阅读说明：本技术 一种用于不可逆电穿孔消融的心电同步输出装置及方法 (Electrocardio synchronous output device and method for irreversible electroporation ablation ) 是由 代志强 黄文星 于 2020-08-31 设计创作，主要内容包括：本公开提供了一种用于不可逆电穿孔消融的心电同步输出装置,包括：信号调理单元,所述信号调理单元输入端连接心电信号的采集端,用于对所述心电信号进行采集和处理,得到心电调理信号；放电开关单元,所述放电开关单元的输入端连接至所述心电信号,用于在输出高压脉冲的情况下,将所述心电信号的采集端对地短接；R波硬件检测单元,连接至所述信号调理单元的输出,用于通过所述心电调理信号获得一个与R波相关的R波指示信号S1；信号转换单元,连接至所述信号调理单元,用于将所述心电调理信号进行模数转换,获得模数转换信号S2；以及控制器单元,连接至所述R波硬件检测单元及信号转换单元的输出端,用于输出同步脉冲信号。(The present disclosure provides an electrocardiographic synchronous output device for irreversible electroporation ablation, comprising: the input end of the signal conditioning unit is connected with the acquisition end of the electrocardiosignal and is used for acquiring and processing the electrocardiosignal to obtain an electrocardio conditioning signal; the input end of the discharge switch unit is connected to the electrocardiosignal and is used for short-circuiting the acquisition end of the electrocardiosignal to the ground under the condition of outputting high-voltage pulse; the R wave hardware detection unit is connected to the output of the signal conditioning unit and is used for obtaining an R wave indicating signal S1 related to the R wave through the electrocardio conditioning signal; the signal conversion unit is connected to the signal conditioning unit and used for performing analog-to-digital conversion on the electrocardio-conditioned signal to obtain an analog-to-digital conversion signal S2; and the controller unit is connected to the output ends of the R wave hardware detection unit and the signal conversion unit and used for outputting the synchronous pulse signals.)

1. An electro-cardio synchronized output device for irreversible electroporation ablation, comprising:

the input end of the signal conditioning unit is connected with the acquisition end of the electrocardiosignal and is used for acquiring and processing the electrocardiosignal to obtain an electrocardio conditioning signal;

the input end of the discharge switch unit is connected to the electrocardiosignal and is used for short-circuiting the acquisition end of the electrocardiosignal to the ground under the condition of outputting high-voltage pulse;

the R wave hardware detection unit is connected to the output of the signal conditioning unit and is used for obtaining an R wave indicating signal S1 related to the R wave through the electrocardio conditioning signal;

the signal conversion unit is connected to the signal conditioning unit and used for performing analog-to-digital conversion on the electrocardio-conditioned signal to obtain an analog-to-digital conversion signal S2; and

and the controller unit is connected to the output ends of the R wave hardware detection unit and the signal conversion unit and is used for outputting a synchronous pulse signal.

2. The synchronized cardiac electrical output device for irreversible electroporation ablation of claim 1, further comprising:

an isolation unit connected to the controller unit.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the R-wave hardware detection unit comprises:

the first input end of the differential circuit subunit is connected to the signal conditioning unit, the second input end of the differential circuit subunit is connected to the bias voltage, and the differential circuit subunit is used for obtaining an R wave indicating signal S1 related to the slope of the R wave through the electrocardio conditioning signal;

a first input end of the comparison circuit subunit is connected to the differential circuit subunit, and a second input end of the comparison circuit subunit is connected to a reference voltage;

and the input end of the shaping circuit subunit is connected with the output end of the comparison circuit subunit.

4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the differential circuit subunit has an output signal Vout of:

Vout＝-RCdv/dt+Vbias

the differential circuit subunit is connected with a first input end and a second input end, wherein a resistor connected between the first input end and the output end of the differential circuit subunit is R, a capacitor connected with the first input end is C, and a bias voltage connected with the second input end is Vbias.

5. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the shaping circuit subunit is a monostable shaping circuit.

6. The cardiac electric synchronous output device for irreversible electroporation ablation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the discharge switch is a semiconductor switch with low leakage current.

7. A method of using the synchronized cardiac electrical output device for irreversible electroporation ablation of any one of claims 1-6, comprising:

acquiring the R wave indication signal S1 and an analog-to-digital conversion signal S2;

determining whether the R-wave indication signal S1 and analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 are valid; and

if the R wave indicating signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 are determined to be valid, whether the delay between the R wave indicating signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 is smaller than a first preset time length or not is determined, if the delay is smaller than the first preset time length, the current R wave is determined to be valid, and a synchronization pulse signal is output.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the determining whether the R-wave indication signal S1 and analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 are valid comprises:

determining whether the R wave indicating signal S1 is a preset TTL level signal, an

The peak value of the analog-to-digital converted signal S2 satisfies a preset condition.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein outputting the synchronization pulse signal comprises:

receiving a pulse indication signal, and controlling a discharge switch unit to be closed so as to suspend the acquisition of the electrocardiosignals;

sending a synchronous pulse signal to a high-voltage output system; and

and after a second preset time, disconnecting the discharge switch unit to recover the acquisition of the electrocardiosignals.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the first predetermined time period is 5 to 10ms and the second predetermined time period is 50 to 100 ms.

11. The method of claim 7, wherein the current R-wave is determined to be invalid if:

any one of the R-wave indicating signal S1 and the analog-to-digital converted signal S2 is inactive; or

The R-wave indication signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 are both valid, but the delay between the R-wave indication signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 is greater than or equal to a first predetermined time period.

Technical Field

The disclosure relates to the field of electroporation ablation, in particular to an electrocardio synchronous output device and method for irreversible electroporation ablation.

Background

Irreversible electroporation ablation is a new ablation mode in the field of tumor ablation. Irreversible electroporation ablation uses high-voltage narrow pulses to act on the focal site, causing permanent perforation of the cell membrane at nanometer scale, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis.

The high voltage pulse output by irreversible electroporation can affect the depolarization process of myocardial cells, and when the high voltage pulse is output close to the heart, arrhythmia or atrial fibrillation can be caused. In order to avoid this situation, the ecg synchronization module is usually required to collect ecg signals, identify R-waves, provide ecg synchronization signals to the high-voltage pulse output system, and output pulses in the absolute refractory period of the cardiomyocytes.

In the process of implementing the present invention, the applicant finds that the prior art has the following technical defects:

(1) the electrocardio synchronization module is easily interfered by high-voltage pulse, so that the acquired signals are disordered or the synchronization module is reset in an overload mode, wrong synchronization signals are output or the synchronization signals are lost for a long time, and the pulse output is discontinuous.

(2) The R wave signals are basically identified in a single software acquisition mode, the electrocardio analog signals are converted into digital signals, and the R waves are identified through an algorithm, so that the R wave identification method has an error risk and does not have strong reliability.

Disclosure of Invention

Technical problem to be solved

The present disclosure provides an apparatus and a method for synchronous cardiac output for irreversible electroporation ablation, which at least partially solve the above-mentioned technical problems.

(II) technical scheme

According to one aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electrocardiographic synchronous output device for irreversible electroporation ablation, comprising:

the input end of the signal conditioning unit is connected with the acquisition end of the electrocardiosignal and is used for acquiring and processing the electrocardiosignal to obtain an electrocardio conditioning signal;

the input end of the discharge switch unit is connected to the electrocardiosignal and is used for short-circuiting the acquisition end of the electrocardiosignal to the ground under the condition of outputting high-voltage pulse;

the R wave hardware detection unit is connected to the output of the signal conditioning unit and is used for obtaining an R wave indicating signal S1 related to the R wave through the electrocardio conditioning signal;

the signal conversion unit is connected to the signal conditioning unit and used for performing analog-to-digital conversion on the electrocardio-conditioned signal to obtain an analog-to-digital conversion signal S2; and

and the controller unit is connected to the output ends of the R wave hardware detection unit and the signal conversion unit and is used for outputting a synchronous pulse signal.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the synchronized cardiac electrical output device for irreversible electroporation ablation further comprises:

an isolation unit connected to the controller unit.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the R-wave hardware detection unit includes:

the first input end of the differential circuit subunit is connected to the signal conditioning unit, the second input end of the differential circuit subunit is connected to the bias voltage, and the differential circuit subunit is used for obtaining an R wave indicating signal S1 related to the slope of the R wave through the electrocardio conditioning signal;

a first input end of the comparison circuit subunit is connected to the differential circuit subunit, and a second input end of the comparison circuit subunit is connected to a reference voltage;

and the input end of the shaping circuit subunit is connected with the output end of the comparison circuit subunit.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the output signal Vout of the differential circuit subunit is:

Vout＝-RCdv/dt+Vbias

the differential circuit subunit is connected with a first input end and a second input end, wherein a resistor connected between the first input end and the output end of the differential circuit subunit is R, a capacitor connected with the first input end is C, and a bias voltage connected with the second input end is Vbias.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the shaping circuit subunit is a monostable shaping circuit.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the discharge switch is a semiconductor switch with low leakage current.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of using the cardioelectric synchronized output device for irreversible electroporation ablation as described above, comprising:

acquiring the R wave indication signal S1 and an analog-to-digital conversion signal S2;

determining whether the R-wave indication signal S1 and analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 are valid;

if the R wave indicating signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 are determined to be valid, whether the delay between the R wave indicating signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 is smaller than a first preset time length or not is determined, if the delay is smaller than the first preset time length, the current R wave is determined to be valid, and a synchronization pulse signal is output.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the determining whether the R-wave indication signal S1 and analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 are valid comprises:

determining whether the R wave indicating signal S1 is a preset TTL level signal, an

The peak value of the analog-to-digital converted signal S2 satisfies a preset condition.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the outputting the synchronization pulse signal includes:

receiving a pulse indication signal, and controlling a discharge switch unit to be closed so as to suspend the acquisition of the electrocardiosignals;

sending a synchronous pulse signal to a high-voltage output system;

and after a second preset time, disconnecting the discharge switch unit to recover the acquisition of the electrocardiosignals.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the first predetermined time period is 5ms, and the second predetermined time period is 100 ms.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, it is determined that the current R-wave is invalid when:

any one of the R-wave indicating signal S1 and the analog-to-digital converted signal S2 is inactive; or

The R-wave indication signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 are both valid, but the delay between the R-wave indication signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 is greater than or equal to a first predetermined time period.

(III) advantageous effects

According to the technical scheme, the electrocardio synchronous output device and the electrocardio synchronous output method for irreversible electroporation ablation have at least one of the following beneficial effects:

(1) according to the method, the front-end electrocardiosignals are specially processed, and a controllable discharge switch unit is added, so that the output error of synchronous pulse signals caused by high-voltage pulses is avoided;

(2) the method and the device have the advantages that the reliability of R wave detection is improved by combining two R wave detection methods of hardware and software and mutually verifying the two R wave detection methods.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an electrocardiographic synchronous output device for irreversible electroporation ablation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a differentiating circuit subunit of the synchronous electrocardiograph output device according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.

Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a comparison circuit subunit of the synchronous electrocardiograph output device according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.

Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a specific shaping circuit subunit of the synchronous electrocardiograph output device according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a method of a synchronized cardiac electrical output device for irreversible electroporation ablation in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a method for synchronized cardiac electrical output for irreversible electroporation ablation, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Detailed Description

The present disclosure provides an electrocardiographic synchronous output device for irreversible electroporation ablation, comprising: the input end of the signal conditioning unit is connected with the acquisition end of the electrocardiosignal and is used for acquiring and processing the electrocardiosignal to obtain an electrocardio conditioning signal; the input end of the discharge switch unit is connected to the electrocardiosignal and is used for short-circuiting the acquisition end of the electrocardiosignal to the ground under the condition of outputting high-voltage pulse; the R wave hardware detection unit is connected to the output of the signal conditioning unit and is used for obtaining an R wave indicating signal S1 related to the R wave through the electrocardio conditioning signal; the signal conversion unit is connected to the signal conditioning unit and used for performing analog-to-digital conversion on the electrocardio-conditioned signal to obtain an analog-to-digital conversion signal S2; and the controller unit is connected to the output ends of the R wave hardware detection unit and the signal conversion unit and used for outputting the synchronous pulse signals.

For the purpose of promoting a better understanding of the objects, aspects and advantages of the present disclosure, reference is made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Certain embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the disclosure are shown. Indeed, various embodiments of the disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements.

In one exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, an electrocardiographic synchronized output device for irreversible electroporation ablation is provided.

Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an electrocardiographic synchronous output device for irreversible electroporation ablation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 1, the electrocardiographic synchronous output device for irreversible electroporation ablation of the present disclosure comprises: the device comprises a signal conditioning unit 100, a discharge switch unit 200, an R-wave hardware detection unit 300, a signal conversion unit 400, a controller unit 500 and an isolation unit 600. The controller unit of the electrocardio-synchronous output device is connected with the high-voltage pulse output system through the isolation unit 600 and is used for sending synchronous pulse signals to the high-voltage output system.

The details of the respective parts of the synchronous electrocardiographic output device for irreversible electroporation ablation according to the present embodiment will be described below.

The input end of the signal conditioning unit 100 is connected to the acquisition end of an Electrocardiograph (ECG). The signal conditioning unit is used for collecting and processing the weak electrocardiosignals to obtain the electrocardio conditioning signals. Specifically, the signal conditioning unit 100 may include a signal acquisition circuit, an amplification circuit, and a filter circuit. The output end of the signal conditioning unit 100 is divided into two paths, R-wave detection is performed in two ways, namely hardware and software, and then whether the current R-wave is effective is determined by combining the two paths of output.

The input of the discharge switch unit 200 is also connected to the ecg signal. Because the high-voltage pulse output can interfere the acquisition end of the electrocardiosignal, part of the high-voltage pulse current can be input into the signal acquisition circuit from the acquisition end of the electrocardiosignal, so that the acquired signal is disordered or the electrocardio synchronization module is reset in an overload manner, wrong synchronization signals are output or the synchronization signals are lost for a long time, and the pulse output is discontinuous. In order to solve the above problems, the electrocardiosignals are connected to the discharge switch unit 200, and under the condition of outputting the high-voltage pulse, the discharge switch unit 200 is controlled to be closed, and the acquisition end of the electrocardiosignals is in short circuit with the ground, so that the high-voltage pulse current flowing into the acquisition end is released, and the interference on the acquisition of the electrocardiosignals when the high-voltage pulse is output is avoided.

Specifically, before the high-voltage pulse output system outputs a pulse, a pulse output indication signal is sent to the controller 500 through the isolation unit 600, and the controller unit 500 closes the discharge switch unit 200 to short-circuit the acquisition end of the electrocardiographic signal with the reference ground, so that the high-voltage pulse is released from the ground path, and the signal conditioning unit 100 at the rear end is prevented from being impacted to cause overload reset. Illustratively, the discharge switch cell 200 is a semiconductor switch with low leakage current.

The R-wave hardware detection unit 300 is connected to the output of the signal conditioning unit 100. The R-wave hardware detection unit 300 obtains an R-wave indication signal S1 related to the R-wave through the electrocardiographic conditioning signal in a hardware detection manner.

Since the R wave in the electrocardiographic signal has an obvious characteristic, i.e., a waveform slope is large, compared with other waveforms, the R wave hardware detection unit 300 can detect the R wave by using the characteristic. Specifically, the R-wave hardware detection unit 300 includes a differential circuit subunit 301, a comparison circuit subunit 302, and a shaping circuit subunit 303.

Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a differentiating circuit subunit of the synchronous electrocardiograph output device according to the embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 2, the first input terminal of the differentiating circuit subunit 301 is connected to the signal conditioning unit 100, and the second input terminal is connected to the bias voltage. After passing through the hardware differentiating circuit subunit 301, the electrocardiographic conditioning signal processed by the signal conditioning unit 100 outputs a waveform related to the slope of the R-wave, and the output signal Vout is calculated by the following formula:

Vout＝-RCdv/dt+Vbias

the resistor connected across the first input terminal and the output terminal of the differential circuit subunit 301 is R, the capacitor connected to the first input terminal is C, and the bias voltage connected to the second input terminal is Vbias.

The comparison circuit subunit 302 is configured to compare the waveform output by the differentiation circuit subunit 301 and related to the slope of the R-wave with a reference voltage, so as to obtain a rectangular pulse output. Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a comparison circuit subunit of the synchronous electrocardiograph output device according to the embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 3, the comparison circuit subunit 302 uses an analog comparator, the inverting input terminal of the analog comparator is connected to the differentiation circuit subunit 301, and the forward input terminal is connected to the reference voltage; when the signal related to the slope of the R-wave output from the differentiating circuit subunit 301 is smaller than the reference voltage, the analog comparator outputs a high level.

Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a specific shaping circuit subunit of the synchronous electrocardiograph output device according to the embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 4, the input of the shaping circuit subunit 303 is connected to the output of the comparison circuit subunit. Since the pulse signal output by the comparison circuit subunit 302 has a narrow width, which is difficult for the controller unit 500 to determine, the shaping circuit subunit 303 is added after the comparison circuit subunit 302. Illustratively, the shaping circuit subunit 303 is a monostable shaping circuit, shapes the waveform output by the comparator subunit 302, changes the pulse width by setting the values of the resistor R and the capacitor C, and outputs an R-wave indication signal S1 obtained by a hardware detection method.

The signal conversion unit 400 is connected to the other output of the signal conditioning unit 100, and is configured to perform analog-to-digital conversion on the electrocardiographic conditioning signal to obtain an analog-to-digital conversion signal S2. Illustratively, the signal conversion unit 400 is an analog-to-digital converter, which converts the electrocardiographic analog signal into a digital signal for processing and analysis by the controller unit 500. Thus, the R-wave detection can be performed in a software manner.

The controller unit 500 is connected to the output ends of the R-wave hardware detection unit 303 and the signal conversion unit 400, and is configured to verify the two signals and determine whether to output a synchronization pulse signal.

Specifically, the controller unit 500 receives and analyzes the digital signal input from the signal conversion unit 400, and recognizes the R-wave indication signal S1; meanwhile, an analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 output by the R-wave hardware detection unit 300 is received. The controller unit 500 determines whether an R-wave occurs according to the R-wave indication signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2.

The controller unit 500 communicates with the high voltage output system via the isolation unit 600 to control S200 the switching operation. The isolation unit 600 is connected to the controller unit 500 and the high voltage output system, so that the controller unit 500 sends a synchronous pulse signal to the high voltage output system through the isolation unit 600, and the high voltage output system sends a pulse output indication signal to the controller unit 500 through the isolation unit 600. Since the controller unit 500 and the high voltage output system communicate through the isolation unit 600, system safety is improved.

In yet another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of an electrocardiographically synchronized output device for irreversible electroporation ablation is provided. FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a method of a synchronized cardiac electrical output device for irreversible electroporation ablation in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 5, the method includes the following steps.

S100, acquiring the R wave indication signal S1 and an analog-to-digital conversion signal S2;

s200, determining whether the R wave indication signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 are valid;

and S300, if the R wave indicating signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 are both effective, determining that the time delay between the R wave indicating signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 is less than a first preset time length, and if the time delay is less than the first preset time length, judging that the current R wave is effective and outputting a synchronous pulse signal.

Further, the method further comprises: s400, judging that the current R wave is invalid under the following conditions:

any one of the R-wave indicating signal S1 and the analog-to-digital converted signal S2 is inactive; or

The R-wave indication signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 are both valid, but the delay between the R-wave indication signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 is greater than or equal to a first predetermined time period.

Wherein the first preset time is 5-10 ms.

In the step S200, the determining whether the R-wave indication signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 are valid comprises: determining whether the R-wave indication signal S1 is present and whether the analog-to-digital converted signal S2 is present

In step S300, the outputting the synchronization pulse signal includes:

s301, sending a synchronous pulse signal to a high-voltage output system;

s302, receiving the pulse indication signal, and controlling the discharge switch unit to be closed so as to suspend the acquisition of the electrocardiosignals;

and S303, after a second preset time, disconnecting the discharge switch unit to recover the acquisition of the electrocardiosignals.

Wherein the second preset time is 50-100 ms.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a method for synchronized cardiac electrical output for irreversible electroporation ablation, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 6, the controller unit detects a hardware R-wave indication signal S1, and at the same time, the controller continuously receives an analog-to-digital conversion signal S2, when both S1 and S2 are valid, it is determined whether the delay between S1 and S2 is less than or equal to 5ms, if yes, the R-wave is considered to be valid, and the controller unit outputs a synchronization pulse signal to the high-voltage output system through the isolation unit for synchronous discharge. After receiving the synchronous pulse signal, the high-voltage output system feeds back a pulse output indicating signal to the controller unit.

In this embodiment, if it is determined whether the R-wave indicating signal S1 is a high level signal and the peak value of the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 satisfies the predetermined condition, it is determined that both the R-wave indicating signal S1 and the analog-to-digital conversion signal S2 are valid. When S1 and S2 are not all valid or the delay between S1 and S2 is greater than 5ms, the R-wave is considered invalid and the controller unit does not output the synchronization pulse signal.

When the controller unit receives a pulse output indicating signal sent by the high-voltage output system, the S200 switch is closed, the electrocardiosignal acquisition is suspended, after the delay time is 100ms, the S200 switch is opened to resume the electrocardiosignal acquisition, and the interference of the high-voltage pulse on the electrocardiosignal acquisition is avoided through the process.

For the purpose of brief description, any technical features of the first embodiment that can be applied to the same are described herein, and the same description is not repeated.

According to the method, the front-end electrocardiosignals are specially processed, and a controllable discharge switch unit is added, so that the output error of synchronous pulse signals caused by high-voltage pulses is avoided; meanwhile, the reliability of R wave detection is improved by combining two R wave detection methods of hardware and software for mutual verification.

So far, the embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is to be noted that, in the attached drawings or in the description, the implementation modes not shown or described are all the modes known by the ordinary skilled person in the field of technology, and are not described in detail. Further, the above definitions of the various elements and methods are not limited to the various specific structures, shapes or arrangements of parts mentioned in the examples, which may be easily modified or substituted by those of ordinary skill in the art.

Unless otherwise indicated, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present disclosure. In particular, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about". Generally, the expression is meant to encompass variations of ± 10% in some embodiments, 5% in some embodiments, 1% in some embodiments, 0.5% in some embodiments by the specified amount.

Furthermore, the word "comprising" does not exclude the presence of elements or steps not listed in a claim. The word "a" or "an" preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements.

The use of ordinal numbers such as "first," "second," "third," etc., in the specification and claims to modify a corresponding element does not by itself connote any ordinal number of the element or any ordering of one element from another or the order of manufacture, and the use of the ordinal numbers is only used to distinguish one element having a certain name from another element having a same name.

In addition, unless steps are specifically described or must occur in sequence, the order of the steps is not limited to that listed above and may be changed or rearranged as desired by the desired design. The embodiments described above may be mixed and matched with each other or with other embodiments based on design and reliability considerations, i.e., technical features in different embodiments may be freely combined to form further embodiments.

The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer, virtual machine, or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems may also be used with the teachings herein. The required structure for constructing such a system will be apparent from the description above. Moreover, this disclosure is not directed to any particular programming language. It is appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the present disclosure as described herein, and any descriptions above of specific languages are provided for disclosure of enablement and best mode of the present disclosure.

The disclosure may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements, and by means of a suitably programmed computer. Various component embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented in hardware, or in software modules running on one or more processors, or in a combination thereof. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP) may be used in practice to implement some or all of the functionality of some or all of the components in the relevant apparatus according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The present disclosure may also be embodied as apparatus or device programs (e.g., computer programs and computer program products) for performing a portion or all of the methods described herein. Such programs implementing the present disclosure may be stored on a computer-readable medium or may be in the form of one or more signals. Such a signal may be downloaded from an internet website or provided on a carrier signal or in any other form.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the modules in the device in an embodiment may be adaptively changed and disposed in one or more devices different from the embodiment. The modules or units or components of the embodiments may be combined into one module or unit or component, and furthermore they may be divided into a plurality of sub-modules or sub-units or sub-components. All of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and all of the processes or elements of any method or apparatus so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or processes or elements are mutually exclusive. Each feature disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings) may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Also in the unit claims enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware.

Similarly, it should be appreciated that in the foregoing description of exemplary embodiments of the disclosure, various features of the disclosure are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure and aiding in the understanding of one or more of the various disclosed aspects. However, the disclosed method should not be interpreted as reflecting an intention that: that is, the claimed disclosure requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, disclosed aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims following the detailed description are hereby expressly incorporated into this detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of this disclosure.

The above-mentioned embodiments are intended to illustrate the objects, aspects and advantages of the present disclosure in further detail, and it should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are only illustrative of the present disclosure and are not intended to limit the present disclosure, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present disclosure should be included in the scope of the present disclosure.