阅读说明：本技术 测量有效裂缝半长并量化石油储层中裂缝中及裂缝周围的通量分布 (Measuring effective fracture half-length and quantifying flux distribution in and around fractures in petroleum reservoirs ) 是由 费萨尔·M·阿勒塔瓦德 马哈茂德·贾迈勒艾哈迈迪 于 2018-10-30 设计创作，主要内容包括：确定了地下储层含烃地层中沿裂缝平面的通量分布,并且还确定了裂缝的有效半长。以前,沿这种裂缝平面的通量分布被认为是均匀的,这就是所谓的无限导流能力裂缝。在沿裂缝到井筒的某一距离处计算裂缝半长,其中压力变化(跨越裂缝平面)接近零。根据本发明获得的结果用于储层生产计划和管理。(Flux distributions along fracture planes in a hydrocarbon-bearing formation of a subterranean reservoir are determined, and effective half-lengths of fractures are also determined. Previously, flux distribution along such fracture planes was considered uniform, which is the so-called infinite conductivity fracture. The fracture half-length is calculated at a certain distance along the fracture to the wellbore, where the pressure variation (across the fracture plane) is close to zero. The results obtained according to the invention are used for reservoir production planning and management.)

1. A method of determining a quantitative flux distribution from a formation in a petroleum reservoir along a fracture plane intersecting a wellbore in the formation and an effective half-length of the fracture plane, comprising the steps of:

(a) performing a pressure transient test of the formation to obtain pressure transient test data;

(b) determining, by a computer process, a well pressure and a well pressure derivative of the formation from the pressure transient test data;

(c) determining, by a computer process, formation fracture parameters based on the well pressure and well pressure derivatives of the formation;

(d) determining, by a computer process, the flux distribution of the formation along the fracture based on the determined formation fracture parameters;

(e) determining, by a computer process, an effective fracture half-length of the fracture based on the determined formation fracture parameters;

(f) determining, by computer processing, a quantitative flux along a fracture plane intersecting the wellbore;

(g) storing the determined flux and flux distribution of the formation along the fracture, the quantitative flux from the fracture, and the determined effective fracture half-length of the fracture in computer memory;

(h) mapping, by a computer process, the determined flux distribution along the fracture plane and the determined effective fracture half-length of the fracture into a reservoir model.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined flux distribution comprises flux of the formation in a horizontal plane at a wellbore adjacent to the fracture plane.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined flux distribution comprises flux of the formation in one of two horizontal planes at a wellbore adjacent to the fracture plane.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined flux distribution comprises flux of the formation in each of two horizontal planes at the wellbore adjacent to the fracture plane.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined flux distribution comprises flux in a plane selected from the group consisting of: a horizontal plane of the formation at the wellbore adjacent to the fracture plane; one of two horizontal planes of the formation at the wellbore adjacent to the fracture plane; and each of two horizontal planes of the formation at the wellbore adjacent to the fracture plane.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of determining a wellbore pressure in the wellbore at a fracture plane intersecting a wellbore in the formation.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to modeling the structure of subterranean reservoirs, and more particularly, to measuring effective fracture half-length and quantifying flux distribution in and around fractures in petroleum reservoirs.

Background

In reservoir engineering, accurate modeling of subsurface reservoirs and formations, and numerical simulation of fluid flow-related processes by computer processing, are widely used for accurate hydrocarbon reservoir management and development planning. Both direct and indirect methods are used to assess the properties of hydrocarbon fluids containing rock.

Direct methods use direct measurement tools, such as logging tools. However, the ability of such tools to acquire data from the tool as a function of depth into the reservoir is limited to shallow depths, typically on the order of a few inches. For indirect measurements, pressure changes due to changes in well speed are recorded using a tool such as a manometer. I.e. indirectly measuring the flow in relation to the well and recording the pressure change over time. The obtained pressure data is then processed in a number of different ways to describe the reservoir and model the fluid flow process.

Reservoir modeling is largely an art and has its advantages and limitations. There are two main reservoir modeling approaches, namely: numerical values and analyses. Numerical modeling is flexible, but due to computer processing instability, it is difficult to accurately solve a plurality of multivariate nonlinear differential equations expressing physical relationships of reservoir rock and fluid phenomena and properties. Furthermore, as reservoirs of interest are very large and the need for precision is growing, the numerical model of the reservoir is organized into a large number of individual cells. For a typical reservoir, the number of cells may range from tens of millions to hundreds of millions. Instability and grid effects in the modeling often make numerical modeling unsuitable for solving more general/complex cases.

In contrast, pressure type curve based analysis methods are accurate, precise and stable solutions and provide a platform to address more general/complex situations. The use of semi-analytical solutions for homogeneous reservoir fractures is in line with current industry requirements, and natural fault geology and production activities for unconventional reservoirs are also increasing. Therefore, modeling of such flow curves becomes increasingly important. However, as is currently known, it is not currently possible to measure and quantify flux distribution in and around fractures in petroleum reservoirs. Numerical simulations of flow in such complex geometries are therefore currently available techniques, although in many cases such techniques are considered cumbersome and impractical.

Disclosure of Invention

Briefly, the present invention provides a new and improved method of determining quantitative flux distribution and effective half-length of fracture planes from a formation in a petroleum reservoir along fracture planes intersecting a wellbore in the formation. A pressure transient test of the formation is performed to obtain a pressure transient test measurement. The well pressure and well pressure derivatives of the formation are determined from the pressure transient test measurements by a computer process. Formation fracture parameters are determined by a computer process based on the well pressure and well pressure derivatives of the formation. Based on the determined formation fracture parameters, a flux distribution of the formation along the fracture is determined by a computer process. Based on the determined formation fracture parameters, an effective fracture half-length of the fracture is determined by a computer process. Quantification of flux along a fracture plane intersecting the wellbore is determined by a computer process. The determined flux and flux distribution of the formation along the fracture, the quantitative flux from the fracture, and the determined effective fracture half-length of the fracture are stored in a computer memory. The determined flux distribution along the fracture plane and the determined effective fracture half-length of the fracture are then mapped into a reservoir model by a computer process.

Drawings

FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of a horizontal cross-sectional view of a producing fracture well in a reservoir in the subsurface.

FIG. 1A is another schematic illustration of a horizontal cross-section of the well of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing three dimensions of the producing fracture well of FIG. 1A in isometric view.

FIG. 3 is a graph of pressure derivatives over time for a number of different fracture conductivity of a well intersecting a fracture.

FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of a flow chart of data processing steps for modeling to determine an effective fracture half-length and quantify flux distribution in and around fractures in a petroleum reservoir in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a data processing system for modeling to measure effective fracture half-length and quantify flux distribution in and around fractures in a petroleum reservoir in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a graph of linear matrix flux distribution along a fracture in a single plane as a function of fracture half-length for a model obtained using synthetic data and in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a graph of diagonal matrix flux distribution along a fracture in two planes as a function of fracture half-length for a model obtained using synthetic data and in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a graph of diagonal and linear matrix flux distribution along a fracture in two planes as a function of fracture half-length for a model obtained using synthetic data and in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a graph of flux accumulation as a function of time for different matrix permeabilities for a model obtained using synthetic data and in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a graph of flux accumulation as a function of time for different fracture conductivity for a model obtained according to the present invention using synthetic data.

FIG. 11 is a plot of fracture pressure at the fracture as a function of fracture half-length and fracture half-length estimates for different fracture conductivity for a model obtained in accordance with the present invention using synthetic data.

FIG. 12 is a plot of fracture flux at the fracture as a function of fracture half-length and fracture half-length estimates for different fracture conductivity for a model obtained in accordance with the present invention using synthetic data.

FIG. 13 is a plot of flux distribution at a fracture as a function of fracture half-length for different fracture conductivity for models obtained using synthetic data and in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a graph of pressure distribution at a fracture as a function of fracture half-length and fracture half-length estimates for different matrix conductivity for a model obtained using synthetic data and in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a graph of flux distribution at a fracture as a function of fracture half-length for different matrix conductivity for models obtained using synthetic data and in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 16 is a graph of flux distribution at a fracture as a function of fracture half-length and fracture half-length estimates for a composite reservoir model obtained in accordance with the present invention using synthetic data.

FIG. 17 is a graph of flux distribution at a fracture as a function of fracture half-length and fracture half-length estimates for a composite reservoir model obtained in accordance with the present invention using synthetic data.

FIG. 18 is a graph of flux distribution at a fracture as a function of fracture half-length for different well velocities obtained using synthetic data and in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 19 is a graph of flux distribution at a fracture as a function of fracture half-length and fracture half-length estimates for different well speeds obtained using synthetic data and in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 20 is a plot of dimensionless fracture pressure as a function of fracture half-length and fracture half-length estimates obtained using synthetic data and in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 21 is a graph illustrating pressure and pressure derivative matching associated with synthetic data used in a model according to the present invention.

FIG. 22 is a graph of fracture pressure at the fracture as a function of fracture half-length and fracture half-length estimates obtained using synthetic data and in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 23 is a graph illustrating pressure and pressure derivative matching associated with actual field data used in a model according to the present invention.

Detailed Description

In the drawings, FIGS. 1A and 2 show three dimensions, in horizontal cross-section and isometric views, respectively, a hydrocarbon producing fracture well 10 in a wellbore 12 has been drilled into and through the subsurface. As shown, in a hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir formation R of interest, a well 10 and a wellbore 12 are formed as a fracture or fracture matrix 14 between a reservoir formation rock (designated as zone 1) and another reservoir rock portion (designated as zone 2). An exemplary subsurface hydrocarbon producing reservoir has a complex flow geometry. The production well 10 is located in a fracture or fracture matrix 14 in the formation R. The fracture 14 is an integral part of the complex flow geometry. As shown at 16, the slits 14 have a slit width w_f。

Flux distribution along infinite conductivity fracture plane

In the case of fracture planes considered to be infinite conductivity, production pressure has previously been considered uniform across the fracture plane. Due to the flow to the well 10, the production pressure is considered to remain constant and equal to the initial pressure as the distance to the well 10 in the reservoir becomes much greater within its range than the pressure-disturbed drainage area 15 (fig. 1B). The drainage area is circular in horizontal cross-section with a drainage radius 17 as shown in fig. 1B. As used in connection with the present invention and as shown in fig. 1B, the infinite conductivity fracture plane is the plane of the drainage area 15 in which the fracture 14 extends beyond the pressure disturbances created during flow of the well 10. Thus, the fracture plane 14 is longer than the perturbation of the initial reservoir pressure of the drainage zone 15. Thus, the fracture length/plane 14 extends beyond the disturbed/affected zone 15, and thus the fracture length/plane 14 is relatively unbounded or infinite under reservoir pressure. The use of this term has been recognized and agreed in the art by communities of reservoir and well testing engineers.

These types of fracture planes are therefore referred to as infinite fracture planes because the pressure is considered uniform across the plane regardless of the distance to the well. Thus, in the past it has been assumed that fluid enters a fracture such as 16 at a uniform flow rate per unit of fracture face area. Furthermore, due to the high conductivity of the fracture faces, it was thought that negligible pressure drop along the fracture resulted in a slight pressure gradient, resulting in an evenly distributed flux.

To date, previous fracture flux determination and modeling techniques have been based on the assumption that fractures have equal flux distributions along a finite length. No effort was made to determine the flow distribution along the actual length of the fracture. Furthermore, to date, no effort has been made to quantify the flux distribution along such cracks, whether in determining or estimating flux.

Flux distribution of limited conductivity along infinitely long fractures

Diagonal flux distribution on both sides of the crack in the x-y plane

To overcome the above difficulties, the present invention provides a computer-implemented method of measuring effective fracture half-length and quantifying flux distribution in and around fractures in a petroleum reservoir to model such features in the reservoir. The present invention provides an improvement over prior art processes for characterizing and modeling subterranean hydrocarbon reservoirs where there are complex flow geometries with fractures in order to evaluate and plan reservoir development. The present invention also potentially enables improved computer functionality in reservoir simulation by reducing the loss of processing time due to instability in simulator processing of reservoir models.

In accordance with the present invention, the flux distribution as a function of distance from the wellbore (e.g., 12) is considered to be non-uniform along the fracture (e.g., 14). Fig. 1 and 2 include a collection of arrows 16 of various lengths at different distances from the wellbore 12. The change in length of the arrow 16 indicates a decreasing flux profile with distance along the x-coordinate axis 18 from the well 10 along the fracture 14 outward toward an outward region 20 (referred to as the fracture end).

2. Term(s) for

Listed below are the terms of the analytical solution and the main operating equations which are processed by the computer according to the invention for forming the so-called model by calculating the pressure and the pressure derivatives. In this model, the well production is constant q STB/d, while the pressure and pressure derivatives and cross-flow rates of the three zones of the fracture 14 of the well 10 are determined.

a is the distance to the origin, ft

Beta-formation volume fraction, RB/STB

Wellbore storage, bbls/psi

cf ═ formation compressibility, psi^-1

ct is total compression ratio, psi^-1

dF is the distance to the fault, ft

d is a differential mathematical subscript

F_CDfDimensionless fracture conductivity

F_Cf(iii) fracture conductivity in dimension, md-ft

F_CDFDimensionless fault diversion capability

F_CFFault diversion capability in dimension md-ft

h is the formation thickness, ft

k-matrix permeability md

k_fPermeability to cracks, md

k_FFault permeability, md

k_dDimensionless permeability of the matrix, md

k_dfDimensionless crack permeability, md

k_f·w_f(crack conductivity, md-ft)

k_rPermeability of reference, md

k_nReservoir Permeability ═ n, md

P_iInitial formation pressure, psi

P₁Area 1 pressure, psi

P2 for zone 2 pressure, psi

P_fCrack pressure, psi

P_wfFlow BHP, psi

P_dPressure without dimension

P_d1Dimensionless zone 1 pressure

P_d2Dimensionless zone 2 pressure

P_dfDimensionless fracture pressure

P_dwfDimensionless well flow pressure

Pressure in the Laplace domain

Pressure in the Fourier domain

Surface flow, STB/D

q_DDimensionless flow

Dimensionless flow velocity in the Laplace domain

r_wWellbore radius, ft

r is the distance to the center of the wellbore, ft

s-laplace parameter

t_DDimensionless time

t_DfDimensionless time of crack

w_fWidth of crack ft

x_fHalf crack length, ft

x_feEffective crack half length, ft

x_DDimensionless x-coordinate

y_DDimensionless y coordinate

Δ p-pressure change from the start of transient testing, psi

Δ t ═ time elapsed since the start of the self-test, hour

Eta 0.0002637 k/. mu.ct, hydraulic diffusion coefficient, ft 2/hr

η_DFHydraulic force of faultDiffusion coefficient, dimensionless

η_DfDimensionless of hydraulic fracture propagation coefficient

η_DDimensionless as a coefficient of hydraulic diffusion of the substrate

μ ═ viscosity, cp

Δ ═ porosity, fraction

P-fourier parameter

Subscript

C is flow conductivity

D is dimensionless

e is effective

F ═ fault

f is a crack

i-init

i is imaginary/complex

inv-investigation

r is a reference

t is total

w ═ wellbore

x is x coordinate

y-coordinate

3. Physical phenomena involved

The present invention provides a method described in detail below. For theoretically infinite length fractures, the invention solves the problem of determining the half-length (x) of an uneven effective fracture_fe) The complexity of (a). According to the invention, the flux distribution in physically practically limited conductivity fractures in the reservoir is taken into account. The flux distribution across the fracture plane is not uniform because of the fracture pressure (p) along the fracture 14_f) Is relatively small near the well 10 and becomes larger toward the end 20 of the fracture 14. This therefore results in an uneven flux distribution.

The same features of non-uniform flux distribution are also valid for highly propped fracture and damaged fracture face cases. The flux distribution is a function of fracture conductivity and therefore fracture pressure. Fracture conductivity (F)_CD) The lower the pressure drop across the fracture face between the reservoir rock matrix and the fracture.

For the purposes of the present invention, assume a fracture half-length (x)_f) Is infinite. However, the effective fracture half length (x) that contributes to flow_fe) Is limited. Therefore, the actual crack half-length cannot be determined directly from a given flux distribution solution. The invention is also based on the assumption that: when the pressure differential across the fracture face is zero (Δ p — 0), no fluid flow occurs. The present invention also determines flux volume and flux levels distributed along the plane of the fracture (as shown at 14). As mentioned above, previous methods are limited to a limited fracture length and are therefore forced to take into account end effects.

The present invention provides a method of measuring or estimating the half-length of a crack formed. According to the invention, this measurement is called: "effective crack half-length (x)_fe)". This measurement is based on the following factors: as shown in fig. 1A and 2, at a distance from the well where the flux from the matrix is almost zero, the effective fracture half-length will be equal to that of a conventional fracture. At this physical location of the fracture, the pressure drop across the fracture-matrix interface continues to decrease as the distance from the well increases. In (x)_f＝x_fe) At, the flux should be close to zero (q)_D0), wherein:

as set forth in applicant's previously mentioned prior co-pending patent application serial No. 14/987,120, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes, formation two-dimensional flow may be represented in a subsurface region where wells, fractures and faults exist according to values of physical parameters in a set of five equations. The two-dimensional flow of the formation is governed by the values of the formation and fluid parameters and the relationships represented by equations (1a) through (1e) of patent application serial No. 14/987,120, which are incorporated herein by reference.

The dimensionless flux and fracture after transformation in laplace space from the solution of limited conductivity fractures can be represented by the following equations (1) and (2):

and

in fourier space, expressed by equation (3):

laplace and fourier transforms are applied to equations (1), (2), and (3) that control such two-dimensional flow in these three regions. The mathematical transformations are each directed to dimensionless times (t) in terms of transformation parameters(s)_D) And a spatial variable (x) in terms of the transformation parameter (p)_D). The equations (and their associated boundary conditions) are solved in laplace space and numerical inversion is performed.

The final equation for wellbore pressure in the Laplace domain is expressed as equation (4) below:

determining flux from data values obtained from pressure transient testing of wells at fractures and from formation rock porosity, permeability, fluid viscosity, formation thickness and fracture width based on equation (4)Values as a function of x and y coordinates.

The determined value may then be comparedAndplotting against x to show the pressure and flux distribution along (x), and determining the first value at which the flux value and/or pressure decay value ≧ 99.9% calculation_fe). This criterion proved to provide a reasonable match to the results of the analysis case, but could beModified as needed.

Hereinbefore, η_DAnd η_DfDimensionless hydraulic diffusivity for matrix, fracture and fault, respectively, defined as follows:

wherein n is 1, 2, 3, f;

F_CDfis formed by

The described dimensionless fracture conductivity;

the reference permeability for this region is: k is a radical of_r＝1.0md，

Is the dimensionless permeability of the matrix.

The dimensionless pressures are:

dimensionless coordinates are written as:

and

dimensionless times are:

linear matrix flux distribution across the slit on the Y-channel

Similarly, by eliminating the matrix (x) according to the parameter (p)_D) The fourier space variable in (e), the flow along the y channel only is:

linear fracture flux distribution inside the fracture on the X channel

Flux along the fracture can be expressed using the following method:

the fracture pressure profile associated with the x channel is:

it returns to laplace space. After substituting equation (2), the expression becomes:

the determined value may then be compared

Andrelative to x_fPlotted to show the pressure and flux distribution along (x), and the first value calculated for flux value and/or pressure decay value ≧ 99.9% is determined_fe)。

6. Model behavior-Observation and discussion

The next section describes the effect of many variables on the flux distribution and the solution for effective fracture half-length in the manner described above. For this study, conditions, parameter ranges and fluid/reservoir properties are as follows:

q 2 pi to 2000 pi (bpd)

k_m1.0 to 10000(md)

h＝100.0(ft)

r_w＝0.25(ft)

μ＝0.7(cp)

c_t＝3.0e^-6(psi^-1)

F_Cf＝1.0e¹to 1.0e⁶(md ft)

FIG. 3 is a graph of a pressure derivative type of well intersecting a limited conductivity fracture between two different zones (e.g., zone 1 and zone 2 shown in FIGS. 1A and 2). In this case, the permeability of the region 1 and the region 2) is the same (1.0 md).

Once a match is obtained between one of the flux profile curves, such as shown in FIG. 3, and the indicated flux observed from the well data, the determined values represented in equations (1) through (4)And

the solution can be solved with high accuracy by the computer processing according to the invention.

7. Processing method

A comprehensive method performed by a computer to measure effective fracture half-length and quantify flux distribution in and around fractures in a petroleum reservoir is schematically illustrated in fig. 4. Fig. 4 shows a flow chart F illustrating the method of the invention for developing type curves of pressure and pressure derivative as a function of time for different fracture and fault conductivity.

Flow chart F (fig. 4) shows the logical structure of the present invention embodied in computer program software. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the flow charts illustrate the structures of computer program code elements including logic circuits on an integrated circuit that function according to this invention. It is apparent that the invention is implemented in its basic embodiment by a machine component that renders program code elements in the form of: instructing a digital processing device (i.e., a computer) to perform a series of data conversion or processing steps corresponding to those shown.

Figure 4 is a flow chart schematically illustrating a preferred sequence of steps for a process for measuring effective fracture half-length and quantifying flux distribution in and around fractures in a petroleum reservoir.

As shown in step 40, processing in accordance with the present invention begins with a conventional pressure transient test to obtain pressure transient test data for processing in accordance with co-pending, commonly owned U.S. patent application serial No. 14/987,120 filed 2016, 1, 14, month, and, "Modeling to characteristics frames networks in heterogeneoous petrolemum resources," which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. A selected time range is then selected from the obtained pressure transient test data to be processed, as shown in step 42. Again according to the above-mentioned co-pending, commonly owned u.s. patent application serial number 14/987,120, the process is performed during step 44 to determine measurements of well pressure and well pressure derivatives as pressure type curves for a set of possible fracture parameters. When a satisfactory match is shown between the determined well pressure measurements and the pressure type curve of the well pressure derivative, a set of fracture parameters based on which a similar pressure type curve is derived from the model is determined during the treatment according to step 44. Fig. 21 and 23 are examples of such matching. The resulting determined set of fracture parameter data is then identified and stored in memory for subsequent processing.

In subsequent processing, during step 46, the fracture parameters determined in step 44 are used to determine the values shown in equations (1) through (4)And

in step 50, q is again in the crack 14 in the manner described above_DEffective half-length x at position 0_feIs also determined.

During step 50, the value to be determinedAnd

and effective half length x_feStored in the memory of the data processing system D for further processing and display and evaluation. Next, in step 52, further processing is performed by constructing a field-scale simulation model of the reservoir using the flux and half-length of fractures in the reservoir. Such cracks in the model now have an effective crack half-length that has been determined according to the invention and a flux distribution that has been quantified. The flux distribution determination is made as shown in step 56

Andthe results of (a) and the measurements of these physical phenomena that have been obtained can then be used to map along a plane of fractures in the reservoir.

Thus, according to the present invention, more accurate reservoir production condition assessment and prediction is provided for exploration and production decisions. Furthermore, the results obtained by the present invention provide improved historical matching of simulation results based on reservoir production to actual measured reservoir production. Thus, the present invention improves reservoir production operations, selection of drilling locations, well completion, and reservoir and production strategies.

8. Data processing system

As shown in FIG. 5, data processing system D includes a computer 100 having a processor 102 and a memory 104 coupled to processor 102 to store operating instructions, control information, and database records in memory 104. Data processing system D may be a multicore processor having nodes such as those from Intel Corporation or Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), a HPC Linux cluster computer, or a mainframe computer of any conventional type of suitable processing capability, such as those available from International Business (IBM) of Armonk, N.Y., or other sources. Data processing system D may also be any conventional type of computer with suitable processing capabilities such as a personal computer, laptop computer, or any other suitable processing device. It will thus be appreciated that many commercially available data processing systems and computer types may be used for this purpose.

However, the processor 102 is typically in the form of a personal computer having a user interface 106 and an output display 108 for displaying output data or processing records performed in accordance with the present invention. The output display 108 includes components such as a printer and an output display screen capable of providing printed output information or visual display in the form of graphics, data sheets, graphic images, data diagrams, etc. as output records or images.

The user interface 106 of the computer 100 also includes a suitable user input device or input/output control unit 110 to provide a user with access to control or access information and database records and to operate the computer 100.

Data processing system D also includes a database 114 stored in memory, which may be internal memory 114, or external network or non-network memory as shown at 116 in an associated database server 118. The database 114 also contains various data, including time and pressure data obtained during pressure transient testing of the analyzed layer; and the rock, fluid and geometric properties of the formation R and the well 10; and other formation properties; a physical constant; a parameter; the data measurements determined above with respect to fig. 1, 2 and 3 and the glossary.

Data processing system D includes program code 120 stored in a data storage device, such as memory 104 of computer 100. In accordance with the present invention, program code 120 is in the form of computer operable instructions that cause data processor 102 to perform a method of measuring effective fracture half-length and quantifying flux distribution in and around fractures in a petroleum reservoir as shown in fig. 3 and 4.

It should be noted that program code 120 may be in the form of microcode, a program, a routine, or a symbolic computer operable language that provides a set of specific ordered sets of operations that control the function of and direct the operation of data processing system D. The instructions of program code 120 may be stored in non-transitory memory 104 of computer 100, or on a computer diskette, magnetic tape, conventional hard drive, electronic read-only memory, optical storage device, or other suitable data storage device with a computer usable medium thereon. As shown, program code 120 may also be embodied on a data storage device, such as server 118, as a non-transitory computer readable medium.

As described above, the processor 102 of the computer 100 accesses the pressure transient test data and other input data measurements described above to execute the logic of the present invention, which may be executed by the processor 102 as a series of computer-executable instructions. The stored computer operable instructions cause the data processor computer 100 to measure the effective fracture half-length and quantify the flux distribution in and around the fractures in the petroleum reservoir: (And

values of) and developing a model to characterize the fracture network according to the process described in connection with fig. 4. The results of such processing are then available on an output display 108. Fig. 6-20 and 22 are example displays of such results.

9. Model case scenario

9.1 difference between matrix flux calculated in x-Y plane with respect to matrix flux of Y-channel

As will be described, the present invention contemplates substrate flow in the x-y planeThus allowing more realistic transients and flux calculations. As is currently known, earlier efforts have considered flow only in the y-plane

。

To validate the model, a case scenario was performed to compare the proposed method with a method that only considers flow in the y-direction and is limited to the case of fracture matrix systems, with the results shown in fig. 6 and 7. The two curves are superimposed in fig. 8. For this case, the two methods are essentially identical, since they both have the same trend and value. The solution on the x-y plane results in scattered data as indicated by the discrete data points. This can be due to numerical problems and/or the nature of the diagonal flow and convergence into the fracture. For fluids, linear flow is easier than diagonal flow. However, it must be added that this is more realistic, since it makes it possible to observe the radial flow that should play a major role. In other words, the present invention allows reservoir or production engineers and analysts to easily mirror and measure flow around fractures with increased certainty and in production management decisions about hydrocarbon reservoirs. Furthermore, the present invention provides the ability to be a good platform to address more general/complex situations.

9.2 Effect of matrix Permeability on flux size

FIG. 9 shows the effect of matrix permeability on flux accumulation at the origin (x)_D0). For (k)_f1e3), three permeability matrix cases were performed: the permeabilities were 100md, 200md and 300md, respectively. Figure 9 shows that flux contribution from the matrix increases with increasing permeability of the matrix.

9.3 Effect of fracture conductivity on flux

FIG. 10 shows fracture conductivity k_fAccumulated amount of flux (x) at origin_D0). Three fracture conductivity cases were performed at a matrix permeability of 100 md: the flow conductivity is 1000md-ft, 2000md-ft and 4000md-ft respectively. Figure 10 shows that the contribution from the matrix decreases with increasing fracture conductivity. For high conductivity values, the fracture acts as a source of fluid supply. Since the pressure drop across the fracture is very small, the fluid tends to flow from the fractureProvided per se; thus, the fluid flows along the fracture plane/fracture linear flow regime much faster than the fluid flowing out of the matrix providing the fracture/formation linear flow regime.

9.4 Effect of fracture conductivity on fluid Source and half Length of fracture

Assuming the well is the source (injector), FIG. 11 shows the fracture pressure profile along the fracture hole. For low fracture conductivity values (as shown at 150), the fracture pressure is high and difficult to inject into the fracture. The higher the conductivity, the lower the fracture pressure. Thus, the fluid tends to spread more into the matrix than would be the case with a higher fracture conductivity. Thus, at high fracture conductivity values as shown by curves 152 and 154, the fracture absorbs the injected fluid. And when the flow conductivity of the crack is low, the half length of the crack is small. At 150 (x) in FIG. 11_fe60ft) found a very interesting observation in which the magnitude of the pressure values at a certain distance along the length of the fracture were reversed. This deviation can be attributed to: for high fracture conductivity values, the fracture pressure levels tend to be more uniform, and therefore, the flux distribution along the length of the fracture is more uniform. This observation confirms that for low conductivity fractures, non-uniform distributed flux is expected.

Figure 12 shows the profile distribution of fracture flux along the fracture hole. As fracture conductivity becomes greater, the fracture receives more fluid in the "injector" scenario. Since the pressure drop across the fracture is very small, fluid tends to be supplied through the fracture itself. Thus, the fluid flows in a linear flow regime along the fracture plane/fracture much faster than the fluid flowing out of the matrix supplying the fracture, the formation linear flow regime. It should be mentioned that the flux values are very small due to the high quality of the cracks and the relatively low implantation rate (2 π). The half-length of the crack between fig. 11 and 12 was estimated to be slightly different due to the standard values used in this study. The estimate is largely influenced by the first value used, and (x)_fe) Estimated as 0.01% or less of the remainder of the calculated total flux.

Fig. 13 confirms the above observations. As fracture conductivity becomes greater, the fracture receives more fluid in the "injector" scenario and, therefore, less fluid is dissipated into the matrix, as shown at 160. In other words, more flux was calculated using the lower fracture conductivity values of curves 162 and 164.

9.5 Effect of matrix Permeability on effective fracture half-Length

Change of matrix permeability to effective crack half-length (x)_fe) Has a significant impact on the estimation of (c). FIG. 14 shows three curves 170, 172, and 174 superimposed with different matrix permeabilities (100md, 300md, and 500md) and estimated fracture half-length (x)_fe) 530ft, 415ft, and 365ft, respectively. Thus, in the "source" case, the lower the matrix permeability, the longer the fracture to accept more injection fluid, and for higher pressure drops, higher fracture pressures are required. However, in the "sink" case, the fracture pressure is negative to allow for more pressure drop.

At 180 in FIG. 15 (x)_fe80ft) found another interesting observation in which matrix flux at a distance along the length of the fracture tended to reverse in magnitude. This deflection may be attributed to a longer effective fracture half-length at lower substrate masses, which helps to increase flux into and out of the substrate.

9.6 Effect of two-zone composite System on fracture/matrix flux and effective fracture half-Length

The present invention provides flux distribution measurements of a two-zone composite reservoir across a fracture. Two sets of data were run simultaneously to display and validate the solution:

group-1 homogeneous (same quality reservoir); (k)₁＝k₂10md) a fracture well; f_cf＝5e4md ft，

Group-2 composite zones (reservoirs of different masses); (k)₁100md and k₂10md) a fracture well; f_cf＝5e4 mdft。

Essentially, group 2 reflects a permeability equal to zone 1 and zone 2 (k)₁And k₂55md) and thus reflects a higher quality reservoir. The curves for group-1 and group-2 were superimposed and the different crack half-lengths (x) were estimated at 985ft and 685ft, respectively_fe)。

Note that the lower the matrix permeability, the longer the fracture to accept more injection fluid. Also, for the higher matrix mass group-2, the matrix contributes/accepts flow in a greater proportion than for the lower mass group-1. For cracks, the opposite is true; that is, the fractures of the low-mass matrix group-1 are the primary source of contributing/accepting fluid. The results are shown in fig. 16 and 17.

The foregoing examples operate at reasonable matrix permeability (100md) and fracture conductivity over two orders of magnitude (5e4md-ft), replicating real cases at different well speeds (2 pi, 20 pi, and 200 pi). For higher rates, it is understood that the matrix and fracture contributions are greater as shown in fig. 18 and 19, confirming the precise behavior and physical properties of the invention.

The rate magnitude should not affect the effective fracture half-length; the rate of change should result in a different pressure magnitude, i.e. the greater the rate, the greater the pressure magnitude. For small rate changes, the interference is very small and may not be measurable. However, the radius of the pressure transient should be the same at different rates. This is consistent with the principles and assumptions for estimating survey radius; that is, the correlation is not a function of well velocity, but it measures the distance that the transient effect has covered to the reservoir.

FIG. 19 is a graph obtained by calculating the difference between the velocity values (x)_fe650ft) is the same, confirming this understanding.

10. Integrated case

A comprehensive digitized, well-intersecting fracture model is constructed and pressure data is generated for analysis in a commercial well test package. The results were obtained by superimposing the pressure data of the numerical simulator on the proposed type curve. Excellent agreement between the two is recorded in table 1 and in fig. 20 and 21.

Table 1: comparison between numerical-based models and the solution results

11. Example case of the scene

The field case example dataset corresponds to vertical wells intersecting fractures in a homogeneous reservoir. The objective is to evaluate the reliability of the method on a practical field example where the flow is controlled by the fracture bilinear flow regime and the subsequent radial flow regime. Excellent agreement between the two is recorded in table 2 and in fig. 22 and 23.

Table 2: results of field data sets obtained by the method proposed by this study

As described above, the present invention is based on the assumption that no fluid flow occurs when the pressure difference across the fracture face is zero (Δ p ═ 0). It also calculates the flux volume and flux level distributed along the two fracture planes. Conventional methods are limited to a limited fracture length, thus accounting for end effects.

The present invention provides a more flexible method to easily mirror and measure flow around fractures with increased certainty and in production management decisions about hydrocarbon reservoirs. Furthermore, the present invention provides the ability to be a good platform to address the more general/complex case of different quality reservoir cells across the fault plane.

The effectiveness of the present invention is demonstrated in a systematic approach using both integrated cases and field cases. The pressure data behavior shows the expected decline in flux distribution away from the wellbore using a numerical model of the simulated flow geometry. Reservoir parameters estimated from type curves proved reasonable and satisfactory. Also, the method of the present invention was further confirmed by analyzing field examples of vertical wells intersecting limited conductivity fractures in carbonate reservoirs, which reflects a perfect match to most pressure data.

The present invention addresses the challenge of evaluating the flux fed into the fracture and determines the effective fracture half-length. This allows for accurate characterization, modeling and simulation. Therefore, the development plan for fractured reservoirs is more robust and cost effective.

The present invention has been described in sufficient detail to enable one having ordinary skill in the art of reservoir modeling and simulation to reproduce and obtain the results set forth herein. However, modifications not described in the present claims may be made by anyone skilled in the art of the technology, subject matter or technology to apply these modifications to certain structures and methods or in their use and practice, claimed subject matter; such structures and processes are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.

It is noted and understood that improvements and modifications can be made to the invention described in detail above without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.