Machine learning based on virtual and real data
阅读说明:本技术 基于虚拟数据和真实数据的机器学习 (Machine learning based on virtual and real data ) 是由 A·J·M·范德威登 毕婧 萨布汉姆·塞特 于 2020-04-23 设计创作,主要内容包括:一种方法,包括:采用基于计算机的软件来模拟过程,以生成关于所述过程的虚拟数据;识别出用于所述过程的真实世界版本的过程参数;提供真实世界传感器以感测与所述过程的所述真实世界版本相关联的参数;在所述真实世界版本被执行时,从所述真实世界传感器接收传感器读数;以及训练机器学习软件模型以基于关于所述过程的虚拟数据、所述过程参数和所述传感器读数来预测所述真实世界传感器的性能。(A method, comprising: simulating a process using computer-based software to generate virtual data about the process; identifying process parameters for a real-world version of the process; providing a real-world sensor to sense a parameter associated with the real-world version of the process; receiving sensor readings from the real-world sensor while the real-world version is executed; and training a machine learning software model to predict performance of the real-world sensor based on the virtual data about the process, the process parameters, and the sensor readings.)
1. A method, comprising:
simulating a process using computer-based software to generate virtual data about the process;
identifying process parameters for a real-world version of the process;
providing a real-world sensor to sense a parameter associated with the real-world version of the process;
receiving sensor readings from the real-world sensor while the real-world version is executed; and
training a machine learning software model to predict performance of the real-world sensor based on virtual data about the process, the process parameters, and the sensor readings.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein simulating a process with a computer-based software application to generate virtual data about the process comprises:
providing a computer-aided design (CAD) model of a part associated with the process; and
virtual data is generated for the process with respect to a machine tool path based on the CAD model using computer-based software.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the process is a manufacturing process and the machine tool path is used by a machine to manufacture a part represented in the CAD model.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the manufacturing process is an additive manufacturing process and the machine comprises: constructing a platform; a powder bed located above the build platform; and a heat source configured to deliver heat to various portions of the powder bed to generate the part.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the data about the machine tool path comprises: powder data, speed data, and pattern data for the heat source during the additive manufacturing process.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the process parameters used by the machine to perform the real-world version of the manufacturing process comprise: powder data, speed data, and pattern data for the heat source during the additive manufacturing process.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein the real-world sensor is a photodiode sensor configured to sense light in the machine generated by an additive manufacturing process.
8. The method of claim 2, wherein the process parameters are used by a machine to execute the real-world version of the process based on virtual data about a machine tool path.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
the process parameters are preferred using a trained version of the machine learning software application.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein using the trained version of the machine learning software model to prefer the process parameters comprises:
adjusting the process parameters in the process based on information from the machine learning software model to generate desired sensor readings at the real-world sensor.
11. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
employing the machine learning software model to predict performance of the real-world sensor in the process;
comparing the predicted performance to the actual performance of the real-world sensor in the process; and
an anomaly in sensor performance is detected based on the comparison.
12. A system, comprising:
a computer, the computer comprising:
a computer-based processor; and
a computer-based memory storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a computer-based processor, cause the computer-based processor to simulate a process to generate virtual data about the process;
one or more machines configured to execute a real-world version of the process based on process parameters associated with the process;
a real-world sensor to sense a parameter associated with a real-world version of the process; and
a machine learning software model trained to predict performance of the real-world sensor based on: virtual data about the process, the process parameters, and sensor readings from the real-world sensors in a real-world version of the process.
13. The system of claim 12, further comprising:
a CAD software reference for generating a CAD model of a part associated with the process,
wherein the computer-based processor simulates the process to generate the virtual data based at least in part on the CAD model.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein the process is a manufacturing process and the virtual data about the process comprises: virtual data for the one or more machines regarding a machine tool path.
15. The system of claim 14, wherein the manufacturing process is an additive manufacturing process and the machine is a 3D printer comprising:
constructing a platform;
a powder bed located above the build platform; and
a heat source configured to deliver heat to various portions of the powder bed to generate the part.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein the data regarding the machine tool path comprises: powder data, velocity data, and for the heat source in the additive manufacturing processPattern data。
17. The system of claim 15, wherein the process parameters used by the machine to perform the real-world version of the manufacturing process comprise: powder data, speed data, and pattern data for the heat source during the additive manufacturing process.
18. The system of claim 15, wherein the real-world sensor is a photodiode sensor configured to sense light in the 3D printer produced by an additive manufacturing process.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein the computer-based processor is further configured to optimize the process parameters for subsequent iterations of the process using a trained version of the machine learning software application.
20. The system of claim 1, wherein the computer-based processor is further configured to:
employing the machine learning software model to predict performance of the real-world sensor in the process;
comparing the predicted performance to the actual performance of the real-world sensor in the process; and
an anomaly in sensor performance is detected based on the comparison.
Technical Field
The present application relates to machine learning, and more particularly, to machine learning based on virtual data and real data.
Background
On the hardware, the sensor values are used for control (e.g., aircraft flight control or manufacturing control). As of today, cyber physical control systems are typically designed using virtual models. Therefore, it is important to accurately predict the sensor value. Furthermore, the manufacturing industry is challenged to produce product parts of acceptable quality early (e.g., for the first time).
In particular, the complexities associated with the additive manufacturing process include a large number of printing parameters and rapidly evolving physical properties that occur at different scales, such as material phase changes and porosity at the melt pool level, as well as distortion and residual stress development at the part level. Typically, it is costly to use physical simulations to predict all quality metrics.
Disclosure of Invention
In one aspect, a method comprises: simulating a process using computer-based software to generate virtual data about the process; identifying process parameters for a real-world version of the process; providing a real-world sensor to sense a parameter associated with the real-world version of the process; receiving sensor readings from the real-world sensor while the real-world version is executed; and training a machine learning software model to predict performance of the real-world sensor based on the virtual data about the process, the process parameters, and the sensor readings. In typical embodiments, the training technique includes supervised training.
In another aspect, a system includes: a computer; one or more machines configured to perform a process; at least one real world sensor to sense a performance parameter of the process; and a machine learning software model. The computer includes: at least one computer-based processor; and a computer-based memory storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the computer-based processor, cause the computer-based processor to simulate a process to generate virtual data about the process. The one or more machines are configured to execute a real-world version of the process based on process parameters associated with the process. The real-world sensor senses a parameter (feature) associated with a real-world version of the process. A machine learning software model is trained to predict performance of the real-world sensor based on: virtual data about the process, the process parameters, and sensor readings from the real-world sensors in a real-world version of the process.
In certain implementations, one or more of the following advantages exist.
For example, highly accurate sensor prediction becomes possible. Furthermore, predictions can be made without the need to model the specific operation of the sensor using first principles and without extensive calibration efforts. Highly accurate sensor prediction can be efficiently achieved. Once trained, the predictive models can be used in a variety of ways, including: to optimize machine process parameters, to detect sensor anomalies, and/or to support subsequent system simulations.
Furthermore, particularly in certain embodiments, the disclosed technology provides for fast training and fast prediction of sensor performance. This is particularly useful where the available time is limited but accuracy and precision is required.
Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the disclosed systems and techniques provide an easy-to-use tool that can help quickly achieve the print quality of any newly designed part. Further, in certain embodiments, optimized machine parameters in a machine-readable format are generated directly by means of the disclosed systems and techniques without involving complex simulation analysis to model complex processes, such that, for example, optimized print parameters can be obtained.
Other features and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram that includes a method of training a machine
Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a more detailed representation of the method shown in figure 1.
Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary three-dimensional (3D) printer.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the method represented in FIG. 2 specific to a 3D printing environment.
Fig. 5 shows several examples of computer-aided design (CAD) models with different geometries.
FIGS. 6-9 show that provided as Dassault Syst SE
A screenshot of a powder bed manufacturing application that is part of a software platform.Fig. 10 shows a top view of a powder bed where a part is being printed in a 3D printer and a schematic of the path that a laser tool will travel along the upper surface of the powder bed in a rectangular print layer.
Fig. 11 and 12 are schematic views of the powder bed of fig. 10 showing the laser position and the area of interest circles at the very beginning of the scanning process (in fig. 11) and towards the end of the scanning process (in fig. 12).
FIG. 13 illustrates a single layer test data prediction scatter plot that does not include physics-based features during training.
FIG. 14 illustrates a single layer test data prediction scatter plot including physics-based features during training.
Fig. 15 shows experimental verification of photodiode sensor readings for a single layer before and after the print optimization process.
FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary flow of a machine learning and print optimization framework.
FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of a process for sensor prediction and optimization of machine parameters layer by layer and in real time in an additive manufacturing environment.
Fig. 18 is a schematic diagram showing an exemplary flow of sensor abnormality detection.
FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of a computer network or similar digital processing environment.
FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary computer in the computer network or similar digital processing environment of FIG. 19.
Like reference characters refer to like elements.
Detailed Description
The present application relates to systems and processes related to predicting sensor behavior in a process performed by a real-world machine or system (hereinafter "machine"). The process may be a manufacturing process or any other type of process that causes at least one sensor to sense a characteristic associated with the process. The machine may be any machine or system configured to perform the process and including a sensor. For example, in the additive manufacturing industry, three-dimensional (3D) printers typically include photodiode sensors to sense light at or near the molten pool of the 3D printer. The light level measured by the photodiode sensor is related to the amount of heat transferred into the molten bath. The 3D printing industry typically considers data collected by photodiode sensors in a 3D printer as part quality indicators for printed parts. Other examples of processes to which the systems and methods disclosed herein may be applied include autonomous driving of vehicles, spacecraft processes, and many others.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a method that includes training a machine
In typical embodiments, the systems and methods disclosed herein (e.g., as schematically illustrated in fig. 1) result in highly accurate sensor predictions. Furthermore, in some embodiments, these predictions can be made very quickly, which is especially important where a limited time is available for extensive training of the machine
The
One possible source of the
Another possible source of
The
The
The simulation to produce the
For example, in a relatively simple simulation, the simulator may calculate the
More complex simulations may be performed by complex computer-based simulators, such as powder bed manufacturing and additive manufacturing scheme software applications, which are of Dassault Syst mes SE
A part provided by the software platform. The powder bed manufacturing software application is capable of generatingIn some implementations, the
The
Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a more detailed representation of the method shown in figure 1.
The method represented in fig. 2 includes training the machine
The method includes providing (at 216)
The illustrated method also includes performing a real process (at 220). Sensors are provided to sense certain characteristics of the process. In this regard, the sensors may be deployed inside a machine for performing a process or some aspect of a process. Accordingly, the execution (at 220) of the process produces more real data in the form of
Real data (including
Once trained, the machine
Of course, the techniques disclosed herein may be applied to a variety of possible applications. One such application is additive manufacturing, such as 3D printing. The nature of 3D printing is that there may not be enough time to perform extensive training of the machine
Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary 3D printer 322.
The illustrated 3D printer 322 is generally configured to generate one layer of functional engineering components (parts) at a time from Computer Aided Design (CAD) data. In a typical embodiment, the 3D printer 322 produces a quantity of material in a layered manner by melting raw material materials (e.g., powder, wire, etc.) using an energy source (e.g., laser, electron beam, arc, etc.) that follows a tool path derived from a CAD model.
The 3D printer 322 in the illustrated embodiment includes: a housing 324 defining a pair of internal cylinders; a build platform 326 movable in a vertical piston-like manner in a first one of the cylinders relative to the housing 324; a new powder storage platform 328 in the cylinder that moves in a vertical piston-like manner in the second cylinder; and a powder roller 330. In an exemplary embodiment, during operation, the new powder magazine platform 328 pushes the new powder magazine 332 upward, the build platform 326 moves in a downward direction, and the powder rollers 330 roll the new powder from the new powder magazine out of the powder bed 331.
The 3D printer in the illustrated embodiment has a heat source 334, which may be a laser, electron beam source, or the like. During operation, the heat source 334 moves through the top of the powder bed to direct thermal energy (e.g., with a laser beam) onto different portions of the powder bed to melt the upper layer of powder in the portions of the powder bed. Heat from the heat source melts the powder as it moves through the powder bed. After the laser passes a particular point on the powder bed, the molten powder cools and solidifies into a solid (non-powder) form, forming a portion of the part being printed. The 3D printer in the illustrated embodiment also has a photodiode sensor 336 near the laser delivery point on the powder bed. The photodiode sensor 336 is configured to sense the light intensity (as an indicator of the thermal energy transferred into the powder bed by the heat source 334 at each point in time). More specifically, in typical embodiments, the photodiode sensor includes the combined effects of delivered energy, material absorption, conduction, radiation, airflow, light reflection, and the like.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the method represented in FIG. 2 specific to a 3D printing environment. While specific to a 3D printing environment, the method represented in fig. 4 may be readily applied to a variety of applications that may benefit from rapid training and rapid prediction.
The method represented in fig. 4 includes training the machine
Thus, the process represented in FIG. 4 includes generating a
The process represented in FIG. 4 includes determining machine processing parameters for a 3D printer to build a part (at 402 a).
There are a number of ways in which the
Fig. 6 and 7 show screenshots of the powder bed manufacturing application (418) that enable a user to input various machine process parameters for a particular printing process.
More specifically, the illustrated screen shot enables a user to specify global parameters for the printing process (in FIG. 6), compose a policy (in FIG. 7), and identify scan path order (not shown in a separate figure).
The global parameters page in the screenshot of FIG. 6 enables the user to specify or enter the name of the scan path rule and identify the slice step size (in millimeters) for printing. The screen shot enables the user to specify overlay (upskin) information including a minimum overlay width, number of layers, and to restrict the core through the overlays. Also, the screen shot enables the user to specify the lower skin (downtkin) information including the minimum skin width, number of layers, and can restrict the core through the lower skin.
Composing the policy page in the screenshot of fig. 7 enables the user to specify the region type, outline information, fill information, definition parameters, and policy information including XY policy information. The contour information includes depth, definition, periodicity, start, range, and motion information. The fill information includes depth, definition, periodicity, start, range, and action information. Defining parameters includes scanning rules. The strategy information includes the filling pattern, the angular rotation between slices, the direction of the hatching, the radial step size and the offset from the last contour.
The scan path order page typically includes a list of definitions created for scan path orders (e.g., outlines, shadows, etc.).
Referring again to FIG. 4, based on the information provided (based on CAD models and/or machine process parameters); the powder bed fabrication application in fig. 4 generates (at 418) the high resolution
The screenshot in FIG. 8 includes an image field 811 having a three-dimensional visual representation of the laser scan path for printing the part. The screenshot in fig. 8 also includes a first user menu 813 on the right side of the screen that provides the user with access to powder bed manufacturing guide functions including functions related to the machine, build tray, powder, layout, support, scan path, analysis and output. A second user menu 815 appears at the bottom of the screenshot and provides the user with access to powder manufacturing functions including criteria, settings, programming, analysis and output, views, AR-VR, tools and touches.
The screenshot in FIG. 9 has an
In general, the information that may be accessed from the high resolution machine tool path 414 (e.g., in a powder bed manufacturing application environment) includes information related to the machine tool path of the part represented by the
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<
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The tool path segment information indicates that the laser should travel from
The illustrated method also includes performing one or more real world prints of the part (at 420), which results in real world
In the illustrated embodiment, the physics-based
As described above, the high resolution
For example, based on the above information, a computer-based processor can determine how much energy is delivered by the laser to the upper surface of the powder bed and part being printed during printing, and precisely where to deliver the energy anywhere and for any period of time.
In typical embodiments, a computer-based processor calculates an energy flux signature that represents how much energy has been delivered by the laser into a region of interest surrounding the laser location during a particular time period. The time period may include any part or all of the printing process and may have been defined by the user or set by default. A computer-based processor may calculate the energy flux characteristics by integrating the laser power/energy data delivered to the region of interest over a particular time period. The computer-based processor may update its energy flux signature calculations periodically or nearly continuously and/or in near real-time throughout the printing process.
In typical embodiments, the computer-based processor also calculates an effective conductance signature that provides a measure of the ability of the powder bed and/or part to dissipate the energy delivered by the laser at a particular point in time. In an exemplary embodiment, the computer-based processor calculates the effective conduction signature by calculating the area (e.g., in square millimeters) within the region of interest that is not scanned by the laser for a particular period of time. The computer-based processor may update its effective conduction signature calculation to coincide with the update in its energy flux signature calculation. Thus, they may be updated periodically throughout the printing process, or almost continuously and/or almost in real time.
The concept of energy flux and efficient conduction in the environment in physics-based feature computation can be further understood, for example, by referring to fig. 10-12.
Fig. 10 is a top view of a
The
In an exemplary embodiment, the boundary (outer dotted line 1350) at which the part is at the current layer may be based on the size of the part being printed and/or the size of the powder bed 328. The two contour laser paths (solid rectangular lines 1352) and the path of the filler laser tool (
The thicker
The narrower
Dashed
The computer-based processor may calculate the effective conductance features in a number of ways. In one such example, the computer-based processor would subtract the area of
Fig. 11 and 12 are schematic views of the
These figures help illustrate the following points. First, the area of
Other various techniques or methods for calculating physics-based features are also possible. Generally, however, these physics-based
Referring again to fig. 4, physics-based
In certain embodiments, particularly those embodiments where training speed and/or predicted speed are of particular interest, the aforementioned physics-based features (i.e., energy flux features and effective conductance features) may be the only form of virtual data used to train machine
It has been found that the phenomena represented by these physics-based specific features (i.e., energy flux features and effective conduction features) can be generated very quickly and are very effective in training the machine
Once trained, the machine
It has been found that using machine-learning software models trained with physics-based features (in addition to the real data) can produce more accurate sensor predictions than machine-learning software models trained using only real data. In this regard, fig. 13 shows a single layer test data prediction scatter plot based only on machine process parameters and photodiode sensor data, and fig. 14 shows a single layer test data prediction scatter plot based on machine process parameters, photodiode sensor data, physics-based features, and a CAD model. These figures show a significant improvement in accuracy when physics-based features and CAD models are included.
The trained machine learning software model can then be used to provide a quick prediction of physical sensor data for any given part to guide the machine operator to better machine settings; or machine parameters for optimizing target sensor signals for the entire part, thereby reducing trial and error and achieving a suitable printing effect. For example, based on the initial settings of machine process parameters for a given CAD geometry, the above-described method can be used to generate physics-based features and combined with real data (e.g., initial machine process parameters) to train a machine learning software model to predict sensor readings for the entire part. The optimal machine process parameters including the optimal 3d laser power or laser velocity field of the entire part can then be iteratively derived using, for example, sensitivity-based optimization methods.
Fig. 15 shows experimental verification of photodiode sensor readings for a single layer before and after a print optimization process that relies on this approach. The old photodiode sensor reading with the initial machine process parameter and the new photodiode sensor reading with the best machine process parameter are both marked. The results show that by print optimization, the photodiode sensor can be optimized very close to the target level, thereby preventing overheating or underheating of parts during printing, and significantly reducing the trial and error required to successfully build.
FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary flow of a machine learning and print optimization framework. In the illustrated embodiment, a training data set is first defined (at 1970). Physical experiments were performed to record machine settings and sensor data. With the proposed method of these parts, relevant physics-based features are created (at 1972). The data is then used to train a predictive machine learning software model. Given a new part CAD model (at 1974) and machine operational constraints, the machine settings are then optimized for the target sensor output (at 1976). A machine-readable file format is generated and sent to the hardware (at 1978) for printing at the target part quality for the first time. The machine learning software model may continue to be trained as more parts are printed and data is added as other training data, and the accuracy of the machine learning model will increase as more parts are printed.
Once the machine learning software model is trained, the trained machine learning software model, physics-based feature generation, and optimization methods can be used in conjunction with one or more additive manufacturing machines to make sensor predictions and optimize machine parameters in real-time on a layer-by-layer basis. An exemplary implementation of such a process is shown in fig. 17.
The process represented by fig. 17 includes importing a CAD model into the machine and setting initial machine parameters (at 2080) and optimizing for first-tier deployment (at 2082). Typically, optimization of the first print layer is accomplished according to machine learning predictions using machine parameters and generated physics-based features. The machine then prints (at 2084) the first layer using the optimized parameters. While the first layer is being built, the system deploys the optimizations for the second layer (at 2086). The machine then prints (at 2088) a second layer using the optimized parameters. While the system is optimized for the third tier deployment (at 2090) while building the second tier. This process continues to the last layer and until the building of the last layer is complete (at 2092).
FIG. 18 is a schematic view similar in many respects to that shown in FIG. 16. In fig. 18, sensor and operating condition data are first defined (at 2170). Physical experiments were performed to record machine settings and sensor data. Simulation data is created (at 2172). These data are then used to train a predictive machine learning software model. The in-service sensor prediction is then made using the machine learning software model (at 2174). Next, the system determines (at 2176) whether a sensor anomaly exists (i.e., whether the actual sensor reading differs from the predicted sensor reading by a sufficient amount). In a typical implementation, a system (e.g., a computer-based processor in the system) may receive an actual sensor reading and compare the actual sensor reading to a corresponding predicted sensor reading, and then issue an alert (at 2178) if the difference between the two exceeds a certain threshold (e.g., 1%, 5%, 10%, etc.). In some embodiments, the threshold may be defined by a user. In some embodiments, the threshold may be a preset threshold. The warning may take any of a variety of different forms, including, for example, a message to the operator with an audible and visual element or tactile element. In some embodiments, the warning may be accompanied by a pause in the printing process. And other warnings and associated operations are possible.
FIG. 19 illustrates a computer network or similar digital processing environment in an embodiment in which the invention may be implemented.
The client computer/
Fig. 20 is an internal block diagram of a computer (e.g., client processor/
In one embodiment, the processor routines 92 and data 94 are a computer program product (generally referred to as 92) including a computer readable medium (such as one or more removable storage media like a Digital Video Disk-Read Only Memory (DVD-ROM), a compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM), a diskette, a tape, etc.) providing at least a portion of the software instructions for the system. The computer program product 92 may be installed by any suitable software installation process, as is well known in the art. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the software instructions may also be downloaded via a cable, communication, and/or wireless connection. In other embodiments, the inventive program is a computer program propagated
Virtual simulation data may provide more physical information about the system than using experimental data alone. For example, the simulation may inform not only the temperature of the sensor mounting location, but also the temperature everywhere in the system; the sensors are limited by the operation of the device, for example, may be limited by the measurement range or by the operating parts, yet the simulation data is always accessible; simulations provide additional physical quantities such as thermal radiation, stress, strain, etc., which cannot be measured experimentally in practice, but are critical to predicting system results. The invention provides a machine learning service based on Virtual simulation and Real (Virtual + Real, V + R) data. Simulation data includes high fidelity physics simulation models (including but not limited to finite element modeling) and data, as well as reduced or first order models and data developed from feature importance and intelligence obtained or verified from machine learning processes. The real data includes: design parameters, geometry, materials, manufacturing settings, etc. that are known without knowledge of modeling and simulation.
Various embodiments of the present invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications to the described embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
For example, the disclosed systems and methods may be applied to a wide range of processes including all types of manufacturing processes, including additive manufacturing processes and other non-manufacturing processes. Once trained, the machine learning software model may be applied for a variety of different purposes in the process of interest, such as forecasting, diagnostics, simulation, and the like.
The particular combination of real and virtual data used to train machine learning software may vary greatly. In most cases, the training method can be tailored based on the actual considerations involved in a particular procedure. For example, if under time-critical conditions, the physics-based features disclosed herein may be the only (or nearly only) virtual data used in the training process. However, other forms of virtual data may be used when there is more time available. Also, various types of real data can be used.
CAD models may be generated using almost any type of computer-aided drawing application, and may or may not be very detailed. Likewise, the simulation may be generated using any one or combination of a number of different simulation applications. A machine process may be a process that includes one or more machines that may operate in series, parallel, or a combination thereof. The sensor to be predicted may be any type of sensor, e.g., for optics, light, imaging, photons, acoustics, sound, vibration, automotive, chemical, electrical current, electrical potential, magnetic, radio, environmental, weather, humidity, flow, fluid velocity, ionizing radiation, sub-atomic particles, navigation, position, angle, displacement, distance, velocity, acceleration, pressure, force, density, level, heat, temperature, proximity, presence, velocity, etc.
The machine learning software model may be any type of machine learning software model that is trainable and executable in a computer-based environment.
The optimization process disclosed herein may include any type of process that is performed iteratively by comparing various solutions until an optimal or satisfactory solution is found. The trained machine learning software model facilitates optimization because it feeds back instantaneous sensor predictions to the optimizer at each iteration, thereby reducing the total time required to achieve a particular degree of optimization goal.
The 3D printer disclosed herein is just one example of a 3D printing machine. Many variations are possible. The sensors discussed herein in particular relation to 3D printers are photodiode sensors. However, other sensors are possible.
The present application discloses powder bed manufacturing applications as an example of applications that can generate high resolution machine tool paths. However, other tools may also be capable of generating machine tool paths.
Physics-based features of significant interest to this application include energy flux features and efficient conduction features. In various embodiments, other physics-based features may also be calculated and used to train the machine learning software model.
Furthermore, while this specification contains many specifics of particular embodiments, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any invention or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment of the specification can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination thereof. Moreover, although descriptions of features above may be described as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.
Similarly, while operations disclosed herein occur in a particular order, it should not be understood that such operations need to be performed in the particular order shown or in that order, or that all illustrated operations need to be performed, to achieve desirable results.
Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
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