阅读说明：本技术 一种消除设施栽培农作物连作障碍的方法 (Method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of facility-cultivated crops ) 是由 丁广礼 于 2020-12-08 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种消除设施栽培农作物连作障碍的方法,涉及农业栽培技术领域,具体方案为：包括以下步骤：轮作：采用农作物—农作物轮作,农作物—蔬菜轮作,农作物—水果轮作；间作与伴生：扩大农作物间隔距离,在间隔区域种植不同种类农作物、蔬菜或水果,或在间隔区域平铺作物秸秆；水洗盐；增施生物菌肥；闷棚消毒：添加需要的肥料,加速有机物腐熟以增加低温,松土,灌水,覆地膜,封外膜。本发明能有效抑制土传病害,改善和维护设施栽培农田土壤微生态环境,促进土壤中难溶养分的分解转化。分解连作障碍土壤中植物分泌残留的化感物质和自毒物质,减少化感物质和自毒物质对连作蔬菜生长的不利影响,促进作物生长。(The invention discloses a method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of crops cultivated by a facility, relating to the technical field of agricultural cultivation, and the specific scheme is as follows: the method comprises the following steps: performing rotation: crop-crop rotation, crop-vegetable rotation and crop-fruit rotation are adopted; intercropping and accompanying: the spacing distance of crops is enlarged, different kinds of crops, vegetables or fruits are planted in the spacing area, or crop straws are flatly laid in the spacing area; washing salt with water; additionally applying biological bacterial manure; and (3) greenhouse sealing and disinfection: adding required fertilizer to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter to increase low temperature, loosening soil, irrigating water, covering with mulching film and sealing the outer film. The invention can effectively inhibit soil-borne diseases, improve and maintain the micro-ecological environment of the soil of the facility cultivation farmland and promote the decomposition and transformation of indissolvable nutrients in the soil. The residual allelochemicals and autotoxicants secreted by plants in the continuous cropping obstacle soil are decomposed, the adverse effects of the allelochemicals and the autotoxicants on the growth of the continuous cropping vegetables are reduced, and the growth of crops is promoted.)

1. A method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of facility-cultivated crops is characterized by comprising the following steps:

performing rotation: crop-crop rotation, crop-vegetable rotation and crop-fruit rotation are adopted;

intercropping and accompanying: the spacing distance of crops is enlarged, different kinds of crops, vegetables or fruits are planted in the spacing area, or crop straws are flatly laid in the spacing area;

washing salt with water: cleaning the soil by using fresh water;

and (3) additionally applying biological bacterial manure: reducing the density of pathogenic bacteria in the soil and inhibiting the activity of the pathogenic bacteria;

and (3) greenhouse sealing and disinfection: adding required fertilizer to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter to increase low temperature, loosening soil, irrigating water, covering with mulching film and sealing the outer film.

2. The method for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacles of the facility-cultivated crops as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that in the intercropping process, after the intercropped crops are ripened and picked, the same or other kinds of vegetables or fruits are continuously planted.

3. The method for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacles of the facility-cultivated crops as claimed in claim 1, wherein the crops are planted in wrong rows.

4. The method for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacle of the greenhouse-cultivated crops as claimed in claim 1, wherein the greenhouse-closing disinfection process is carried out at a high temperature for 7 to 8 months.

5. The method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of greenhouse crops as claimed in claim 1, wherein the frequency of salt washing of the soil with high salt content is once a year and the frequency of salt washing of the soil with low salt content is once two or three years during the salt washing process.

6. The method for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacle of the greenhouse-cultivated crops as claimed in claim 1, wherein the salt washing process is performed after the completion of the disinfection of the shed and the uncovering of the mulching film and the outer film.

7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic fertilizer is applied by slow high-temperature composting and completely decomposed before application.

8. The method for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacle of the cultivated crops as claimed in claim 1, wherein the disinfection method can also adopt a chemical physical disinfection method: applying chemical agent or hot water for sterilization.

9. The method for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacles of the facility-cultivated crops as claimed in claim 1, wherein the rotation process adopts paddy-upland rotation.

10. The method for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacles of the facility-cultivated crops as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the greenhouse-closing disinfection process, biological fertilizer, organic fertilizer and soil activator are adopted, soil is prepared 10-15 days before planting, decomposed organic fertilizer is applied, then a certain amount of biological fertilizer and compound fertilizer are scattered on the ground, then the soil activator is used for dilution, water is fully poured in 7 or 8 months, finally mulching film and outer film are covered, and the duration is 7-15 days.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural cultivation, in particular to a method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of crops cultivated by facilities.

Background

The continuous cropping obstacle refers to the abnormal growth and development of crops caused by continuously cultivating the same crop or closely related crops on the same soil. The symptoms are generally poor growth and development, the yield and the quality are reduced, and in extreme cases, partial seedlings die, do not develop or develop vigorously; most of the damaged plant roots are browned, have less branches, low activity and narrow distribution range, and the capability of absorbing water and nutrients is reduced. The disorder is generally evident in the early stages of growth, which often recovers to varying degrees later. Continuous cropping obstacles are obviously different among plant families, crops which are easy to generate continuous cropping obstacles are concentrated in solanaceae, leguminosae, cruciferae, cucurbitaceae and rosaceous, and continuous cropping obstacles are not obvious for various gramineous food crops such as wheat, rice and corn. The continuous cropping obstacle occurs due to various reasons, including excessive nutrient consumption, deterioration of physicochemical properties of soil, increase of plant diseases and insect pests, accumulation of toxic substances and the like. The occurrence of the method is influenced by various environmental conditions, and the continuous cropping times (generally, the more continuous cropping times, the longer the age and the heavier the continuous cropping obstacles), the soil property (generally, clay is heavier than sandy soil and the protected field cultivation is more than the open field cultivation) and the improper management of the post-cropping water and fertilizer can aggravate the obstacles.

The prevention and control methods adopted in the prior production mainly comprise the following steps: and (5) sterilizing the soil. The main purpose of soil sterilization is to eliminate the inhibitory effect of harmful microorganisms present in the soil on the growth of facility crops, while not affecting the physicochemical properties of the soil. Reasonable rotation, intercropping and relay intercropping. The rotation is beneficial to improving the microbial structure in the continuous cropping soil and enhancing the microbial activity and reproductive capacity; enhancing soil invertase, urease, catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity; improve soil fertility, improve crop growth and development, and improve yield and quality. Selection of continuous cropping resistant varieties and grafting cultivation. Different crops or similar different varieties have greatly different planting characteristics and disease resistance, and the selection of resistant varieties is also an important way for solving or relieving continuous cropping obstacles. Grafting is an important cultivation method for preventing the spread of soil diseases and overcoming continuous cropping obstacles, and is widely applied to vegetable crops such as cucumbers, watermelons, eggplants and the like.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of crops cultivated in a facility, which can effectively prevent the accumulation and the sharp increase of harmful microorganisms, the change of soil pH, the change of physicochemical properties, soil surface salt accumulation, soil allelochemicals/autotoxicants, particularly phenolic acid substances.

The technical purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

a method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of facility-cultivated crops comprises the following steps:

performing rotation: crop-crop rotation, crop-vegetable rotation and crop-fruit rotation are adopted;

intercropping and accompanying: the spacing distance of crops is enlarged, different kinds of crops, vegetables or fruits are planted in the spacing area, or crop straws are flatly laid in the spacing area;

washing salt with water: cleaning the soil by using fresh water;

and (3) additionally applying biological bacterial manure: reducing the density of pathogenic bacteria in the soil and inhibiting the activity of the pathogenic bacteria;

and (3) greenhouse sealing and disinfection: adding required fertilizer to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter to increase low temperature, loosening soil, irrigating water, covering with mulching film and sealing the outer film.

Preferably, the intercropping process continues to plant the same or other types of vegetables or fruits after the intercropped crops are ripe and picked.

Including intercropping crops, vegetables and fruits of the same kind of crops of different varieties or crops of different varieties.

As a preferred scheme, the crops are planted in staggered rows.

As a preferred scheme, in the process of sterilizing the closed shed, the air temperature is selected to be higher for 7 months to 8 months.

The weather is stable in 7 months or 8 months, and the temperature is high.

In a preferable scheme, in the salt washing process, the salt washing frequency of the soil with high salt content is once a year, and the salt washing frequency of the soil with low salt content is once every two or three years.

As a preferred scheme, after the disinfection of the closed shed is finished, the mulching film and the outer film are uncovered, and then the salt washing process is carried out.

As a preferable scheme, in the process of applying the organic fertilizer, high-temperature composting treatment is carried out slowly, and the organic fertilizer is applied after being completely decomposed.

As a preferred embodiment, the sterilization method can also adopt a chemical physical sterilization method: applying chemical agent or hot water for sterilization.

As a preferred scheme, paddy-upland rotation is adopted in the rotation process.

As a preferred scheme, in the process of greenhouse-closing disinfection, biological fertilizer, organic fertilizer and soil activator are adopted, soil is prepared 10-15 days before field planting, decomposed organic fertilizer is applied, then a certain amount of biological fertilizer and compound fertilizer are scattered on the ground, the soil activator is used for dilution, sufficient water is poured in 7 months or 8 months, finally, mulching film and outer film are covered for 7-15 days.

An air filter, an air compressor, a dryer, a molecular sieve oxygenerator, a high-voltage discharge ozone machine, a gas-liquid mixing pump and the like are sequentially arranged at the bottom of the container box body; the devices are connected by pipelines, the air outlet pipeline of the high-pressure discharge ozone machine is connected with a gas-liquid mixing pump by a three-way valve, and the other end of the three-way valve is connected with a water inlet pipe; the whole system is powered by an alternating current power supply, the power supply adopts commercial power, a PLC programmable controller is connected beside the power supply to regulate and control the whole system, a frequency converter and a step-up transformer are connected beside the power supply to change the frequency and the voltage of the alternating current and control the ozone output speed, and finally, special functional water containing ozone and free radicals is output by a mixing pump;

after the unit devices are assembled into the soil continuous cropping obstacle therapeutic apparatus, a power supply is switched on, an air compressor and a molecular sieve oxygen generator are started, air is filtered by a filter to remove particulate matters and impurities in the air, the air enters the air compressor to generate high-pressure compressed air flow, the air is dried by a dryer to remove moisture, clean and dry compressed air enters the oxygen generator to be adsorbed and separated by the molecular sieve, oxygen, nitrogen and the like in the dry air are separated, the oxygen is enriched and concentrated, the oxygen enters a high-pressure discharge ozone machine to generate high-concentration ozone, the ozone is connected with a gas-liquid mixing pump through a three-way valve, the gas-liquid mixing pump is started, and meanwhile, a pipeline at the other end of the three-way valve is inserted into water, so that the pure ozone and the water are mixed in the mixing pump to become;

then, automatic control is realized by adjusting a programmable controller in a control panel, the frequency of alternating current is changed by a frequency converter and is increased from 50Hz to 1000Hz, the yield of ozone is improved, the alternating voltage is changed by a transformer, the voltage is increased from 220V to 12000V, the discharge frequency and efficiency of the high-voltage electrode ozone are improved, and the yield and effect of the ozone are improved. After the whole process, the effluent contains active oxygen such as ozone, hydroxyl free radicals and the like, and is irrigated into continuous cropping obstacle soil, so that germs in the continuous cropping obstacle soil can be quickly killed, the germs can not generate resistance, micromolecular organic allelochemicals and organic autotoxicants in the continuous cropping obstacle soil are thoroughly oxidized into water and carbon dioxide, organic pesticides, antibiotics and other organic toxicants remained in the soil are thoroughly decomposed into water and carbon dioxide, and simultaneously, the irrigated ozone water dissolves and leaches soluble salt on the surface layer of the continuous cropping obstacle soil and returns the soluble salt to the deep layer of the soil and underground water, so that three key obstacle factors in the facility cultivation continuous cropping obstacle soil are really removed: pathogenic bacteria, organic allelochemicals, autotoxicants and soluble salts; the continuous cropping obstacle soil is deeply ploughed and ploughed by about 30cm before irrigation is started, the continuous cropping obstacle soil is continuously irrigated, a large amount of water is accumulated on the surface of the soil, the soil is completely soaked, a water accumulation layer is more than 10cm, a plastic film is immediately covered after ozone water is filled, after 20 days of sealing, fusarium oxysporum watermelon transformation type and pythium aphanidermatum in the facility cultivation watermelon continuous cropping obstacle soil are effectively controlled, the fusarium oxysporum is reduced by 84%, the pythium aphanidermatum is reduced by 88%, small molecular organic allelochemicals and autotoxic ferulic acid are reduced by 91%, coumarin is reduced by 86%, and the content of soluble sodium sulfate on the surface layer of the soil is.

In conclusion, the invention has the following beneficial effects:

the invention can effectively inhibit soil-borne diseases, improve and maintain the micro-ecological environment of the soil of the facility cultivation farmland and promote the decomposition and transformation of indissolvable nutrients in the soil. The residual allelochemicals and autotoxicants secreted by plants in the continuous cropping obstacle soil are decomposed, the adverse effects of the allelochemicals and the autotoxicants on the growth of the continuous cropping vegetables are reduced, and the growth of crops is promoted. Besides solving the environmental pollution of the crop straws, the organic matter of the soil, the fertility of the soil and the organic matter are improved, the granular structure of the soil is improved, the agricultural sustainable development is facilitated, and meanwhile, the income of farmers is increased.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in further detail below.

The crops provided by the invention mainly refer to crops such as rice, soybean, garlic and the like which are distinguished from fruits and vegetables, and are also suitable for planting and cultivating the fruits and the vegetables. In the claims, all steps are not in sequence, and corresponding treatment is carried out at different periods of the crops.

In the experimental process, the following crop rotation modes are found to have good effects relative to continuous cropping:

rice and vegetable crop rotation, corn and vegetable crop rotation, for example, after planting solanaceous vegetables for two years, garlic is planted in one season, then the solanaceous vegetables are continuously planted, and the incidence of verticillium wilt of the solanaceous vegetables is effectively reduced; however, the incidence of the solanaceous vegetables which do not undergo garlic rotation can only be controlled to about 20 percent under the condition of using medicaments for preventing and treating the solanaceous vegetables.

In the intercropping process, planting garlic before planting watermelons in a greenhouse in early spring, harvesting garlic about 1m as green garlic, preparing land left for fertilization, planting watermelons, and harvesting the rest garlic after the rest garlic is ripe; compared with the early spring watermelons without intercropping garlic, the method has the advantages that the number of bacteria in soil is increased, the number of fungi is reduced, the number of actinomycetes is increased, the number of fusarium is reduced, and the incidence rate of watermelon fusarium wilt is reduced.

The green Chinese onions are intercropped among the strawberries, so that the incidence rate of root rot of the strawberries is effectively reduced, and the occurrence amount of aphids is obviously reduced. The watermelon and other melon fruits are planted in the row spacing, and the second melon fruit and the last melon fruit are planted in a staggered manner, so that the continuous cropping obstacle can be effectively reduced, and the watermelon seedling death rate can be reduced.

In the production of pepper and tomato, the continuous cropping obstacles of vegetables can be effectively reduced by the modes of wheat straw paving between lines, operation and the like, and the humus of vegetable soil can be increased, so that the soil is soft, the soil can obtain better air permeability, the treated vegetables grow strongly and have strong resistance, and the disease incidence rate is obviously reduced.

Selecting 7 months or 8 months, wherein the air temperature is high, the erosion of rainwater can be effectively avoided, and in the last 7 months to the last 8 months, which are sufficient in illumination and high in air temperature, fertilizers, animal wastes and the like required by crops are input, so that the decomposition of organic matters is accelerated, and the low temperature is increased; then the soil is turned over to increase the air permeability, the mulching film is spread and covered tightly after sufficient water is filled, the outer film of the shed room is sealed, and the shed is closed for 20 to 30 days in sunny weather.

When chemical fertilizers are mainly applied and a large amount of vegetables containing high-salt-content livestock excrement organic fertilizers are applied, the soil does not receive rainfall all the year round, the indoor temperature of the facility shed is high, salt in water is accumulated on the surface of the coating under the action of ground water evaporation and plant transpiration to form secondary salinization, and crops are difficult to stand seedlings. Under the condition, the mulching film and the outer film are required to be uncovered in time after the greenhouse is covered at a high temperature, the rainwater is used for salt washing, and the river water can be used for salt washing under the condition of insufficient rainwater. The frequency of salt washing of the soil with high salt content is once a year, and the frequency of salt washing of the soil with low salt content is once every two or three years. In the salt washing process, salt needs to be separated from soil, so that the salt is prevented from being enriched at the bottom of the soil; or planting salt-tolerant plants, absorbing salt by using the plants, and removing the salt by harvesting the plants; or applying high-carbon organic matter such as straw and the like to transform excessive soil nitrogen and gradually release the nitrogen.

The antagonistic microbe is added to effectively reduce the density of pathogenic bacteria in the soil and inhibit the activity of the pathogenic bacteria, and beneficial microbes are inoculated in the soil to decompose harmful substances generated by continuous cropping or compete with specific pathogenic bacteria for nutrition and space, so that the quantity of the pathogenic bacteria is reduced and the root system of crops is prevented from infecting diseases. Some beneficial microorganisms also have the effects of fixing nitrogen or jointly fixing nitrogen, decomposing mineral elements such as phosphorus, potassium and the like for the absorption of vegetables, secreting growth hormone to stimulate the growth of the vegetables and the like.

In production, the grafting technology can be used for preventing and controlling continuous cropping obstacles of solanaceous and melon vegetables, underground pests, root-knot nematodes, weeds and the like can be effectively killed by chemical measures, and pathogenic bacteria such as bacterial wilt, damping off, clubroot and the like can be effectively killed.

In the high-temperature shed-closing process, the chicken manure and the soil activator can be used, the ratio of the chicken manure to the soil activator is 10:1 to 5:1, after the organic fertilizer and the soil activator are put into the organic fertilizer and the soil activator, the soil is ploughed for covering, and after watering, film covering is carried out. The heat generated by the fermentation of the chicken manure can reach a high temperature of 60-80 ℃ to kill germs, and the duration is 20-30 days according to the weather conditions. Or directly using a sunlight sterilization method, covering a mulching film and an outer film under the condition of watering enough moisture in the idle period of the greenhouse of 7 months or 8 months, and continuously airing for 7-10 days, wherein the temperature in the soil can reach about 50 ℃, most of germs can be killed, and the harm of soil-borne diseases is reduced.

Diseases which are easy to occur in the high-temperature period include blight, bacterial wilt, gummy stem blight, seedling blight and the like, and the high-temperature period needs to be staggered in cultivation or preventive measures are taken before the high temperature, so that the occurrence of obstacles is reduced.

A treatment mode of a culture medium comprises the following steps: firstly, flatly paving a continuous cropping culture medium to be treated on a plane, and irradiating the culture medium flatly paved on the plane by using ultraviolet rays for the irradiation time of the ultraviolet rays; then, putting the culture medium irradiated by ultraviolet rays into a closed disinfection box, introducing steam into the disinfection box by using a vent pipe, and carrying out steam disinfection on the culture medium in the disinfection box; cooling the culture medium sterilized by steam to 70 ℃, spraying distilled water at 70 ℃ on the surface of the culture medium to enable the water content of the culture medium to reach 75%, and coating a plastic film on the cooled culture medium; uncovering the plastic film coated on the culture medium to ventilate the culture medium; mixing molasses and distilled water according to the volume ratio of 1:40 to prepare molasses expanding liquid; mixing the prepared molasses expanding liquid with the ventilated cultivation substrate in S4 according to the mass ratio of 1: 15; mixing EM and distilled water according to the volume ratio of 1:40 to prepare EM expanding liquid; and mixing the prepared EM expanding solution with a substrate according to the mass ratio of 1:15, thereby finishing the treatment of the continuous cropping culture substrate.

For different embodiments, the soil may be treated as follows:

excavating a water well; excavating 1 underground water well in a proper place of a facility greenhouse on soil where facility cultivation continuous cropping obstacles occur, and selecting the depth of the underground water well to be 2 meters and the diameter of the water well to be 30cm according to the buried depth of local underground water; pumping underground water by using a water pump; pumping underground water out, then, firstly, putting the pumped underground water into a multifunctional water tower for storage, balancing the temperature of the underground water and the atmospheric temperature, standing and settling partial particles, and storing water for later use;

preparing ion exchange resin, adding 50 kg of polystyrene particle size monodisperse microsphere, 30 kg of phthalic anhydride powder and 5 kg of dichloromethane into an enamel (or glass lining or stainless steel) reaction vessel, adding 32 kg of catalyst AlCl, starting a stirrer, rotating at the speed of 30 r/min, adding a certain amount of nitrobenzene, heating by a jacket, stirring at 45 ℃, filtering by a 20-mesh filter screen after the reaction is finished, slowly pouring the filtered reactant into 150L of cold dilute hydrochloric acid, stopping the reaction in a solution with the volume (hydrochloric acid) to the volume (distilled water) of 3: 100, completely transferring the solution into a sand core funnel, washing the filtrate by distilled water, washing until no chloride ion exists in silver nitrate detection filtrate, washing and filtering by 20L of tetrahydrofuran solution, removing unreacted phthalic anhydride, detecting the value of no phthalic anhydride in the filtrate by an ultraviolet spectrophotometry, finally, washing and filtering for 3-5 times by using methanol, drying in vacuum to constant weight, and storing for later use;

column mounting and fixing: respectively adding 10 kg of cation exchange resin and 10 kg of anion exchange resin into the column, connecting the anion and cation exchange resin columns in series by using a plastic hose, and connecting 10 groups of anion and cation exchange resin columns in series according to requirements, wherein the ion exchange resin columns are fixed on a metal frame or a wood frame; the back of the ion exchange resin column is connected with a water storage container, clean water which is detoxified, desalted and sterilized by the ion exchange resin column is contained in the water storage container, one or more water pumps are placed in the water storage container, a plurality of hoses can be connected to the back of the water storage container for drip irrigation or sprinkling irrigation, and the clean water is sprayed on plants and soil in the greenhouse;

desalting, detoxifying and sterilizing underground water: before formal treatment, ridging the periphery of facility soil by 20cm, irrigating river water or tap water or detoxified water, submerging all continuous cropping soil, enabling the surface of the soil to accumulate water by about 20cm, covering a film, keeping for about 15 days, then extracting underground water from the underground water well treated in the step 1, enabling the underground water to enter a series-connected anion-cation exchange resin column in a treatment 3, controlling the water outlet speed according to the water quality condition and the resin exchange capacity, enabling the underground water and the exchange resin to be fully contacted and adsorbed, removing harmful elements such as sodium salts and heavy metal ions in the underground water and the like for plant growth, removing toxic allelopathic substances/autotoxic substances secreted by plant root systems in the soil, particularly micromolecular phenolic acid substances and organic pesticides such as organic phosphorus, organic chlorine, pyrethroid pesticides and the like, and removing pathogenic bacteria such as fusarium oxysporum and the like in the soil;

the groundwater after the treatment process becomes detoxified clean water, most sodium ions and possible heavy metal harmful ions, micromolecular organic phenolic acid anions and negatively charged pathogenic microorganisms are respectively adsorbed and removed by anion-cation exchange resin and anion-cation exchange resin, the water is injected into a large water storage container, then greenhouse vegetables, fruits and soil are irrigated, a certain amount of plant nutrient elements can be added into the clean water according to needs to be dissolved, and then sprinkling irrigation and drip irrigation are carried out on plant roots or leaves, and meanwhile, the plant nutrients and the water are supplied. Any one of the facility cultivation soil continuous cropping obstacle resin engineering prevention and control methods is applied to facility cultivation agriculture, ecological agriculture, continuous cropping obstacle repair and soil pollution repair.

The present embodiment is only for explaining the present invention, and it is not limited to the present invention, and those skilled in the art can make modifications of the present embodiment without inventive contribution as needed after reading the present specification, but all of them are protected by patent law within the scope of the claims of the present invention.