阅读说明：本技术 高频变压器损耗测量系统和方法 (High-frequency transformer loss measurement system and method ) 是由 易哲嫄 孙凯 于 2020-11-23 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明提供一种HFT损耗测量系统和方法。HFT损耗测量系统应用于DUT,DUT包括HFT、原边引出端、副边引出端和外壳,其中,HFT完全包裹在外壳中,HFT包括磁芯、原边绕组和副边绕组,原边引出端与原边绕组相连,副边引出端与副边绕组相连,外壳外形为长方体；HFT损耗测量系统包括温度测量装置、损耗测量装置和处理装置,损耗测量装置包括绕组损耗测量装置和/或磁芯损耗测量装置。DUT对外界的散热通过测量DUT外壳表面的温度来获知,这种操作方式比较简单。同时,基于HFT的绕组损耗和/或磁芯损耗与温度之间的对应关系确定HFT的总损耗与温度之间的对应关系,进而确定实际总损耗。可以有效降低设备的复杂度和操作难度,并可以降低设备成本。(The invention provides a HFT loss measuring system and a method. The HFT loss measurement system is applied to a DUT (device under test), the DUT comprises an HFT, a primary side leading-out end, a secondary side leading-out end and a shell, wherein the HFT is completely wrapped in the shell and comprises a magnetic core, a primary side winding and a secondary side winding; the HFT loss measurement system comprises a temperature measurement device, a loss measurement device and a processing device, wherein the loss measurement device comprises a winding loss measurement device and/or a magnetic core loss measurement device. The heat dissipation of the DUT to the outside is known by measuring the temperature of the surface of the DUT shell, and the operation mode is simple. Meanwhile, the corresponding relation between the total loss of the HFT and the temperature is determined based on the corresponding relation between the winding loss and/or the magnetic core loss of the HFT and the temperature, and then the actual total loss is determined. The complexity and the operation difficulty of the equipment can be effectively reduced, and the equipment cost can be reduced.)

1. A high-frequency transformer loss measurement system is applied to equipment to be measured, the equipment to be measured comprises a high-frequency transformer, a primary side leading-out end, a secondary side leading-out end and a shell, wherein the high-frequency transformer is completely wrapped in the shell and comprises a magnetic core, a primary side winding and a secondary side winding, the primary side leading-out end is connected with the primary side winding, the secondary side leading-out end is connected with the secondary side winding, and the shape of the shell is a cuboid;

the high-frequency transformer loss measuring system comprises a temperature measuring device, a loss measuring device and a processing device, wherein the loss measuring device comprises a winding loss measuring device and/or a magnetic core loss measuring device,

the temperature measuring device is used for measuring the temperature of the surface of the shell;

the winding loss measuring device is used for being connected with the primary side leading-out end and applying direct-current voltage to the primary side leading-out end and measuring first voltage on the primary side leading-out end and first current in the primary side leading-out end;

the magnetic core loss measuring device is used for being connected with the primary leading-out end and the secondary leading-out end respectively, and is used for applying alternating-current voltage on the primary leading-out end and measuring second voltage on the secondary leading-out end and second current in the primary leading-out end;

the processing device is used for:

performing a first correspondence operation of determining a first correspondence relationship between a winding loss of the high-frequency transformer and a temperature of the case surface, and/or performing a second correspondence operation of determining a second correspondence relationship between a core loss of the high-frequency transformer and the temperature of the case surface;

determining a third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence, wherein the third correspondence is a correspondence between a total loss of the high-frequency transformer and a temperature of the surface of the housing;

determining the actual total loss of the high-frequency transformer under the working condition to be measured based on the third corresponding relation and actual temperature data, wherein the actual temperature data is the temperature data measured by the temperature measuring device under the working condition to be measured;

wherein the first corresponding operation comprises: determining the first corresponding relation based on the voltage data of the first voltage and the current data of the first current measured by the winding loss measuring device and the temperature data measured by the temperature measuring device in the winding loss calibration stage;

the second corresponding operation includes: and determining the second corresponding relation based on the voltage data of the second voltage and the current data of the second current measured by the core loss measuring device and the temperature data measured by the temperature measuring device in the core loss calibration stage, wherein in the core loss calibration stage, the high-frequency transformer is placed in an unloaded state.

2. The high frequency transformer loss measurement system of claim 1, wherein the temperature measurement device comprises a thermal imager.

3. The high frequency transformer loss measurement system of claim 1, wherein the temperature measurement device comprises a temperature sensor.

4. The high frequency transformer loss measurement system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the winding loss measurement device includes a direct current power supply, an ammeter, a voltmeter, and a first switch, wherein,

the direct current power supply is used for being connected with the primary side leading-out end and providing the direct current voltage;

the voltmeter is connected with the direct current power supply in parallel and used for measuring the first voltage;

the ammeter is connected with the direct current power supply in series and is used for measuring the first current;

the first switch is connected in series with the direct current power supply and is used for connecting or disconnecting a connecting passage between the direct current power supply and the primary side leading-out end.

5. The high-frequency transformer loss measurement system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the core loss measurement device includes an AC power supply, an oscilloscope device, and a second switch,

the alternating current power supply is used for being connected with the primary side leading-out end and providing the alternating current voltage;

the oscilloscope device is used for measuring the second voltage and the second current, and comprises an oscilloscope, a voltage probe and a current probe, wherein the voltage probe and the current probe are respectively connected with the oscilloscope, the voltage probe is used for being connected with the secondary side leading-out end, and the current probe is connected with the alternating current power supply;

the second switch is connected in series with the alternating current power supply and is used for connecting or disconnecting a connecting path between the alternating current power supply and the primary side leading-out end.

6. The high frequency transformer loss measurement system of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the processing device is connected to the temperature measurement device and the loss measurement device, respectively.

7. A high-frequency transformer loss measurement method applied to the high-frequency transformer loss measurement system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the high-frequency transformer loss measurement method includes a calibration step and a loss measurement step, the calibration step includes a winding loss calibration step and/or a core loss calibration step,

the winding loss calibration step comprises:

in the winding loss calibration stage, sequentially applying a plurality of direct current voltages with different amplitudes on the primary side leading-out end by using the winding loss measuring device, and measuring a plurality of groups of first voltage and current data which correspond to the direct current voltages with different amplitudes one by one, wherein each group of first voltage and current data comprises first voltage data of the first voltage and first current data of the first current corresponding to the direct current voltage with the current amplitude;

in the winding loss calibration stage, measuring multiple groups of first temperature data which correspond to the direct-current voltages with different amplitudes one by using the temperature measuring device;

calculating, with the processing device, a plurality of winding loss values corresponding to the plurality of dc voltages of different amplitudes one-to-one based on the plurality of sets of first voltage-current data;

determining, with the processing device, a correspondence between the plurality of winding loss values and the plurality of sets of first temperature data to obtain the first correspondence;

the magnetic core loss calibration step comprises:

in the magnetic core loss calibration stage, sequentially applying a plurality of alternating voltages with different amplitudes on the primary side leading-out end by using the magnetic core loss measuring device, and measuring a plurality of groups of second voltage and current data which are in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of alternating voltages with different amplitudes, wherein each group of second voltage and current data comprises second voltage data of the second voltage and second current data of the second current, which correspond to the alternating voltage with the current amplitude;

in the magnetic core loss calibration stage, measuring multiple groups of second temperature data which correspond to the alternating voltages with different amplitudes one by using the temperature measuring device;

calculating, with the processing device, a plurality of core loss values corresponding to the plurality of alternating voltages of different amplitudes one-to-one based on the plurality of sets of second voltage-current data;

determining, with the processing device, a correspondence between the plurality of core loss values and the plurality of sets of second temperature data to obtain the second correspondence;

the loss measuring step includes:

when the high-frequency transformer is under the working condition to be measured, the temperature measuring device is used for measuring and obtaining the actual temperature data;

determining, with the processing device, a third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence;

and determining the actual total loss of the high-frequency transformer under the working condition to be measured by utilizing the processing device based on the third corresponding relation and the actual temperature data.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein calculating, with the processing device, a plurality of core loss values in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of alternating voltages of different magnitudes based on the plurality of sets of second voltage-current data comprises:

calculating, with the processing device, each of the plurality of core loss values P according to the following equation (1)_c：

Wherein, T_eFor the period of variation of the AC voltage of the present amplitude, n₁₂U is the ratio of the number of turns of the primary winding to the secondary winding₂For the second voltage data corresponding to the AC voltage of the present amplitude, i₂Dt is the derivative of time for said second current data corresponding to said present amplitude of alternating voltage.

9. The high-frequency transformer loss measurement method according to claim 7, wherein, in a case where the temperature measurement means includes a thermal imager, the temperature data measured by the temperature measurement means includes a plurality of temperature values in one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of temperature areas on all surfaces of the housing, each temperature area having a corresponding area,

the determining, with the processing device, a third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence comprises:

utilizing the processing device, substituting the winding loss value in the first corresponding relation and the first temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence manner or the magnetic core loss value in the second corresponding relation and the second temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence manner into the following formulas (2) and (3) for fitting so as to calculate alpha₁，α₂：

P＝∫_Γ(α₁+α₂T) TdA equation (2);

T＝T₁-T₀formula (3);

wherein, P is a winding loss value or a magnetic core loss value; t is₁For each temperature value in the first temperature data or each temperature value in the second temperature data; t is₀Is an ambient temperature value; dA is the differential of the area; Γ is the area of all surfaces of the housing; alpha is alpha₁，α₂Is a constant coefficient;

determining, by the processing device, an actual total loss of the high-frequency transformer under the working condition to be measured based on the third correspondence and the actual temperature data includes:

using said processing means, in determining alpha₁，α₂Then, the actual temperature data is substituted into equations (4) and (5), and the actual total loss is calculated and obtained:

P′＝∫_Γ(α₁+α₂t ') T' dA equation (4);

T′＝T′₁-T′₀formula (5);

wherein, P' is the total loss value to be calculated; t'₁For each temperature value in the temperature data corresponding to the total loss value to be calculated; t'₀Is an ambient temperature value; wherein the third correspondence is expressed by formulas (4) and (5).

10. The method for measuring loss of a high-frequency transformer according to claim 7, wherein, in the case that the temperature measuring device includes a temperature sensor, the temperature data measured by the temperature measuring device includes six sets of temperature data corresponding to six surfaces of the housing, each set of temperature data includes a temperature value at least one characteristic point on the corresponding surface, wherein each characteristic point is used for representing a specific representation area on the corresponding surface, the representation areas represented by any two characteristic points on the six surfaces are not overlapped, and the representation areas represented by all the characteristic points on any current surface of the six surfaces are added to cover the whole current surface,

the determining, with the processing device, a third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence comprises:

utilizing the processing device, substituting the winding loss value in the first corresponding relation and the first temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence manner or the magnetic core loss value in the second corresponding relation and the second temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence manner into the following formulas (6) and (7) for fitting so as to calculate alpha₃，α₄：

T_i＝T_2i-T₀Formula (7);

wherein, P is a winding loss value or a magnetic core loss value; t is_2iThe temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the first temperature data or the temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the second temperature data is obtained; t is₀Is an ambient temperature value; a. the_iThe area of the characterization region characterized by the ith characteristic point; alpha is alpha₃，α₄Is a constant coefficient; wherein, i is 1, 2₁，N₁Is the total number of all feature points on the six surfaces;

determining, by the processing device, an actual total loss of the high-frequency transformer under the working condition to be measured based on the third correspondence and the actual temperature data includes:

using said processing means, in determining alpha₃，α₄Then, the actual temperature data is substituted into equations (8) and (9)And calculating to obtain the actual total loss:

T′_i＝T′_2i-T′₀formula (9);

wherein, P' is the total loss value to be calculated; t'_2iThe temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the temperature data corresponding to the total loss value to be calculated is obtained; t'₀Is an ambient temperature value; wherein the third correspondence is expressed by formulas (8) and (9).

11. The method for measuring loss of a high-frequency transformer according to claim 7, wherein, in the case that the temperature measuring device includes a temperature sensor, the temperature data measured by the temperature measuring device includes six sets of temperature data corresponding to six surfaces of the housing, each set of temperature data includes a temperature value at least one characteristic point on the corresponding surface, wherein each characteristic point is used for representing a specific representation area on the corresponding surface, the representation areas represented by any two characteristic points on the six surfaces are not overlapped, and the representation areas represented by all the characteristic points on any current surface of the six surfaces are added to cover the whole current surface,

the determining, with the processing device, a third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence comprises:

fitting, with the processing device, the winding loss values in the first correspondence with the first temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence and the core loss values in the second correspondence with the second temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence into the following equations (10) to (16) to calculate α₅，α₆，α₇，α₈，γ_w，γ_c：

P＝P₁+P₂Equation (10);

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

T_i＝T_3i-T₀formula (13);

t_j＝T_3j-T₀formula (14);

P₁、P₂simultaneously, the following requirements are also met:

P₁＝γ_wP_w+γ_cP_cformula (15);

P₂＝(1-γ_w)P_w+(1-γ_c)P_cformula (16);

wherein, P_wIs the winding loss value; p_cIs the magnetic core loss value; p is the total loss value; t is_3iThe temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the first temperature data or the temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the second temperature data is obtained; t is_3jThe temperature value of the jth characteristic point in the first temperature data or the temperature value of the jth characteristic point in the second temperature data is obtained; t is₀Is an ambient temperature value; a. the_iThe area of the characterization region characterized by the ith characteristic point; a. the_jThe area of the characterization region characterized by the jth characteristic point; alpha is alpha₅，α₆，α₇，α₈，γ_w，γ_cIs a constant coefficient; wherein an ith feature point belongs to a first group of the six surfaces, a jth feature point belongs to a second group of the six surfaces, and i is 1, 2₁，N₁Is the total number of all feature points on the first set of surfaces, j 1, 2₂，N₂Is the total number of all feature points on the second set of surfaces, wherein the first set of surfaces is a surface of the second set of surfacesEach surface of the set of surfaces is a surface closer to the transformer winding than to the magnetic core, each surface of the second set of surfaces is a surface closer to the magnetic core than to the transformer winding, the transformer winding includes the primary winding and the secondary winding;

determining, by the processing device, a total loss of the high-frequency transformer under the working condition to be measured based on the third correspondence and the actual temperature data includes:

using said processing means, in determining alpha₅，α₆，α₇，α₈，γ_w，γ_cThen, the actual temperature data is substituted into equations (17) to (21), and the total loss is calculated and obtained:

P′＝P′₁+P′₂formula (17);

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

T′_i＝T′_3i-T′₀formula (20);

T′_j＝T′_3j-T′₀formula (21);

wherein, P' is the total loss value to be calculated; t'_3iThe temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the temperature data corresponding to the total loss value to be calculated is obtained; t'_3jThe temperature value of the jth characteristic point in the temperature data corresponding to the total loss value to be calculated is obtained; t'₀Is an ambient temperature value; wherein the third correspondence is expressed by equations (17) to (21).

12. The high frequency transformer loss measurement method according to claim 11, further comprising:

using said processing means, in determining alpha₅，α₆，α₇，α₈，γ_w，γ_cAnd then substituting the actual temperature data into the equations (18) to (21) and the following equations (22) to (23) to calculate and obtain the winding loss and the magnetic core loss of the high-frequency transformer under the working condition to be measured:

P′₁＝γ_wp′_w+γ_cp′_cformula (22);

P′₂＝(1-γ_w)p′_w+(1-γ_c)p′_cformula (23);

wherein, p'_wThe value of the loss of the winding to be calculated is obtained; p'_cIs the core loss value to be calculated.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of transformers, in particular to a system and a method for measuring loss of a high-frequency transformer.

Background

An Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter (IBDC) is widely used in many fields such as energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and data centers. A common type of IBDC must rely on a High-Frequency Transformer (HFT) to realize the functions of voltage transformation ratio, isolation and withstand voltage, and the loss and volume of the HFT have a significant influence on the efficiency and power density of the IBDC. To optimize the efficiency and power density of IBDC, an accurate HFT loss model needs to be established, and further, an accurate HFT loss measurement is needed as a data support.

The HFT loss measurement method has the first requirement of high precision, and the second requirement of low cost and easy realization. Conventional methods of measuring HFT loss include electrical signaling methods and calorimetry. The loss measurement error is rapidly increased along with the improvement of the working frequency under the same instrument precision condition; in addition, under the excitation of an arbitrary waveform, the measurement loss of an electrical signal method is more complicated, and the error is larger. The main advantages of the calorimetry are high accuracy, and the accuracy is not affected by the frequency and the excitation waveform, but the existing calorimetry needs to strictly measure the heat exchange between the HFT and the external environment, so additional devices are needed, the equipment cost is high, and the installation process is complex.

Disclosure of Invention

To at least partially solve the problems in the prior art, a HFT loss measurement system and method are provided.

According to one aspect of the invention, a HFT loss measurement system is provided, which is applied to a Device Under Test (DUT) to be measured, wherein the DUT comprises a HFT, a primary side leading-out terminal, a secondary side leading-out terminal and a shell, the HFT is completely wrapped in the shell and comprises a magnetic core, a primary side winding and a secondary side winding, the primary side leading-out terminal is connected with the primary side winding, the secondary side leading-out terminal is connected with the secondary side winding, and the shell is cuboid;

the HFT loss measuring system comprises a temperature measuring device, a loss measuring device and a processing device, wherein the loss measuring device comprises a winding loss measuring device and/or a magnetic core loss measuring device, wherein,

the temperature measuring device is used for measuring the temperature of the surface of the shell;

the winding loss measuring device is used for being connected with the primary side leading-out end and applying direct-current voltage to the primary side leading-out end and measuring first voltage on the primary side leading-out end and first current in the primary side leading-out end;

the magnetic core loss measuring device is used for being connected with the primary side leading-out end and the secondary side leading-out end respectively, applying alternating voltage on the primary side leading-out end and measuring second voltage on the secondary side leading-out end and second current in the primary side leading-out end;

the processing device is used for:

performing a first correspondence operation of determining a first correspondence relationship between a winding loss of the HFT and a temperature of the case surface, and/or performing a second correspondence operation of determining a second correspondence relationship between a core loss of the HFT and the temperature of the case surface;

determining a third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence, wherein the third correspondence is a correspondence between a total loss of the HFT and a temperature of the case surface;

determining the actual total loss of the HFT under the working condition to be measured based on the third corresponding relation and actual temperature data, wherein the actual temperature data is temperature data obtained by measuring the temperature measuring device when the HFT is under the working condition to be measured;

wherein the first corresponding operation comprises: determining a first corresponding relation based on voltage data of a first voltage and current data of a first current measured by a winding loss measuring device and temperature data measured by a temperature measuring device in a winding loss calibration stage;

the second corresponding operation includes: and determining a second corresponding relation based on the voltage data of the second voltage and the current data of the second current measured by the core loss measuring device and the temperature data measured by the temperature measuring device in the core loss calibration stage, wherein the HFT is placed in an unloaded state in the core loss calibration stage.

Illustratively, the temperature measuring device comprises a thermal imager.

Illustratively, the temperature measuring device includes a temperature sensor.

Illustratively, the winding loss measurement device includes a dc power supply, an ammeter, a voltmeter, and a first switch, wherein,

the direct current power supply is connected with the primary side leading-out end and used for providing direct current voltage;

the voltmeter is connected with the direct-current power supply in parallel and used for measuring a first voltage;

the ammeter is connected with the direct current power supply in series and used for measuring a first current;

the first switch is connected in series with the direct current power supply and is used for connecting or disconnecting a connecting path between the direct current power supply and the primary side leading-out terminal.

Illustratively, the magnetic core loss measuring device comprises an alternating current power supply, an oscilloscope device and a second switch, wherein the alternating current power supply is used for being connected with the primary side lead-out terminal and providing alternating current voltage;

the oscilloscope device is used for measuring a second voltage and a second current, and comprises an oscilloscope, a voltage probe and a current probe, wherein the voltage probe and the current probe are respectively connected with the oscilloscope;

the second switch is connected in series with the alternating current power supply and is used for connecting or disconnecting a connecting path between the alternating current power supply and the primary side leading-out end.

Illustratively, the processing device is connected to the temperature measuring device and the loss measuring device, respectively.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is also provided an HFT loss measurement method applied to the HFT loss measurement system, wherein the HFT loss measurement method includes a calibration step and a loss measurement step, the calibration step includes a winding loss calibration step and/or a core loss calibration step,

the winding loss calibration step comprises the following steps:

in the winding loss calibration stage, sequentially applying a plurality of direct current voltages with different amplitudes on a primary side lead-out end by using a winding loss measuring device, and measuring a plurality of groups of first voltage and current data which correspond to the direct current voltages with different amplitudes one by one, wherein each group of first voltage and current data comprises first voltage data of a first voltage corresponding to the direct current voltage with the current amplitude and first current data of a first current;

in the winding loss calibration stage, measuring multiple groups of first temperature data which correspond to multiple direct current voltages with different amplitudes one by using a temperature measuring device;

calculating, by a processing device, a plurality of winding loss values corresponding to a plurality of direct current voltages of different amplitudes one to one based on the plurality of sets of first voltage-current data;

determining, with a processing device, a correspondence between the plurality of winding loss values and the plurality of sets of first temperature data to obtain a first correspondence;

the magnetic core loss calibration step comprises the following steps:

in the magnetic core loss calibration stage, sequentially applying a plurality of alternating voltages with different amplitudes on the primary side leading-out end by using a magnetic core loss measuring device, and measuring a plurality of groups of second voltage and current data which correspond to the plurality of alternating voltages with different amplitudes one by one, wherein each group of second voltage and current data comprises second voltage data of a second voltage corresponding to the alternating voltage with the current amplitude and second current data of a second current;

in the magnetic core loss calibration stage, measuring multiple groups of second temperature data which correspond to multiple alternating voltages with different amplitudes one by using a temperature measuring device;

calculating, by a processing device, a plurality of magnetic core loss values corresponding to a plurality of alternating voltages of different amplitudes one to one based on the plurality of sets of second voltage and current data;

determining, by the processing device, a correspondence between the plurality of core loss values and the plurality of sets of second temperature data to obtain a second correspondence;

the loss measuring step comprises:

when the HFT is under the working condition to be measured, measuring by using a temperature measuring device to obtain actual temperature data;

determining, with the processing device, a third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence;

and determining the actual total loss of the HFT under the working condition to be measured by utilizing the processing device based on the third corresponding relation and the actual temperature data.

Illustratively, calculating, with the processing device, a plurality of core loss values in one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of alternating voltages of different magnitudes based on the plurality of sets of second voltage-current data includes:

calculating, with a processing device, each of a plurality of core loss values P according to the following equation (1)_c：

Wherein, T_eFor the period of variation of the AC voltage of the present amplitude, n₁₂Is the ratio of the number of turns of the primary winding to the secondary winding, u₂Is second voltage data corresponding to the AC voltage of the present amplitude i₂Dt is the derivative of time for the second current data corresponding to the ac voltage of the present amplitude.

Illustratively, in the case where the temperature measuring device includes a thermal imager, the temperature data measured by the temperature measuring device includes a plurality of temperature values in one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of temperature regions on all surfaces of the housing, each temperature region having a corresponding area,

determining, with the processing device, the third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence includes:

using a processing device, substituting the winding loss value in the first corresponding relation and the first temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence manner or the magnetic core loss value in the second corresponding relation and the second temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence manner into the following formulas (2) and (3) for fitting so as to calculate alpha₁,α₂:

P＝∫_Γ(α₁+α₂T) TdA equation (2);

T＝T₁-T₀formula (3);

wherein O is a winding loss value or a magnetic core loss value; t is₁For each temperature value in the first temperature data or each temperature value in the second temperature data; t is₀Is an ambient temperature value; dA is the differential of the area; gamma is the area of all surfaces of the shell; alpha is alpha₁,α₂Is a constant coefficient;

determining, by the processing device, an actual total loss of the HFT under the condition to be measured based on the third correspondence and the actual temperature data includes:

using processing means, in determining alpha₁,α₂Then, the actual temperature data is substituted into equations (4) and (5), and the actual total loss is calculated:

O′＝∫_Γ(α₁+α₂t ') T' dA equation (4);

T′＝T′₁-T′₀formula (5);

wherein, P' is the total loss value to be calculated; t'₁For each temperature value in the temperature data corresponding to the total loss value to be calculated; t'₀Is an ambient temperature value; wherein the third correspondence is expressed by formulas (4) and (5).

Illustratively, in the case that the temperature measuring device includes temperature sensors, the temperature data measured by the temperature measuring device includes six sets of temperature data corresponding to six surfaces of the housing one to one, each set of temperature data includes a temperature value at least one feature point on the corresponding surface, wherein each feature point is used for characterizing a specific characterization area on the corresponding surface, the characterization areas characterized by any two feature points on the six surfaces are not overlapped, and the characterization areas characterized by all the feature points on any current surface in the six surfaces are added to cover the whole current surface,

determining, with the processing device, the third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence includes:

using a processing device, the winding loss values in the first corresponding relation are in one-to-one correspondence with the first temperature data or the first correspondenceThe core loss values in the two-correspondence relationship are fitted to the second temperature data one by substituting the following equations (6) and (7) to calculate α₃，α₄：

T_i＝T_2i-T₀Formula (7);

wherein, P is a winding loss value or a magnetic core loss value; t is_2iThe temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the first temperature data or the temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the second temperature data is obtained; t is₀Is an ambient temperature value; a. the_iThe area of the characterization region characterized by the ith characteristic point; alpha is alpha₃，α₄Is a constant coefficient; wherein, i is 1, 2₁，N₁Is the total number of all feature points on the six surfaces;

determining, by the processing device, an actual total loss of the HFT under the condition to be measured based on the third correspondence and the actual temperature data includes:

using processing means, in determining alpha₃，α₄Then, the actual temperature data is substituted into equations (8) and (9), and the actual total loss is calculated:

P′＝α₃∑_iA_iT′_i ²+α₄∑_iA_iT′_iformula (8);

T′_i＝T′_2i-T′₀formula (9);

wherein, P' is the total loss value to be calculated; t'_2iThe temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the temperature data corresponding to the total loss value to be calculated is obtained; t'₀Is an ambient temperature value; wherein the third correspondence is expressed by equations (8) and (9).

Illustratively, in the case that the temperature measuring device includes temperature sensors, the temperature data measured by the temperature measuring device includes six sets of temperature data corresponding to six surfaces of the housing one to one, each set of temperature data includes a temperature value at least one feature point on the corresponding surface, wherein each feature point is used for characterizing a specific characterization area on the corresponding surface, the characterization areas characterized by any two feature points on the six surfaces are not overlapped, and the characterization areas characterized by all the feature points on any current surface in the six surfaces are added to cover the whole current surface,

determining, with the processing device, the third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence includes:

fitting, with a processing device, the winding loss values in the first correspondence with the first temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence and the core loss values in the second correspondence with the second temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence into the following equations (10) to (16) to calculate α₅，α₆，α₇，α₈，γ_w，γ_c：

P＝P₁+P₂Equation (10);

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

T_i＝T_3i-T₀formula (13);

t_j＝T_3j-T₀formula (14);

P₁、P₂simultaneously, the following requirements are also met:

P₁＝γ_wP_w+γ_cP_cformula (15);

P₂＝(1-γ_w)P_w+(1-γ_c)P_cformula (16);

wherein, P_wIs the winding loss value; p_cIs a loss of a magnetic coreA value; p is the total loss value; t is_3iThe temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the first temperature data or the temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the second temperature data is obtained; t is_3jThe temperature value of the jth characteristic point in the first temperature data or the temperature value of the jth characteristic point in the second temperature data is obtained; t is₀Is an ambient temperature value; a. the_iThe area of the characterization region characterized by the ith characteristic point; a. the_jThe area of the characterization region characterized by the jth characteristic point; alpha is alpha₅，α₆，α₇，α₈，γ_w，γ_cIs a constant coefficient; wherein the ith characteristic point belongs to a first group of six surfaces, the jth characteristic point belongs to a second group of six surfaces, and i is 1, 2₁，N₁Is the total number of all feature points on the first set of surfaces, j 1, 2₂，N₂Is the total number of all feature points on a second set of surfaces, wherein each surface in the first set of surfaces is a surface closer to the transformer winding than to the magnetic core, each surface in the second set of surfaces is a surface closer to the magnetic core than to the transformer winding, the transformer winding comprises a primary winding and a secondary winding;

determining, by the processing device, a total loss of the HFT under the condition to be measured based on the third correspondence and the actual temperature data includes:

using processing means, in determining alpha₅，α₆，α₇，α₈，γ_w，γ_cThen, the actual temperature data is substituted into equations (17) to (21), and the total loss is calculated:

P′＝P′₁+P′₂formula (17);

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

P′₁＝α₅∑_iA_iT′_i ²+α₆∑_iA_iT′_iformula (18);

P′₂＝α₇∑_jA_jT′_j ²+α₈∑_jA_jT′_jformula (19);

T′_i＝T′_3i-T′₀formula (20);

T′_j＝T′_3j-T′₀formula (21);

wherein, P' is the total loss value to be calculated; t'_3iThe temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the temperature data corresponding to the total loss value to be calculated is obtained; t'_3jThe temperature value of the jth characteristic point in the temperature data corresponding to the total loss value to be calculated is obtained; t'₀Is an ambient temperature value; wherein the third correspondence is expressed by equations (17) to (21).

Exemplarily, the HFT loss measurement method further includes:

using processing means, in determining alpha₅，α₆，α₇，α₈，γ_w，γ_cThen, the actual temperature data is substituted into equations (18) to (21) and the following equations (22) to (23), and the winding loss and the core loss of the HFT under the working condition to be measured are calculated and obtained:

P′₁＝γ_wp′_w+γ_cp′_cformula (22);

P′₂＝(1-γ_w)p′_w+(1-γ_c)p′_cformula (23);

wherein, p'_wThe value of the loss of the winding to be calculated is obtained; p'_cIs the core loss value to be calculated.

According to the HFT loss measuring system and the method, the heat dissipation of the DUT to the outside is known by measuring the temperature of the surface of the shell of the DUT, and the operation mode is simple. And meanwhile, measuring and calculating the corresponding relation between the winding loss and/or the magnetic core loss of the HFT and the temperature, determining the corresponding relation between the total loss and the temperature of the HFT based on the corresponding relation between the winding loss and/or the magnetic core loss and the temperature of the HFT, and further determining the total loss of the HFT under the working condition to be measured only by measuring the temperature of the surface of the DUT shell under the working condition to be measured. Compared with an electric signal method, the HFT loss measurement scheme can ensure that the accuracy is not influenced by the HFT efficiency and the working frequency as in the conventional calorimetry, but compared with the conventional calorimetry, the HFT loss measurement scheme can improve the loss measurement accuracy, does not need to additionally install a complex device, can effectively reduce the complexity and the operation difficulty of equipment, and can reduce the equipment cost.

A series of concepts in a simplified form are introduced in the summary of the invention, which is described in further detail in the detailed description section. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

The advantages and features of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Drawings

The following drawings of the invention are included to provide a further understanding of the invention. The drawings illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings, there is shown in the drawings,

FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a DUT and an HFT loss measurement system for measuring loss of HFT in the DUT in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2A shows exemplary simulation results for calculating actual total loss using an embodiment comprising equations (2) - (5);

FIG. 2B shows exemplary simulation results for calculating actual total loss using an embodiment comprising equations (6) - (9);

FIG. 2C shows exemplary simulation results for calculating actual total loss using an embodiment comprising equations (10) - (21); and

fig. 3 shows exemplary simulation results of a wear classification step according to one embodiment of the invention.

Detailed Description

In the following description, numerous details are provided to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. One skilled in the art, however, will understand that the following description merely illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention and that the invention may be practiced without one or more of these details. In other instances, well known features have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention.

In order to solve the problems of low accuracy under rated conditions and complex installation and operation of the traditional calorimetry in the HFT loss measurement, the embodiment of the invention provides a novel HFT loss measurement scheme, which comprises an HFT loss measurement system and an HFT loss measurement method.

An HFT loss measurement system according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to fig. 1. Fig. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a DUT 110 and an HFT loss measurement system for measuring the loss of HFT in the DUT 110 according to one embodiment of the invention.

As shown in fig. 1, DUT 110 may include an HFT requiring a loss measurement, which is completely enclosed in housing 113, a primary lead 111, a secondary lead 112, and a housing 113, where the HFT may include a magnetic core 114, a primary winding 115, and a secondary winding 116, where primary lead 111 is connected to primary winding 115, and secondary lead 112 is connected to secondary winding 116. As shown in fig. 1, the HFT may further include an insulating medium 117, and the insulating medium 117 is filled between the main body of the HFT (including the magnetic core 114, the primary winding 115, and the secondary winding 116) and the casing 113, and the main body of the HFT is isolated from the casing 113 by the insulating medium 117. The outer shape of the case 113 is a rectangular parallelepiped. Preferably, the material of the casing 113 is uniform, and the surface is flat, so that heat dissipation between the DUT 110 and the outside is approximately achieved only by convection heat transfer, and further the heat dissipation of the DUT 110 to the outside can be accurately obtained by measuring the temperature of the surface of the casing 113.

The HFT loss measurement system includes a temperature measurement device 120 and a loss measurement device, which may include a winding loss measurement device 130 and/or a core loss measurement device 140.

Temperature measuring device 120 is used to measure the temperature of the surface of housing 113 (i.e., the surface of DUT 110). For example, the temperature measuring device 120 may be implemented by a thermal imager or a temperature sensor.

A winding loss measurement device 130 is configured to be coupled to the primary lead 111 of the DUT 110, and the winding loss measurement device 130 is configured to apply a DC voltage across the primary lead 111 and measure a first voltage u across the primary lead 111₁And a first current i in the primary lead-out 111₁. It will be appreciated that the magnitude of the first voltage is equal to the magnitude of the applied dc voltage. Illustratively, as shown in fig. 1, the winding loss measuring device 130 may include a dc power source E, a voltmeter V, an ammeter a, and a first switch K₁. A dc power source E is adapted to be connected to the primary lead 111 and to provide a dc voltage. The voltmeter V is connected in parallel with the dc power supply E for measuring the first voltage. The ammeter A is connected with the direct current power supply E in series and used for measuring the first current. First switch K₁And is connected in series with the direct current power supply E for connecting or disconnecting the connection path between the direct current power supply E and the primary side lead-out terminal 111. It is to be understood that the structure of the winding loss measuring device 130 shown in fig. 1 is merely an example and not a limitation of the present invention.

Core loss measurement device 140 is adapted to be coupled to primary and secondary terminals 111 and 112, respectively, of DUT 110. Core loss measurement device 140 is configured to apply an ac voltage to primary lead 111 and measure a second voltage u at secondary lead 112₂And a second current i in the primary lead-out 111₂. As shown in fig. 1, the core loss measuring device 140 may include an ac power source e, an oscilloscope device (only an oscilloscope is shown, and a voltage probe and a current probe in the oscilloscope device are not explicitly shown), and a second switch K₂. An ac power source e is provided for connection to the primary lead 111 and for providing an ac voltage. The oscilloscope apparatus is used for measuring the second voltage u₂And a second current i₂The oscilloscope device comprises an oscilloscope, a voltage probe and a current probe, wherein the voltage probe and the current probe are respectively connected with the oscilloscope, the voltage probe is used for being connected with the secondary side leading-out terminal 112, and the current probe is connected with an alternating current power supply e. Second switch K₂And is connected in series with the alternating current power supply e and is used for connecting or disconnecting a connection path between the alternating current power supply e and the primary side leading-out terminal 112. It is to be understood that the configuration of core loss measurement device 140 shown in FIG. 1 is merely exemplaryAnd not as restrictive. The respective functions and working principles of the oscilloscope, the voltage probe and the current probe in the oscilloscope device can be understood by those skilled in the art, and are not described in detail herein. Furthermore, the means for measuring the second voltage and the second current may be implemented by any suitable means capable of measuring voltage and current, and is not limited to the oscilloscope apparatus described in this application.

Furthermore, the HFT loss measurement system may further comprise a processing device (not shown). The processing device may be implemented using any device having data processing capabilities and/or instruction execution capabilities, including but not limited to personal computers, servers, and like electronic devices. Furthermore, the processing device may be implemented in at least one hardware form of a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), a Programmable Logic Array (PLA), a microprocessor, which may be one or a combination of several of a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Graphic Processing Unit (GPU), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), or other forms of processing units having data processing capability and/or instruction execution capability, and may control other devices connected thereto to perform desired functions.

In one embodiment, the processing device may be provided independently of the temperature measurement device 120 and the loss measurement device. Alternatively, one or more of temperature data (including first temperature data, second temperature data, actual temperature data, and the like described below) output by the temperature measurement device 120, voltage and current data (including first voltage and current data described below) output by the winding loss measurement device 130, and voltage and current data (including second voltage and current data described below) output by the core loss measurement device 140 may be input to the processing device by a user through the input device. An input device is coupled to the processing device, and may be any device capable of receiving input information, such as a microphone, a keyboard, a touch screen, etc. A user may enter textual information through an input device such as a keyboard and/or touch screen, and may also enter voice information through an input device such as a microphone. Any one of the temperature data output from the temperature measuring device 120, the voltage and current data output from the winding loss measuring device 130, and the voltage and current data output from the core loss measuring device 140 described above may be represented by at least text information and/or voice information. Alternatively, any one of the temperature data output from the temperature measuring device 120, the voltage and current data output from the winding loss measuring device 130, and the voltage and current data output from the core loss measuring device 140 may be stored in a storage device such as a flash memory (flash), a portable hard disk, or the like, and transferred to the processing device through the storage device.

In another embodiment, the processing device may be connected to the temperature measuring device 120 and the loss measuring device, respectively, which may be wired or wireless connections. The processing device may also be configured to receive temperature data (including first temperature data, second temperature data, actual temperature data, etc., described below) from temperature measurement device 120, voltage and current data (e.g., first voltage and current data, described below) from winding loss measurement device 130, and voltage and current data (e.g., second voltage and current data, described below) from core loss measurement device 140. The temperature measuring device 120, the winding loss measuring device 130 and the core loss measuring device 140 may each transmit their own measured data to the processing device by wired or wireless transmission for subsequent processing by the processing device. The data transmission mode does not need manual participation, can automatically and intelligently realize the whole process of HFT loss measurement, and has better user experience.

The processing means may be for: performing a first correspondence operation of determining a first correspondence relationship between a winding loss of the HFT and a temperature of the case surface, and/or performing a second correspondence operation of determining a second correspondence relationship between a core loss of the HFT and the temperature of the case surface; determining a third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence, wherein the third correspondence is a correspondence between a total loss of the HFT and a temperature of the case surface; determining the actual total loss of the HFT under the working condition to be measured based on the third corresponding relation and actual temperature data, wherein the actual temperature data is temperature data obtained by measuring the temperature measuring device when the HFT is under the working condition to be measured; wherein the first corresponding operation comprises: determining a first corresponding relation based on voltage data of a first voltage and current data of a first current measured by a winding loss measuring device and temperature data measured by a temperature measuring device in a winding loss calibration stage; the second corresponding operation includes: and determining a second corresponding relation based on the voltage data of the second voltage and the current data of the second current measured by the core loss measuring device and the temperature data measured by the temperature measuring device in the core loss calibration stage, wherein the HFT is placed in an unloaded state in the core loss calibration stage.

The following describes the implementation flow of the HFT loss measurement method in conjunction with the HFT loss measurement system shown in fig. 1, so as to better understand the operation principle of the HFT loss measurement system.

The HFT loss measurement method according to an embodiment of the invention may include a calibration step, which may include a winding loss calibration step and/or a core loss calibration step, and a loss measurement step. It is understood that in the case that the HFT loss measurement system includes the winding loss measurement device 130, the HFT loss measurement method may include a winding loss calibration step implemented based on the winding loss measurement device 130; in the case where the HFT loss measurement system includes the core loss measurement device 140, the HFT loss measurement method may include a core loss calibration step implemented based on the core loss measurement device 140.

In one embodiment, the winding loss calibration step may include: in the winding loss calibration stage, sequentially applying a plurality of direct current voltages with different amplitudes on a primary side lead-out end by using a winding loss measuring device, and measuring a plurality of groups of first voltage and current data which correspond to the direct current voltages with different amplitudes one by one, wherein each group of first voltage and current data comprises first voltage data of a first voltage corresponding to the direct current voltage with the current amplitude and first current data of a first current; in the winding loss calibration stage, measuring multiple groups of first temperature data which correspond to multiple direct current voltages with different amplitudes one by using a temperature measuring device; calculating, by a processing device, a plurality of winding loss values corresponding to a plurality of direct current voltages of different amplitudes one to one based on the plurality of sets of first voltage-current data; a correspondence between the plurality of winding loss values and the plurality of sets of first temperature data is determined with the processing device to obtain a first correspondence. It is to be understood that the operations of "calculating a plurality of winding loss values corresponding to a plurality of dc voltages of different magnitudes on a one-to-one basis based on a plurality of sets of first voltage-current data" and "determining a correspondence between the plurality of winding loss values and a plurality of sets of first temperature data using the processing means to obtain a first correspondence" performed by the processing means belong to the above-described first correspondence operation.

The winding loss calibration phase, the core loss calibration phase and the actual measurement phase are different time periods respectively. During the winding loss calibration phase, the winding loss measurement device 130 may be enabled and the core loss measurement device 140 may not be enabled. For example, referring to fig. 1, during the winding loss calibration phase, the first switch K may be closed₁And the second switch K is turned off₂A plurality of direct current voltages with different amplitudes are sequentially applied to the primary side leading-out terminal 111 of the DUT 110 by using the direct current power supply E, and the readings of the voltmeter V and the ammeter A and the temperature measured by the temperature measuring device 120 are recorded at the same time when the direct current voltage is applied.

The processing means may acquire voltage data (first voltage data) measured by the voltmeter V, current data (first current data) measured by the ammeter a, and temperature data (first temperature data) measured by the temperature measuring means 120 during application of the dc voltages of different magnitudes. During the process of applying each direct current voltage, the HFT can be loaded or unloaded, and the calculation of the winding loss is not influenced. The processing device may calculate, for each direct voltage, a winding loss based on the corresponding first voltage data and the first current. Since the temperature at each dc voltage is known, a correspondence (first correspondence) of the winding loss and the temperature can be obtained. In the case of an applied dc voltage, the winding losses are substantially equal to the total losses, and therefore the correspondence between winding losses and temperature corresponds to the correspondence between total losses and temperature. Therefore, under the working condition to be measured that the loss is actually required to be measured, the current temperature of the surface of the shell 113 is obtained through measurement, and the current total loss can be correspondingly calculated.

It is understood that the first voltage data is substantially a certain fixed voltage value and the first current data is substantially a certain fixed current value each time the direct current voltage of the present magnitude is applied, and thus, the winding loss corresponding to the direct current voltage of the present magnitude can be calculated by calculating the product between the first voltage data and the first current data corresponding to the direct current voltage of the present magnitude for each direct current voltage. I.e. P_w＝u₁×i₁Wherein P is_wIs the winding loss, u₁Is the first voltage data, i₁Is the first current data. Assuming that 10 DC voltages with different amplitudes are applied in total, 10 winding loss values P can be calculated_w. Meanwhile, for the 10 direct-current voltages with different amplitudes, 10 groups of first temperature data can be measured, and therefore 10 winding loss values P can be obtained_wAnd 10 sets of first temperature data.

In one embodiment, the core loss calibration step may include: in the magnetic core loss calibration stage, sequentially applying a plurality of alternating voltages with different amplitudes on the primary side leading-out end by using a magnetic core loss measuring device, and measuring a plurality of groups of second voltage and current data which correspond to the plurality of alternating voltages with different amplitudes one by one, wherein each group of second voltage and current data comprises second voltage data of a second voltage corresponding to the alternating voltage with the current amplitude and second current data of a second current; in the magnetic core loss calibration stage, measuring multiple groups of second temperature data which correspond to multiple alternating voltages with different amplitudes one by using a temperature measuring device; calculating, by a processing device, a plurality of magnetic core loss values corresponding to a plurality of alternating voltages of different amplitudes one to one based on the plurality of sets of second voltage and current data; and determining the corresponding relation between the plurality of magnetic core loss values and the plurality of groups of second temperature data by utilizing the processing device to obtain a second corresponding relation.

During the core loss calibration phase, the core loss measurement device 140 may be enabled and the winding loss measurement device 130 may not be enabled. For example, referring to fig. 1, the first switch K may be opened₁Closing the second switch K₂Alternating voltages of different amplitudes are applied to the primary side lead-out 111 of the DUT 110 in sequence by the alternating current power supply e, and each time an alternating voltage of a certain amplitude is applied, a second current i in the primary side lead-out 111 can be measured by the oscilloscope apparatus₂And a second voltage u at the secondary terminal 112₂While recording the temperature measured by the temperature measuring device 120. It is understood that the alternating voltages of different amplitudes mean that the maximum values of the alternating voltages are different, for example, assuming that 10 alternating voltages having sinusoidal waveforms of different amplitudes are applied in total, the periods of the 10 sinusoidal waveforms may be constant, but the maximum values are different from each other.

The processing device may receive voltage data (second voltage data) and current data (second current data) measured by the oscilloscope device and temperature data (second temperature data) measured by the temperature measuring device 120 during application of the alternating voltages of different magnitudes. The HFT needs to be unloaded during the application of each ac voltage. The processing device calculates, for each alternating voltage, a core loss based on the corresponding second voltage data and second current data. Since the temperature at each alternating voltage is known, a correspondence (second correspondence) of the core loss and the temperature can be obtained. In the case where an alternating voltage is applied, the core loss is substantially equal to the total loss, and therefore, the correspondence between the core loss and the temperature corresponds to the correspondence between the total loss and the temperature. Therefore, under the working condition to be measured that loss needs to be measured actually, the current temperature is obtained through measurement, and the current total loss can be calculated correspondingly.

It is understood that the second voltage data may include a series of continuous or discrete voltage values varying with the waveform of the alternating voltage and the second current data may include a series of continuous or discrete current values varying with the waveform of the alternating voltage each time the alternating voltage of the present magnitude is applied, and thus, the core loss value P corresponding to the alternating voltage of the present magnitude may be calculated according to the following formula (1) for each alternating voltage_c：

Wherein, T_eFor the period of variation of the AC voltage of the present amplitude, n₁₂Is the ratio of the number of turns of the primary winding to the secondary winding, u₂Is second voltage data corresponding to the AC voltage of the present amplitude i₂Dt is the derivative of time for the second current data corresponding to the ac voltage of the present amplitude.

Assuming that 10 AC voltages of different amplitudes are applied in total, 10 values of core loss P can be calculated_c. Meanwhile, for the 10 alternating voltages with different amplitudes, 10 groups of second temperature data can be measured, and therefore 10 magnetic core loss values P can be obtained_cAnd 10 sets of second temperature data.

After determining the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence, a subsequent loss measurement step may be performed. The loss measuring step comprises: when the HFT is under the working condition to be measured, measuring by using a temperature measuring device to obtain actual temperature data; determining, with the processing device, a third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence; and determining the actual total loss of the HFT under the working condition to be measured by utilizing the processing device based on the third corresponding relation and the actual temperature data.

There are various implementations of determining the third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence, which will be described below. After the corresponding relation between the total loss and the temperature is determined, the total loss under the working condition to be measured can be correspondingly determined only by measuring the temperature of the surface of the shell 113 when the HFT is under the working condition to be measured. The working condition to be measured can be any working condition needing to measure loss, such as a rated working condition and the like.

According to the embodiment of the invention, the heat dissipation of the DUT to the outside is known by measuring the temperature of the surface of the DUT shell, and the operation mode is simpler. And meanwhile, measuring and calculating the corresponding relation between the winding loss and/or the magnetic core loss of the HFT and the temperature, determining the corresponding relation between the total loss and the temperature of the HFT based on the corresponding relation between the winding loss and/or the magnetic core loss and the temperature of the HFT, and further determining the total loss of the HFT under the working condition to be measured only by measuring the temperature of the surface of the DUT shell under the working condition to be measured. Compared with an electric signal method, the HFT loss measurement scheme can ensure that the accuracy is not influenced by the HFT efficiency and the working frequency as in the conventional calorimetry, but compared with the conventional calorimetry, the HFT loss measurement scheme can improve the loss measurement accuracy, does not need to additionally install a complex device, can effectively reduce the complexity and the operation difficulty of equipment, and can reduce the equipment cost.

When the temperature measuring device 120 is implemented by different devices and different forms of temperature data are collected, the corresponding relationship between the total loss and the temperature can be fitted in different ways. The following describes the fitting scheme when the temperature measuring device is a thermal imager and a temperature sensor, respectively.

In one embodiment, the surface temperature measuring device 120 comprises a thermal imager, the temperature data (including the first temperature data, the second temperature data, the actual temperature data, etc.) measured by the temperature measuring device 120 comprises a plurality of temperature values in one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of temperature zones on all surfaces of the housing 113, each temperature zone having a corresponding area,

determining, with the processing device, the third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence may include:

using a processing device, substituting the winding loss value in the first corresponding relation and the first temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence manner or the magnetic core loss value in the second corresponding relation and the second temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence manner into the following formulas (2) and (3) for fitting so as to calculate alpha₁，α₂：

P＝∫_Γ(α₁+α₂T) TdA equation (2);

T＝T₁-T₀formula (3);

wherein, P is a winding loss value or a magnetic core loss value; t is₁For each temperature value in the first temperature data or each temperature value in the second temperature data; t is₀Is an ambient temperature value; dA is the differential of the area; gamma is the area of all surfaces of the shell; alpha is alpha₁，α₂Is a constant coefficient;

determining the actual total loss of the high-frequency transformer under the working condition to be measured by using the processing device based on the third corresponding relation and the actual temperature data comprises the following steps:

using processing means, in determining alpha₁，α₂Then, the actual temperature data is substituted into equations (4) and (5), and the actual total loss is calculated:

P′＝∫_Γ(α₁+α₂t ') T' dA equation (4);

T′＝T′₁-T′₀formula (5);

wherein, P' is the total loss value to be calculated; t'₁For each temperature value in the temperature data corresponding to the total loss value to be calculated; t'₀Is an ambient temperature value; wherein the third correspondence is expressed by formulas (4) and (5).

It will be appreciated that equations (4) - (5) are consistent with the form of equations (2) - (3), i.e., in practice, when α is fitted₁，α₂The actual temperature data is then substituted back into the original equations (2) - (3) to calculate the total loss, but for ease of understanding, equations (2) - (3) are described separately from equations (4) - (5). The following equations (6) - (7) and (8) - (9) and (10) - (16) and (17) - (23) have the same situation, and are not described again.

Herein, the respective ambient temperature values may be measured and set in advance, for example, set to a normal temperature. In addition, the ambient temperature value may be measured separately each time the voltage current data and the temperature data are measured. The ambient temperature value may also be measured once per phase (e.g., the entire winding loss calibration phase or the entire core loss calibration phase or the entire actual measurement phase).

In one embodiment, the temperature measuring device may include six thermal imagers, which may be aligned with six surfaces of the housing 113 in a one-to-one correspondence, and each acquire temperature data of the six surfaces. In this case, the position of the thermal imager may be fixed. In another embodiment, the temperature measuring device may include only one thermal imager, and the position of the thermal imager may be moved in a manual or mechanical control manner to align the thermal imager with six surfaces of the housing 113 one by one, so as to acquire temperature data of the six surfaces one by one. Of course, other device arrangements and acquisition schemes may be used, and the result is the acquisition of temperature data for the six surfaces of the housing 113.

For each surface, the temperature data for that surface may be in the form of data such as a thermodynamic diagram, each pixel in the thermodynamic diagram corresponding to an area on the surface of the housing 113 (referred to herein as a temperature area), and the pixel value for each pixel in the thermodynamic diagram may represent a temperature value at the corresponding temperature area on the surface of the housing 113. Thus, the temperature data for each surface may comprise a set of temperature values at several temperature regions, and the temperature data for six surfaces comprises six such sets of temperature values. For example, { T } may be used₁₁，T₁₂……T_1s1；T₂₁,T₂₂……T_2S2；……；T₆₁,T₆₂……T_6S6Denotes temperature data of six surfaces, wherein s1-s6 denote the total number of respective temperature values of the six surfaces, respectively. In the calibration phase, one such set of temperature values may be collected for each dc voltage or each ac voltage. In the actual measurement phase, one such set of temperature values may also be collected.

In an embodiment of the thermal imager, the third correspondence may be fitted in the following manner. For example, in the winding loss calibration stage, at any DC voltage (e.g., 20V), first temperature data { T } is measured₁₁，T₁₂……T_1s1；T₂₁,T₂₂……T_2S2；……；T₆₁,T₆₂……T_6S6-wherein each temperature value represents a temperature at a temperature area on the corresponding surface, the temperature area having an area. And (3) substituting all temperature values in the first temperature data and the area corresponding to each temperature value into the formulas (2) and (3) for integration, and simultaneously substituting the integrated temperature values into the winding loss value calculated at the direct-current voltage. At the same time, all applied DC voltages are equalizedPerforming the above-mentioned substitution operation (for example, applying 10 dc voltages, substituting 10 winding loss values and the corresponding first temperature data one by one), fitting based on the measurement results at all dc voltages, and obtaining α₁And alpha₂The value of (c).

Subsequently, under the working condition to be measured, the temperature data (actual temperature data) of six surfaces can be measured and obtained, and alpha at the moment₁And alpha₂As known, the total loss value corresponding to the actual temperature data can be calculated and obtained only by substituting the actual temperature data into the equations (4) and (5), namely, the total loss under the working condition to be measured is obtained.

In another embodiment, the temperature measuring device may comprise a temperature sensor. In the case that the temperature measuring device includes a temperature sensor, the temperature data measured by the temperature measuring device includes six sets of temperature data corresponding to six surfaces of the housing one to one, each set of temperature data includes a temperature value at least one feature point on the corresponding surface, wherein each feature point is used for characterizing a specific characterization area on the corresponding surface, characterization areas characterized by any two feature points on the six surfaces are not overlapped, and characterization areas characterized by all feature points on any current surface in the six surfaces are added to cover the whole current surface.

For example, the temperature measuring device may include six sets of temperature sensors, each set of temperature sensors may include one or more temperature sensors. The six sets of temperature sensors may be aligned with the six surfaces of the housing 113 in a one-to-one correspondence, and each may acquire temperature data for the six surfaces. In this case, the position of the temperature sensor may be fixed. In another embodiment, the temperature measuring device may include only one temperature sensor, and the position of the temperature sensor may be moved in a manually or mechanically controlled manner to align the temperature sensor with six surfaces of the housing 113 one by one, so as to acquire temperature data of the six surfaces one by one. Of course, other device arrangements and acquisition schemes may be used, and the result is the acquisition of temperature data for the six surfaces of the housing 113.

For each surface, the temperature value collected by each temperature sensor aligned with the surface may be a temperature value at a position of the surface, and the temperature value at the position may be used to represent the temperature of a region on the surface. The position where each temperature sensor is originally aligned and measured is called a characteristic point, and when the temperature value at the characteristic point is used for representing the temperature of a certain area on the corresponding surface, the area represented by the characteristic point is called a representation area. The characteristic areas characterized by any two characteristic points are not coincident, and the characteristic areas characterized by all the characteristic points on any surface cover the whole surface after being added.

For example, if temperature data is collected with only one temperature sensor for the front surface, the temperature value it collects is considered as the temperature of the entire surface of the front surface. For another example, if two temperature sensors are employed for the front surface to acquire temperature data and the two temperature sensors are arranged side by side in the left-right direction, the temperature value acquired by the temperature sensor on the left side is regarded as the temperature of the left half surface of the front surface, and the temperature value acquired by the temperature sensor on the right side is regarded as the temperature of the right half surface of the front surface. Thus, the temperature data for each surface may comprise a set of temperature values at several characteristic points, and the temperature data for six surfaces comprises six such sets of temperatures. For example, { T } may be used₁₁，T₁₂……T_1k1；T₂₁,T₂₂……T_2k2；……；T₆₁,T₆₂……T_6k6Denotes the temperature data of the six surfaces, wherein k1-k6 denote the total number of the respective temperature values of the six surfaces (i.e., the total number of the respective characteristic points), respectively. In the calibration phase, one such set of temperature values may be collected for each dc voltage or each ac voltage. In the actual measurement phase, one such set of temperature values may also be collected. Unlike a thermal imager, the temperature set corresponding to each surface may include only one or a few temperature values in the temperature data collected by the temperature sensor.

Embodiments in which the temperature measuring device comprises a temperature sensor can be divided into at least two cases. One is to treat the six surfaces equally without distinguishing them. The other is to divide the six surfaces into a first group of surfaces and a second group of surfaces according to the distance between the six surfaces and the transformer winding and the magnetic core, and respectively process the surfaces by different formulas. The former case has simple calculation, small data processing pressure and high measuring speed; the loss measurement precision is higher under the latter condition, and besides the total loss can be calculated, the winding loss and the magnetic core loss under the working condition to be measured can be calculated, so that the loss can be classified more accurately.

The first case will be described first. In this embodiment, determining, with the processing device, the third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence includes:

fitting the winding loss values in the first correspondence relationship and the first temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence manner or the core loss values in the second correspondence relationship and the second temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence manner by using a processing device, into the following equations (6) and (7), so as to calculate alpha₃，α₄：

T_i＝T_2i-T₀Formula (7);

wherein, P is a winding loss value or a magnetic core loss value; t is_2iThe temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the first temperature data or the temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the second temperature data is obtained; t is₀Is an ambient temperature value; a. the_iThe area of the characterization region characterized by the ith characteristic point; alpha is alpha₃，α₄Is a constant coefficient; wherein, i is 1, 2₁，N₁Is the total number of all feature points on the six surfaces;

determining the actual total loss of the high-frequency transformer under the working condition to be measured by using the processing device based on the third corresponding relation and the actual temperature data comprises the following steps:

using processing means, in determining alpha₃，α₄Then, the actual temperature data is substituted into the formulas (8) and (9), and the actual total loss is calculated and obtained：

P′＝α₃∑_iA_iT′_i ²+α₄∑_iA_iT′_iFormula (8);

T′_i＝T′_2i-T′₀formula (9);

wherein, P' is the total loss value to be calculated; t'_2iThe temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the temperature data corresponding to the total loss value to be calculated is obtained; t'₀Is an ambient temperature value; wherein the third correspondence is expressed by equations (8) and (9).

The third correspondence may be fitted in the following manner. For example, in the winding loss calibration stage, at any DC voltage (e.g., 20V), first temperature data { T } is measured₁₁，T₁₂......T_1k1；T₂₁，T₂₂......T_2k2；......；T₆₁，T₆₂......T_6k6-wherein each temperature value represents a temperature at a characteristic point on the corresponding surface, the characteristic point having a characteristic area. And (3) substituting all temperature values in the first temperature data and the characterization area corresponding to each temperature value into the formulas (6) and (7) for summation, and simultaneously substituting the temperature values and the characterization areas into the winding loss value obtained by calculation at the direct-current voltage. Meanwhile, the above substitution operation is performed on all applied dc voltages (for example, 10 dc voltages are applied, and 10 winding loss values and the corresponding first temperature data are substituted in a one-to-one correspondence), and fitting is performed based on the measurement results of all dc voltages to obtain α₃And alpha₄The value of (c).

Subsequently, under the working condition to be measured, the temperature data (actual temperature data) of six surfaces can be measured and obtained, and alpha at the moment₃And alpha₄As known, the total loss value corresponding to the actual temperature data can be calculated and obtained only by substituting the actual temperature data into the equations (8) and (9), namely, the total loss under the working condition to be measured is obtained.

The second case will be described first. In this embodiment, determining, with the processing device, the third correspondence based on the first correspondence and/or the second correspondence includes:

fitting, with a processing device, the winding loss values in the first correspondence with the first temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence and the core loss values in the second correspondence with the second temperature data in a one-to-one correspondence into the following equations (10) to (16) to calculate α₅，α₆，α₇，α₈，γ_w，γ_c：

P＝P₁+P₂Equation (10);

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

T_i＝T_3i-T₀formula (13);

t_j＝T_3j-T₀formula (14);

P₁、P₂simultaneously, the following requirements are also met:

P₁＝γ_wP_w+γ_cP_cformula (15);

P₂＝(1-γ_w)P_w+(1-γ_c)P_cformula (16);

wherein, P_wIs the winding loss value; p_cIs the magnetic core loss value; p is the total loss value; t is_3iThe temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the first temperature data or the temperature value of the ith characteristic point in the second temperature data is obtained; t is_3jThe temperature value of the jth characteristic point in the first temperature data or the temperature value of the jth characteristic point in the second temperature data is obtained; t is₀Is an ambient temperature value; a. the_iThe area of the characterization region characterized by the ith characteristic point; a. the_jThe area of the characterization region characterized by the jth characteristic point; alpha is alpha₅，α₆，α₇，α₈，γ_w，γ_cIs a constant coefficient; wherein the ith characteristic point belongs to a first group of six surfaces, the jth characteristic point belongs to a second group of six surfaces, and i is 1, 2₁，N₁Is the total number of all feature points on the first set of surfaces, j 1, 2₂，N₂Is the total number of all feature points on a second set of surfaces, wherein each surface in the first set of surfaces is a surface closer to the transformer winding than to the magnetic core, each surface in the second set of surfaces is a surface closer to the magnetic core than to the transformer winding, the transformer winding comprises a primary winding and a secondary winding;

determining the total loss of the high-frequency transformer under the working condition to be measured by using the processing device based on the third corresponding relation and the actual temperature data comprises the following steps:

using processing means, in determining alpha₅，α₆，α₇，α₈，γ_w，γ_cThen, the actual temperature data is substituted into equations (17) to (21), and the total loss is calculated:

P′＝P′₁+P′₂formula (17);

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

P′₁＝α₅∑_iA_iT′_i ²+α₆∑_iA_iT′_iformula (18);

P′₂＝α₇∑_jA_jT′_j ²+α₈∑_jA_jT′_jformula (19);

T′_i＝T′_3i-T′₀formula (20);

T′_j＝T′_3j-T′₀formula (21);

wherein, P' is the total loss value to be calculated; t'_3iFor the ith in the temperature data corresponding to the total loss value to be calculatedTemperature values of the individual characteristic points; t'_3jThe temperature value of the jth characteristic point in the temperature data corresponding to the total loss value to be calculated is obtained; t'₀Is an ambient temperature value; wherein the third correspondence is expressed by equations (17) to (21).

In the present embodiment, the six surfaces of the housing are divided into two groups of surfaces to be treated differently. P₁Representing the losses associated with the first set of surfaces and P2 representing the losses associated with the second set of surfaces. The distance between any surface and the transformer winding may be measured in any suitable manner as desired. For example, the transformer winding may comprise a plurality of points. In one example, the distance between any surface and a specified point on the transformer winding may be represented by the distance between the surface and the transformer winding. The designated point is a previously designated point such as a core point of a transformer winding or the like. In another example, the distance between any surface and the transformer winding may be represented by the distance between the surface and the closest point on the transformer winding to the surface. The transformer winding comprises a primary winding and a secondary winding, and the primary winding and the secondary winding can be regarded as a whole when measuring the distance between the transformer winding and the surface.

Similarly, the distance between any surface and the core can be measured in any suitable manner as desired. For example, the core may comprise a plurality of dots. In one example, the distance between any surface and a specified point on the core may be represented by the distance between the surface and the core. The designated point is a previously designated point such as a core point of the core or the like. In another example, the distance between any surface and the core may be represented by the distance between the surface and the closest point on the core to the surface.

The first set of surfaces and the second set of surfaces each comprise a surface associated with a structure of the high frequency transformer. For example, in some models of high frequency transformers, the first set of surfaces may include front, back, left, and right surfaces, and the second set of surfaces may include upper and lower surfaces. This situation can be seen with reference to the example shown in fig. 1. For another example, in some models of high frequency transformers, the first set of surfaces may include front and rear upper and lower surfaces, and the second set of surfaces may include left and right surfaces. The first and second sets of surfaces may also have other configurations, not to mention one.

Due to the difference of the magnetic core and the winding in spatial distribution, the heat dissipation contributions of the magnetic core loss and the winding loss in the first group of surfaces and the second group of surfaces have certain differences, and the difference is taken into account, so that the total loss under the working condition to be measured can be accurately determined. Furthermore, this approach facilitates classification of winding losses and core losses as compared to other implementations.

The third correspondence may be fitted in the following manner. For example, in the winding loss calibration stage, at any DC voltage (e.g. 20V), first temperature data { T1 } is measured₁₁，T1₁₂……T1_1k1；T1₂₁,T1₂₂……T1_2k2；……；T1₆₁,T1₆₂……T1_6k6-wherein each temperature value represents a temperature at a characteristic point on the corresponding surface, the characteristic point having a characteristic area. All temperature values in the first temperature data and the characterization area corresponding to each temperature value are substituted into the above equations (10) - (16) for calculation, and are simultaneously substituted into the winding loss value P calculated under the direct voltage_w. Core loss value P at this time_cIs 0. Meanwhile, the above substitution operation is performed for all the applied dc voltages (for example, 10 dc voltages are applied, and 10 winding loss values and the respective corresponding first temperature data are substituted in a one-to-one correspondence), and fitting is performed based on the measurement results at all the dc voltages. In addition, in the core loss calibration stage, at any alternating voltage (for example, the amplitude is 15V), second temperature data { T2 } is measured_l1,T2₁₂……T2_1k1；T2₂₁,T2₂₂……T2_2k2；……；T2₆₁,T2₆₂……T2_6k6-wherein each temperature value represents a temperature at a characteristic point on the corresponding surface, the characteristic point having a characteristic area. All in the second temperature dataThe temperature values and the characterization areas corresponding to the temperature values are substituted into the above equations (10) - (16) for calculation, and are simultaneously substituted into the magnetic core loss value P calculated under the AC voltage_c. Value of winding loss P at this time_wIs 0. Meanwhile, the above substitution operation is performed for all the applied ac voltages (for example, 10 ac voltages are applied, and 10 core loss values and the respective corresponding second temperature data are substituted in one-to-one correspondence), and fitting is performed based on the measurement results for all the ac voltages. Fitting the measurement results of the winding loss calibration stage and the magnetic core loss calibration stage, and calculating to obtain alpha₅,α₆,α₇,α₈,γ_w,γ_cThe value of (c).

Subsequently, under the working condition to be measured, the temperature data (actual temperature data) of six surfaces can be measured and obtained, and alpha at the moment₅，α₆，α₇，α₈，γ_w，γ_cAs known, the total loss value corresponding to the actual temperature data can be calculated and obtained only by substituting the actual temperature data into equations (17) - (21), namely, the total loss under the working condition to be measured is obtained.

According to the embodiment of the invention, the method for measuring the loss of the high-frequency transformer can further comprise the following steps:

using processing means, in determining alpha₅，α₆，α₇，α₈，γ_w，γ_cThen, the actual temperature data is substituted into equations (18) to (21) and the following equations (22) to (23), and the winding loss and the magnetic core loss of the high-frequency transformer under the working condition to be measured are calculated and obtained:

P′₁＝γ_wp′_w+γ_cp′_cformula (22);

P′₂＝(1-γ_w)p′_w+(1-γ_c)p′_cformula (23);

wherein, p'_wThe value of the loss of the winding to be calculated is obtained; p'_cIs the core loss value to be calculated.

As described above, in embodiments that distinguish between a first set of surfaces and a second set of surfacesIn (3), a wear classification may also be performed. At α₅，α₆，α₇，α₈，γ_w，γ_cUnder the known condition, the winding loss value and the magnetic core loss value corresponding to the actual temperature data can be calculated and obtained only by continuously substituting the actual temperature data into the equations (18) - (23), namely, the winding loss and the magnetic core loss under the working condition to be measured are obtained.

Fig. 2A shows exemplary simulation results for calculating the actual total loss using an embodiment comprising equations (2) - (5). Fig. 2B shows exemplary simulation results for calculating the actual total loss using an embodiment comprising equations (6) - (9). Fig. 2C shows exemplary simulation results for calculating the actual total loss using an embodiment comprising equations (10) - (21). In fig. 2A-2C, the solid line represents the actual loss value, the dashed line represents the calculated loss value, and the simulation uses a condition in which the core loss takes a nominal value of 95W and the winding loss takes a different value between 5W and 77W. According to simulation results, when the actual total loss is calculated according to the three methods, the maximum errors of the calculation results are respectively not more than 0.1W, about 2.7W and about 1.7W, and the relative errors under the rated working condition (namely, the winding loss is 77W) are respectively not more than 0.1%, about 1% and about 1%.

Fig. 3 shows exemplary simulation results of the loss classification step according to an embodiment of the invention, the solid line representing the actual loss value, the dashed line representing the calculated loss value, the simulation using conditions with core losses of 95W and winding losses of different values between 5W and 77W. In fig. 3, the upper two lines (solid line and broken line) correspond to the core loss values, and the lower two lines (solid line and broken line) correspond to the winding loss values. According to the simulation result, under the rated working condition (namely, the winding loss is 77W), the calculation errors of the winding loss and the magnetic core loss are respectively 4.6W and 6.2W, and the relative errors are respectively 6 percent and 7 percent.

In summary, according to the HFT loss measurement scheme of the embodiment of the present invention, a relatively high loss measurement accuracy can be achieved with a relatively simple device and operation (measuring the temperature of the surface of the casing), the determination of the third correspondence can be directly achieved by using the winding and/or the magnetic core of the HFT itself, no additional device and installation process are required, the measurement can be performed under rated working conditions and environmental conditions, the classification of the loss can be further achieved, and the measurement accuracy is relatively stable under various working conditions.

It should be noted that in the above description of various embodiments, when two elements are "connected," the two elements may be directly connected or indirectly connected through one or more intervening elements/media. The manner in which the two elements are connected may include a contact manner or a non-contact manner. Equivalent substitutions or modifications of the above described example connections may be made by those skilled in the art, and such substitutions or modifications are intended to be within the scope of the present application.

In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the directions or positional relationships indicated by the directional terms such as "front", "rear", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "lateral", "vertical", "horizontal" and "top", "bottom", etc., are generally based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and in the case of not making a reverse explanation, these directional terms do not indicate and imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore, should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention; the terms "inner" and "outer" refer to the interior and exterior relative to the contours of the components themselves.

Spatially relative terms, such as "above … …," "above … …," "above … …," "above," and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe the spatial relationship of one or more components or features shown in the figures to other components or features. It is to be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass not only the orientation of the component as depicted in the figures, but also different orientations of the component in use or operation. For example, if an element in the drawings is turned over in its entirety, the articles "over" or "on" other elements or features will include the articles "under" or "beneath" the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term "above … …" can include both an orientation of "above … …" and "below … …". Further, these components or features may also be positioned at various other angles (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or other angles), all of which are intended to be encompassed herein.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative elements and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware or combinations of computer software and electronic hardware. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the implementation. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present invention.

In the several embodiments provided in the present application, it should be understood that the disclosed apparatus and method may be implemented in other ways. For example, the above-described device embodiments are merely illustrative, and for example, the division of the units is only one logical functional division, and other divisions may be realized in practice, for example, a plurality of units or components may be combined or integrated into another device, or some features may be omitted, or not executed.

Similarly, it should be appreciated that in the description of exemplary embodiments of the invention, various features of the invention are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the invention and aiding in the understanding of one or more of the various inventive aspects. However, the method of the present invention should not be construed to reflect the intent: that the invention as claimed requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims following the detailed description are hereby expressly incorporated into this detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of this invention.

The various component embodiments of the invention may be implemented in hardware, or in software modules running on one or more processors, or in a combination thereof. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP) may be used in practice to implement some or all of the functions of some of the modules in an HFT loss measurement system according to embodiments of the present invention. The present invention may also be embodied as apparatus programs (e.g., computer programs and computer program products) for performing a portion or all of the methods described herein. Such programs implementing the present invention may be stored on computer-readable media or may be in the form of one or more signals. Such a signal may be downloaded from an internet website or provided on a carrier signal or in any other form.

It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word "comprising" does not exclude the presence of elements or steps not listed in a claim. The word "a" or "an" preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. The invention may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements, and by means of a suitably programmed computer. In the unit claims enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The usage of the words first, second and third, etcetera do not indicate any ordering. These words may be interpreted as names.

The above description is only for the specific embodiment of the present invention or the description thereof, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of the changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present invention, and the changes or substitutions should be covered within the protection scope of the present invention. The protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.