阅读说明：本技术 聚胺添加剂 (Polyamine additives ) 是由 S-J·R·徐 D·克雷莫纳 D·D·罗塔 A·J·佩里 K·劳林斯 S·A·霍瓦特 于 2019-09-25 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了聚胺添加剂,所述聚胺添加剂可用于提供早期耐水性以干燥含水介质中的阴离子胶体稳定化的聚合物分散体。所述聚胺是具有叔胺侧基的烯键式不饱和单体与具有88g/mol至1200g/mol分子量的聚(环氧烷)侧链的烯键式不饱和单体的聚合产物。(Polyamine additives are disclosed that are useful for providing early water resistance to dry anionic colloidally stabilized polymer dispersions in aqueous media. The polyamine is the polymerization product of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer having a pendant tertiary amine group and an ethylenically unsaturated monomer having a poly (alkylene oxide) side chain having a molecular weight of 88g/mol to 1200 g/mol.)

1. A water-dilutable polyamine additive comprising a polymerization product of a free-radically polymerizable monomer polymerized into polyamine repeating units, wherein:

a) from 30 to 90 weight percent of the repeating units are from a radically polymerizable tertiary amine monomerThe monomer is selected from the group consisting of formula A₁Or A₂Group (2)

Wherein R is_aIs O or NR_k，R_bIs C₁To C₆Alkylene, more desirably C₂To C₄，R_eIs C₁-C₄Alkyl radical, R_fIs C₁-C₄Alkyl radical, R_gIs H or methyl or ethyl, and R_hIs H or methyl or ethyl, R_kIs H, C₁-C₄Alkyl or C₁-C₄Acyl, A' is a poly (oxy-C) having a number average molecular weight of 88 to 348g/mol₂H₄And/or C₃H₆Alkylene) homopolymer or copolymer, m is 2 or 3, if Ri is not directly linked to Rj to form an alkylene, Ri is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, phenyl, benzyl and C₁-C₁₂Group of alkyl radicals, if Rj is not directly connected to Ri, Rj is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, C₁-C₄The group of alkyl groups, and optionally, Ri and Rj together may be covalently bonded to each other to form C₄Or C₅Alkylene groups, thereby forming a 5-or 6-membered ring with the C atom to which they are attached, and

b) from 10 to 60 weight percent of the repeating units are derived from a poly (alkylene oxide) monomer B of the formula

Wherein R is_pIs a poly (alkylene oxide) having a number average molecular weight of from about 88g/mol to about 1200g/mol, more desirably from about 132g/mol to 1100g/mol, wherein the poly (alkylene oxide) has 2 or 3 or 4 carbons per alkylene group (more desirably at least 90 weight percent of the alkylene groups are ethylene), R_qIs H or C₁-C₈Alkylene and more preferably methyl or ethyl; and R is_rIs H or methyl or ethyl; and

c) about 0 wt% to about 60 wt% of the repeating units are derived from monomers other than A₁、A₂And other radically polymerizable monomers than B.

2. The water-dilutable polyamine additive according to claim 1, wherein said water-dilutable polyamine additive is selected from the group consisting of A, B, C₁And A₂The repeat units of the tertiary amine monomer of the group consisting are present in the polyamine from about 55 wt% to 85 wt%, the repeat units from polymerizable alkylene oxide monomer B are present from about 15 wt% to 45 wt%, and the repeat units from the other free-radically polymerizable monomer are present from 0 wt% to 30 wt%.

3. The water-dilutable polyamine additive according to claim 1, wherein said water-dilutable polyamine additive is selected from the group consisting of A₁Or A₂Is present in the polyamine at about 60 wt% to 80 wt%, the repeat units from polymerizable alkylene oxide monomer B are present at about 20 wt% to 40 wt%, and the repeat units from the other free radically polymerizable monomer are present at 0 wt% to 15 wt%.

4. The water-dilutable polyamine additive according to any of the preceding claims, wherein recurring units from said other free-radically polymerizable monomers are present in an amount of 10 weight percent or less based on the total weight of the water-dilutable polyamine additive.

5. The water-dilutable polyamine additive according to any of the preceding claims, having a number average molecular weight of from 10,000 daltons to 500,000 daltons, as determined by GPC molecular weight using polystyrene standards.

6. The water-dilutable polyamine additive according to any of the preceding claims, wherein based on a group derived from A₁And A₂The combined weight of repeat units from the free-radically polymerizable tertiary amine monomer of at least 80, 90, or 95 weight percent of the repeat units of formula A₁A repeat unit derived from polymerization.

7. The water-dilutable polyamine additive according to any of the preceding claims, wherein at least 90 mole% of R_eAnd R_fIs methyl or ethyl.

8. The water-dilutable polyamine additive according to any of the preceding claims, wherein at least 80 mole% of said R_aThe radical being NR_h。

9. The water-dilutable polyamine additive according to any of the preceding claims, wherein at least 80 mole% of said R_aThe group is O.

10. A polymer dispersion in an aqueous medium, said polymer dispersion comprising:

a) from 10% to 75% by weight of an anionic colloidally stabilized copolymer dispersion of free-radically polymerizable monomers in an aqueous medium, and

b)0.1 to 10 weight & of a water-dilutable polyamine additive comprising the free radical polymerization product of:

(1)55 to 85 weight percent of repeating units from a free radically polymerizable tertiary amine monomer selected from the group consisting of formula A₁And formula A₂Group of

Wherein R is_aIs O or NR_k，R_bIs C₁To C₆Alkylene radical, R_eIs C₁-C₄Alkyl radical, R_fIs C₁-C₄Alkyl radical, R_gIs H orMethyl or ethyl, and R_hIs H or methyl or ethyl, R_kIs H, C₁-C₄Alkyl or C₁-C₄Acyl, A' is a poly (oxy-C) having a number average molecular weight of 88 to 348g/mol₂H₄And/or C₃H₆Alkylene) homopolymer or copolymer, m is 2 or 3, if Ri is not directly linked to Rj to form an alkylene, Ri is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, phenyl, benzyl and C₁-C₁₂Group of alkyl radicals, if Rj is not directly connected to Ri, Rj is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, C₁-C₄The group of alkyl groups, and optionally, Ri and Rj together may be covalently bonded to each other to form C₄Or C₅Alkylene groups, thereby forming a 5-or 6-membered ring with the C atom to which they are attached, and

(2)15 to 45 weight percent of repeating units derived from a polymerizable alkylene oxide monomer B of the formula

Wherein R is_pIs a polyalkylene oxide having a number average molecular weight of from about 88 to about 1200, more desirably from about 132 to 1100, wherein the polyalkylene oxide has 2 or 3 or 4 carbons per alkylene (more desirably at least 90 weight percent of the alkylene oxide groups are ethylene oxide), R_qIs H or C₁-C₈Alkylene and more preferably methyl or ethyl; and R is_rIs H or methyl or ethyl; and

(3) about 0 wt% to about 30 wt% of comonomer A₁、A₂And other radically polymerizable monomers than B, and

wherein the pH of the polymer dispersion is between 7.5 and 12.5.

11. The polymer dispersion of claim 10, wherein the copolymer comprises at least 50% by weight of repeat units derived from polymerizing (meth) acrylate monomers that are esters of 3-monoethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids having 3 to 6 carbon atoms and alkanols having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.

12. The polymer dispersion of claim 10 or 11, wherein the dispersion further comprises a pigment or filler.

13. The polymer dispersion of any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein at least 80% by weight of a is represented by a₁And A₂The group consisting of A₁A monomer.

14. The polymer dispersion of any one of claims 10 to 13, wherein the copolymer comprises from 0.5 to about 2.5 wt% of a volatile amine (defined as an amine that is more volatile than water at 25 ℃) based on the weight of the polymer dispersion.

15. The polymer dispersion of any one of claims 10 to 14, wherein R₂Is methyl or ethyl.

16. The polymer dispersion according to any one of claims 10 to 15, used in combination with titanium dioxide to produce an opaque coating.

17. The polymer dispersion according to any one of claims 10 to 16 as a roof coating.

18. The polymer dispersion of claim 17, having a film thickness of 10 mils to 100 mils after air drying.

19. The polymer dispersion of claim 18, having a film thickness of greater than 40 mils after air drying.

20. Use of a water-dilutable polyamine additive according to any one of claims 1 to 9 to impart water resistance to a coating composition earlier by including the polyamine additive in the coating composition and homogenizing the polyamine into the coating composition; wherein the coating composition comprises an anionically stabilized polymer dispersion.

21. Use of a water-dilutable polyamine additive according to claim 20, wherein said coating composition has a pH of 9.5 or more when said polyamine is comprised in said coating composition.

22. A method of enhancing the onset of water resistance in a coating composition forming a film on a substrate, the method comprising incorporating the water-dilutable polyamine additive of any one of claims 1 to 9 into the coating composition prior to forming the film and when the coating composition has a pH of 9.5 or higher, then maintaining the pH of the coating composition at pH 9.5 or higher until the coating composition forms a film on a substrate, and after forming a film on a substrate, lowering the pH of the film on the substrate to below pH 9 by volatilization of 1 or more pH basic components from the coating composition; wherein the coating composition comprises an anionically stabilized polymer dispersion.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to improved water-dilutable polyamine additives for aqueous coating compositions. Polyamine additives are well known in the pavement marking industry for their ability to accelerate the initial film forming and drying process. The present disclosure is a polyamine additive that can be used in coating formulations/applications while achieving good shelf life stability.

Background

Polyamine curatives are known in the pavement marking industry for their ability to help accelerate the conversion of dispersions of binders, pigments, etc. in a continuous medium to an aggregate material, a continuous film, or a dry film.

US 5,527,853 (equivalent to EP0409459) discloses shelf stable fast curing aqueous coating compositions using polyfunctional amines and volatile bases.

US 5,705,560 discloses an aqueous coating composition using a latex having anionic properties, i.e. a water-soluble polymer formed from a monomer mixture comprising at least 20 wt.% amine-containing functional groups and a volatile base which raises the pH.

US 7,892,131 discloses a quick-drying aqueous composition suitable for use in the preparation of pavement markings from a composition comprising an anionically stabilized binder having a phosphoric acid functional polymer component, a polyfunctional amine component and a volatile base.

US2015/0259559 to BASF discloses compositions comprising an anionically stabilized copolymer dispersion, a volatile base, and a derivatized polyamine that functions to reduce the set time of the anionically stabilized copolymer dispersion.

Disclosure of Invention

Various types of polyfunctional amines have been used as curing agents for quick-dry pavement markings along with anionically stabilized polymer dispersions and emulsions. Improvements in polyamine additives are possible for other coatings by incorporating repeat units into the polyamines of pendant poly (alkylene oxides) of specific molecular weights. The repeating units having pendant poly (alkylene oxide) s provide better in-can stability of the coating (minimizing undesirable interactions between the polyamine additive and the polymeric binder particles during storage) and better moisture permeability and evaporation rate after initial aggregation of the dispersed polymer in the drying step than prior art polyamine additives.

Polyamine additives work with anionically stabilized polymer dispersions and emulsions (where the dispersions include emulsions) by being available to interact with anionic groups such as carboxylic acids and aggregate multiple polymer particles into aggregates, which accelerates colloidal destabilization of the polymer particle dispersion, thereby forming a water repellent membrane surface. The interaction of the amine groups of the polyamine is accelerated by a pH change, usually associated with evaporation of the base due to volatilization of the volatile amine during drying. Different amine groups (e.g., primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternized amine groups) interact with anionic groups at different reaction rates and form bonds/associations (amides, salts, etc.) with different durability.

The polyalkylene oxide side chains of the presently disclosed polyamine additives slow down the interaction of the nitrogen of the polyamine with the surface anionic groups of the polymer particles until a suitable time in the film-forming process. This may be due to steric factors in which the polyalkylene oxide physically separates the amine from the anionic groups on the particle. As any volatile base present in the coating composition becomes more scarcer at the film interface during drying of the film, the polyamine additive becomes more reactive at the film surface than the sub-surface layer, since a faster pH change from a basic pH to a neutral or slightly acidic pH occurs most quickly at the film surface with ambient air.

After the polyamine additive forms aggregates, the addition of water in the form of rain water does not cause the particles to disaggregate, since the bonds between the polyamine additive and the anionic groups on the polymer particles are ionic or covalent, and the aggregated polymer particles repel water from the surface and protect the coating composition (or film) underneath them from dilution or washing away by rain water or water. At the same time, the pendant poly (alkylene oxide) s in the polyamine additive are porous to the water vapor of the coating composition in the film and allow evaporation from the film at an effective rate to rapidly dry the film. In the absence of the polyamine additives of the present disclosure, the skin on the dried coating film has very little porosity and can slow the evaporation of water from deeper into the film to the surface.

Detailed Description

Various preferred features and embodiments will be described below by way of non-limiting illustration.

Unless otherwise indicated, each chemical component is present in an amount based on the active chemical, excluding any solvent or diluent oils that may typically be present in a commercial material. However, unless otherwise indicated, each chemical species or composition referred to herein should be interpreted as being a commercial grade species that may include isomers, by-products, derivatives, and other such species that are generally understood to be present in the commercial grade. The use of (meth) in the monomer or repeat unit represents an optional methyl group such as methyl (meth) acrylate.

In this document, the use of (methyl) in chemical name means that the methyl substituent is optionally present. Thus, the term "(meth) acrylate monomers" includes acrylate, methacrylate, diacrylate and dimethacrylate monomers.

It is known that some of the materials described above may interact in the final formulation and therefore the components of the final formulation may differ from the components initially added. For example, polyamine substances can interact with the polymer dispersion to form aggregate materials. The polymer dispersion can aggregate, pack tightly as the continuous phase volatilizes, and fuse into polymer agglomerates such as films. The products formed thereby, including products formed when using the compositions of the present invention in their intended use, may not be easily described. Nevertheless, all such modifications and interaction products are included within the scope of the present invention; the present invention encompasses compositions prepared by blending the above components.

In this disclosure, we will use the term polymer dispersion to describe polymer dispersions having a number average particle size of from about 50 nanometers to about 10 micrometers, more desirably from 80 nanometers to 5 micrometers, as determined by light scattering, whether the polymer dispersion is prepared by dispersing a pre-synthesized polymer in an aqueous medium or is formed by an emulsion polymerization process. These particle sizes are common to many different types of polymers and can be colloidally stabilized for long periods of time, provided that a good spatial or electrostatic barrier is provided for each particle, since brownian motion is generally sufficient to keep polymer particles of these sizes randomly distributed in an aqueous medium, even if the polymer has a lower density than the aqueous phase and may otherwise (if the particle diameter is larger) form a cream on top of the vessel or container. Some authors distinguish between polymer dispersions and polymer emulsions for their own reasons, but in the present disclosure the word polymer dispersion will mean both a polymer dispersion prepared by dispersing a polymer in an aqueous medium and a polymer dispersion prepared by emulsion polymerization.

It is the intention of the coating formulator that the additives/curing agents added to the polymer dispersions and emulsions should remain inert in the formulation (composition) until such time as the formulator desires the composition to form a film. The formulator wishes that the additive/curing agent not interact with the dispersed polymer by chemical reaction during storage of the composition prior to film formation. Ideally, the colloidal stability of the polymer dispersion and the dispersion of fillers, pigments and other dispersing components in the coating remain colloidally stable for months and possibly years (minimizing waste of coating formulation due to shelf life limitations or slow inventory turnover). However, curing agents tend to interact with the polymer dispersion during storage and during times of reduced colloidal stability, and may cause aggregation of the polymer particles during storage.

While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the repeat units having a side chain poly (alkylene oxide) with a molecular weight of about 132g/mol to about 1100g/mol provide an environment for the amine groups of the polyamine additives of the present disclosure to interact in the continuous aqueous phase when incorporated into the polyamine additives in the amounts specified herein, wherein the amine groups are partially sterically hindered from interacting with the anionic colloidal stabilizing groups on the dispersed polymer phase when the composition is at a high pH of greater than 7, more desirably 7.5 or 8.5 to 12.5, and preferably 8.5 or 9 to 10.5 or 11. Longer storage times benefit from higher pH values. The pH value can be very close to the lower limit if the polyamine additive is added only hours or days before the coating composition is used. The formulated paint is resistant to polyamine additives at lower pH values than non-formulated polymer dispersions. Poly (alkylene oxide) chains incorporated into the polyamine backbone do not generally provide the same environment as the side chains or poly (alkylene oxide) side chains. Poly (alkylene oxide) chains with molecular weights below 132g/mol or above 1100g/mol do not provide an optimal environment for this steric effect for the interaction of the amine groups of the polyamine with the anionic stabilizing groups on the polymer dispersion. It is also theorized that poly (alkylene oxide) s having a molecular weight of 132 to 1100 (inclusive) may allow the amine groups of the additive to interact with the anionic groups on the particle surface as the pH is lowered and aid in forming a water-resistant coating surface when a coating composition formulated with the polyamine additives of the present disclosure is applied as a film onto a surface. This additive acts to protect the film of the coating composition from staining and to protect the coating from water if the coating happens to be showered or some other source of water spray is seen.

Accordingly, a benefit of the polyamine additives of the present disclosure is that when formulated as anionically or partially anionically and partially non-ionically stabilized colloidally stabilized polymer dispersions or coating compositions comprising such polymer dispersions, they can have very long shelf stability at room temperature (anywhere from 22 ℃ to 25 ℃) or even at elevated temperatures of warehouses such as 48.9 ℃ (120 ° f). The polyamine additives of the present disclosure can also allow polymer dispersions and/or coating compositions having such polymer dispersions to form a water repellent film surface (enhancing rapid film formation and water and/or stain resistance of the film or coating) in a shorter period of time than the same polymer dispersion or coating composition without the polyamine additive. The polyamine additives in some formulations appear to act as a sparkling rust inhibitor (minimizing the formation of rust stains and/or corrosion on metal surfaces) when the coating composition dries on the metal surface.

The polyamine additives of the present disclosure are polyamine additives derived by polymerizing at least 2 different monomers and optionally including repeat units from other copolymerizable monomers. The first monomer can be of formula A₁Or A₂Or a blend thereof. The tertiary amine monomer is desirably present as a repeating unit in an amount of about 30% to about 90%, more desirably about 55% to about 85%, preferably about 60% to about 80%, and more preferably about 65% to 75% by weight of the polyamine additive.

A₁The monomers conform to the formula:

and A is₂The monomers conform to the formula:

wherein R is_aIs O or NR_k，R_bIs C₁To C₆Alkylene radical, R_eIs C₁-C₄Alkyl radical, R_fIs C₁-C₄Alkyl radical, R_gIs H or methyl or ethyl, R_hIs H or CH₃And R is_kIs H, C₁-C₄Alkyl or C₁-C₄Acyl, A' is a poly (oxy-C) having a number average molecular weight of 88 to 348g/mol₂H₄And/or oxy C₃H₆) Homo-or copolymers, m being 2 or 3, if Ri is notDirectly connected to Rj and to R_iAnd R_jForm a ring, Ri is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, phenyl, benzyl and C₁-C₁₂Group of alkyl radicals, if Rj is not directly connected to Ri, Rj is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, C₁-C₄Groups of alkyl groups, and optionally Ri and Rj may be linked together with a chemical covalent bond to form C₄Or C₅Alkylene group, thereby reacting with Structure A above₂Wherein the C atom to which they are bonded forms a 5-or 6-membered ring. A. the₁The monomers are available as dialkylaminoalkylacrylamides or dialkylaminoalkyl acrylates from a number of suppliers.

A₂Monomer and a monomer derived from A₂An interesting feature of the repeating unit of the monomer is that it can react with water and the tertiary amine group can become a secondary amine and the monomer or repeating unit is hydroxyl terminated and forms a ketone group (leaving group). Although the author of this disclosure intends to use A in a specific form₂However, it should be noted that some portion (such as 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 30 wt.% or 50 wt.% of a)₂Monomer) may be in the form shown below or a distinct repeating unit derived from polymerizing the monomer.

Other desired monomers (B) are poly (alkylene oxide) monomers or repeating units derived from such monomers. These are commercially available under the trade name Bisomer from GEO Specialty Chemicals inc, or can be prepared by esterification of acrylic acid or (alkyl) acrylic acid with poly (alkylene oxide)

Wherein R is_pIs a polyalkylene oxide having a number average molecular weight of from about 88g/mol to about 1200g/mol, more desirably from about 132g/mol to 1100 g/mol; each alkylene group having 2 or 3 or 4 carbons (more desirably at least 90 weight percent of the alkylene oxide groups are ethylene oxide), R_qIs H or C₁-C₈Alkylene and more desirably H, methyl or ethyl, and R_rIs H or methyl or ethyl.

The repeat units from polymerizing the B monomer (pendant poly (alkylene oxide) monomer) are desirably present in an amount of from about 10 to about 60 weight percent, more desirably from about 15 to about 45 weight percent, preferably from about 20 to about 40 weight percent, and more preferably from about 25 to about 35 weight percent of the polyamine additive of the present disclosure.

Third, fourth, etc. repeating units or monomers, optionally defined as (C), can be present in the polyamine additive, provided that specific amounts of tertiary amine repeating units and poly (alkylene oxide) monomers are present, as described above. The optional third or more monomers desirably are present in the polyamine additive in an amount of from about 0% to about 60% by weight of the repeat units of the polyamine additive, more desirably from about 0% to about 30% by weight of other repeat units from the free radically polymerizable monomer, preferably from about 0% to about 10% or 20% by weight of the repeat units, and more preferably from about 0% to about 5% by weight of the polyamine additive, excluding monomer a₁And/or A₂And repeating units other than monomer B, a radical initiator fragment, and a chain transfer molecule fragment.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, if the C repeat units or monomers forming the C repeat units are n-vinylpyrrolidone or repeat units derived from n-vinylpyrrolidone, it is desirable that the C repeat units or monomers forming the C repeat units are not present in the polyamine additives of the present disclosure in an amount of 10 weight percent or greater.

Suitable polyamine additives can have a variety of molecular weights and degrees of nitrogen derivatization. For example, the polyamine additive can have an average molecular weight of 500 daltons to 5,000,000 daltons, preferably 1,000 daltons or 10,000 daltons to 500,000 daltons. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is from 50,000 to 500,000 daltons. In some embodiments, the polyamine additive is present in the coating composition in an amount between 0.1% to 5% by weight based on the dry weight of the anionic colloidally stabilized copolymer.

Various additional monomers may optionally be copolymerized with the prepolymer. For example, the acrylic polymer or copolymer may be derived from a variety of unsaturated monomers such as acrylates, alkyl (alk) acrylates, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate, styrene, and dienes such as butadiene. Each alkyl acrylate (or ester of acrylic acid) has the formula:

wherein R is₉Is an alkyl group containing from 1 to about 15 carbon atoms, an alkoxyalkyl group containing a total of from 1 to about 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms, a cyanoalkyl group containing from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, or a hydroxyalkyl group containing from 1 to about 18 carbon atoms. The alkyl structure may contain primary, secondary or tertiary carbon configurations and typically contains from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, with 2 to 8 carbon atoms being preferred. Examples of such acrylates include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, isopentyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, 2-methylpentyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, n-decyl acrylate, n-dodecyl acrylate, n-octadecyl acrylate, and the like. Preferred examples include ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and the like.

The various alkyl alkylacrylates (or esters of alkylacrylic acids) have the following formula:

wherein R is₁₀Is H or C_1-2Alkyl radical, R₁₁Is an alkyl group containing from 1 to about 15 carbon atoms, an alkoxyalkyl group containing a total of from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, a cyanoalkyl group containing from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, or a hydroxyalkyl group containing from 1 to about 18 carbon atoms (as described above). Examples of various alkyl (alk) acrylates include methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, methoxymethyl acrylate, methoxyethyl acrylate, ethoxy acrylateEthyl esters, butoxyethyl acrylates, ethoxypropyl acrylates, and the like. The derivatives include hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxybutyl acrylate, etc. Mixtures of 2 or more of the above monomers may also be used.

The use of unsaturated carboxylic acid containing monomers is not intended in polyamine additives. These are not intended to be included as monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, 2-carboxyethyl acrylate, and the like. The half esters of the above dicarboxylic acids are not intended to be added to the polyamine additives to be used as monomers, wherein the ester moiety is desirably an alkyl group having 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, and specific examples include monomethyl maleate, monomethyl fumarate, monomethyl itaconate, and the like.

Other copolymerizable (ethylenically unsaturated) monomers can be used to prepare the copolymers, including styrenic monomers (as comonomers in polyamine additives), vinyl chloride-type monomers, acrylonitrile-type monomers, various vinyl ester monomers, various acrylamide monomers, various acetylenic alcohol acrylamides, and the like. In view of the styrenic monomers (both the primary monomer in the styrene-butadiene polymer and the comonomer in the acrylate polymer), they are commonly referred to as vinyl-substituted aromatics (styrenic monomers) and include styrene, alkyl-substituted styrene, 1-vinylnaphthalene, 2-vinylnaphthalene, and their alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, and aralkyl derivatives, with the total number of carbon atoms in the combined substituents typically being from 8 to about 12. Examples of such compounds include 3-methylstyrene vinyltoluene; alpha-methylstyrene; 4-n-propylstyrene, 4-tert-butylstyrene, 4-methoxystyrene; 4-dimethylaminostyrene; 3, 5-diphenoxystyrene; 4-p-tolylstyrene; 4-phenylstyrene; 4, 5-dimethyl-1-vinylnaphthalene; 3-n-propyl-2-vinylnaphthalene, and the like. Styrene is generally preferred.

Vinyl chloride type monomers include vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, and the like.

Vinyl esters can generally be represented by the formula:

wherein R is₁₃Is H or C_1-2Alkyl, and R₁₂Is an alkyl group typically having from 1 to about 10 or 12 carbon atoms, preferably from about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Thus, suitable vinyl esters include vinyl formate, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl valerate, and the like. Having a larger R₁₂Vinyl esters of the radicals include vinyl versatate monomers such as Veo VA-P, Veo Va-10 and Veo Va-11.

The various vinyl ethers may be represented by the formula:

wherein R is₁₄Is H or C_1-2Alkyl radical, R₁₅Desirably an alkyl group having from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms. Specific examples include methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether and the like, with methyl vinyl ether being preferred.

The acrylonitrile-type monomer that can be used includes acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, ethacrylonitrile, or the like.

The acrylamide monomers polymerizable to form the copolymer generally have the formula:

wherein R is₁₈Is H or C_1-2Alkyl, and R₁₆And R₁₇Each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group (straight or branched) containing from 1 to about 18 carbon atoms. Specific examples include acrylamide, ethylacrylamide, butylacrylamide, t-octylacrylamide, t-butylmethacrylamide, and the like.

Functionalized acrylamides may also be used. Examples of such acrylamides include AMPS, i.e., 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid; DMAPMA, i.e., dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide, and the like.

The carbonyl group-containing unsaturated comonomer may be copolymerized with the above-mentioned monomers to prepare an acrylic or vinyl polymer. Examples of carbonyl group-containing monomers that may be mentioned include acrolein, methacrolein, diacetone acrylamide, crotonaldehyde, 4-vinylbenzaldehyde, vinyl alkyl ketones of 4 to 7 carbon atoms such as vinyl methyl ketone, and acryloxyalkyl propanol and methacryloxyalkyl propanol. Additional examples include acrylamide pivalaldehyde, methacrylamide pivalaldehyde, 3-acrylamide methylanisole, diacetone acrylate, acetone acrylate, diacetone methacrylate, acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate acetoacetate, and butylene glycol acrylate acetoacetate.

To practice the present invention, the conventional drying mechanism for water-based coating compositions is to evaporate the continuous phase from the surface of the film or coating until the dispersed phases of the film and/or coating (the polymeric binder and the particulate phase, if any) are in close proximity to each other and begin to form continuous aggregates on the surface of the film or coating. Such large continuous aggregates are formed only when enough of the continuous phase has evaporated to bring the dispersed phase into very close contact with each other and compress the spaces and/or ionic barriers between the various particles of the dispersed phase. The colloidal stabilization layer on the dispersed phase particles then begins to penetrate the adjacent phase colloidal stabilization layer, and the barrier effect of the barrier layer on each dispersed phase loses its barrier effect and promotes aggregation of the particles. The particles are capable of being deformed to the extent that they are as close packed as effectively as possible at the film forming temperature. The spatial and/or ionic barriers remain intact to some extent due to incompatibility between the barrier layer and the contents of each particle. In some regions of the film, the barrier layer is pushed out of the interface and the particles of the dispersed phase are in direct contact with other particles in the dispersed phase. This is the agglomeration stage of film formation, where addition shrinkage is achieved by bringing the particles together and pushing the surface active molecules to the interface with other surfaces (e.g., the top of the film, the interface between the film and the substrate, etc.). To some extent, the molecular weight and viscosity of the barrier layer prevents complete migration of the barrier layer to the interface, and some portion of the barrier layer from the particles is trapped in the film in various forms.

Film formation in the absence of polyamine additives is explained in the above paragraph and we will now explain the film formation of anionically (partially or fully) stabilized polymer dispersions in the presence of the reactive polyamine additives of the present disclosure. Typically, the pH of the composition is adjusted to above 7 with a volatile base. As evaporation occurs, the volatile base will evaporate from the surface of the film, and as the pH drops to near 7, the interaction of the amine groups of the polyamine additive with the anionic stabilizing anionic groups (such as carboxyl groups) for the particles will be more favorable. The polyamine additives are highly water-swellable or soluble in water and bridge between the particles in the dispersed phase. The pH drops more rapidly at the interface between the film or coating and the air (interface of the film) because the volatile base is more volatile than water in the aqueous phase. The particles at the surface of the film aggregate at a lower solids content than an equivalent composition without the polyamine additive because the aqueous phase contained in the swollen or dissolved polyamine additive cannot be used to separate the particles from each other and maintain a barrier between the particles. The interaction of the polyamine additive with the anionic groups on the surface of the dispersed phase promotes aggregation to a greater extent than the collision of equivalent dispersed phase particles in the absence of the polyamine additive. Essentially, once the polyamine additive begins to attach particles at the pH of the surface, a continuous aggregate of particles is formed at the surface of the film (skin). The high poly (alkylene oxide) content of the polyamine additive continuously absorbs water from below the surface of the skin and transports it to the surface of the membrane (skin), where water molecules can evaporate.

Thus, when present, the polyamine additive promotes the skinning process of the film or coating composition early in the evaporation of the continuous phase. This skinning forms a barrier that prevents water (from rain-like things) from entering the film and redispersing the particles and adhesive. This means that the coating resists redispersion of the dispersed phase particles early in the drying process (before evaporation proceeds sufficiently to cause normal aggregation of the particles by conventional compression of the particles against each other during the drying process).

When the film is produced at a temperature at which the evaporation of the aqueous phase is slow (low temperature such as 15c, 20 c or 25 c), when the moisture content of the air is high and water evaporation slows due to partial or complete saturation of the air with water at the drying temperature (as in humid regions of the world or on humid days), and drying of the membrane can be a problem when the coating composition is applied very thick (e.g.,. gtoreq.40 mils or. gtoreq.50 mils and requires evaporation of a relatively large amount of water (due to the depth of the membrane) through a limited amount of exposed surface area of the membrane or coating (relative to thinner membranes used on metal or wood coatings). In such cases, it is desirable to produce a thick coating in a single application and avoid multiple applications, and to obtain a thicker barrier against water penetration, UV degradation, and abrasion mil is an abbreviation for the english measurement scale of 0.001 inch.each mil corresponds to 0.0254 millimeters.

Polyamine additives are particularly effective in combination with volatile bases such as ammonia hydroxide and low molecular weight water soluble amines having a boiling point below 100 c (so that they evaporate before the aqueous phase evaporates).

The coating compositions described herein with polyamine additives also comprise a volatile base. Volatile bases are basic substances that are soluble in water, remain in the aqueous coating composition under normal storage conditions, and evaporate from the aqueous coating composition under suitable drying conditions, and evaporate faster than water at the drying temperature (to shift the pH from a basic pH to a neutral pH or even an acidic pH).

Typically, 1 or more volatile bases are incorporated into the composition in an effective amount to maintain the pH of the coating composition in the range of 7.5 to 12.5 or in the range of 8 or 8.5 to 11. In some embodiments, 1 or more volatile bases are incorporated into the composition in an amount between 0.1% and 5.0% by weight based on the weight of the coating composition. In certain embodiments, 1 or more volatile bases is incorporated into the composition in an amount between 0.5% and 2.5% by weight.

Suitable volatile bases can be selected based on several factors, including their basicity and volatility. Exemplary volatile bases include, but are not limited to, ammonia, lower alkylamines (such as dimethylamine, triethylamine, and diethylamine), ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, morpholine, aminopropanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the volatile base is ammonia. In some cases, ammonia is the only volatile base present in the coating composition. Alternatively, ammonia may be incorporated in admixture with other volatile bases, non-volatile bases such as alkali metal hydroxides, or combinations thereof.

The combination of a volatile base with the polyamine additives of the present disclosure can be used to facilitate curing and drying of coatings that are generally based on any polymeric material that is or can be stabilized with at least some anions (e.g., carboxyl groups) of the dispersed polymeric phase. This includes various acrylic adhesives (common to many paints) and polyurethane polymer dispersions (also common to many paints). The amount of anionic-based surface active molecules (e.g., surfactants), surface active oligomers or polymers (e.g., carrier resins), or surface active repeat units incorporated into the polymer of the dispersion/coating desirably is from about 0.5 to about 5 weight percent, based on the weight of the dispersed binder and dispersed particulate material in the coating.

The polyamine additives herein can be used in ink and coating compositions as a component to form aggregated particles on the surface of the coating, so that the coating is more hydrophobic and more resistant to redispersion or dilution of polymers, pigments and fillers by rain or other sources of water. The polymer dispersion of the coating desirably has at least some anionic functional groups on the surface of the particles that can interact with the amine groups of the polyamine additive. Preferred anionic functional groups are carboxylic acid groups. The polyamine additive provides a coating that is faster resistant to rain, faster resistant to staining, and can be handled or packaged faster than an equivalent coating formulation without the polyamine additive. This is because polyamine additives favor the formation of an aggregated polymer/microparticle skin on the surface of the film or coating earlier than would be the case in the absence of the polyamine additive. While some additives for polymers produce less porous films (e.g., due to crosslinking of the binder, which can sometimes slow the evaporation of water and polar solvents from within the dried film), the polyamine additives of the present disclosure have pendant poly (alkylene oxide chains) that form hydrophilic regions in the surface of the dried film to facilitate the passage and release of moisture from the film surface, allowing the final drying of the coating to proceed at normal speed or slightly faster than without the polyamine additive.

The effect of the polyamine additive on the coating has been stated to also not significantly reduce the final barrier properties of the film or coating to any significant extent relative to the same film or coating without the polyamine additive. Thus, the polyamine additive (even though it is dispersible or soluble in water at most temperatures above 5 ℃) does not render the final dried film or coating less resistant to water or most polar or aqueous coloring materials (such as ketchup, mustard, etc.). Coatings are typically applied to materials to protect the substrate from water and polar contaminant materials, so coatings containing polyamine additives perform substantially the same in providing barrier properties to the same composition without the polyamine additive. The polyamine additive only accelerates the initial skin formation time (so the coating is rain or water resistant in a shorter period of time).

Polyamine additives can also be used for some biocidal activity (to some extent to minimize biological growth) in aqueous media. Polyamine additives can also be used as coagulants for some anionically charged dispersed phases in aqueous media.

When the polyamine additive is used in a coating composition, the coating composition comprises 1 or more anionic colloidally stabilized polymers. The polyamine additive is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, based on the weight of all other components in the composition, such as the anionically stabilized (co) polymer dispersion, water, fillers, pigments, defoamers, and the like. More desirably, the amount of polyamine additive is from about 0.2% or 0.5% to about 5%, 6% or 8% by weight of the composition. The amount of anionically stabilized (co) polymer dispersion is from about 10% to about 75%, more desirably from about 20% to about 65%, by weight of the components in the coating. Other components (typically about 15 to 90, 25 to 79.5 or 80, or 30 to 75 weight percent of the composition) include fillers, pigments, defoamers, biocides, preservatives, and the like, as are common in coating compositions. The anionic colloid-stabilized polymer may be derived from 1 or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers including (meth) acrylate monomers having 3 to 23 carbon atoms and 2 to 6 oxygen atoms, vinyl aromatic monomers having 8 to 14 carbon atoms, ethylenically unsaturated aliphatic monomers including dienes having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, vinyl ester monomers having 4 to 16 carbon atoms, and various other ethylenically unsaturated monomers and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the anionic colloidally stabilized polymer may comprise a pure acrylic copolymer, a styrene acrylic copolymer, a vinyl acrylic copolymer, or a carboxylated or non-carboxylated styrene butadiene-based copolymer. In a preferred embodiment, the anionic colloidally stabilized copolymer has a measured Tg of from-70 ℃ to 80 ℃.

In some embodiments, the anionic colloidally stabilized polymer comprises an acrylic-based copolymer. Acrylic-based copolymers include copolymers derived from 1 or more (meth) acrylate monomers. The acrylic-based copolymer can be a pure acrylic polymer (i.e., a polymer or copolymer derived solely from (meth) acrylate monomers), a styrene-acrylic polymer (i.e., a copolymer derived from styrene and 1 or more (meth) acrylate monomers), or a vinyl acrylic polymer (i.e., a copolymer derived from 1 or more vinyl ester monomers and 1 or more (meth) acrylate monomers).

The acrylic-based copolymer can be derived from 50 wt% or greater, or 55 wt% or greater, of 1 or more (meth) acrylate monomers (e.g., 65 wt% or greater, 75 wt% or greater, 80 wt% or greater, 85 wt% or greater, 88 wt% or greater, 90 wt% or greater, 91 wt% or greater, 92 wt% or greater, 93 wt% or greater, 94 wt% or greater, 95 wt% or greater (meth) acrylate monomers), based on the total weight of monomers in the anionic colloidally stabilized polymer of the polymer dispersion. In some embodiments, the (meth) acrylate ester monomers may include a esters of (3-monoethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids and alkanols having 1 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid) having 3 to 6 carbon atomsFumaric or itaconic acid with C₁-C₂₀、C₁-C₁₂、C₁-C₈Or C₁-C₄Esters of alkanols).

The acrylic-based copolymer can be derived from greater than 0 wt% or 0.2 wt% to 5 wt% of 1 or more carboxylic acid-containing monomers, based on the total weight of the monomers. Exemplary carboxylic acid monomers include, but are not limited to, α, β -monoethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, dimethylacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, allylacetic acid, vinylacetic acid, mesaconic acid, methylenemalonic acid, citraconic acid, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the acrylic-based copolymer is derived from 0.2 to 5 weight percent, or 0.2 to 2.5 weight percent of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or a combination thereof.

The anionic colloidally stabilized polymer may have a glass transition temperature (Tg) between-70 ℃ and 80 ℃ as determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) using a mid-point temperature (as described in, for example, ASTM 3418/82). In some instances, the anionic colloidally stabilized copolymer has a measured Tg of greater than-70 ℃ (e.g., greater than-60 ℃, greater than-50 ℃, greater than-40 ℃, greater than-30 ℃, greater than-20 ℃, greater than-10 ℃, or greater than 0 ℃). In some cases, the anionic colloidally stabilized copolymer has a measured Tg of less than 80 ℃, more desirably less than 70 ℃ and preferably 60 ℃ or less. In some cases where elastomeric coatings are desired, the anionic colloidally stabilized copolymer has a measured Tg of less than 15 deg.C (e.g., less than 10 deg.C, less than 0 deg.C, less than-10 deg.C, less than-20 deg.C, less than-30 deg.C, less than-40 deg.C, less than-50 deg.C). In certain embodiments directed to elastomeric coatings, the anionic colloid-stabilized copolymer has a measured Tg of between-60 ℃ and 15 ℃, -55 ℃ to 10 ℃, or-50 ℃ to 0 ℃. In some embodiments where a hard coating is desired, the anionic colloid-stabilized polymer may have a Tg of 25 ℃ to 80 ℃. In these embodiments, the coating composition may further comprise a coalescing agent suitable for lowering the Tg of the anionic colloidally stabilized polymer to within the film forming range.

Anionic colloidally stabilized polymers can be prepared by heterogeneous polymerization techniques including, for example, free radical emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization, and microemulsion polymerization. In some examples, the anionic colloidally stabilized polymer is prepared by polymerizing monomers using free radical emulsion polymerization. The emulsion polymerization temperature may be in the range of 10 ℃ to 130 ℃ or 50 ℃ to 90 ℃. The polymerization medium may comprise water alone, or a mixture of water and a water-miscible liquid such as methanol, ethanol, or tetrahydrofuran. In some embodiments, the polymerization medium is free of organic solvents and contains only water, which would mean that there is preferably less than 2 wt%, more desirably less than 1 wt%, and preferably less than 0.2 wt% of organic components soluble in the aqueous phase, based on the weight of the aqueous phase.

The emulsion polymerization can be carried out as a batch process, a semi-batch process, or a continuous process. In some embodiments, a portion of the monomer may be heated to the polymerization temperature and partially polymerized, and the remaining monomer batch may then be fed to the polymerization zone continuously, stepwise, or in a superposition of concentration gradients. In some embodiments, the copolymer is prepared in a single stage (i.e., no separate feeds having different monomer compositions are included in order to produce multi-stage polymer particles, such as core/shell particles).

Emulsion polymerization can be carried out with a variety of adjuvants, including water-soluble initiators and regulators. Examples of water-soluble initiators for the emulsion polymerization are ammonium and alkali metal salts of peroxodisulfuric acid (e.g., sodium peroxodisulfate), hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxides (e.g., t-butyl hydroperoxide). Reduction-oxidation (redox) initiator systems are also suitable as initiators for emulsion polymerization. The redox initiator system consists of at least 1, usually inorganic, reducing agent and 1, organic or inorganic, oxidizing agent. The oxidizing component comprises, for example, the initiators already specified above for the emulsion polymerization. Reducing components are, for example, alkali metal salts of sulfurous acid, such as sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite; alkali metal salts of disulfurous acid, such as sodium disulfite; addition compounds of disulfites with aliphatic aldehydes and ketones, such as acetone disulfite; or reducing agents such as hydroxymethylalkylsulfinic acid and its salts, or ascorbic acid. Redox initiator systems are useful for groups of soluble metal compounds whose metal components can exist in multiple valence states.

In the polymerization, a molecular weight regulator or a chain transfer agent may be used, for example, in an amount of 0 to 0.8 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the monomer to be polymerized, in order to reduce the molecular weight of the copolymer. Suitable examples include compounds having a thiol group such as t-butyl mercaptan, thioglycolic acid ethyl acrylate, mercaptoethanol, mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, and t-dodecyl mercaptan. In addition, regulators which do not contain thiol groups, such as terpinolene, may be used.

Dispersing agents, such as surfactants, may also be added during the polymerization to help maintain the dispersion of the monomers in the aqueous medium. For example, the polymerization may include less than 3 wt% or less than 1 wt% of a surfactant. In some embodiments, the polymerization is substantially free of surfactants and may include less than 0.05 wt% or less than 0.01 wt% of 1 or more surfactants.

Anionic and nonionic surfactants can be used during polymerization. Suitable surfactants include ethoxylated C's having a degree of ethoxylation of from 3 to 50 or from 4 to 30₈To C₃₆Or C₁₂To C₁₈Fatty alcohols, ethoxylated mono-, di-and tri-C with a degree of ethoxylation of 3 to 50₄-C₁₂Or C₄-C₉Alkylphenol, alkali metal salt of dialkyl sulfosuccinate, C₈-C₁₂Alkali metal and ammonium salts of alkyl sulfates, C₁₂-C₁₈Alkali metal and ammonium salts of alkylsulfonic acids, C₉-C₁₈Alkali metal and ammonium salts of alkylaryl sulfonic acids

The coating compositions described herein also comprise 1 or more polyamine curing additives. The polyamine curing additive functions to help the coating resist solubilization of binders, pigments, fillers, etc. if exposed to water or rain early in the drying/film forming process.

The coating compositions described herein having polyamine curing additives also comprise a volatile base. Volatile bases are basic substances that are soluble in water, remain in the aqueous coating composition under normal storage conditions, and evaporate from the aqueous coating composition under suitable drying conditions.

In some embodiments, the composition may further comprise 1 or more additional polymers in the form of a solution or dispersion. These additional polymers may serve multiple functions in the coating composition or final coating. However, the additional polymer is not a component required for the essential features of the present disclosure.

The aqueous coating composition may further comprise 1 or more additives including pigments, fillers, dispersants, coalescents, pH adjusters, plasticizers, defoamers, surfactants, thickeners, biocides, co-solvents, and combinations thereof. The choice of additives in the composition will be influenced by a number of factors, including the nature of the anionic polymer dispersion and the intended use of the coating composition.

Examples of suitable pigments include metal oxides such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises a titanium dioxide pigment. An example of a commercial titanium dioxide pigment is available from Kronos WorldWide, Inc. (Cranbury, NJ)2101、2310, preparing a coating; from DuPont (Wilmington, DE)R-900; or from Millenium Inorganic ChemicalsAT 1. Titanium dioxide is also available in the form of concentrated dispersions. An example of a titanium dioxide dispersion is also available from Kronos WorldWide, Inc4311。

Examples of suitable fillers include calcium carbonate, nepheline syenite (25% nepheline, 55% albite, and 20% potash feldspar), feldspar (aluminosilicate), diatomaceous earth, calcined diatomaceous earth, talc (hydrated magnesium silicate), aluminosilicate, silica (silicon dioxide), alumina (alumina), clay (hydrated aluminum silicate), kaolin (kaolinite, hydrated aluminum silicate), mica (hydrated potassium aluminum silicate), pyrophyllite (basic aluminum silicate), perlite, barite (barium sulfate), wollastonite (calcium metasilicate), and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises a calcium carbonate filler.

Examples of suitable dispersants are polyacid dispersants and hydrophobic copolymer dispersants. The polyacid dispersants are typically polycarboxylic acids, such as polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, partially or completely in the form of their ammonium, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium or lower alkyl quaternary ammonium salts. The hydrophobic copolymer dispersant includes a copolymer of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or maleic acid with a hydrophobic monomer. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises a polyacrylic acid type dispersant, such as Pigment dispersant N, commercially available from BASF SE.

Suitable coalescents that aid in film formation during drying include ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, 2, 4-trimethyl-1, 3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, and combinations thereof.

Examples of suitable thickeners include hydrophobically modified ethylene oxide urethane (HEUR) polymers, hydrophobically modified alkali soluble emulsion (HASE) polymers, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose (HMHEC), hydrophobically modified polyacrylamides, and combinations thereof. HEUR polymers are linear reaction products of diisocyanates with polyethylene oxides capped with hydrophobic hydrocarbon groups. HASE polymers are homopolymers of (meth) acrylic acid, or copolymers of (meth) acrylic acid, (meth) acrylate esters, or maleic acid modified with hydrophobic vinyl monomers. HMHECs include hydroxyethyl cellulose modified with hydrophobic alkyl chains. Hydrophobically modified polyacrylamides include copolymers of acrylamide with acrylamide modified with hydrophobic alkyl chains (N-alkylacrylamides). In certain embodiments, the coating composition comprises a hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose thickener.

Defoamers are used to minimize foaming during mixing and/or application of the coating composition. Suitable defoamers include silicone oil defoamers such as polysiloxanes, polydimethylsiloxanes, polyether modified polysiloxanes, and combinations thereof. Exemplary silicone-based defoamers include those available from BYK USA Inc (Wallingford, CT)From Evonik Industries (Hopewell, Va.)Series of antifoam agents and those available from Ashland Inc. (Covington, KY)Series of antifoaming agents.

Suitable biocides can be incorporated to inhibit the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms in the coating composition during storage. Exemplary biocides include 2- [ (hydroxymethyl) amino]Ethanol, 2- [ (hydroxymethyl) amino]2-methyl-1-propanol, o-phenylphenol sodium salt, 1, 2-benzisothiazoline-3-1, 2-methyl-4-isothiazoline-3-1 (MIT), 5-chloro 2-methyl and 4-isothiazoline-3-1 (CIT), 2-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-1 (OTT), 4, 5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3-isothiazolone, and acceptable salts and combinations thereof. Suitable biocides also include mildewcides that inhibit the growth of mold or its spores in the coating. Examples of mold inhibitors include 2- (thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole, 3-iodo-2-propynylcarbamate, 2,4,5, 6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, 2- (4-thiazolyl) benzimidazole, 2-N-octyl 4-isothiazoline-3-1, diiodomethyl-p-tolylsulfone, and acceptable salts and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the coating composition comprises 1, 2-benzisothiazolin-3-1 or a salt thereof. Biocides of this type include those commercially available from Arch Chemicals, Inc (Atlanta, GA)BD20。

Exemplary co-solvents and plasticizers include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and combinations thereof.

The above coating composition may be provided as an aqueous dispersion having a solids content of 30% to 85% or 30% or 40% to 75%.

Also provided are coatings formed from the coating compositions described herein, and methods of forming these coatings. Typically, the coating is formed by applying the coating composition described herein to a surface and allowing the coating to dry to form a coating. The resulting dried coating typically comprises at least: an anionic colloid-stabilized polymer, and a polyamine curing additive. The dried coating may also contain 1 or more additives (e.g., pigments and/or fillers) as described above.

The coating composition may be applied to the surface by any suitable coating technique including spraying, rolling, brushing, or spreading. The coating composition can be applied in a single coat or in multiple successive coats (e.g., in 2 coats or in 3 coats), as desired. The coating may be applied in conjunction with a set accelerator to reduce the set time of the coating on the surface. Suitable accelerators include compounds that consume volatile bases and reduce the set time of the coating, such as acids. For example, the coagulant may be a dilute acid, such as acetic acid or citric acid. The accelerator can be applied to the surface prior to application of the coating, applied simultaneously with the coating composition, or applied to the coating after the coating has been applied to the surface but prior to drying the particular application. Typically, the coating composition is allowed to dry at ambient conditions. However, in certain embodiments, the coating composition may be dried, for example, by heating and/or by circulating air over the coating.

The thickness of the coating can vary depending on the application of the coating. For example, for elastomeric coatings, particularly where the coating is desired to bridge cracks in the substrate, the coating can have a dry thickness of at least 1 or 10 mils (e.g., at least 15 mils, at least 20 mils, at least 25 mils, at least 30 mils, or at least 40 mils). With such elastomers, the coating has a dry thickness of less than 100 mils (e.g., less than 90 mils, less than 80 mils, less than 75 mils, less than 60 mils, less than 50 mils, less than 40 mils, less than 35 mils, or less than 30 mils). In some elastomeric embodiments, the coating has a dry thickness of 10 mils to 100 mils. In certain embodiments, the coating has a dry thickness of 10 mils to 40 mils. For less elastomeric coatings such as metallic coatings, and where the Tg may be 15 ℃ or 25 ℃ to 80 ℃, the coating thickness may tend to be thinner, such as a dry thickness of 1 to 10 or 1 to 5 mils.

In some embodiments, the coating is applied to the road surface as a traffic paint. In these embodiments, the pavement may be, for example, asphalt or concrete. In some cases, when the coating is used as a traffic paint, the coating contains a filler, such as a reflective filler.

In certain embodiments, the coating is applied to a surface to reflect solar radiation. In these cases, the coating will typically contain 1 or more pigments that reflect solar energy, such as titanium dioxide. The coating may help cool the surface by reflecting the heat of the sun. In the case of coatings applied to building surfaces, such as roofs, the roof coatings can help reduce the interior temperature and cooling costs of the building.

In certain embodiments, the coating is an elastomeric roof coating. In certain embodiments, the coating generally meets the requirements of ASTM D6083-05 entitled "Standard Specification for liquid-applied acrylic coatings for roofs". In a particular embodiment, the coating has a tensile strength greater than 200psi and an elongation at break greater than 100% according to ASTM D-2370 after 1,000 hours of accelerated weathering.

Polyamine curing additives can also be incorporated as coagulants into other types of compositions comprising anionic colloidally stabilized polymers or copolymers. In particular, polyamine curing additives can be used to reduce water or rain damage of other compositions where rapid setting and/or rain protection is desired. For example, polyamine curing additives can be added to conventional adhesives (e.g., building adhesives), grouts, caulks, sealants, and Exterior Insulation and Finishing Systems (EIFS) to provide a more waterproof and rain-proof product earlier in the setting or drying process.

Also provided are coatings formed from the coating compositions described herein, and methods of forming these coatings. Typically, the coating is formed by applying the coating composition described herein to a surface and allowing the coating to dry to form a coating. The resulting dried coating typically comprises at least: an anionic colloid-stabilized polymer, and a polyamine curing additive. The dried coating may further comprise 1 or more additional polymers and/or additives as described above. The thickness of the coating can vary depending on the application of the coating. In some embodiments, the coating has a dry thickness of 1 mil or 10 mils to 100 mils. In certain elastomeric embodiments, the coating has a tensile strength of greater than 200psi after 14 days of drying at room temperature according to ASTM D-2370, and/or an elongation at break of greater than 100% after 14 days of drying at room temperature according to ASTM D-2370. In some elastomeric embodiments, the coating has a tensile strength greater than 200psi and an elongation at break greater than 100% after accelerated aging for 1,000 hours according to ASTM D-2370. In coatings with less elastomer, such as metal coatings, the coating may have higher tensile strength and lower elongation at break.

The coating composition may be applied to a variety of surfaces including, but not limited to, metal, asphalt, concrete, stone, ceramic, wood, plastic, polymer, polyurethane foam, glass, and combinations thereof. The coating composition may be applied to the interior or exterior surface. In certain embodiments, the surface is an architectural surface, such as a roof, a wall, a floor, or a combination thereof.

Examples

Composition (I)：

DMAPMA-dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide

HEMA-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate

Initiator A-1.37 g of 70% TBHP in 4.8 g of water

TBHP-tert-butyl hydroperoxide

Reducing agent A-0.96 g solution of erythorbic acid in 24 g water

Iron sulfate heptahydrate (II)

Na 4-ETDA-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt

AMPS^TM2045-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid or its sodium or ammonia salt (AMPS)

SLS-sodium lauryl sulfate

Bisomer^TMMPEG350 MA-a capped polyethylene oxide esterified with methacrylic acid having a molecular weight of 350.

Available from Geo.

Methacrylamide

Sipomer^TMPhosphate esters of PAM-100-polyethylene glycol polymethacrylate, obtainable from Solvay or Rhodia

MMA-methyl methacrylate

2-EHA-2-ethylhexyl acrylate

VCN acrylonitrile

MAA-methacrylic acid

Silane A-171-vinyltrimethoxysilane

Sodium COPS-1-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropanesulfonate, available from Solvay

Styrene (meth) acrylic acid ester

AA-acrylic acid

AE-960 is an acrylic polymer with anionic colloidal stabilizing groups available from Lubrizol Advanced Materials, inc. One can use similar polymers such as Dow Rhoplex^TM ED-1791、Rhoplex^TM2885 or BASF Acrynol^TMNS 567, obtaining a viscosity similar to that of the paint and similar properties.

Comparative example I with HEMA

Monomer composition 80 DMAPMA/20 HEMA. The following aqueous polymers were prepared. A monomer premix was prepared by mixing 120 grams of water, 96 grams of dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide (DMAPMA), and 24 grams of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEMA). Initiator a was prepared by mixing 1.37 grams of 70% t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in 4.8 grams of water. Reducing agent a was prepared by dissolving 0.96 grams of erythorbic acid in 24 grams of water. A one liter reactor was charged with 336 grams of water, 1.68 grams of 0.15% iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate, and 0.48 grams of 1% tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na4-ETDA) under a nitrogen blanket with appropriate stirring, and then heated to 60 ℃. Initiator a was added to the reactor at 60 ℃. After about 2 minutes, the monomer premix was added to the reaction vessel in proportion over a period of 120 minutes and reductant a was added to the reactor in proportion over a period of 150 minutes. After the completion of the feeding of the reducing agent a, the temperature of the reaction vessel was maintained at 60 ℃ for 60 minutes. The reactor was then cooled to 50 ℃. A solution of 0.43 grams of 70% TBHP and 0.04 grams of 30% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) in 6 grams of water was added to the reactor. After 5 minutes, a solution of 0.25 grams of erythorbic acid in 6 grams of water was added to the reactor. The reactor was maintained at 50 ℃. After 30 minutes, a solution of 0.43 g of 70% TBHP and 0.04 g of 30% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) in 6 g of water was added to the reactor. After 5 minutes, a solution of 0.25 grams of erythorbic acid in 6 grams of water was added to the reactor. The reactor was held at 50 ℃ for about 30 minutes. The reactor was then cooled to room temperature. The polymer had a pH of 9.5, a solids content of 16.4%, and a viscosity of 15 cps.

Comparative example II with AMPS 2045

The monomer composition was 80 DMAPMA/20 AMPS 2045. A polymer was prepared identically to comparative example I, except that 48 grams of 50% AMPS 2405 (from Lubrizol) was used instead of HEMA. The polymer had a pH of 10.9, a solids content of 17.6%, and a viscosity of 29 cps.

Comparative example III with methacrylamide

Monomer composition 80 DMAPMA/20 methacrylamide. A polymer was prepared identically to comparative example I, except that 24 grams of methacrylamide was used instead of HEMA. The polymer had a pH of 9.9, a solids content of 17.8%, and a viscosity of 24 cps.

Inventive examples of polyamine additives

Embodiment 1 with MPEG350 MA

Monomer composition 80 DMAPMA/20MPEG350 MA. Polymers were prepared identically to comparative example 1, except that 24 grams of Bisomer MPEG350 MA (from GEO) was used instead of HEMA. The polymer had a pH of 10.3, a solids content of 17.3%, and a viscosity of 31 cps.

Embodiment 2 with MPEG350 MA

Monomer composition 70 DMAPMA/30 MPEG350 MA. A polymer was prepared as in comparative example 1, except that the monomer mixture contained 84 grams DMAPMA and 36 grams bomermer MPEG350 MA. The polymer had a pH of 10.4, a solids content of 18.0%, and a viscosity of 11 cps.

TABLE I polyamine additives

Polyamines	DMAPMA	HEMA	MPEG 350MA	AMPS-2405	TS，％	pH	Viscosity of the oil
								Comparison number I	80	20	0	0	16.4	9.5	15
Example No. 1	80	0	20	0	17.3	10.3	31
								Comparative No. II	80	0	0	20	17.6	10.9	29
Example No. 2	70	0	30	0	18	10.4	11

Example 3 with MPEG1005 MA and VA-086

Monomer composition 70 DMAPMA/30 MPEG1005 MA. The emulsion polymer was prepared as follows. A monomer premix was prepared by mixing 153 grams of water, 126 grams of dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide (DMAPMA) and 108 grams of Visimer MEG1005MA W (50% aqueous solution, Evonik). Initiator a was prepared by dissolving 0.9 grams of 2,2' -azobis [ 2-methyl-N- (2-hydroxyethyl) propionamide ] (azova-086 from Wako) in 14.4 grams of water. Initiator B was prepared by dissolving 0.27 grams of azova-086 in 36 grams of water. A one liter reactor was charged with 324 grams of water under a nitrogen blanket with appropriate stirring and then heated to 85 ℃. Initiator a was added to the reactor at 85 ℃ and then the monomer premix was added to the reaction vessel in proportion over a period of 75 minutes. About 1 minute after the monomer premix began to be proportioned, initiator B was proportioned into the reactor over 120 minutes. The reaction temperature was maintained at 85 ℃. After the completion of the initiator B feed, the temperature of the reaction vessel was maintained at 85 ℃ for 60 minutes. The reactor was then cooled to 50 ℃. A solution of 0.64 grams of 70% TBHP and 0.06 grams of 30% SLS in 9 grams of water was added to the reactor. After 5 minutes, a solution of 0.38 grams of erythorbic acid in 9 grams of water was added to the reactor. The reactor was maintained at 50 ℃. After 30 minutes, a solution of 0.64 g of 70% TBHP and 0.06 g of 30% SLS in 9 g of water was added to the reactor. After 5 minutes, a solution of 0.38 grams of erythorbic acid in 9 grams of water was added to the reactor. The reactor was held at 50 ℃ for about 30 minutes. The reactor was then cooled to room temperature and filtered through 100 micron cloth. The polymer had a pH of 10.1, a solids content of 22.4%, and a viscosity of 560 cps.

Example 4 with MPEG350 MA and PAM-100

The monomer composition is 70 DMAPMA/20MPEG350 MA/10 PAM-100. A polymer was prepared as in example 3, except that the monomer mixture contained 180 grams of water, 18 grams of Sipomer PAM-100 (from Solvay), 8.4 grams of 28% ammonium hydroxide, 126 grams of DMAPMA, and 36 grams of Bomeromer MPEG350 MA. The polymer had a pH of 10.1, a solids content of 23.6%, and a viscosity of 1104 cps.

Example 5 with MPEG350 MA and methacrylamide

Monomer composition 70 DMAPMA/10 MPEG350 MA/20 methacrylamide. The emulsion polymer was prepared as follows. A monomer premix was prepared by mixing 160 grams of water, 32 grams of methacrylamide, 112 grams of dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide (DMAPMA), and 16 grams of Bisomer MPEG350 MA. Initiator a was prepared by dissolving 0.8 grams of 2,2' -azobis [ 2-methyl-N- (2-hydroxyethyl) propionamide ] (azova-086 from Wako) in 20.5 grams of water. Initiator B was prepared by dissolving 0.24 grams of azova-086 in 32 grams of water. A one liter reactor was charged with 280 grams of water under a nitrogen blanket with appropriate stirring and then heated to 85 ℃. Initiator a was added to the reactor at 85 ℃ and then the monomer premix was added to the reaction vessel in proportion over a period of 75 minutes. About 1 minute after the monomer premix began to be proportioned, initiator B was proportioned into the reactor over 120 minutes. The reaction temperature was maintained at 85 ℃. After the completion of the initiator B feed, the temperature of the reaction vessel was maintained at 85 ℃ for 60 minutes. The reactor was then cooled to 50 ℃. A solution of 0.57 grams of 70% TBHP and 0.05 grams of 30% SLS in 8 grams of water was added to the reactor. After 5 minutes, a solution of 0.34 grams of erythorbic acid in 8 grams of water was added to the reactor. The reactor was maintained at 50 ℃. After 30 minutes, a solution of 0.57 g of 70% TBHP and 0.05 g of 30% SLS in 8g of water was added to the reactor. After 5 minutes, a solution of 0.34 grams of erythorbic acid in 8 grams of water was added to the reactor. The reactor was held at 50 ℃ for about 30 minutes. The reactor was then cooled to room temperature and filtered through 100 micron cloth. The polymer had a pH of 10.3, a solids content of 22.34%, and a viscosity of 370 cps.

Example 6 with MPEG350 MA and AMPS-2411

Monomer composition 70 DMAPMA/25 MPEG350 MA/5 AMPS-2411. A polymer was prepared as in example 5, except that the monomer mixture contained 160 grams of water, 16 grams of AMPS-2411 (50% aqueous solution, available from Lubrizol), 112 grams of DMAPMA, and 40 grams of Bisomer MPEG350 MA. The polymer had a pH of 10.0, a solids content of 22.94.0%, and a viscosity of 26 cps.

Embodiment 7 with MPEG1005 MA

Monomer composition 85 DMAEMA/15MPEG 1005 MA. A polymer was prepared as in example 3, except that the monomer mixture contained 180 grams of water, 153 grams of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and 54 grams of Visimer MEG1005MA W. The polymer had a pH of 9.1, a solids content of 16.8%, and a viscosity of 990 cps.

Example 8 with MPEG350 MA and MMA

Monomer composition 70 DMAEMA/20 MPEG350 MA/10 MMA. A polymer was prepared as in example 3, except that the monomer mixture contained 180 grams of water, 126 grams of DMAEMA, 18 grams of Methyl Methacrylate (MMA), and 36 grams of Bisomer MPEG350 MA. The polymer had a pH of 9.2, a solids content of 18.1% and a viscosity of 8000 cps.

Example 9 with MPEG350 MA and DMAEMA

Monomer composition 50 DMAEMA/50 MPEG350 MA. A polymer was prepared as in example 3, except that the monomer mixture contained 180 grams of water, 90 grams of DMAEMA, and 90 grams of Bisomer MPEG350 MA. The pH of the polymer was 9.2, the solids content was 19.5%, and the viscosity was 1650 cps.

Embodiment 10 with MPEG 750MA and DMAEMA

Monomer composition 80 DMAEMA/20 MPEG350 MA. A polymer was prepared as in example 3, except that the monomer mixture contained 128 grams of water, 128 grams of DMAEMA, and 64 grams of Visiomer MPEG 750MA-W (50% aqueous solution, Evonik). The pH of the polymer was 9.4, the solids content was 19.03%, and the viscosity was 576 cps.

Embodiment 11 with MPEG350 MA and DMAEMA

Monomer composition 75 DMAEMA/15MPEG 350 MA/10 n-VP. A polymer was prepared as in example 3, except that the monomer mixture contained 180 grams of water, 135 grams of DMAEMA, 27 grams of Bisomer MPEG350 MA, and 18 grams of n-vinyl pyrrolidone. The polymer had a pH of 9.3, a solids content of 16.6%, and a viscosity of 1280 cps.

Embodiment 12 with MPEG350 MA

Monomer composition 50 DMAPMA/50 MPEG350 MA. A polymer was prepared in the same manner as in comparative example 1, except that 60 g of Bisomer MPEG350 MA and 60 g of DMAPMA were used. The polymer had a pH of 10.3, a solids content of 16.2%, and a viscosity of 10 cps.

Embodiment 13 with MPEG350 MA

Monomer composition 30 DMAPMA/70 MPEG350 MA. A polymer was prepared as in comparative example 1, except that 84 grams of Bisomer MPEG350 MA and 36 grams of DMAPMA were used. The polymer had a pH of 10.0, a solids content of 18.4%, and a viscosity of 40 cps.

Synthesis of polymers

Polymers A, B, C, D, E and F were prepared according to the same procedure described in example No. 8 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,931,972, with the monomer compositions shown in Table II.

TABLE II polymers

Polymer and method of making same	2EHA	MMA	BA	VCN	MAA	Sipomer COPS-1	AA	NaSS	pH	TS，％
											A	76.7	10	0	10	2	0	0	0	9.3	55.4
B	76.7	10.7	0	10	1.3	0	0	0	9.3	55.5
											C	76.7	10.7	0	10	0.65	0.65	0	0	9.3	54.8
D	76.7	10.7	0	10	0	0	1.3	0	9.3	55.2
											E	0	3	83.7	10	3	0	0	0	8.1	55.4
F	0	3	83.2	10	3	0	0	0.5	8.1	55.4

Stability of polyamine additives in polymers

In stability studies, the polyamine is diluted with 2-fold DI water and then 1 wt.% polyamine is added to the polymer on a solids-to-solids basis with appropriate agitation. They were then aged in an oven at 50 ℃ for 4 weeks. The results are summarized in Table III.

TABLE III polyamine stability in polymers

Polyamines	Polymer and method of making same	Stability in oven at 50 ℃ for 4 weeks
			Comparative example I	A	Viscosity increase
	B	Viscosity increase
				C	Gelling
	D	Viscosity increase
			Comparative example II	A	Gelling
	B	Viscosity increase
				C	Gelling
	D	Good taste
			Example 1	A	Good taste
	B	Good taste
				C	Viscosity increase
	D	Good taste

The pH of both polymer E and polymer F was adjusted to pH 10 with ammonia and mixed with the polyamine additive on a solids-to-solids basis. The polyamine was mixed with an equal amount of DI water and then added to each polymer. The polymer and polyamine mixtures were subjected to stability studies at temperatures above 60 ℃. The results are shown in tables IV and V.

TABLE IV-viscosity Change of Polymer E with various polyamines

TABLE V-viscosity Change of Polymer F with various polyamines

Except in the examples, or where otherwise explicitly indicated, all numbers in this description specifying amounts of material, reaction conditions, molecular weight, number of carbon atoms, and the like, are to be understood as modified by the word "about". It is to be understood that the upper and lower amount, range, and ratio limits set forth herein may be independently combined. Similarly, the ranges and amounts for each element of the invention can be used with ranges or amounts for any of the other elements.

As used herein, the transitional term "comprising" synonymous with "including," "containing," or "characterized by," is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional unrecited elements or method steps. However, in each statement herein that "comprises" is intended that the term also encompasses as alternative embodiments the phrases "consisting essentially of … …" and "consisting of … …," wherein "consisting of … …" excludes any elements or steps not specified and "consisting essentially of … …" allows for the inclusion of additional, unrecited elements or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the composition or method under consideration.

While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating the subject invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in this art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the scope of the subject invention. In this respect, the scope of the invention is limited only by the following claims.