e.g., greater than 26dBm), linearized communication at the reception of the base station 105, or a combination thereof. Thus, for a smartphone design, high transmission efficiency may be desirable to achieve high MCS transmission ACLR and/or low bandwidth transmission range. In addition, a smartphone design (e.g., or similar handset UE115) may use higher signal strength and amplifiers (e.g., higher dBms) to enhance the respective coverage area of the UE115, where the higher signal strength and amplifiers benefit from a high efficiency transmission mode.

In some cases, UE115 may be restricted to operating in a lower PA efficiency mode even though EVM requirements of UE115 are not high. The lower PA-efficiency mode may ensure that ACLR (e.g., transmit limits) from the UE115 does not affect other UEs 115 in the wireless communication system 100 and/or affect neighboring operating bands. However, if the UE115 has several operating modes (e.g., low efficiency, linear and high efficiency, non-linear, etc.), the UE115 and the network may choose the operating mode according to various UE115 requirements (e.g., coverage of a cell-edge UE115 may not require high EVM, such as for a low spectral efficiency mode). In addition, different UEs 115 as described above (e.g., new class of devices, smart watches, etc.) may be enabled on cellular networks (e.g., PA class, battery, etc.) that are both power and size limited.

In general, the base station 105 may manage interference caused by different UEs 115 (e.g., ACLR transmissions, power interference of neighboring frequencies/users, etc.). For example, the base station 105 may include sophisticated interference cancellation to remove high efficiency transmissions (e.g., isolate the high efficiency transmissions and remove them from neighboring transmissions). Additionally or alternatively, the base station 105 may have a simple implementation to manage interference and choose to allow for efficient transmission if the UE115 is on a noise floor (e.g., minimum noise) and/or communications in the wireless communication system 100 are offloaded.

As described herein, the UE115 may support two or more different operating modes (e.g., a normal efficiency mode, a high efficiency mode, etc., as described above) controlled by the network or the UE 115. Thus, a UE115 operating in the new high efficiency mode of operation may introduce additional interference. However, since the high efficiency mode is done in a controlled manner, the base station 105 may address this interference by one of several methods (e.g., allocated frequency subbands, post-clearing at the base station 105, allocating a lower MCS for adjacent RBs, etc.). For example, any uplink transmissions that are initially scheduled to occur near the edges of the configured frequency resources (e.g., and thus may leak into adjacent channels) may be moved (e.g., shifted) to occur on the center frequency resource of the configured frequency resources. Additionally or alternatively, the base station 105 may relax requirements on ACLR transmissions and/or improve interference cancellation to accommodate efficient transmission from the UE115 (e.g., the base station 105 may allow the UE to transmit the uplink message 115UE even if the corresponding transmit power leaks into frequency resources other than those configured for the UE).

The wireless communication system 100 may support efficient signaling and network operations to enable such devices to use the efficient modes described herein. For example, the techniques described herein may allow the UE115 a degree of freedom to transmit efficiently while providing signaling to the network to perform appropriate scheduling, link adaptation, and interference management. For example, the UE115 may transmit an indication to the base station 105 of different operating modes (e.g., a normal transmission efficiency operating mode, a high transmission efficiency operating mode, etc.) that the UE115 is capable of using. For example, different operating modes may contain different decibel dB ranges for different efficiency levels (e.g., higher efficiencies with smaller dB ranges and lower efficiencies with larger dB ranges). Thus, based on the indication, the base station may signal a subsequent indication that the UE uses a particular mode of operation and/or additional indications of possible modes of operation used by the UE115, where the UE115 determines which mode of operation to use (e.g., based on an autonomous determination at the UE115 without additional signaling from the base station 105). In some cases, the high transmission efficiency mode may be associated with a restricted bandwidth allocated for the high transmission efficiency mode, wherein the UE115 determines to use the high transmission efficiency mode based on communications scheduled for use in the restricted bandwidth.

Fig. 2 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system 200 that supports high efficiency transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the wireless communication system 200 may implement aspects of the wireless communication system 100. In some examples, base station 105-a and UE115-a may communicate. The UE115-a may send an uplink transmission 205 to the base station 105-a, and the base station 105-a may send a downlink transmission 210 to the UE 115-a.

The UE115-a may be capable of communicating in one or more transmission modes. For example, the UE115-a can send the uplink transmission 205 according to a high transmission efficiency mode and a standard (e.g., lower) transmission efficiency mode, as described in more detail with respect to fig. 3. The UE115-a is able to flexibly achieve high efficiency transmission while providing signaling to the base station 105-a to perform appropriate scheduling, link adaptation, and interference management.

In some examples, the UE115-a may send an uplink transmission 205 containing a UE send efficiency capability report, as described in more detail with respect to fig. 6. The transmission efficiency capability report may indicate that the UE115-a is capable of transmitting the subsequent uplink transmission 205 using a first transmission efficiency mode (e.g., a high transmission efficiency mode) or a second transmission efficiency mode (e.g., a standard or normal transmission efficiency mode). In some examples, the UE115-a and the base station 105-b may support three or more transmission efficiency modes (e.g., normal, medium, and high efficiency), and the concepts described herein may be extended to such cases. The base station 105-b may schedule the UE115-a to send a subsequent uplink transmission 205 via the downlink transmission 210 based on the received UE transmission efficiency capability report.

Fig. 3 illustrates an example of an operational mode 300 supporting high efficiency transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the processing scheme 300 may implement aspects of the wireless communication system 100. The UE115 may be configured to communicate with the base station 105 via one or more frequency ranges 305. In some examples, the UE115 may be subject to one or more transmission restrictions. For example, the UE115 may be spectrally masked. In such an example, the UE115 may select the uplink transmission power to satisfy the spectral mask. Similarly, the UE115 may be subject to one or more restrictions on adjacent channel leakage transmissions. For example, the UE115 may select the transmit power according to an Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) limit, an Error Vector Magnitude (EVM), and/or the like.

In some examples, the UE115 may be capable of transmitting the uplink transmission according to a first transmission efficiency mode (e.g., a high transmission efficiency mode) or a second transmission efficiency mode (e.g., a standard or normal transmission efficiency mode). For example, the UE115 may transmit the first uplink signal 310 according to a standard transmission efficiency mode. The standard transmission efficiency mode may be generated by a Power Amplifier (PA) at the UE 115. In some examples, the first uplink signal 310 may include a carrier waveform and a transmit waveform 315. The transmit waveform 315 may leak into adjacent carriers. The ACLR value may be represented by a ratio of the transmit waveform 315 to the carrier waveform (e.g., a portion of the signal 310 that does not leak into an adjacent carrier). The UE115 may apply the PA according to a standard transmission efficiency mode such that the transmit waveform 315 does not exceed the frequency range 305 or interfere with adjacent carriers within the frequency range 305 (e.g., such that the signal 310 satisfies the relevant spectral mask and such that the transmit waveform 315 satisfies the ACLR requirements, EVM requirements, etc.).

In some examples, signal 310 may be expensive in terms of power consumption. For example, signal 310 may have a higher gain 320 (e.g., 30dB) than the gain of signal 325 transmitted according to the high transmission efficiency mode. The UE115 may send the signal 310, but the signal change (e.g., gain 320) may consume more power, resulting in a fast drain on the battery and a reduced user experience. UE115 may experience reduced power consumption by applying its PA to reduce gain 320 (e.g., to gain 335).

In some examples, the UE115 may transmit the second uplink signal 325 according to a high transmission efficiency mode. Signal 325 may include a carrier waveform and a transmit waveform 330. Signal 325 may have a gain (e.g., 12 or 18dB) that is less than gain 320 of the standard transmission efficiency mode. This may result in reduced power consumption and improved UE battery life. However, transmit waveform 330 may result in more leakage than transmit waveform 315. That is, signal 310 may be located near the edge of frequency range 305 and not leak into any adjacent frequency band if transmitted according to the standard transmission efficiency mode. If signal 325 is located at the same or similar distance from the edge of frequency range 305 and is transmitted according to a high transmission efficiency mode, transmit waveform 330 may overlap with one or more adjacent frequency ranges. This may result in violation of the strict ACLR standard for adjacent frequency ranges.

In some examples, the UE115 may coordinate with the base station 105 to flexibly utilize the standard and high transmission efficiency modes, as described in more detail with respect to fig. 6. For example, the UE115 may send an indication of its capability to operate in two transmission efficiency modes. The base station 105 may then schedule uplink transmissions based on the capability information. In some examples, the base station may anticipate transmissions transmitted using a high transmission efficiency mode, and may implement interference cancellation techniques to remove high transmission efficiency mode leakage and interference with other signals, such as interference introduced by a power amplifier on the UE115 side biased to operate in a non-linear range (e.g., more non-linear than another mode of operation of the UE115, where the UE115 is biased according to other parameters having a relatively more linear gain behavior). Alternatively, the UE115 may implement analog or digital interference mitigation techniques to avoid, compensate, cancel, or otherwise reduce the effects of high transmission efficiency mode leakage. In some examples, the base station 105 may allow (e.g., schedule) the high transmission efficiency mode transmission under certain circumstances (e.g., if the UE115 is on a noise floor or the network is offloaded). In some examples, the base station 105 may schedule high transmission efficiency mode transmissions on a restricted frequency range 305 (e.g., a frequency band, a bandwidth portion (BWP) subset of frequency resources, etc.) and may schedule standard transmission efficiency mode transmissions outside the restricted frequency range 305. In such an example, the UE115 may implicitly determine whether to schedule the resource to use the high transmission efficiency mode or the standard (e.g., or normal) transmission efficiency mode based on its location relative to the restricted frequency range 305. In some examples, the base station 105 may indicate to the UE115 permission to determine when to use the high transmission efficiency mode. In such an example, the UE115 may determine which transmission efficiency mode to use for the scheduled uplink transmission.

In some examples, the base station 105 may opportunistically schedule high transmission efficiency mode transmissions and standard transmission efficiency mode transmissions based on one or more parameters. For example, if the base station 105 were to schedule uplink transmissions near the edge of the frequency range 305, leakage to adjacent frequency ranges may not be allowed. In such an example, the base station 105 may indicate to the UE115 that it should use the standard transmission efficiency mode (e.g., signal 310, as signal 325 may leak into an adjacent frequency range). Alternatively, if the network is loaded or overloaded, it may schedule uplink transmissions (e.g., away from the edge of frequency range 305, as shown in more detail with respect to fig. 4) using a high transmission efficiency mode (e.g., signal 325).

In some examples, one or more requirements may be relaxed (e.g., at least one requirement of the high efficiency transmission mode may be lower than the standard efficiency transmission mode). For example, the base station 105 may schedule the UE115 to transmit the uplink signal 325. Although the signal 325 may be scheduled near the edge of the frequency range 305, the base station 105 may indicate (e.g., or the UE115 may determine) that the UE115 may send the uplink signal 325 with the transmit waveform 330. In some examples, this may be due to one or more relaxed requirements. For example, the base station 105 may prepare to implement interference mitigation techniques (e.g., based on one or more parameters indicated by the UE115) to reduce interference caused by the transmit waveform 330.

Fig. 4 illustrates an example of an operational mode 400 that supports efficient transmission mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the processing scheme 400 may implement aspects of the wireless communication system 100.

The UE115 may signal its capability to operate in the high transmission efficiency mode and the normal transmission efficiency mode, and the base station 105 may schedule uplink transmissions accordingly. In some examples, the base station 105 may schedule an uplink signal 410 having a carrier waveform and a transmit waveform 415. The base station 105 may determine one or more conditions (e.g., whether the network is loaded with respect to the frequency range 405). In some examples, base station 105 may schedule uplink signal 410 to be away from an edge of frequency range 405 (e.g., frequency range 420 is at or near the middle of frequency range 405). In such an example, leakage into adjacent frequency ranges may be avoided. In some examples, the base station 105 may allocate a set of resources (e.g., frequency resources of the frequency range 405) and may allow the UE115 to determine which transmission efficiency mode to use. UE115 may transmit uplink signals using a standard transmission efficiency mode using all or most of the frequency resources of frequency range 405. In other examples, the UE115 may select a subset of resources (e.g., an intermediate set of resources) and may transmit the signal 410 according to a high transmission efficiency mode.

In some examples, UE115 may identify a subset of frequency range 405 (e.g., frequency range 420) as a restricted frequency range (e.g., restricted bandwidth, BWP, etc.). If the base station 105 schedules uplink transmissions outside of the frequency range 420, the UE115 may transmit the uplink transmissions according to a standard transmission efficiency mode. If the base station 105 schedules uplink transmissions within the frequency range 420, the UE115 may transmit the uplink transmissions (e.g., signal 410) according to a high transmission efficiency mode.

Fig. 5 illustrates an example of an operational mode 500 that supports high efficiency transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the processing mode 500 may implement aspects of the wireless communication system 100.

In some examples, the base station 105 may schedule or allow the UE115 to transmit one or more neighboring uplink signals according to a high transmission efficiency mode. For example, the base station 105 may schedule the uplink signal 510 on a first carrier within the frequency range 505 and may schedule the uplink signal 520 on a second, adjacent or nearby carrier within the frequency range 505. If the UE115 transmits signals 510 and 520 according to a high transmission efficiency mode, the first signal 510 may comprise a transmit waveform 515 and the second signal 520 may comprise a transmit waveform 525. Transmit waveform 515 may leak into the second carrier causing interference to signal 520, while transmit waveform 525 may leak into the first carrier causing interference to signal 510.

In some examples, the base station 105 may perform one or more interference cancellation procedures to mitigate the effects of transmit leakage. In such examples, the UE115 may benefit from reduced power consumption and improved overall efficiency.

Fig. 6 illustrates an example of a process flow 600 for supporting high efficiency transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, process flow 600 may implement aspects of wireless communication system 100.

In some examples, the UE 115-b may be capable of operating in accordance with a first (e.g., standard) transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second (e.g., high) transmission efficiency mode of operation. The first transmission efficiency mode of operation may correspond to a first capability associated with transmission (e.g., lower linear PA operation resulting in increased channel leakage and reduced power consumption), and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation may correspond to a second capability associated with transmission (e.g., high linear PA operation resulting in reduced channel leakage and increased power consumption). The power efficiency of the operating mode may or may not be specified. In some examples, the capability report may contain power efficiency information. In some examples, power efficiency information may be predefined at UE 115-b and base station 105-b (e.g., for different transmission efficiency operating modes). In some examples, the capability report may contain relaxation information for a high transmission efficiency mode of operation relative to a standard transmission efficiency mode of operation (e.g., ACLR, EVM, etc.). In some examples, the UE 115-b and the base station 105-b may identify what relaxation information (e.g., how wide the ACLR requirement, EVM requirement, or other requirement is put) corresponds to each transmission efficiency operating mode (e.g., based on standardized predefined information).

At 605, the UE115-a may send a capability report to the base station 105-b. The capability report may contain an indication of the capability of the UE115-a to operate according to the standard transmission efficiency mode of operation and the high transmission efficiency mode of operation. In some examples, the indication of capability may be an index corresponding to an entry in a table (e.g., a lookup table) that provides UE categories or efficiency modes. For example, the first entry indicated by the first index may correspond to a capability of the UE to operate according to a high efficiency transmit mode of operation. The second entry indicated by the second index may correspond to a capability of the UE to operate according to a standard efficiency transmission mode. Further such efficient transmission modes may be defined and correspond to further indices. Each index entry in the table may provide an indication of the UE capabilities associated with the corresponding index, and may additionally or alternatively provide specific values associated with the capabilities of the UE115-a for that index. The above table (e.g., a look-up table) may be predetermined at the UE115-a or may be provided to the UE115-a by the network (e.g., by the base station 105-b), for example, in RRC signaling.

In some cases, the indicated capabilities may be one or more specific values associated with hardware capabilities of the UE115-a, or channel conditions reported by the UE115-a, or other parameters indicative of the status of the UE, as further described herein. In some instances, one or more of these values may be signaled in conjunction with an index corresponding to a table entry. The operations at 605 may be performed by the operation mode capability component described with reference to fig. 7 through 10.

In some examples, the ACLR and EVM requirements may be different (e.g., relaxed) for high transmission efficiency operating mode transmissions. This may allow base station 105-b to configure uplink transmissions based on the high transmission efficiency mode of operation, the standard transmission efficiency mode of operation, or both, at 610.

In some examples where the UE115-a is capable of using a high transmission efficiency mode of operation, PA parameterization may be transmitted for digital post distortion (dPOD). UE 115-b may use the PA to transmit signals using a high transmission efficiency mode of operation. The PA may be modeled with a polynomial or Volterra model. The coefficients of the non-linear model may be sent to the base station 105-b (e.g., in the capability report at 605) for predistortion reduction and/or mitigation. Base station 105-b may use such information at 630 to reduce interference for high transmission efficiency operating mode signals.

At 615, the base station 105-b may send a downlink transmission. The downlink transmission may contain one or more uplink grants, an indication of which transmission efficiency operating mode to use, an indication that the UE may select a transmission efficiency operating mode, one or more relaxed parameters, and/or the like.

In some examples, a high transmission efficiency mode of operation may be used in a limited bandwidth. For example, if the uplink transmission is configured to be scheduled in a limited bandwidth (e.g., with a particular BWP), a high transmission efficiency mode of operation may be allowed (or desired) for the UE 115-b. In some examples, if uplink transmissions are scheduled in a restricted bandwidth, a high transmission efficiency mode of operation may be allowed (or desired) for UE 115-b. In such an example, if the base station 105-b schedules an uplink transmission to the UE 115-b on a scheduled bandwidth, BWP, etc. at 615, the UE 115-b may implicitly determine to transmit the scheduled uplink transmission according to a high transmission efficiency mode of operation at 625. Similarly, the base station 105-b may monitor and receive uplink transmissions at 625 according to the high transmission efficiency mode of operation. In such an example, the configuration for the restricted bandwidth may be persistent such that the UE 115-b may seek more aggressive power savings where possible. Similarly, if the UE15-b is scheduled to have sufficient gaps between resource allocations in the high transmission efficiency mode of operation or the standard transmission efficiency mode of operation, savings may be realized. The transition from the limited bandwidth or BWP configuration to another configuration may include a delay (e.g., a BWP handoff delay or a bandwidth handoff delay, etc.). Thus, when scheduling uplink transmissions at 615, the base station 105-b can adapt to the timing delay. For the limited bandwidth dynamically indicated in the uplink grant at 615, the base station 105-b may ensure that the timing delay value (e.g., K2) is large enough to accommodate the latency for transitioning between the high transmission efficiency mode of operation and the standard transmission efficiency mode of operation. The base station 105-b may ensure that there is no overlap in uplink scheduling with different modes (e.g., the previous mode of uplink scheduling may need to be refreshed or cleared before issuing a scheduling grant for another mode).

In some examples, the network may control which transmission efficiency mode of operation UE 115-b uses. The base station 105-b may signal (e.g., at 615) which transmission efficiency operating mode the UE 115-b should use. In such an example, at 620, the UE 115-b may select its mode based on the explicit indication. The ACLR and EVM may follow a selected transmission efficiency mode of operation. That is, the UE 115-b may transmit uplink transmissions according to an explicitly indicated transmission efficiency operating mode at 625, and the ACLR, EVM, or other leakage value may correspond to the selected transmission efficiency operating mode. At 625, the base station 105-b may monitor and receive uplink transmissions based on the explicitly indicated transmission efficiency operating mode, and may expect a corresponding ACLR, EVM, or other leakage. Base station 105-b may indicate a transmission efficiency mode of operation based on each scheduling grant, which may be indicated via semi-persistence with L1 signaling, via MAC CE signaling, or other downlink transmissions. Such signaling may be done dynamically (e.g., per scheduling grant), and in such an example, the base station 105-b may individually request the UE 115-b to transmit one or more SRSs according to a high transmission efficiency mode of operation or a standard transmission efficiency mode of operation.

In some examples, UE 115-b may control which transmission efficiency mode of operation it uses for uplink transmissions. In such an example, the base station 105-b may indicate (e.g., at 615) whether the UE15-b may choose to operate using the high transmission efficiency mode of operation or the normal transmission efficiency mode of operation, or whether the UE 115-b may only use the normal transmission efficiency mode of operation. If the base station 105-b indicates that the UE 115-b can only use the standard transmission efficiency mode of operation, the UE 115-b may transmit uplink transmissions using the standard transmission efficiency mode of operation at 625. However, if the base station 105-b indicates that the UE 115-b may subsequently select whether to use the high transmission efficiency mode of operation or the standard transmission efficiency mode of operation, the UE 115-b may dynamically select the transmission efficiency mode of operation based on one or more conditions. The ACLR and EVM values may follow a selected transmission efficiency mode of operation and the base station 105-b may be able to maintain relaxed ACLR and EVM requirements.

The UE 115-b may choose not to use the high transmission efficiency mode of operation based on one or more factors. For example, the UE 115-b may determine that the high transmission efficiency mode of operation is not actually efficient based on other network configurations, and the like. The indication of whether the UE 115-b may select the transmission efficiency mode of operation may be transmitted dynamically (e.g., per scheduling grant) or semi-persistently with MAC CE activation.

When the base station 105-b indicates that the UE 115-b may select a transmission efficiency mode of operation, then the UE 115-b may select how to transmit signals in the frequency domain allocation (e.g., in a high transmission efficiency mode of operation or a standard transmission efficiency mode of operation). The UE 115-b may choose not to transmit signals occupying the entire frequency allocation to facilitate a high transmission efficiency mode of operation. For example, if the base station 105-b allocates 25 consecutive Resource Blocks (RBs) to the UE 115-b for uplink transmission, the UE 115-b may determine to transmit in the high transmission efficiency mode of operation and may transmit signals in only the center 5 RBs of the 25 RB allocation. The UE 115-b may be configured with multiple transmission efficiency modes of operation or multiple frequency allocation options, or both, and the UE 115-b may autonomously determine which combination of transmission efficiency modes of operation and frequency resources to use. In such an example, the base station 105-b may perform a hypothesis test at 625 to detect which option was used by the UE 115-b. In some examples, the UE 115-b may signal which option to use or will be used (e.g., in Uplink Control Information (UCI)) by the UE 115-b. The UE 115-b may improve power efficiency by autonomously making such selections, as the UE 115-b may have more knowledge of which configuration will save the most power than the base station 105-b.

At 620, the UE115-a may select a mode for uplink transmission based at least in part on the capability report and the downlink transmission received at 620, as described above. UE115-a may select a transmission efficiency mode of operation using an efficiency operation transmission component as described with reference to fig. 7 through 10.

At 625, UE 115-b may send an uplink transmission to base station 105-b according to a standard or high transmission efficiency mode of operation based at least in part on the sent indication of capability and the information received in downlink transmission 615. Various embodiments of the above-described techniques are described in more detail below.

In some examples, the UE 115-b may provide some assistance information to the base station 105-b. For example, at 630, UE 115-b may send power feedback. The UE 115-b may indicate to the base station 105-b whether the scheduling decision is, has been, or is predicted to be power efficient. If the base station 105-b does not receive such an indication, there may be a closed loop (e.g., from a transmit chain perspective) as to whether the network is actually saving power for the UE 115-b during data transmission. For example, transmission implementations, scheduling decisions, retransmissions, etc. may run or be performed sub-optimally. Upon receiving the power feedback information at 630, the base station 105-b may determine whether the transmission efficiency operating mode option is improving the power of the UE 115-b, and may similarly, identically, or differently configure the UE 115-b based thereon (e.g., may send a different explicit indication, or may change whether it allows the UE 115-b to select a high transmission efficiency operating mode). The operations described at 625 and 630 may be performed by the high efficiency operation sending component described with reference to fig. 7-10.

Fig. 7 illustrates a block diagram 700 of an apparatus 705 that supports high efficiency transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 705 may be an example of aspects of a UE115 as described herein. The device 705 may include a receiver 710, a communication manager 715, and a transmitter 720. The device 705 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

Receiver 710 can receive information such as packets associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to high efficiency transmission mode signaling, etc.), user data, or control information. Information may be passed to other components of the device 705. The receiver 710 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1020 described with reference to fig. 10. Receiver 710 may use a single antenna or a set of antennas.

The communication manager 715 may send an indication of the capability of the UE to operate according to the first and second transmission efficiency modes of operation to the base station and send an indication of the capability to operate according to the first or second transmission efficiency mode of operation to the base station based on the sent indication of the capability. The communication manager 715 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 1010 described herein.

The communication manager 715 or subcomponents thereof may be implemented in hardware, code executed by a processor (e.g., software or firmware), or any combination thereof. If implemented in code executed by a processor, the functions of the communication manager 715 or subcomponents thereof may be performed by a general purpose processor, a Data Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described in this disclosure.

The communication manager 715 or subcomponents thereof may be physically located at various locations, including being distributed such that portions of the functionality are implemented by one or more physical components at different physical locations. In some examples, the communication manager 715 or subcomponents thereof may be separate and distinct components, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the communication manager 715 or subcomponents thereof may be combined with one or more other hardware components, including, but not limited to, an input/output (I/O) component, a transceiver, a network server, another computing device, one or more other components described in the present disclosure, or combinations thereof, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

Transmitter 720 may transmit signals generated by other components of device 705. In some examples, transmitter 720 may be collocated with receiver 710 in a transceiver module. For example, the transmitter 720 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1020 described with reference to fig. 10. The transmitter 720 may use a single antenna or a set of antennas.

In some examples, the communication manager 715 may be implemented as an integrated circuit or chipset for a mobile device modem, and the receiver 710 and the transmitter 720 may be implemented as analog components (e.g., amplifiers, filters, antennas) coupled with the mobile device modem to enable wireless transmission and reception on one or more frequency bands.

The communication manager 715 as described herein may be implemented to realize one or more potential advantages. An implementation may allow the device to reduce power consumption, conserve battery power, extend battery life, and improve overall device efficiency, thereby improving user experience.

Based on the techniques for efficiently communicating the maximum number of layers of the device as described herein, the processor of the UE115 (e.g., which controls the receiver 710, the transmitter 720, or the transceiver 1020 as described with respect to fig. 10) may increase system efficiency and reduce unnecessary processing at the device.

Fig. 8 illustrates a block diagram 800 of an apparatus 805 that supports high efficiency transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 805 may be an example of an aspect of the device 705 or UE115 as described herein. The device 805 may include a receiver 810, a communication manager 815, and a transmitter 830. The device 805 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses). The device 805 is capable of operating in accordance with a first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with transmission and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with transmission. One or both of the first capabilities associated with transmission may be an adjacent channel leakage ratio, or an error vector magnitude, or both.

Receiver 810 can receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to high efficiency transmit mode signaling, etc.). Information may be passed to other components of device 805. The receiver 810 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1020 described with reference to fig. 10. Receiver 810 may use a single antenna or a set of antennas.

The communication manager 815 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 715 as described herein. The communication manager 815 may include an operational mode capability component 820 and an efficient operation send component 825. The communication manager 815 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 1010 described herein.

Operation mode capability component 820 can transmit an indication to a base station of a capability of a UE to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation.

Efficiency operation transmitting component 825 may transmit to the base station according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the transmitted indication of capability.

The transmitter 830 may transmit signals generated by other components of the device 805. In some examples, the transmitter 830 may be collocated with the receiver 810 in a transceiver module. For example, the transmitter 830 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1020 described with reference to fig. 10. The transmitter 830 may use a single antenna or a set of antennas.

Fig. 9 illustrates a block diagram 900 of a communication manager 905 that supports efficient transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The communication manager 905 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 715, the communication manager 815, or the communication manager 1010 described herein. The communication manager 905 may include an operational mode capability component 910, an efficient operation transmit component 915, a switch mode component 920, a limited bandwidth component 925, an autonomous operational mode selector 930, and a power level determination component 935. Each of these modules may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more buses).

The operation mode capability component 910 may send an indication to the base station of a capability of the UE to operate according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation.

In some cases, the indication of capability includes a first index identifying a first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

In some cases, the indication of capability includes a value of each of a set of parameters of the UE associated with the first transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a second index identifying a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, or a combination thereof.

In some cases, the set of parameters includes one or more of: a power headroom, or a maximum power reduction, or an indication of an antenna configuration, or a battery level, or an adjacent channel leakage rate, or an error vector magnitude, or a specific absorption rate, or a maximum allowable exposure, or a switching speed or latency between a first transmission efficiency operating mode and a second transmission efficiency operating mode, or a transmission bandwidth of the first transmission efficiency operating mode or the second transmission efficiency operating mode.

As used herein, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) may be a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed by a human body when exposed to Radio Frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields. SAR may also refer to absorption of other forms of energy by tissue, including ultrasound. SAR can be defined as the power absorbed per unit of tissue mass in watts per kilogram (W/kg).

As used herein, the maximum allowable exposure (MPE) can be a measure related to the total RF exposure, which can include both SAR and energy density.

The efficiency operation transmitting component 915 may transmit to the base station according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the transmitted indication of capability.

In some examples, efficient operation transmitting component 915 may receive a grant of uplink resources in a first bandwidth from a base station.

In some examples, the efficiency operation sending component 915 may identify that the first bandwidth is associated with a first transmission efficiency mode of operation.

In some examples, efficiency operation transmitting component 915 can transmit on uplink resources to the base station based on the identification according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation.

In some examples, efficiency operation transmitting component 915 may receive an indication from a base station that a UE uses a first transmission efficiency mode of operation.

In some examples, efficiency operation transmitting component 915 may transmit to the base station according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the received indication.

In some examples, efficiency operation sending component 915 may receive an indication in a configuration, scheduling grant, semi-persistent layer 1 signaling, or MAC control element.

In some examples, efficiency operation transmitting component 915 may receive an instruction from a base station that the UE transmits sounding reference signals using a first transmission efficiency mode of operation.

In some examples, efficiency operation transmitting component 915 may transmit sounding reference signals according to a first transmission efficiency operating mode.

Switching mode component 920 may transmit to a base station according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation.

In some examples, switching mode component 920 may determine to switch to transmitting according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation.

In some examples, switching mode component 920 may transmit to the base station according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the determination.

In some examples, switching mode component 920 may receive a command from a base station to switch to a second transmission efficiency mode of operation.

In some examples, switching mode component 920 may determine to switch to transmitting according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation in response to a received command.

In some examples, switching mode component 920 may identify, by the UE, a change in one or more UE operating conditions.

In some examples, switching mode component 920 may determine, by the UE, to switch to transmitting according to the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the identified change.

The limited bandwidth component 925 may receive a configuration from the base station identifying a first bandwidth of the UE.

In some examples, the limited bandwidth component 925 may identify that the first bandwidth configured for the UE is associated with a first transmission efficiency mode of operation.

In some examples, the limited bandwidth component 925 may determine to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the identifying.

In some cases, the configuration of the first bandwidth includes a first bandwidth part configuration for the UE.

The autonomous operation mode selector 930 may receive an indication from the base station that allows the UE to select one of the first transmission efficiency operation mode or the second transmission efficiency operation mode.

In some examples, autonomous operation mode selector 930 may select to transmit according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the received indication.

In some examples, autonomous operation mode selector 930 may transmit to the base station according to the selected first transmission efficiency operation mode.

In some examples, autonomous operation mode selector 930 may receive an indication in a configuration, scheduling grant, semi-persistent layer 1 signaling, or MAC control element.

Power level determining component 935 may identify a frequency allocation for the UE for uplink transmissions, the frequency allocation containing a set of resource blocks.

In some examples, power level determination component 935 may determine that the power level associated with using the first transmission efficiency mode of operation for frequency allocation is less than the power associated with using the second transmission efficiency mode of operation for frequency allocation.

In some examples, power level determining component 935 may select, by the UE, a subset of the set of resource blocks for transmitting according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the determination.

Fig. 10 shows a diagram of a system 1000 including a device 1005 supporting high efficiency transmit mode signaling, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Device 1005 may be an example of a component of device 705, device 805, or UE115 as described herein or a component that includes device 705, device 805, or UE115 as described herein. Device 1005 may include components for two-way voice and data communications, including components for sending and receiving communications, including a communication manager 1010, an I/O controller 1015, a transceiver 1020, one or more antennas 1025, memory 1030, and a processor 1040. These components may be in electronic communication via one or more buses, such as bus 1045. The device 1005 is capable of operating in accordance with a first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with transmission and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with transmission. One or both of the first capabilities associated with transmission may be an adjacent channel leakage ratio, or an error vector magnitude, or both.

The communication manager 1010 may transmit an indication of the capability of the UE to operate according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation to the base station and transmit an indication of the capability to operate according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation to the base station based on the transmitted indication of the capability.

I/O controller 1015 may manage input and output signals of device 1005. I/O controller 1015 may also manage peripheral devices that are not integrated into apparatus 1005. In some cases, I/O controller 1015 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral device. In some cases, I/O controller 1015 may utilize an operating system, such as Or other known operating systems. In other cases, I/O controller 1015 may represent or interact with a modem, keyboard, mouse, touch screen, or similar device. In some cases, I/O controller 1015 may be implemented as part of a processor. In some cases, a user may interact with device 1005 via I/O controller 1015 or via hardware components controlled by I/O controller 1015.

The transceiver 1020 may communicate bi-directionally via one or more antennas, wired or wireless links as described above. For example, transceiver 1020 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1020 may also include a modem that modulates packets and provides the modulated packets to the antennas for transmission and demodulates packets received from the antennas.

In some cases, a wireless device may contain a single antenna 1025. However, in some cases, a device may have more than one antenna 1025 capable of sending or receiving multiple wireless transmissions simultaneously. In some cases, the antenna 1025 may be a set of antennas or one or more antenna arrays.

Memory 1030 may include Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). The memory 1030 may store computer-readable computer-executable code 1035 comprising instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to perform various functions described herein. In some cases, memory 1030 may contain, among other things, a Basic Input and Output System (BIOS) that may control basic hardware or software operations such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

Processor 1040 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., a general purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic components, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, processor 1040 may be configured to operate the memory array using a memory controller. In other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into processor 1040. The processor 1040 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., memory 1030) to cause the device 1005 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks to support efficient transmit mode signaling).

Code 1035 may include instructions to implement aspects of the disclosure, including instructions to support wireless communications. Code 1035 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as a system memory or other type of memory. In some cases, code 1035 may not be directly executable by processor 1040, but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described herein.

Fig. 11 shows a block diagram 1100 of an apparatus 1105 supporting high efficiency transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1105 may be an example of aspects of a base station 105 as described herein. The device 1105 may contain a receiver 1110, a communication manager 1115, and a transmitter 1120. The device 1105 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

Receiver 1110 can receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to high efficiency transmit mode signaling, etc.). The information may be passed to other components of the device 1105. The receiver 1110 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1420 described with reference to fig. 14. Receiver 1110 may use a single antenna or a set of antennas.

The communication manager 1115 may receive, from a UE, an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, the first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with transmission and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with transmission, the second capability being relaxed relative to the first capability associated with transmission, and receive a signal from the UE according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the received indication of the capability. The communication manager 1115 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 1410 described herein.

The communication manager 1115, or subcomponents thereof, may be implemented in hardware, code (e.g., software or firmware) executed by a processor, or any combination thereof. If implemented in code executed by a processor, the functions of the communication manager 1115, or subcomponents thereof, may be performed by a general purpose processor, a DSP, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described in this disclosure.

The communication manager 1115, or subcomponents thereof, may be physically located at various locations, including portions that are distributed such that functionality is implemented by one or more physical components at different physical locations. In some examples, the communication manager 1115, or subcomponents thereof, may be separate and distinct components in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the communication manager 1115, or subcomponents thereof, may be combined with one or more other hardware components, including but not limited to an input/output (I/O) component, a transceiver, a network server, another computing device, one or more other components described in this disclosure, or combinations thereof, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

The transmitter 1120 may transmit signals generated by other components of the device 1105. In some examples, the transmitter 1120 may be collocated with the receiver 1110 in a transceiver module. For example, the transmitter 1120 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1420 described with reference to fig. 14. Transmitter 1120 may use a single antenna or a set of antennas.

Fig. 12 shows a block diagram 1200 of an apparatus 1205 that supports high efficiency transmit mode signaling, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1205 may be an example of aspects of the device 1105 or the base station 105 as described herein. The device 1205 may include a receiver 1210, a communication manager 1215, and a transmitter 1230. The device 1205 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

Receiver 1210 can receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to high efficiency transmit mode signaling, etc.). Information may be passed to other components of the device 1205. The receiver 1210 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1420 described with reference to fig. 14. Receiver 1210 may use a single antenna or a set of antennas.

The communication manager 1215 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 1115 as described herein. The communications manager 1215 may include a capability indication component 1220 and an efficiency operation reception component 1225. The communication manager 1215 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 1410 described herein.

Capability indicating component 1220 may receive, from a UE, an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with a transmission and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with the transmission that is relaxed relative to the first capability associated with the transmission.

The efficiency operation receiving component 1225 may receive signals from the UE according to the first transmission efficiency operation mode or the second transmission efficiency operation mode based on the received capability indication.

A transmitter 1230 may transmit signals generated by other components of the device 1205. In some examples, the transmitter 1230 may be collocated with the receiver 1210 in a transceiver module. For example, the transmitter 1230 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1420 described with reference to fig. 14. The transmitter 1230 may use a single antenna or a set of antennas.

Fig. 13 illustrates a block diagram 1300 of a communication manager 1305 supporting high-efficiency transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1305 may be an example of aspects of the communications manager 1115, the communications manager 1215, or the communications manager 1410 described herein. The communications manager 1305 may contain a capability indication component 1310, an efficiency operation reception component 1315, and an operating mode switching component 1320. Each of these modules may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more buses).

Capability indicating component 1310 may receive, from a UE, an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with a transmission and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with the transmission that is relaxed relative to the first capability associated with the transmission.

Efficiency operation receiving component 1315 may receive signals from the UE according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the received capability indication.

Operational mode switching component 1320 may receive an uplink signal from a UE according to a first transmission efficiency operational mode.

In some examples, the operation mode switching component 1320 may send a command to the UE to switch to the second transmission efficiency operation mode.

In some examples, operating mode switching component 1320 may receive an uplink signal from the UE according to the second transmission efficiency operating mode.

Fig. 14 shows a diagram of a system 1400 including a device 1405 supporting high efficiency transmit mode signaling, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Device 1405 may be an example of or include components of device 1105, device 1205, or base station 105 as described herein. Device 1405 may include components for two-way voice and data communications, including components for sending and receiving communications, with device 1405 including a communication manager 1410, a network communication manager 1415, a transceiver 1420, one or more antennas 1425, a memory 1430, a processor 1440, and an inter-station communication manager 1445. These components may be in electronic communication via one or more buses, such as bus 1450.

The communication manager 1410 may receive, from a UE, an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation, the first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with transmission and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with transmission, the second capability being relaxed relative to the first capability associated with transmission, and receive, from the UE, a signal according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the received indication of the capability.

The network communication manager 1415 may manage communication with the core network (e.g., via one or more wired backhaul links). For example, the network communication manager 1415 may manage the communication of data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs 115.

The transceiver 1420 may communicate bi-directionally via one or more antennas, wired or wireless links as described above. For example, transceiver 1420 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1420 may also include a modem that modulates packets and provides the modulated packets to the antennas for transmission and demodulates packets received from the antennas.

In some cases, the wireless device may contain a single antenna 1425. However, in some cases, a device may have more than one antenna 1425 capable of sending or receiving multiple wireless transmissions simultaneously. In some cases, the antenna 1025 may be a set of antennas or one or more antenna arrays.

Memory 1430 may comprise RAM, ROM, or a combination thereof. Memory 1430 may store computer-readable code 1435, the computer-readable code 1435 containing instructions that, when executed by a processor (e.g., processor 1440), cause the device to perform various functions described herein. In some cases, memory 1430 may contain, among other things, a BIOS that may control basic hardware or software operations such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

Processor 1440 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., general-purpose processors, DSPs, CPUs, microcontrollers, ASICs, FPGAs, programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic components, discrete hardware components, or any combinations thereof). In some cases, processor 1440 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some cases, a memory controller may be integrated into processor 1440. Processor 1440 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., memory 1430) to cause device 1405 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks to support efficient transmit mode signaling).

The inter-station communication manager 1445 may manage communications with other base stations 105 and may include a controller or scheduler for controlling communications with UEs 115 in cooperation with other base stations 105. For example, the inter-station communication manager 1445 may coordinate scheduling of transmissions to UEs 115 for various interference mitigation techniques, such as beamforming or joint transmission. In some examples, the inter-station communication manager 1445 may provide an X2 interface within LTE/LTE-a wireless communication network technology to provide communication between base stations 105.

The code 1435 may include instructions to implement aspects of the present disclosure, including instructions to support wireless communications. The code 1435 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as a system memory or other type of memory. In some cases, code 1435 may not be directly executable by processor 1440, but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein.

Fig. 15 shows a flow diagram illustrating a method 1500 of supporting high efficiency transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of method 1500 may be implemented by UE115 or components thereof described herein. For example, the operations of method 1500 may be performed by a communication manager as described with reference to fig. 7 through 10. In some examples, the UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, the UE may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the functions described below.

At 1505, the UE may transmit an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation to the base station. For example, the UE may send a capability report via RRC signaling indicating the capability of the UE to operate according to a standard transmission efficiency mode of operation or a high transmission efficiency mode of operation. The indication may be an index corresponding to an entry in a table providing UE categories or efficiency modes, a value associated with hardware capabilities or channel conditions, a parameter, or any combination thereof. The operations of 1505 may be performed in accordance with the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1505 may be performed by an operating mode capability component as described with reference to fig. 7-10.

At 1510, the UE may transmit to the base station according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the transmitted indication of capability. For example, a UE may receive a downlink transmission containing one or more uplink grants for uplink transmissions, and the grants may indicate a mode of operation to use in the uplink transmission. The UE may select a first transmission efficiency mode of operation or a second transmission efficiency mode of operation (e.g., a standard efficiency mode of operation or a high efficiency mode of operation). The base station may indicate a transmission efficiency mode of operation based on each scheduling grant, which may be indicated via semi-persistence with L1 signaling, via MAC CE signaling, or other downlink transmissions. The UE may send uplink transmissions on the granted resources according to the selected or indicated mode of operation. The operations of 1510 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1510 may be performed by an efficiency operation transmission component as described with reference to fig. 7-10.

Fig. 16 shows a flow diagram illustrating a method 1600 of supporting high efficiency transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of method 1600 may be implemented by UE115 or components thereof described herein. For example, the operations of method 1600 may be performed by a communication manager as described with reference to fig. 7 through 10. In some examples, the UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, the UE may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the functions described below.

At 1605, the UE may transmit an indication of the capability of the UE to operate according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation and the second transmission efficiency mode of operation to the base station. For example, the UE may send a capability report via RRC signaling indicating the capability of the UE to operate according to a standard transmission efficiency mode of operation or a high transmission efficiency mode of operation. The indication may be an index corresponding to an entry in a table providing UE categories or efficiency modes, a value associated with hardware capabilities or channel conditions, a parameter, or any combination thereof. The operations of 1605 may be performed in accordance with the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1605 may be performed by an operating mode capability component as described with reference to fig. 7-10.

At 1610, the UE may receive, from a base station, a configuration identifying a first bandwidth of the UE. For example, the base station may transmit an uplink grant indicating resources for transmitting uplink transmissions. The uplink grant may indicate one or more restricted bandwidths (e.g., in a particular BWP). The operations of 1610 may be performed according to methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1610 may be performed by a limited bandwidth component as described with reference to fig. 7-10.

At 1615, the UE may identify that the first bandwidth configured for the UE is associated with a first transmission efficiency mode of operation. For example, the UE may determine that uplink transmissions on the indicated BWP should be transmitted according to a particular efficiency mode. The operations of 1615 may be performed according to methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1615 may be performed by a limited bandwidth component as described with reference to fig. 7-10.

At 1620, the UE may determine to operate according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the identification. For example, the UE115 may determine that a high transmission efficiency mode of operation is allowed or desired for uplink transmissions on the indicated BWP. The operations of 1620 may be performed according to methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1620 may be performed by a limited bandwidth component as described with reference to fig. 7-10.

At 1625, the UE may transmit to the base station according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the transmitted indication of capability. For example, the UE may send uplink transmissions on the granted resources (e.g., restricted BWP) using an associated transmission efficiency mode (e.g., a high transmission efficiency mode of operation). The operations of 1625 may be performed according to methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1625 may be performed by the efficiency operation transmission component as described with reference to fig. 7-10.

Fig. 17 shows a flow diagram illustrating a method 1700 of supporting high efficiency transmit mode signaling in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of method 1700 may be implemented by a base station 105 or components thereof as described herein. For example, the operations of method 1700 may be performed by a communication manager as described with reference to fig. 11 through 14. In some examples, the base station may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the base station to perform the functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, the base station may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the functions described below.

At 1705, the base station may receive, from the UE, an indication of a capability of the UE to operate according to a first transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a first capability associated with the transmission and a second transmission efficiency mode of operation corresponding to a second capability associated with the transmission, the second capability being relaxed relative to the first capability associated with the transmission. For example, the base station may receive a capability report via RRC signaling indicating a capability of the UE to operate according to the standard transmission efficiency mode of operation or the high transmission efficiency mode of operation. The indication may be an index corresponding to an entry in a table providing UE categories or efficiency modes, a value associated with hardware capabilities or channel conditions, a parameter, or any combination thereof. The operations of 1705 may be performed according to methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1705 may be performed by a capability indication component as described with reference to fig. 11-14.

At 1710, the base station may receive a signal from the UE according to the first transmission efficiency mode of operation or the second transmission efficiency mode of operation based on the received capability indication. For example, a base station may send a downlink transmission to a UE that contains one or more uplink grants for uplink transmissions, and the grants may indicate a mode of operation to use in the uplink transmission. The UE may select a first transmission efficiency mode of operation or a second transmission efficiency mode of operation (e.g., a standard efficiency mode of operation or a high efficiency mode of operation). The base station may indicate a transmission efficiency mode of operation based on each scheduling grant, which may be indicated via semi-persistence with L1 signaling, via MAC CE signaling, or other downlink transmissions. The UE may send uplink transmissions on the granted resources according to the selected or indicated mode of operation. The operations of 1710 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1710 may be performed by the efficiency operation receiving component as described with reference to fig. 11-14.

It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified, and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of these methods may be combined.

The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless communication systems such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), and others. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such as CDMA2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), and so on. CDMA2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. IS-2000Releases may be referred to generally as CDMA20001X, 1X, etc. IS-856(TIA-856) IS commonly referred to as CDMA20001 xEV-DO, High Rate Packet Data (HRPD), etc. UTRA encompasses wideband CDMA (wcdma) and other variants of CDMA. TDMA systems may implement radio technologies such as global system for mobile communications (GSM).

The OFDMA system may implement radio technologies such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)802.11(Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16(WiMAX), IEEE802.20, Flash-OFDM, etc. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). LTE, LTE-A and LTE-A Pro are releases of UMTS that use E-UTRA. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, and GSM are described in documents from an organization named "third Generation partnership project" (3 GPP). CDMA2000 and UMB are described in documents from an organization named "third generation partnership project 2" (3GPP 2). The techniques described herein may be used with the systems and radio techniques mentioned herein as well as other systems and radio techniques. Although aspects of the LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro or NR terminology may be used in many of the descriptions, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro or NR applications.

A macro cell typically covers a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs subscribing to services from a network provider. Small cells may be associated with lower power base stations than macro cells, and may operate in the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed, etc.) frequency bands as macro cells. According to various examples, a small cell may include a pico cell, a femto cell, and a micro cell. A pico cell, for example, may cover a small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions with the network provider. A femto cell may also cover a small geographic area (e.g., a home) and may provide restricted access to UEs having an association with the femto cell (e.g., UEs in a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG), UEs for users in the home, etc.). The eNB for the macro cell may be referred to as a macro eNB. An eNB for a small cell may be referred to as a small cell eNB, pico eNB, femto eNB, or home eNB. An eNB may support one or more (e.g., two, three, four, etc.) cells and may also support communication using one or more component carriers.

The wireless communication systems described herein may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, the base stations may have similar frame timing, and transmissions from different base stations may be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, the base stations may have different frame timings, and transmissions from different base stations may not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein may be used for synchronous or asynchronous operations.

The information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

The various illustrative blocks and modules described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, an FPGA, or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration).

The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and the appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, the functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hard-wired, or any combination of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various locations, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.

Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may comprise RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (eeprom), flash memory, Compact Disc (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired process code in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes CD, laser disc, optical disc, Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media.

As used herein, including in the claims, "or" as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced with a phrase such as at least one of "or one or more of" indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B or C refers to a or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., a and B and C). Further, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should not be construed as a reference to a closed condition set. For example, an exemplary step described as "based on condition a" may be based on both condition a and condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should be interpreted in the same manner as the phrase "based at least in part on".

In the drawings, similar components or features may have the same reference numerals. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If only the first reference numeral is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference numeral regardless of the second reference numeral or other subsequent reference numerals.

The description set forth herein in connection with the appended drawings describes example configurations and is not intended to represent all examples that may be implemented or within the scope of the claims. The term "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration," rather than "preferred" or "superior to other examples. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described technology. However, the techniques may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.

The description herein is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

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