Method and device for measuring wet skid degree of pavement
阅读说明：本技术 一种路面湿滑度测量方法及装置 (Method and device for measuring wet skid degree of pavement ) 是由 陈岳峰 祝涛 邬洪波 张英杰 孙传姣 白如月 陈永胜 于 2020-07-07 设计创作，主要内容包括：本申请实施例提供一种路面湿滑度测量方法及装置,所述方法包括：获取目标区域图片,根据所述图片判断所述目标区域中存在的湿滑区域；获取所述湿滑区域的温度,根据所述温度判断所述湿滑区域内的湿滑物的状态；其中,当所述状态为液态时,所述路面湿滑度测量方法还包括：根据所述图片的色标和/或光泽度区分液态油和液态水。本申请实施例可以监测隧道内或者山路等目标区域的湿滑物(例如,水、雪、冰)的面积及分布等情况,由于湿滑物(例如,水、雪、冰及其他液体)会降低轮胎附着力,因此对于这些情况的检测可以提高行车安全。(The embodiment of the application provides a method and a device for measuring the wet skid degree of a road surface, wherein the method comprises the following steps: acquiring a target area picture, and judging a wet and slippery area in the target area according to the picture; acquiring the temperature of the slippery area, and judging the state of a slippery object in the slippery area according to the temperature; wherein, when the state is a liquid state, the road surface wet skid degree measuring method further includes: distinguishing liquid oil from liquid water according to the color scale and/or glossiness of the picture. According to the embodiment of the application, the area, the distribution and other conditions of wet and slippery objects (such as water, snow and ice) in a tunnel or a target area such as a mountain road can be monitored, and the tire adhesion force can be reduced by the wet and slippery objects (such as water, snow, ice and other liquid), so that the driving safety can be improved by detecting the conditions.)
1. A method of measuring wet skid on a road surface, the method comprising:
acquiring a target area picture, and judging a wet and slippery area in the target area according to the picture;
acquiring the temperature of the slippery area, and judging the state of a slippery object in the slippery area according to the temperature;
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
when the state is a liquid state, the road surface wet skid degree measuring method further includes:
distinguishing liquid oil from liquid water according to the color scale and/or glossiness of the picture.
2. The method for measuring the degree of wet skid of a road surface according to claim 1, wherein the acquiring of the target area picture comprises:
acquiring a plurality of first pictures at different positions in the target area, and acquiring a plurality of second pictures at the same position in the target area;
and identifying the slippery area at least according to the first pictures and the second pictures.
3. The road surface slippery condition measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the acquiring the temperature of the slippery area and determining the condition of the slippery object in the slippery area based on the temperature comprises:
acquiring the temperature of the slippery area acquired by adopting a thermal imaging mode;
and when the temperature is higher than zero degree, judging that the slippery substance is in a liquid state.
4. The method of measuring road surface wet skid according to claim 1, wherein when the wet skid is liquid water, the method further comprises: determining the source of the slippery substance.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein determining the source of the slippery substance comprises:
acquiring the existence duration information of the slippery object;
and determining the source of the slippery object according to the duration information.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein determining the source of the slippery substance comprises:
acquiring the existence duration of the slippery object;
determining the form of the slippery object;
determining the source of the slippery substance according to the duration and the form.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the determining the source of the slippery substance from the duration and the form comprises:
when the duration is greater than a first set threshold and the form is a point or irregular figure, determining that the generation path of the slippery object is a wall body in the target area;
and when the duration is less than a second set threshold and the form represents that the slippery object is distributed along a certain motion track, determining that the slippery object generation path is a vehicle passing through the target area.
8. The road surface slippery condition measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the acquiring the temperature of the slippery area and determining the condition of the slippery object in the slippery area based on the temperature comprises:
acquiring the temperature of the slippery area acquired by adopting a thermal imaging mode;
and when the temperature is less than or equal to zero degree, judging that the slippery substance is solid.
9. The method of measuring road surface wet skid according to claim 8, further comprising:
acquiring the thickness and the type of the slippery object acquired by a slippery degree sensor;
and acquiring the shape of the slippery object acquired by the video acquisition unit and the distribution range of the slippery object in the target area.
10. A road surface wet skid measuring apparatus, comprising:
the slippery area identification unit is configured to acquire a target area picture and judge a slippery area in the target area according to the picture;
a slippery object state acquisition unit configured to acquire a temperature of the slippery area, and determine a state of a slippery object within the slippery area according to the temperature;
a distinguishing unit configured to distinguish the liquid oil from the liquid water according to a color scale and/or glossiness of the picture when the state is a liquid state.
11. A computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, which, when being executed by a processor, is adapted to carry out the method of any one of claims 1 to 9.
12. An information processing apparatus comprising a memory, a processor and a computer program stored on the memory and executable on the processor, wherein the processor when executing the program is operable to implement the method of any one of claims 1 to 9.
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of road surface condition measurement, in particular to a road surface wet skid degree measuring method and device.
Background
In areas with poor air circulation in tunnels and the like, the optical fiber is darker. When the automobile runs in the tunnel, a good running environment is needed, and potential safety hazards are caused to the running automobile under the conditions that open fire is generated or the road surface is wet and slippery and the like in the case of traffic accidents.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical scheme of the embodiment of the application can provide wet and slippery object conditions for vehicles entering a tunnel or other target areas or for people or organizations maintaining the tunnel, so that potential traffic accidents can be avoided or tunnel maintenance personnel can clean the wet and slippery objects in the tunnel or the target areas conveniently in time.
In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a method for measuring a road surface wet skid, where the method includes: acquiring a target area picture, and judging a wet and slippery area in the target area according to the picture; acquiring the temperature of the slippery area, and judging the state of a slippery object in the slippery area according to the temperature; wherein, when the state is a liquid state, the road surface wet skid degree measuring method further includes: distinguishing liquid oil from liquid water according to the color scale and/or glossiness of the picture.
The state and the distribution of the slippery region are determined through the picture and the temperature data, the slippery condition can be provided for vehicles entering the tunnel or the slippery distribution region or people or organizations maintaining the tunnel, and therefore potential traffic accidents can be avoided or tunnel maintenance personnel can clean the slippery in the tunnel conveniently. The color value and the reflection of light condition through the picture can effectively distinguish liquid oil and liquid water, provide the basis for the source of analysis liquid water.
In some embodiments, the obtaining the target area picture includes: acquiring a plurality of first pictures at different positions in the target area, and acquiring a plurality of second pictures at the same position in the target area; and identifying the slippery area at least according to the first pictures and the second pictures.
According to the embodiment of the application, the wet and slippery area of the target area (such as a tunnel) can be determined by continuously acquiring multiple images at the same position or images at different positions, so that the technical problem that the judgment error rate of determining the wet and slippery area by acquiring information at a single point is high can be solved.
In some embodiments, the obtaining the temperature of the slippery region and determining the state of the slippery object in the slippery region according to the temperature includes: acquiring the temperature of the slippery area acquired by adopting a thermal imaging mode; and when the temperature is higher than zero degree, judging that the slippery substance is in a liquid state.
The embodiment of the application can determine whether the slippery object in the slippery area is in a liquid state or not, and further processing information is generated according to the liquid slippery object.
In some embodiments, when the slippery substance is liquid water, the method further comprises: determining the source of the slippery substance.
The embodiment of the application also comprises the determination of the water source, and the water treatment measures of the maintenance personnel in the target area are guided by determining the water source.
In some embodiments, the determining the source of the slippery substance comprises: acquiring the existence duration information of the slippery object; and determining the source of the slippery object according to the duration information.
The method and the device determine the source of the slippery substance through the existence duration of the liquid water, and the liquid water existing for a long time needs operation and maintenance personnel to take measures to treat.
In some embodiments, the determining the source of the slippery substance comprises: acquiring the existence duration of the slippery object; determining the form of the slippery object; determining the source of the slippery substance according to the duration and the form.
The embodiment of the application also comprehensively judges the source of the slippery substance according to the existence duration and the form of the slippery substance, and further clearly distinguishes the source of the water.
In some embodiments, said determining the source of said slippery substance from said duration and said morphology comprises: when the duration is greater than a first set threshold and the form is a point or irregular figure, determining that the generation path of the slippery object is a wall body in the target area; and when the duration is less than a second set threshold and the form represents that the slippery object is distributed along a certain motion track, determining that the slippery object generation path is a vehicle passing through the target area.
According to the embodiment of the application, whether the slippery object comes from a wall or a vehicle is determined by setting two parameters of the time length or the shape characteristics, so that the source identification of water in the target area is more accurate.
In some embodiments, the obtaining the temperature of the slippery region and determining the state of the slippery object in the slippery region according to the temperature includes: acquiring the temperature of the slippery area acquired by adopting a thermal imaging mode; and when the temperature is less than or equal to zero degree, judging that the slippery substance is solid.
The solid slippery object existing in the target area is identified through thermal imaging, and processing information is provided for users entering the target area or safety maintenance personnel of the target area.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises: acquiring the thickness and the type of the slippery object acquired by a slippery degree sensor; or acquiring the shape of the slippery object acquired by the video acquisition unit and the distribution range in the target area.
According to the embodiment of the application, the characteristics such as thickness, type and shape of the solid slippery object are further judged by collecting information, and reference data of whether the slippery object needs to be processed and the difficulty degree of the slippery object processing can be provided for maintenance personnel in a target area.
In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a road surface wet skid measuring apparatus, including: the slippery area identification unit is configured to acquire a target area picture and judge a slippery area in the target area according to the picture; a slippery object state acquisition unit configured to acquire a temperature of the slippery area, and determine a state of a slippery object within the slippery area according to the temperature; a distinguishing unit configured to distinguish the liquid oil from the liquid water according to a color scale and/or glossiness of the picture when the state is a liquid state.
In a third aspect, embodiments of the present application provide a computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, where the computer program, when executed by a processor, can implement the method of the first aspect.
In a fourth aspect, an information processing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present application includes a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, where the processor executes the computer program to implement the method according to the first aspect.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings that are required to be used in the embodiments of the present application will be briefly described below, it should be understood that the following drawings only illustrate some embodiments of the present application and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope, and that those skilled in the art can also obtain other related drawings based on the drawings without inventive efforts.
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a method for measuring wet skid of a road surface according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a road surface wet skid measuring apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 3 is a schematic composition diagram of an information processing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application.
It should be noted that: like reference numbers and letters refer to like items in the following figures, and thus, once an item is defined in one figure, it need not be further defined and explained in subsequent figures. Meanwhile, in the description of the present application, the terms "first", "second", and the like are used only for distinguishing the description, and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
Tunnels or other vehicle transit areas may present water seepage situations and some freight vehicles may also have continuous seepage of water. When the tunnel with the slope rains, rainwater can flow into the tunnel, and in rainy and snowy days in winter, rain and snow can be brought into the tunnel by vehicles. Since wet slippery objects (e.g., water, snow, ice, and other liquids) may reduce tire adhesion, it is necessary to monitor the area and distribution of the wet slippery objects (e.g., water, snow, ice) in a target area such as a tunnel or a mountain road for driving safety. The existing wet skid degree system implementation method cannot count the wet skid degree condition of a road section, and has the defects of replacing surfaces by points or acquiring a wet skid degree information list and the like.
As shown in fig. 1, an embodiment of the present application provides a road surface wet skid measuring method 100, where the method 100 may include: s101, acquiring a target area picture, and judging a wet and slippery area in the target area according to the picture; s102, obtaining the temperature of the slippery area, and judging the state of a slippery object in the slippery area according to the temperature, wherein when the state is liquid, the road surface slippery degree measuring method further comprises the following steps: and S103, distinguishing the liquid oil from the liquid water according to the color scale and/or glossiness of the picture.
The target area of S101 may include a tunnel or a curved mountain road, etc., in which the degree of wet skid of the road surface has a great influence on the safety of the vehicle.
In the slippery region of S101, there may be other liquid or solid slippery substances such as water, snow, ice, or oil.
S101, determining a slippery area in the target area according to the picture, which may include: whether the target area has a slippery area is determined according to whether water, snow, ice, oil, or the like exists on the picture. S101, the position of the acquired picture is sent to a processing unit, and then the processing unit searches or determines the specific position of the slippery area in the target area according to the position of the sent picture. S101, number information of a collecting unit for collecting pictures can be sent to a processing unit, the processing unit can determine the position of the collecting unit according to the number information, and then the position of a slippery area with slippery objects is determined according to the position.
S101, the acquiring a target area picture may further include: acquiring a plurality of first pictures at different positions in the target area, and acquiring a plurality of second pictures at the same position in the target area; and identifying the slippery area at least according to the first pictures and the second pictures. According to the embodiment of the application, the wet and slippery area of the target area (such as a tunnel) can be determined by continuously acquiring multiple images at the same position or images at different positions, so that the technical problem that the judgment error rate of determining the wet and slippery area by acquiring information at a single point is high can be solved.
For example, a plurality of location points may be set in the target area, a plurality of image capturing units may be disposed at the location points, and the image capturing units may periodically or continuously measure pictures near the location points and transmit the captured pictures to the processing unit, and then the processing unit may perform the method 100 shown in fig. 1.
For example, the device carrying the image capturing unit is controlled to move back and forth in the target area, and the device is stopped in real time or periodically to capture pictures at a plurality of positions, and the pictures are sent to the processing unit, and then the processing unit executes the method 100 shown in fig. 1 to identify the slippery area existing in the target area.
S101 determining the slippery region includes determining a specific location of the slippery region in the target region.
The state and the distribution of the slippery objects in the slippery area are determined through the pictures and the temperature data, the slippery object condition can be provided for vehicles entering the tunnel or the slippery object distribution area or people or organizations maintaining the tunnel, and therefore potential traffic accidents can be avoided or tunnel maintenance personnel can clean the slippery objects in the tunnel in time.
S102 of the embodiment of the present application is exemplarily described below with reference to example 1 and example 2.
Example 1
Assume that the present example has performed S101 to acquire the positions of a plurality of wet skid regions in the target region. Correspondingly, the step S102 of acquiring the temperature of the slippery area and determining the state of the slippery object in the slippery area according to the temperature includes: acquiring the temperature of the slippery area acquired by adopting a thermal imaging mode; and when the temperature is higher than zero degree, judging that the slippery substance is in a liquid state. The embodiment of the application can determine whether the slippery object in the slippery area is in a liquid state or not, and further processing information is generated according to the liquid slippery object.
Optionally, a plurality of thermal imaging sensors are disposed in the target area (at this time, the thermal imaging sensors may be disposed adjacent to the image acquisition units in a one-to-one correspondence manner), the thermal imaging sensors are used to acquire the temperature of each of the plurality of slippery areas, and then the acquired temperature of each of the slippery areas is fed back to the processing unit to execute S102.
Optionally, the device carrying the thermal imaging sensor is controlled to reciprocate in the target area, the temperature of the plurality of slippery areas is collected in real time or periodically, the temperature and the positions of the temperature are sent to the processing unit, and the processing unit executes the method 100 shown in fig. 1 to determine the slippery condition of each of the plurality of slippery areas.
When the wet slippery substance is liquid water, the method further comprises: determining the source of the slippery substance. The embodiment of the application also comprises the determination of the water source, and the water treatment measures of the maintenance personnel in the target area are guided by determining the water source. Specifically, the determining the source of the slippery substance may include: acquiring the existence duration information of the slippery object; and determining the source of the slippery object according to the duration information. Or the determining the source of the slippery substance may include: acquiring the existence duration of the slippery object; determining the form of the slippery object; and determining the source of the slippery substance according to the duration and the form. The method and the device determine the source of the slippery substance through the existence duration of the liquid water, and the liquid water existing for a long time needs operation and maintenance personnel to take measures to treat. Or the embodiment of the application also comprehensively judges the source of the slippery substance according to the existence duration and the form of the slippery substance, and further clearly distinguishes the source of the water.
It should be noted that when the slippery substance is in a liquid state, the method of the embodiment of the present application is also used to distinguish between liquid oil and liquid water. That is to say, in S103 described in this embodiment of the present application, the liquid oil and the liquid water can be effectively distinguished according to the color value and the light reflection condition of the picture, so as to provide a basis for analyzing the source of the liquid water. The embodiment of the application can distinguish whether the liquid slippery substance is oil or water based on a picture recognition algorithm. The inventor of the embodiment of the application finds that, firstly, the liquid oil and the liquid water have different corresponding color values in terms of color, the color value of the color corresponding to the liquid oil is very high, and the relative color value of the liquid water is low; and secondly, the liquid oil and the liquid water have different corresponding glossiness, so that the liquid oil has better light reflecting effect and higher glossiness. Specifically, the algorithm of the embodiment of the present application may obtain a color scale (corresponding to a color value) from a captured picture, for example, the color value of the picture color is greater than a first set threshold value, and belongs to liquid oil, otherwise belongs to liquid water. In order to further improve the technical effect of distinguishing the liquid oil from the liquid water in the embodiment of the present application, as an example, the algorithm in the embodiment of the present application may also obtain the color value and the glossiness information from the taken picture at the same time, and confirm the liquid water by using the color value and the glossiness of the color on the picture. For example, when the color value of the picture is lower than a second set threshold (where the second threshold is less than or equal to the first threshold) and the glossiness of the picture is lower than a certain set threshold, it is determined that the liquid substance is liquid water.
For example, the determining the source of the slippery substance based on the length of time and the morphology includes: when the duration is greater than a first set threshold and the form is a point or irregular figure, determining that the generation path of the slippery object is a wall body in the target area; and when the duration is less than a second set threshold and the form represents that the slippery object is distributed along a certain motion track, determining that the slippery object generation path is a vehicle passing through the target area. According to the embodiment of the application, whether the slippery object comes from a wall or a vehicle is determined by setting two parameters of the time length or the shape characteristics, so that the source identification of water in the target area is more accurate. It should be noted that the motion trajectory can be generally understood as a vehicle motion trajectory.
Example 2
Assume that the present example has performed S102 to acquire the positions of a plurality of wet and slippery areas in the target area. Correspondingly, the step S102 of acquiring the temperature of the slippery area and determining the state of the slippery object in the slippery area according to the temperature includes: acquiring the temperature of the slippery area acquired by adopting a thermal imaging mode; and when the temperature is less than or equal to zero degree, judging that the slippery substance is solid. In some examples, the method further comprises: acquiring the thickness and the type of the slippery object acquired by a slippery degree sensor; or acquiring the shape of the slippery object acquired by the video acquisition unit and the distribution range in the target area.
For example, a wet skid sensor may be used to measure the thickness of a layer of ice or snow and indicate that a solid wet skid is ice or snow; in addition, the video monitoring unit can be used for acquiring the shape, the range, the distribution and other characteristics of the ice layer or the snow layer.
The technical scheme of the embodiment of the application can be used for judging ice, snow or water layers. For example, the thermal imaging unit is used for acquiring the temperature of a slippery area, when the acquired temperature is higher than the freezing point, the slippery area is determined to be distributed as a liquid layer, and when the acquired temperature is lower than the freezing point, the slippery area is considered as a snow or ice layer. The thickness of an ice layer, a snow layer or a water layer can be further measured by adopting a wet-skid sensor, and the type of the ice layer, the snow layer or the water layer is prompted to belong to ice, snow or water; and the shape, the range and the distribution of the ice and snow water layer are collected by video monitoring. In addition, the embodiment of the application can also determine whether the wall body of the target area has water seepage, for example, the liquid layer in the target area can be confirmed through the video monitoring unit, the wet-skid sensor and the thermal imaging unit, the distribution characteristics of the liquid layer can be determined, and the robot is controlled to reciprocate for multiple times to detect the liquid layer and the distribution characteristics of the liquid layer for a long time. If the liquid layer is present for a long time and is only one point or irregularly distributed, the water present in the target area is wall-penetrating. If the liquid layer disappears in a short time or regularly along a certain trajectory, the water distributed in the target area is a vehicle leak, which disappears in a longer time of detection later.
Referring to fig. 2, fig. 2 shows a road surface slippery degree measuring device provided in the embodiment of the present application, it should be understood that the road surface slippery degree measuring device 200 corresponds to the method embodiment of fig. 1, and can perform the steps related to the method embodiment, and the specific functions of the road surface slippery degree measuring device 200 may be as described above, and detailed descriptions are omitted here as appropriate to avoid repetition. The road surface smoothness measuring device 200 includes at least one software function module which can be stored in a memory in the form of software or firmware or solidified in an operating system of the road surface smoothness measuring device 200, and the road surface smoothness measuring device 200 includes: a slippery region identification unit 201, configured to acquire a target region picture, and determine a slippery region existing in the target region according to the picture; a slippery object state acquisition unit 202 configured to acquire a temperature of the slippery region, and determine a state of a slippery object in the slippery region according to the temperature; a distinguishing unit 203 configured to distinguish the liquid oil and the liquid water according to a color scale and/or glossiness of the picture when the state is the liquid state.
It is clear to those skilled in the art that, for the convenience and brevity of description, the specific operation of the road surface smoothness measuring apparatus 200 described above may refer to the corresponding process in the method 100 of fig. 1, and will not be described in detail herein.
Embodiments of the present application also provide a computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, and the computer program can implement the method 100 described in fig. 1 when being executed by a processor.
As shown in fig. 3, an
For example, the
In some embodiments, the
According to the embodiment of the application, the wet skid degree state of the whole road section is monitored in a mobile detection mode. The invention has the advantages that: and the continuous wet skid degree state of the whole road section is movably detected and monitored, so that the problem of fixed-point detection and prejudgment errors is avoided. The invention provides a movement detection method for detecting water, snow, ice, oil or other liquid and solid state thereof. In the embodiment of the application, the thickness data of water, snow and ice are collected through the wet slip sensor; a thermal imager collects a temperature and temperature gradient map; video acquisition of the shape and distribution of a liquid or solid state; and then, the data monitored by the 3 sensors is used for detecting the distribution condition of the wet-skid degree of the whole road. The whole process is processed by upper computer software (used for executing the method of the figure 1) without human intervention. The problem that the state of the undetected area is judged wrongly by the presumption of the dot strip surface is avoided.
In the embodiments provided in the present application, it should be understood that the disclosed apparatus and method can be implemented in other ways. The apparatus embodiments described above are merely illustrative, and for example, the flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of apparatus, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present application. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems which perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
In addition, functional modules in the embodiments of the present application may be integrated together to form an independent part, or each module may exist separately, or two or more modules may be integrated to form an independent part.
The functions, if implemented in the form of software functional modules and sold or used as a stand-alone product, may be stored in a computer readable storage medium. Based on such understanding, the technical solution of the present application or portions thereof that substantially contribute to the prior art may be embodied in the form of a software product stored in a storage medium and including instructions for causing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, or a network device) to execute all or part of the steps of the method according to the embodiments of the present application. And the aforementioned storage medium includes: a U-disk, a removable hard disk, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), a magnetic disk or an optical disk, and other various media capable of storing program codes.
The above description is only an example of the present application and is not intended to limit the scope of the present application, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application. It should be noted that: like reference numbers and letters refer to like items in the following figures, and thus, once an item is defined in one figure, it need not be further defined and explained in subsequent figures.
The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present application, but the scope of the present application is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of the changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present application, and shall be covered by the scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present application shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
It is noted that, herein, relational terms such as first and second, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Also, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
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