阅读说明：本技术 一种提高大珠母贝幼苗海区养殖成活率的方法 (Method for improving sea area culture survival rate of pinctada maxima seedlings ) 是由 梁飞龙 邓岳文 杨创业 李俊辉 于 2020-06-16 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种提高大珠母贝幼苗海区养殖成活率的方法,属于水产养殖技术领域。该方法包括养殖浮排制作、养殖网笼制作、大珠母贝养殖管理；在合适的海区设置养殖浮排,制作养殖网笼,养殖网笼由锥形笼和网袋组成,锥形笼装网袋,网袋装大珠母贝,四个养殖网笼串连在一起,在第四个网笼底部悬挂石块或者砂包防止或者减少养殖网笼的晃动,在吊养大珠母贝浮排上方覆盖木板或者遮阳布进行遮光；该方法采用遮光和在养殖网笼底部悬挂重物的方式进行大珠母贝养殖,为大珠母贝提供了一个弱光和稳定的生活环境,养殖成活率高、生长速度快；该方法适用于大珠母贝海区人工养殖,容易在生产单位和养殖户中推广,社会效益、经济效益和生态效益显著。(The invention discloses a method for improving the sea area culture survival rate of pinctada maxima seedlings, and belongs to the technical field of aquaculture. The method comprises the steps of floating raft cultivation manufacturing, net cage cultivation manufacturing and pinctada maxima cultivation management; arranging floating raft in a proper sea area, manufacturing a cultivation net cage, wherein the cultivation net cage consists of a conical cage and a net bag, the conical cage is filled with the net bag, the net bag is filled with big nacre, the four cultivation net cages are connected in series, stones or sand bags are hung at the bottom of the fourth net cage to prevent or reduce the shaking of the cultivation net cage, and a wood board or sunshade cloth is covered above the floating raft of the hanging big nacre for shading; the method adopts shading and hanging heavy objects at the bottom of the cultivation net cage to cultivate the pinctada maxima, provides a weak light and stable living environment for the pinctada maxima, and has high cultivation survival rate and high growth speed; the method is suitable for artificial culture of pinctada maxima in sea areas, is easy to popularize in production units and farmers, and has remarkable social, economic and ecological benefits.)

1. A method for improving the sea area culture survival rate of pinctada maxima seedlings is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:

(1) manufacturing the cultivation floating raft: arranging a large nacre breeding raft in a sea area suitable for breeding nacres;

(2) manufacturing a cultivation net cage: the common conical cages and mesh bags for pearl shell cultivation are utilized to manufacture cultivation mesh cages, one conical cage is filled with one mesh bag to form a cultivation mesh cage, the mesh bag is filled with large pearl shells, and the mesh bag is internally provided with a square frame made of iron wires to open the mesh bag so as to keep a space; the four cultivation net cages are connected in series, the distance between the first cultivation net cage and the water surface is 3m, the distance between the second cultivation net cage and the first cultivation net cage is 30-40cm, the distance between the third cultivation net cage and the second cultivation net cage is 30-40cm, and the distance between the fourth cultivation net cage and the third cultivation net cage is 30-40 cm; a heavy object is hung below the fourth cultivation net cage to prevent or reduce the shaking of the cultivation net cage;

(3) hanging and culturing pinctada maxima: filling pinctada maxima into the mesh bags manufactured in the step (2) to bind the bag openings, connecting the four cultivation mesh cages together in series, and hanging and cultivating the pinctada maxima on the transverse roots of the floating raft; covering a wood plate or a sunshade net on the cultivation floating raft for shading;

(4) and (3) culturing and managing the pinctada maxima: and (4) carrying out the cultivation management of the nacre according to the conventional method for cultivating the nacre.

2. The method for improving the sea area culture survival rate of the pinctada maxima seedlings according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the sea area suitable for the cultivation of the pearl oyster in the step (1) has the water depth of 7-12m, the seawater temperature of 18-31 ℃, the transparency of 3-5m, the pH value of 8.0-8.4 and the relative density of 1.018-1.026g/cm³。

3. The method for improving the sea area culture survival rate of the pinctada maxima seedlings according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the floating raft for cultivation in the step (1) is formed by bundling moso bamboo or casuarina equisetifolia wood strips.

4. The method for improving the sea area culture survival rate of the pinctada maxima seedlings according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and (2) selecting moso bamboo or casuarina equisetifolia wood strips with the diameter of 10-14cm and the length of 10-12m as floating rows according to the longitudinal 9 pieces and the transverse 9 pieces, binding the moso bamboo or casuarina equisetifolia wood strips into the floating rows, wherein the distance between the moso bamboo or casuarina equisetifolia wood strips is 1.2m, using 6 floats for each floating row, and fixing four corners of the floating rows by iron anchors.

5. The method for improving the sea area culture survival rate of the pinctada maxima seedlings according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the conical cage in the step (2) has the bottom diameter of 400mm, the height of 250mm and the mesh of 30 mm; the specification of the mesh bag is 350mm multiplied by 150mm, and the weight hung below the fourth cage is 2.5 to 3.5Kg of stone or sand bag.

6. The method for improving the sea area culture survival rate of the pinctada maxima seedlings according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the big nacre in the step (3) is young shellfish, young shellfish and small shellfish, the height of the young shell is 2-5mm, the height of the young shell is 5-30mm, and the height of the small shell is 30-100 mm; the distance between the lifting ropes is 50 cm; the sea area culture survival rate of the large nacre seedlings is the survival rate from the culture of the seedlings out of the pond to the culture of the shells 60mm high.

7. The method for improving the sea area culture survival rate of the pinctada maxima seedlings according to claim 3, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and (4) covering the wood boards on the floating mat in the step (3) to form the casuarina equisetifolia wood boards with the thickness of 12-15 mm.

8. The method for improving the sea area culture survival rate of the pinctada maxima seedlings according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the sunshade net in the step (3) is a black sunshade net with the shading rate of more than 80 percent.

Technical Field

The invention relates to a method for improving the sea area culture survival rate of pinctada maxima seedlings, in particular to a method for improving the sea area culture survival rate of pinctada maxima seedlings, pinctada maxima and pinctada minima, belongs to the technical field of aquaculture, and is suitable for pinctada maxima culture.

Background

Pinctada maxima Jameson, foreign custom-known as golden lip shellfish and Silver lip shellfish, inhabit tropical and subtropical waters, and are mainly distributed in Australia, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Burma, and other countries, as well as the North and Asian coastal areas, Guangxi 28064, the coastal island peripheral sea area, the southern sea area, and the Western Shajima of southwest China. The nacre is an ideal pearl shellfish for cultivating high-quality south ocean pearl, and the produced south ocean pearl accounts for 46 percent of the production value of the whole sea water cultured pearl and is dominant in pearl production enterprises. The artificial breeding of the pinctada maxima in China is successful in 1970, and the free pearl cultivation is successful in 1981. However, the large nacre breeding development in China is slow in more than 40 years, and the main reason is that the survival rate of the young seedlings in the sea area during the breeding period is low, so that the artificial breeding and proliferation and releasing of the large nacre are seriously influenced. The big nacre seedlings die greatly when the shells are 20-40mm high in the sea for 2-5 months, and the stage of how to break the shells by 50mm during the cultivation of the young nacre becomes a worldwide problem (ginger, pine and the like, 2016). Researches show that the large nacre seedlings can not die basically when growing to the height of the shell of more than 50mm in normal sea area culture, so that the improvement of the culture survival rate of the large nacre seedlings to the height of 50mm in the sea area is a key technology for the industrial culture of the large nacre.

In order to break through the technical bottleneck of low survival rate of pinctada maxima seedling in sea area culture, Chinese researchers have conducted a great deal of research on pinctada maxima culture technology, and the research mainly comprises the following steps: the method has the advantages that the breeding cage and the breeding water depth have influence on the growth and survival of the big nacre. The large nacre seedlings with the average shell height of 3.89mm are suitable for deepwater culture, and the culture density is 1500-; the large pinctada martensii spats with the shell height of 2mm are suitable for being cultured with the water depth of 4-5m (Bopfeifei et al, 2012); the large nacre fries are suitable for being cultivated in water with the depth of 6-9m, and the cultivation cage is a cylindrical cage (Xishao river, etc., 2013); and the breeding mode has influence on the growth and survival of the pinctada martensii. The growth speed of the middle cultivation of the big nacre seedling in the water pool is high, and the survival rate is high (Liu Jian, etc., 2009). However, the large-scale culture of the pearl oyster seedling pond needs a large amount of supplied bait organisms, and the large-scale culture of the bait organisms needs professional facilities and technicians, so that the requirements of the common pearl culture farm are difficult to meet. Secondly, the pearl oyster can grow badly with poor vitality in long-time pond culture. Environmental factors such as water temperature, specific gravity, flow rate, bait biological abundance and the like in the culture sea area influence the growth and survival of the pinctada maxima, and the survival rate and the growth speed of the pinctada maxima culture can be improved by creating environmental conditions similar to the natural growth of the pinctada maxima.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention provides a method capable of improving the survival rate of the large nacre seedlings, the young nacres and the small nacres in the sea area, aiming at the problem that the survival rate is extremely low when the large nacre seedlings are cultured to the small nacres with the shell height of 50mm, has obvious economic, social and ecological benefits, and can be used for large nacre sea area culture.

In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:

a method for improving the sea area culture survival rate of pinctada maxima seedlings comprises the following basic steps:

(1) manufacturing the cultivation floating raft: arranging a large nacre breeding raft in a sea area suitable for breeding nacres; selecting moso bamboo or casuarina equisetifolia wood strips with the diameter of 10-14cm and the length of 10-12m, binding the longitudinal 9 and the transverse 9 into floating rows, wherein the distance between the moso bamboo or casuarina equisetifolia wood strips is 1.2m, using 6 floats for each floating row, moving the bound floating rows to a sea area suitable for pearl oyster cultivation, and fixing four corners of the floating rows by iron anchors;

(2) manufacturing a cultivation net cage: the common conical cages and mesh bags for pearl shell cultivation are utilized to manufacture cultivation mesh cages, one conical cage is filled with one mesh bag to form a cultivation mesh cage, the mesh bag is filled with large pearl shells, and the mesh bag is internally provided with a square frame made of iron wires to open the mesh bag so as to keep a space; the four cultivation net cages are connected in series, the distance between the first cultivation net cage and the water surface is 3m, the distance between the second cultivation net cage and the first cultivation net cage is 30-40cm, the distance between the third cultivation net cage and the second cultivation net cage is 30-40cm, and the distance between the fourth cultivation net cage and the third cultivation net cage is 30-40 cm; hanging a stone or sand bag with the weight of 2.5-3.5Kg below the fourth cultivation net cage to prevent or reduce the shaking of the cultivation net cage;

(3) hanging and culturing pinctada maxima: filling pinctada maxima into the mesh bags manufactured in the step (2) to bind the bag openings, connecting the four cultivation mesh cages together in series, and hanging and cultivating the pinctada maxima on the transverse roots of the floating raft at the distance of 50 cm; covering a horsetail wood board with the thickness of 12-15mm or a black shading net with the shading rate of more than 80% on the floating raft, wherein the wood board is selected as the first choice, so that workers can walk on the floating raft conveniently and can clean shellfish, change cages and the like;

(4) and (3) culturing and managing the pinctada maxima: the height of the shell of the pinctada maxima seedling is 2-5mm, the mesh of the culture mesh bag is 1-2mm, the culture density is 300-500 pieces/bag, the cage is cleaned for 1 time every 2-3 days, and the cage is separated for 1 time every 10-15 days; changing 2.5-20mm mesh net bags for the young shells with the height of 5-30mm, culturing at the density of 300 bags, cleaning the cages 1 time every 3-4 days, and separating the cages 1 time every 15-20 days; changing 20-30mm mesh net bags for the small shells with the height of 30-50mm, culturing at the density of 100-; changing 25-30mm mesh net bags for the small shells with the height of 50-80mm, cleaning the cages 1 time every 7-10 days and dividing the cages 1 time every 30-40 days at a cultivation density of 30-50/bag; and (3) transferring the shell of the mother-of-pearl to a conical cage when the shell of the mother-of-pearl is more than 80mm, and culturing according to a conventional method of the pearl oyster.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:

(1) at present, the large nacre breeding is to load artificially cultured seedlings with the shell height of 2-5mm into a net cage (bag) and hang the seedlings on a floating raft or an extension rope for breeding, the shape of the net cage (bag) is circular, square, conical or cylindrical, and 3000 shellfish seedlings are loaded in each cage (bag). According to the determination, the average weight of the large nacre seedlings with the average shell height of 3.89mm is 0.0143g, the average weight of 2000 seedlings is 28.6g, and the weight of 3000 seedlings is 42.9 g; the average weight of the shell is 5.1g when the shell is 37mm high, and the weight of each cage packed with 100 spat is only 500 g. Therefore, the net cage (bag) made of one bag of spat and polyethylene net cloth is low in mass, large in shaking caused by sea wave impact during sea area cultivation, not beneficial to spat growing in a pond, and especially not beneficial to spat which is divided into cages to cut off byssus to quickly secrete byssus for attachment. However, young and young nacre seedlings, which do not attach for a long time, will not feed normally, grow and survive, eventually leading to massive death.

(2) The large nacre seedlings live on rocks by means of foot silks in the stage from small nacre seedlings to large nacre, the foot silks fall off after the large nacre seedlings grow into large nacre, the large nacre seedlings naturally grow on a flat sandstone seabed with coral reef distribution from a low tide line to a water depth of 100 meters or deeper, the large nacre is suitable for growing on a deeper water layer, the illumination intensity of the deeper water layer is relatively weak, and the storm is relatively small.

(3) The method uses the most common conical cages and mesh bags for culturing the pearl oyster to culture the large pearl oyster in the sea area, the materials are convenient to obtain, the four cages of the culturing mesh cage are connected in series, and then stones or sand bags are hung at the bottom of the culturing mesh cage to increase the weight, so that the shaking caused by the impact of water flow on the mesh cage in the culturing process is prevented or reduced, and the method is suitable for the characteristic that the wind wave ratio of a growing water layer of the large pearl oyster is small; and secondly, the method improves the conventional method for hanging and cultivating one shell cage by one lifting rope to four shell cages, thereby improving the utilization rate of the floating raft. Thirdly, the four cages are connected in series to facilitate operation, the operation is difficult due to excessive series net cages, the series net cages are few, and the floating raft utilization rate is low. According to the invention, the cultivation floating raft is covered with the wood plate or the sunshade net, the shell seedlings are hung and cultivated in the shallow water layer with the depth of 3-5m, the water layer with the depth of 3-5m is rich in bait organisms, and therefore, the shading shallow hanging provides a low-light environment for the growth of the pinctada maxima and simultaneously provides sufficient bait for the growth of the pinctada maxima. Therefore, the growth speed of the pinctada maxima is high, and the survival rate is high.

Detailed Description

The present invention is further illustrated in detail by the following examples, which are provided only for illustrating the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.