阅读说明：本技术 状态判断方法、电子设备以及计算机存储介质 (State determination method, electronic device, and computer storage medium ) 是由 吴炽强 于 2019-08-30 设计创作，主要内容包括：本申请公开了一种状态判断方法、电子设备以及计算机存储介质,该状态判断方法包括：获取预设周期内的三轴加速度矢量以及高度值；判断三轴加速度矢量和的最小值是否小于第一加速度值、且任一轴加速度矢量的值的变化率大于预设加速度变化率；若是,进一步判断预设周期内的高度值减少值是否大于预设高度变化值；若是,则判定为摔倒状态；其中,第一加速度值小于重力加速度值。通过上述状态判断方法,本申请能够更有效更准确地判断用户的状态,提高用户的安全性。(The application discloses a state judgment method, an electronic device and a computer storage medium, wherein the state judgment method comprises the following steps: acquiring a triaxial acceleration vector and a height value in a preset period; judging whether the minimum value of the triaxial acceleration vector sum is smaller than a first acceleration value or not and the change rate of the acceleration vector value of any one axis is larger than a preset acceleration change rate; if so, further judging whether the height value reduction value in the preset period is greater than a preset height change value; if yes, judging the falling state; wherein the first acceleration value is less than the gravitational acceleration value. By the state judgment method, the state of the user can be judged more effectively and more accurately, and the safety of the user is improved.)

1. A state determination method, comprising:

acquiring a triaxial acceleration vector and a height value in a preset period;

judging whether the minimum value of the triaxial acceleration vector sum is smaller than a first acceleration value or not and whether the change rate of the value of any one axial acceleration vector is larger than a preset acceleration change rate or not;

if so, further judging whether the height value reduction value in the preset period is greater than a preset height change value;

if yes, judging the falling state;

wherein the first acceleration value is less than a gravitational acceleration value.

2. The state determination method according to claim 1,

the step of judging whether the minimum value of the three-axis acceleration vector sum is smaller than a first acceleration value and whether the change rate of any one-axis acceleration value is larger than a preset acceleration change rate further comprises the following steps:

judging whether the maximum value of the triaxial acceleration vector sum is greater than a second acceleration value, wherein the second acceleration value is greater than the gravity acceleration value;

if so, further judging whether the height value reduction value in the preset period is larger than a preset height change value.

3. The state determination method according to claim 2,

the step of judging whether the maximum value of the three-axis acceleration vector sum is greater than a second acceleration value further comprises:

when the maximum value of the triaxial acceleration vector sum is larger than the second acceleration value, further acquiring the time length that the triaxial acceleration vector sum value is continuously larger than or equal to the second acceleration value;

judging whether the time length is greater than a preset minimum time threshold and less than a preset maximum time threshold;

if so, further judging whether the height value reduction value in the preset period is larger than a preset height change value.

4. The state determination method according to claim 3,

the time length comprises a starting time and an ending time;

the step of further determining whether the height value reduction value in the preset period is greater than a preset height variation value includes:

acquiring a height value reduction value of a preset time length, wherein the height value reduction value is a difference value between the preset period starting point height value and the preset period starting point height value;

judging whether the height value reduction value of the preset duration is greater than a preset height change value or not;

if yes, the user is judged to be in a tumbling state.

5. The state determination method according to claim 4,

the step of judging whether the minimum value of the three-axis acceleration vector sum is smaller than a first acceleration value or not and whether the change rate of the value of any one-axis acceleration vector is larger than a preset acceleration change rate or not further comprises the following steps:

acquiring a direction included angle change value with the ground based on the triaxial acceleration vector, and judging whether the direction included angle change value is larger than a preset included angle change value or not;

if so, further judging whether the height value reduction value in the preset period is larger than a preset height change value.

6. The state determination method according to claim 5,

after the step of obtaining the three-axis acceleration vector and the height value in the preset period, the method comprises the following steps:

when the minimum value of the sum of the three-axis acceleration vectors is greater than or equal to the first acceleration value and the change rate of the value of any one of the three-axis acceleration vectors is less than or equal to the preset acceleration change rate, further judging whether the height value reduction value in the preset period is less than or equal to the preset height change value;

if yes, the collision state is determined.

7. The state determination method according to claim 1,

the step of obtaining the three-axis acceleration vector and the height value in the preset period further comprises:

acquiring the blood pressure change value, and judging whether the blood pressure change value is larger than the preset blood pressure change value or not;

if so, judging whether the minimum value of the triaxial acceleration vector sum is smaller than a first acceleration value or not and whether the change rate of the acceleration value of any one axis is larger than a preset acceleration change rate or not;

the step of determining the fall state includes:

acquiring current environment image information and geographical position information, and generating tumbling information;

and sending the environment image information, the geographical position information and the falling information to an external monitoring device.

8. The state determination method according to claim 1,

after the step of further determining whether the height value reduction value in the preset period is greater than the preset height variation value, the method includes:

and acquiring the time point when the triaxial acceleration value adjacent to the preset period is greater than the second acceleration value, and judging whether the interval between two adjacent time points is within a preset time interval.

If yes, the motion state is determined to be a periodic motion state.

9. An electronic device, comprising a processor and a memory; the memory stores a computer program, and the processor is used for executing the computer program to realize the steps of the state judging method according to any one of claims 1-8.

10. A computer storage medium storing a computer program which, when executed, implements the steps of the state determination method according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

Technical Field

The present application relates to the field of health monitoring technologies, and in particular, to a state determination method, an electronic device, and a computer storage medium.

Background

Nowadays, the problem of aging of the population in China is increasingly remarkable, and due to a series of changes of physiological metabolic functions of human tissue structures of the old, the physical functions begin to decline, the strain capacity is reduced, and the probability of acute injury is increased. The health and protection problems of the old people are gradually highlighted, wherein, in the accidental injury that the old people receive, the falling proportion occupies 40.60%, and more old people are trapped in and dare not to move easily after falling, so that the physical function of the old people is weakened more and more, and the old people can fall more easily. Meanwhile, the old people are dare to be assisted or not found in time after falling down, so that the old people miss the best rescue time after falling down and the life of the old people is threatened, and therefore, the construction and the improvement of an intelligent human body falling detection system are very urgent.

At present, the technology for detecting the human body tumble simply adopts the acceleration change condition of a built-in acceleration sensor to judge whether the tumble action occurs. Because the action of falling is complicated and diversified, the change situation of the acceleration is influenced by the different positions of the acceleration sensor worn by the human body in the falling process and the different reaction actions of the human body in the falling process if the conditions of forward bending falling, backward bending falling, side bending falling and the like are divided. If the equipment is worn on the trunk, the human body starts to walk, and the acceleration change condition similar to the falling condition can be generated from the standing state to the sitting state. Since the device is worn on a part of the torso to limit part of the motion, the device is most conveniently worn on the wrist without affecting the motion of the human body.

However, the ordinary activities of the wrist are more diversified and complicated, such as palm hitting, hand throwing and other actions can also generate acceleration changes similar to the falling condition, and the acceleration changes when the device is not worn, so that the misjudgment rate is high, and the actual condition cannot be truly and objectively reflected.

Disclosure of Invention

The application provides a state judgment method, an electronic device and a computer storage medium, which aim to solve the problem that in the prior art, the judgment error rate of the motion state of a user is high.

In order to solve the above technical problem, one technical solution adopted by the present application is to provide a state determination method, where the state determination method includes:

acquiring a triaxial acceleration vector and a height value in a preset period;

judging whether the minimum value of the three-axis acceleration vector sum is smaller than a first acceleration value or not and whether the change rate of the value of any one-axis acceleration vector is larger than a preset acceleration change rate or not;

if so, further judging whether the height value reduction value in the preset period is greater than a preset height change value;

if yes, judging the falling state;

wherein the first acceleration value is less than a gravitational acceleration value.

In order to solve the above technical problem, another technical solution adopted by the present application is to provide an electronic device, where the electronic device includes a processor and a memory; the memory has stored therein a computer program, and the processor is configured to execute the computer program to implement the steps of the state determination method as described above.

In order to solve the above technical problem, another technical solution adopted by the present application is to provide a computer storage medium, in which a computer program is stored, and the computer program implements the steps of the state determination method as described above when being executed.

Different from the prior art, the beneficial effects of this application are: the electronic equipment acquires a triaxial acceleration vector and a height value in a preset period; judging whether the minimum value of the triaxial acceleration vector sum is smaller than a first acceleration value or not, and the change rate of the acceleration vector value of any one axis is larger than a preset acceleration change rate; if so, further judging whether the height value reduction value in the preset period is greater than a preset height change value; if yes, judging the falling state; wherein the first acceleration value is less than the gravitational acceleration value. By the state judgment method, the motion state of the user is comprehensively judged through the triaxial acceleration vector and various characteristics of the change of the height value, the state of the user can be judged more effectively and accurately, and the safety of the user is improved.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments are briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative efforts.

Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a state determination method according to a first embodiment of the present application;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the triaxial acceleration vectors in a predetermined period and the variation of the triaxial acceleration vectors with the detection time according to an embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the variation of the acceleration value of any one of three axes with the detection time in a preset period according to another embodiment;

fig. 4 is a schematic flowchart of a second embodiment of a state determination method provided in the present application;

fig. 5 is a schematic flowchart of a state determination method according to a third embodiment of the present application;

fig. 6 is a schematic flowchart of a fourth embodiment of a state determination method according to the present application;

FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of an electronic device provided in the present application;

FIG. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of a computer storage medium provided in the present application.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.

Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a state determination method according to a first embodiment of the present application. The state judgment method of the embodiment is applied to an electronic device, and specifically can be an intelligent wearable device, such as an intelligent watch or an intelligent bracelet. In daily life, wearing equipment can real-time detection motion's acceleration change and altitude variation to whether the user of wearing this wearing equipment falls down according to acceleration change and altitude variation judgement. Please refer to fig. 1:

as shown in the figure, the state determination method of the embodiment specifically includes the following steps:

s101: and acquiring a triaxial acceleration vector and a height value in a preset period.

The electronic equipment is at least internally provided with an acceleration sensor and an air pressure sensor, the acceleration sensor is used for detecting a three-axis acceleration vector of the electronic equipment, and the air pressure sensor is used for detecting a height value of the electronic equipment.

During the operation of the electronic device, the acceleration sensor and the air pressure sensor can continuously acquire information such as three-axis acceleration vectors and height values, and the processor can analyze the information acquired during the acquisition according to a preset period so as to judge the state of a user wearing the electronic device.

Further, a blood pressure monitor can be arranged inside the electronic device, and the blood pressure monitor can be used for monitoring the blood pressure change condition of the user in a preset period. The load of the electronic equipment is overlarge due to the continuous work of the acceleration sensor and the air pressure sensor, and the effectiveness of the acquired information is low; the blood pressure monitor needs to be started for a long time to acquire the most complete body information of the user. Therefore, the electronic equipment can use the result of the blood pressure monitor as switch information for controlling whether the acceleration sensor and the air pressure sensor work or not, and the working efficiency of the acceleration sensor and the air pressure sensor is improved.

Specifically, the blood pressure monitor collects blood pressure information of a user in real time, calculates a blood pressure change value based on the blood pressure information in a preset period, and judges whether the blood pressure change value is larger than the preset blood pressure change value. When the blood pressure of the user changes too fast, although there is a possibility of doing strenuous exercise, there is a possibility of falling down, therefore, when the blood pressure of the user changes too fast, the electronic device may turn on the acceleration sensor and the air pressure sensor to further integrate the three-axis acceleration vector and the height value to determine the state of the user, please refer to the following steps:

s102: and judging whether the minimum value of the triaxial acceleration vector sum is smaller than a first acceleration value or not and whether the change rate of the acceleration vector value of any one axis is larger than a preset acceleration change rate or not.

The method includes the steps that the electronic equipment obtains a plurality of triaxial acceleration vectors in a preset period, and firstly, whether the electronic equipment is in a wearing state needs to be judged.

Referring to fig. 2, fig. 2 shows the variation of the sum of the three-axis acceleration vectors in a predetermined period with the detection time. The electronic device first obtains the absolute value | g | of the triaxial acceleration vector sum and the minimum value gmin of the absolute value of the acceleration vector sum, i.e., the triaxial acceleration vector sum corresponding to time t 0. If gmin is 0, it indicates that the electronic device is in a free fall state at the moment.

If gmin in fig. 2 is not 0, the electronic device needs to further determine the condition of the three-axis acceleration vector. In practical cases, when the user falls down, the minimum gmin of the sum of the three-axis acceleration vectors is generally as follows: 0< gmin < g. Where g is the gravitational acceleration value. In order to improve the accuracy of the determination, the electronic device presets a first acceleration value g0, and the value of the first acceleration value g0 is greater than 0 and less than the value of the gravitational acceleration value g.

When the minimum gmin of the triaxial acceleration vector sum is greater than 0 and smaller than the first acceleration value g0, the electronic device judges that the user meets the first characteristic of falling.

Further, the electronic device can also judge the maximum condition of the sum of the three-axis acceleration vectors. Specifically, the greater the value of the maximum value gmax of the triaxial acceleration values, the greater the surface impact speed of the electronic apparatus or the more rigid the impact.

Referring to fig. 3, the electronic device presets a second acceleration value g1, and the second acceleration value g1 may be set to 6g, that is, six times the gravity acceleration value. When the maximum value gmax of the sum of the three-axis acceleration vectors is greater than the second acceleration value g1, the electronic device determines that the user satisfies the second feature of a fall, as shown in fig. 3.

Further, with continued reference to fig. 3, the electronic device may further determine the state of the user based on a change rate of the acceleration vector of any axis. Specifically, the electronics are based on the derivative of the curve in fig. 3 over different time periods, which curve line characterizes the rate of change of the value of any one of the axial acceleration vectors over the corresponding time period, i.e., g' ═ dg/dt. When the maximum value of the curve derivative, namely the change rate of the value of any one axis acceleration vector is greater than a preset change rate threshold value, the electronic equipment judges that the user meets the third feature of falling.

The preset change rate threshold may be set to 500g/s, or other values, which are not described herein again.

Furthermore, the electronic equipment can also acquire a direction included angle change value with the ground based on the triaxial acceleration value. The user who normally wears the electronic equipment generally is in the gesture of standing before falling down, and the both hands of wearing electronic equipment are perpendicular first, and the direction contained angle of arm and ground is close 90. After falling down, the arm should be in a horizontal state with a direction angle close to 0 ° relative to the ground. Therefore, the electronic device presets an included angle variation value, wherein the preset included angle variation value is smaller than 90 °. And when the acquired change value of the direction included angle is larger than the preset change value of the included angle, the electronic equipment judges that the user meets the fourth characteristic of falling.

When the three-axis acceleration vector satisfies all the features of the judgment of the fall, the electronic device further needs to determine the state of the user by combining the detection result of the air pressure sensor, which is specifically as follows:

s103: and further judging whether the height value reduction value in the preset period is greater than a preset height change value.

After the electronic equipment obtains the height values of the starting time point and the ending time point of the preset period, the height value reduction value is calculated, and whether the height value reduction value is higher than a preset height change value or not is judged. And when the height value reduction value is greater than the preset height change value, the electronic equipment judges that the user meets the fifth characteristic of falling.

Specifically, the electronic device may preset a height variation value based on the height of a general adult, or may further obtain the height of the user when the function is initialized, and preset a height variation value according to the actual height of the user. The preset height variation value is smaller than the distance between the electronic equipment and the ground under the condition that the arm naturally droops.

S104: and judging the falling state.

When the three-axis acceleration vector and the height value meet all the characteristics for judging that the user falls down, the electronic equipment judges that the user is in a falling state.

In other embodiments, the electronic device may also determine that the user is in other states based on the three-axis acceleration vectors and the reality of the height values. For example, when the three-axis acceleration vector satisfies the second feature and the third feature, but the three-axis acceleration vector does not satisfy the first feature and the fourth feature and the height value does not satisfy the fifth feature, that is, the minimum value of the three-axis acceleration vector sum is greater than or equal to the first acceleration value, and the change rate of the value of any one of the axis acceleration vectors is less than or equal to the preset acceleration change rate, and the height value reduction value in the preset period is less than or equal to the preset height change value, the electronic device determines that the user is in the collision state.

For another example, assuming that the three-axis acceleration vector and the height value in the above steps are from the information of the current preset period, the electronic device further obtains time points at which the three-axis acceleration values of other adjacent preset periods are greater than the preset second acceleration value, and compares whether the time point interval of the adjacent preset periods is within a preset interval. If yes, the electronic equipment judges that the user is in a periodic motion state.

In the embodiment, the electronic device obtains a three-axis acceleration vector and a height value in a preset period; judging whether the minimum value of the triaxial acceleration vector sum is smaller than a first acceleration value or not, and the change rate of the acceleration vector value of any one axis is larger than a preset acceleration change rate; if so, further judging whether the height value reduction value in the preset period is greater than a preset height change value; if yes, judging the falling state; wherein the first acceleration value is less than the gravitational acceleration value. By the state judgment method, the motion state of the user is comprehensively judged through the triaxial acceleration vector and various characteristics of the change of the height value, the state of the user can be judged more effectively and accurately, and the safety of the user is improved.

For S102 in the embodiment shown in fig. 1, the present application further proposes another specific state determination method. Referring to fig. 4, fig. 4 is a schematic flow chart of a state determination method according to a second embodiment of the present application.

As shown in the figure, the state determination method of the embodiment specifically includes the following steps:

s201: and when the maximum value of the triaxial acceleration vector sum is greater than the second acceleration value, further acquiring the time length that the triaxial acceleration vector sum value is continuously greater than or equal to the second acceleration value.

Wherein, in the case where the three-axis acceleration vector satisfies the feature in S102 in the above embodiment, the electronic device further acquires a length of time during which the value of the sum of the three-axis acceleration vectors is continuously greater than or equal to the second acceleration value. The time length includes a start time, i.e., t1 in fig. 3, and an end time, i.e., t2 in fig. 3, as shown in fig. 3. The length of time is the difference between t2 and t 1.

S202: and judging whether the time length is greater than a preset minimum time threshold and less than a preset maximum time threshold.

The electronic device determines whether the time difference between t2 and t1, i.e., the time length, satisfies a predetermined condition.

Specifically, a smaller time difference between t2 and t1 indicates that the electronic device is more rigid when colliding, and a larger time difference indicates that the collision elasticity or speed is larger, and the human body property is generally between a rigid material and a sponge-like elastic material, so that the electronic device can preset the minimum time threshold value tmin and the maximum time threshold value tmax.

When the time difference value between t2 and t1 is greater than the preset minimum time threshold tmin and less than the preset maximum time threshold tmax, the electronic device determines that the user meets the sixth feature of falling.

S203: and further judging whether the height value reduction value in the preset period is greater than a preset height change value.

The technical features of S203 are the same as those of S103, and are not described herein again.

For S103 in the embodiment shown in fig. 1, the present application further proposes another specific state determination method. Referring to fig. 5, fig. 5 is a schematic flow chart of a state determination method according to a third embodiment of the present application.

As shown in the figure, the state determination method of the embodiment specifically includes the following steps:

s301: and acquiring a height value reduction value of preset time, wherein the preset time is less than a preset period, and the starting point of the preset time is before the starting time.

After acquiring the triaxial acceleration values in the preset period, the electronic equipment acquires the height values based on the distribution condition of the triaxial acceleration values.

Specifically, when the condition of the three-axis acceleration value satisfies all characteristic conditions for determining that the user falls down, the electronic device obtains the start time t1 of the three-axis acceleration value, and please refer to S202 for detailed description of the start time t1, which is not described herein again. Further, since the air pressure sensor can buffer the height value of a certain time in the past, such as 2S, the electronic device obtains the height value before the start time t1, or the air pressure value at the start of the period; then obtaining the height value of a certain time after t1 or the air pressure value at the end of the period; and calculates a height value reduction value.

S302: and judging whether the height value reduction value of the preset duration is greater than the preset height change value.

And if so, the electronic equipment judges that the user meets the fifth characteristic of falling.

S303: and judging the falling state.

The technical features of S303 are the same as those of S104, and are not described herein again.

After S104 in the embodiment shown in fig. 1, another specific state determination method is further proposed in the present application. Referring to fig. 6, fig. 6 is a schematic flow chart of a state determination method according to a fourth embodiment of the present application.

As shown in the figure, the state determination method of the embodiment specifically includes the following steps:

s401: and acquiring current environment image information and geographical position information, and generating tumbling information.

After the electronic equipment judges that the user is in the falling state, current environment image information and geographic position information are further acquired, and a falling signal is generated. The environment image information is image information recorded on the photosensitive material by the camera acquiring visible light reflected light from the ground object, and the environment image information is generally image data of a building having a marking property near the wearer. The distance between the wearer and the building can be calculated through the focal length and the image resolution of the building and the device for acquiring the environment image information acquired from the image, and the geographic position information is a longitude and latitude network consisting of longitude lines and latitude lines and generally has specific street names and building names.

S402: and sending the environment image information, the geographical position information and the falling information to external monitoring equipment.

The electronic equipment sends the environment image information, the geographical position information and the falling signal to external monitoring equipment. The external device generally includes a smart phone, a telephone, a tablet computer or a notebook computer, and the smart phone generally receives the environment image information, the geographical location information and the fall signal through a login software account, receives the geographical location information and the fall signal through a voice of a receiving communication, and receives the environment image information, the geographical location information and the fall signal through a short message. The telephone generally receives the geographical position information and the falling signal by receiving the voice of communication; the tablet computer and the notebook computer generally receive the environment image information, the geographical position information and the falling signal through a login software account.

After confirming that the wearer falls down, the electronic equipment generates a falling signal by acquiring current environment image information and geographical position information, and after the intelligent mobile phone, the telephone, the tablet personal computer or the notebook computer of the guardian and the salvaging personnel acquire the geographical position information and the environment image information after the wearer falls down, the position of the falling wearer can be found more quickly, so that the falling wearer is rescued at the first time, the missing of the best treatment opportunity is avoided, and the life health of the wearer is threatened.

To implement the state determination method of the foregoing embodiment, the present application provides an electronic device, and specifically please refer to fig. 7, which is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of the electronic device provided in the present application.

The electronic device 700 comprises a memory 71 and a processor 72, wherein the memory 71 is coupled to the processor 72.

The memory 71 is used for storing program data, and the processor 72 is used for executing the program data to realize the state determination method of the above-described embodiment.

In the present embodiment, the processor 72 may also be referred to as a CPU (Central Processing Unit). The processor 72 may be an integrated circuit chip having signal processing capabilities. The processor 72 may also be a general purpose processor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an off-the-shelf programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor or the processor 72 may be any conventional processor or the like.

Please refer to fig. 8, and fig. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of a computer storage medium provided in the present application, in which program data 81 is stored in the computer storage medium 800, and when the program data 81 is executed by a processor, the state determination method of the embodiment is implemented.

Embodiments of the present application may be implemented in software functional units and may be stored in a computer readable storage medium when sold or used as a stand-alone product. Based on such understanding, the technical solution of the present application may be substantially implemented or contributed by the prior art, or all or part of the technical solution may be embodied in a software product, which is stored in a storage medium and includes instructions for causing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, a network device, or the like) or a processor (processor) to execute all or part of the steps of the method according to the embodiments of the present application. And the aforementioned storage medium includes: a U-disk, a removable hard disk, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), a magnetic disk or an optical disk, and other various media capable of storing program codes.

The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating embodiments of the present application and is not intended to limit the scope of the present application, and all modifications of equivalent structures and equivalent processes, which are made by the contents of the specification and the drawings of the present application or are directly or indirectly applied to other related technical fields, are also included in the scope of the present application.