阅读说明：本技术 一种采用***解决盾构机受困的方法 (Method for solving problem of shield tunneling machine being trapped by blasting ) 是由 王博 焦延涛 于 2019-09-27 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种采用爆破解决盾构机受困的方法,步骤一,利用钻机在岩体上开钻孔,将钻孔之间的岩体破碎掉,从而形成空腔；步骤二,转动刀盘重复步骤一形成另外的空腔；步骤三,重复步骤一和步骤二,将这些空腔连通后形成工作洞；步骤四,在工作洞内的岩壁上开爆破孔；步骤五,利用刀盘开口位置将保护装置伸入工作洞内,使保护装置完全张开呈T形填满工作洞,从而将预裂爆破面和盾构机之间通过保护装置完全隔开；步骤六,引爆爆炸物,将预裂爆破面爆破,回收保护装置,清理碎石,尝试转动刀盘即可解决盾构机刀盘的受困,因保护装置的作用,使盾构机不会因爆破受损,且该方法操作简单,施工效率高,可以在短时间内解决盾构机受困问题。(The invention discloses a method for solving the problem of being trapped by a shield machine by adopting blasting, comprising the following steps of firstly, drilling holes on a rock body by using a drilling machine, and crushing the rock body between the drilled holes so as to form a cavity; rotating the cutter head to repeat the first step to form another cavity; step three, repeating the step one and the step two, and communicating the cavities to form a working hole; fourthly, blasting holes are formed in the rock wall in the working hole; step five, extending the protection device into the working hole by utilizing the opening position of the cutter head, and completely opening the protection device to fill the working hole in a T shape, so that the pre-splitting blasting surface and the shield machine are completely separated by the protection device; and step six, detonating explosives, blasting the pre-splitting blasting surface, recovering the protection device, cleaning broken stones, trying to rotate the cutter head to solve the problem that the cutter head of the shield machine is trapped, and enabling the shield machine not to be damaged due to blasting due to the action of the protection device.)

1. A method for solving the problem of the shield machine being trapped by blasting is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, a drilling machine is utilized to penetrate through an opening on a cutter head (15) of a shield machine (16) in a soil cabin of the shield machine (16) to form a plurality of drilled holes in a rock body (12) above the opening and in front of the opening, and then the rock body (12) between the drilled holes is crushed, so that two cavities are formed;

step two, because the cavity above the opening of the cutter head (15) in the step one exists, the cutter head (15) can rotate for a certain angle, and the step one is repeated to form another cavity when the cutter head (15) is rotated until the cutter head cannot rotate;

step three, repeating the step one and the step two to form a plurality of cavities, and communicating the cavities to form a T-shaped working hole (13) above the cutter head (15);

fourthly, a plurality of blast holes (1401) are formed in the rock wall, corresponding to the operation front side of the shield tunneling machine (16) and positioned above the cutter head (15), in the working hole (13), so that a pre-splitting blasting surface (14) is formed, and explosives are filled in the blast holes (1401);

step five, extending the protection device into the working hole (13) by utilizing the opening position of the cutter head (15), thereby completely separating the pre-splitting blasting surface (14) from the shield tunneling machine (16) by the protection device;

and step six, detonating explosives, blasting the presplitting blasting surface (14), recovering the protection device, cleaning broken stones, and trying to rotate the cutter head (15), so that the problem that the cutter head (15) of the shield machine (16) is trapped can be solved.

2. The method for solving the problem of the trapped shield tunneling machine by adopting blasting according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in the first step, the distance between every two drill holes is about 100-200 mm, and the depth of every drill hole is about 200-500 mm.

3. The method for solving the problem of the trapped shield tunneling machine by adopting blasting according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in the fourth step, when the blast holes (1401) are formed in the working hole (13), the hobbing cutters on the cutter heads (15) are removed, and the water drills penetrate through the openings of the cutter heads (15) and the removed openings of the hobbing cutters to arrange the blast holes (1401).

4. The method for solving the problem of the trapped shield tunneling machine by adopting blasting according to claim 1, is characterized in that: and in the fourth step, when the presplitting blasting surface (14) is blasted, a rock body (12) with the thickness of 50cm is reserved between the presplitting blasting surface (14) and the shell of the shield tunneling machine (16) to be used as a protective layer.

5. The method for solving the problem of the trapped shield tunneling machine by adopting blasting according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in the fourth step, the blast holes (1401) are distributed on the rock wall, the middle blast hole (1401) with the diameter of 108mm and the depth of 1m is arranged, 1 blast hole (1401) with the diameter of 83mm and the depth of 1.5m is respectively arranged on the periphery of each blast hole (1401), and the blocking length of all the blast holes (1401) is not less than 300mm for blocking the stemming.

6. The method for solving the problem of the trapped shield machine by adopting blasting according to claim 5, is characterized in that: the distribution of the blast holes (1401) on the rock wall finally clears the rock body (12) above the cutter head (15) to form a fan-shaped gap with an included angle of 120 degrees with the shield machine (16), tries to rotate the cutter head (15) to escape, and if the rock body (12) on two sides of the fan-shaped gap can not escape, the blast holes (1401) are continuously arranged on the rock body (12) on two sides of the fan-shaped gap to expand the fan-shaped gap, so that the included angle of the blast holes and the shield machine (16) is 180 degrees.

7. The method for solving the problem of the trapped shield tunneling machine by adopting blasting according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the protection device in the fifth step and the sixth step comprises an explosion-proof outer plate (1) extending into the working hole (13) through an opening of a cutter head (15), a concave cavity is formed in the upper surface of the explosion-proof outer plate (1), a first explosion-proof inner plate (2) is rotatably arranged in the concave cavity through a connecting shaft (10) penetrating through the width direction of the tail of the explosion-proof outer plate (1), and the first explosion-proof inner plate (2) can rotate around the connecting shaft (10) to a position vertical to the explosion-proof outer plate (1);

the first explosion-proof inner plate (2) is a rectangular plate-shaped part with a hollow cavity inside, a partition plate (6) is arranged in the hollow cavity of the first explosion-proof inner plate (2) along the width direction of the hollow cavity, the partition plate (6) divides the hollow cavity of the first explosion-proof inner plate (2) into a plate cavity (203) and a shaft cavity (202) for accommodating the connecting shaft (10), strip-shaped through holes are formed in two sides of the plate cavity (203) in the width direction, second explosion-proof inner plates (3) are symmetrically arranged in the plate cavity (203) along the central axis in the length direction of the first explosion-proof inner plate (2), the outer sides of the second explosion-proof inner plates (3) can penetrate out of the strip-shaped through holes under the action of external force, and the inner sides of the second explosion-proof inner plates (3) are clamped in the hollow cavity of the first explosion-proof inner plate (2) to form connection of the second explosion-proof inner plates (3;

the second explosion-proof inner plates (3) are rectangular plate-shaped parts with hollow interiors, the outer side of each second explosion-proof inner plate (3) is provided with a strip-shaped through hole along the length direction, a third explosion-proof inner plate (4) is arranged in each second explosion-proof inner plate (3), the strip-shaped through hole can be penetrated out of the outer side of each third explosion-proof inner plate (4) under the action of external force, and the inner side of each third explosion-proof inner plate (4) is clamped in the second explosion-proof inner plate (3) at the moment so as to form the connection of the third explosion-proof inner plate (4) and the second explosion-proof inner plate (3;

the third explosion-proof inner panel (4) is the hollow rectangular plate-shaped piece in inside, the outside of every third explosion-proof inner panel (4) is opened along its length direction has rectangular shape through-hole, be equipped with fourth explosion-proof inner panel (5) in every third explosion-proof inner panel (4), rectangular shape through-hole is worn out and is equipped with the round hole to fourth explosion-proof inner panel (5) outside edge, rectangular shape through-hole is worn out in the outside of fourth explosion-proof inner panel (5) under the exogenic action, the inboard card of fourth explosion-proof inner panel (5) this moment is in order to form the connection of fourth explosion-proof inner panel (5) and third explosion-proof inner panel (4) in the inside of third explosion-proof inner panel.

8. The method for solving the problem of the trapped shield machine by adopting blasting according to claim 7, is characterized in that: the two ends of the inner side of the second explosion-proof inner plate (3) are provided with fixed elastic sheets (7), when the second explosion-proof inner plate (3) is contracted inside the first explosion-proof inner plate (2), the fixed elastic sheets (7) are clamped in inner side holes (8) formed in the first explosion-proof inner plate (2), the other fixed elastic sheet (7) is clamped in the inner side holes (8) formed in the partition plate (6), when the second explosion-proof inner plate (3) is subjected to external force, the fixed elastic sheets (7) deform to be ejected out of the inner side holes (8) and move outwards along with the second explosion-proof inner plate (3), and when the second explosion-proof inner plate (3) is pulled out to a limit position, the fixed elastic sheets (7) at the two ends of the second explosion-proof inner plate (3) are respectively clamped in outer side holes (9) of the first explosion-proof inner plate (2) and the partition plate (6);

the two ends of the inner side of the third explosion-proof inner plate (4) are also provided with fixing elastic sheets (7), when the third explosion-proof inner plate (4) is contracted inside the second explosion-proof inner plate (3), the fixing elastic sheets (7) are clamped in inner side holes (8) at the two ends of the second explosion-proof inner plate (3), when the third explosion-proof inner plate (4) is subjected to external force, the fixing elastic sheets (7) on the third explosion-proof inner plate (4) deform and pop out from the inner side holes (8) and move outwards along with the third explosion-proof inner plate (4), and when the third explosion-proof inner plate (4) is pulled out to the limit position, the fixing elastic sheets (7) are clamped in outer side holes (9) of the second explosion-proof inner plate (3);

the inboard both ends of fourth explosion-proof inner panel (5) also are equipped with fixed shell fragment (7), work as when fourth explosion-proof inner panel (5) contracts in the inside of third explosion-proof inner panel (4), fixed shell fragment (7) card is established in interior side opening (8) at third explosion-proof inner panel (4) both ends, when fourth explosion-proof inner panel (5) received external force, fixed shell fragment (7) on fourth explosion-proof inner panel (5) warp and pop out and move to the outside along with fourth explosion-proof inner panel (5) in inboard hole (8), when fourth explosion-proof inner panel (5) are pulled out to extreme position, fixed shell fragment (7) card is established in outside hole (9) of third explosion-proof inner panel (4).

9. The method for solving the problem of the trapped shield machine by adopting blasting according to claim 7, is characterized in that: step five, after the protection device extends into the working hole (13), rotating the connecting shaft (10) to enable the first explosion-proof inner plate (2) and the explosion-proof outer plate (1) to be in a vertical state, and pulling the fourth explosion-proof inner plate (5) outwards by utilizing a round hole in the fourth explosion-proof inner plate (5) to move the fourth explosion-proof inner plate (5), the third explosion-proof inner plate (4) and the second explosion-proof inner plate (3) to two sides of the first explosion-proof inner plate (2); and sixthly, after the pre-splitting blasting surface (14) is blasted, the fourth explosion-proof inner plate (5) is pushed inwards by utilizing the round hole of the fourth explosion-proof inner plate (5), the third explosion-proof inner plate (4) and the second explosion-proof inner plate (3) are moved into the plate cavity (203) of the first explosion-proof inner plate (2), then the connecting shaft (10) is rotated, the first explosion-proof inner plate (2) is recovered into the cavity of the explosion-proof outer plate (1), and the protection device is recovered.

10. The method for solving the problem of the trapped shield machine by adopting blasting according to claim 7, is characterized in that: the anti-explosion outer plate is characterized in that fixing holes (101) are formed in the anti-explosion outer plate (1), a high-elasticity steel sheet (201) is arranged at the tail end of the first anti-explosion inner plate (2), and when the first anti-explosion inner plate (2) and the anti-explosion outer plate (1) are in a vertical state, the high-elasticity steel sheet (201) of the first anti-explosion inner plate (2) is fixed to the fixing holes (101).

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of tunnel construction of shield tunneling machines, in particular to a method for solving the problem that a shield tunneling machine is trapped by blasting.

Background

The shield machine is used for tunnel construction, and has the characteristics of high automation degree, labor saving, high construction speed, one-step tunneling, no influence of weather, controllable ground settlement during excavation, reduction of influence on ground buildings, no influence on ground traffic during underwater excavation and the like. However, due to the complex geological conditions, excessive cutter wear, improper operation or failure of timing inspection of the shield tunneling machine during tunneling, the shield tunneling machine is easily trapped during tunneling. Generally speaking, there are several solutions: drilling a hole from the top of the tunnel to the front of a cutter head of the shield tunneling machine, and then removing surrounding rocks around the stuck part of the shield tunneling machine in the opposite direction for escaping, but damaging forests and vegetation around a vertical shaft; manually drilling and blasting a branch tunnel from the side surface of the tunnel to the front of a cutter head of the shield tunneling machine, but the construction time is relatively long; the construction time for blasting the rock mass from the inside of the tunnel is short, the efficiency is high, and the damage to the shield tunneling machine can be caused. Therefore, a new method is needed to solve the current problems.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a method for solving the problem of the shield machine trapped by blasting, which is characterized in that a working hole is arranged above a cutter head of the shield machine, rock mass causing the shield machine trapped is cleaned in a pre-splitting blasting mode, and a protective device is used for completely separating the shield machine from a pre-splitting blasting surface during blasting, so that the problem of the shield machine trapped is more efficient, the surrounding environment is not influenced, and the damage of the shield machine due to blasting is minimized.

In order to achieve the technical purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: a method for solving the problem of the shield machine being trapped by blasting is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, a drilling machine penetrates through an opening in a cutter head of the shield tunneling machine to form a plurality of drill holes in a rock mass above the opening and in front of the opening in a soil cabin of the shield tunneling machine, and then the rock mass between the drill holes is crushed, so that two cavities are formed;

step two, because the existence of the cavity above the cutter head opening in the step one can enable the cutter head to rotate for a certain angle, and the step one is repeated to form another cavity when the cutter head is rotated to be incapable of rotating;

step three, repeating the step one and the step two to form a plurality of cavities, and communicating the cavities to form a T-shaped working hole above the cutter head;

fourthly, a plurality of blast holes are formed in the rock wall, corresponding to the operation front of the shield tunneling machine and positioned above the cutter head, in the working hole, so that a pre-splitting blasting surface is formed, and explosives are filled in the blast holes;

step five, extending the protection device into the working hole by utilizing the opening position of the cutter head, so that the pre-splitting blasting surface and the shield machine are completely separated by the protection device;

and step six, detonating explosives, blasting the presplitting blasting surface, recovering the protection device, cleaning broken stones, and trying to rotate the cutter head to solve the problem that the cutter head of the shield machine is trapped.

Preferably, in the first step, the distance between every two drilled holes is about 100-200 mm, and the depth of every drilled hole is about 200-500 mm.

Preferably, in the fourth step, when the blast hole is formed in the working hole, the hobs on the cutter discs are removed, and the water drill penetrates through the openings of the cutter discs and the openings of the removed hobs to arrange the blast hole.

Preferably, in the fourth step, when the pre-splitting blasting surface is blasted, a rock mass of 50cm is reserved between the pre-splitting blasting surface and the shield machine shell to serve as a protective layer.

Preferably, in the fourth step, the blast holes are distributed on the rock wall, the middle blast hole is 108mm in diameter and 1m in depth, 1 blast hole with 83mm in diameter and 1.5m in depth is respectively arranged around the blast hole, and the blocking length of all the blast holes is not less than 300mm for stemming blocking.

Preferably, the distribution of the blast holes on the rock wall finally clears the rock mass above the cutter head out of a fan-shaped gap with an included angle of 120 degrees with the shield tunneling machine, tries to rotate the cutter head to enable the cutter head to be trapped, and if the rock mass cannot be trapped, continuously arranges the blast holes on the rock mass on two sides of the fan-shaped gap to enlarge the fan-shaped gap and enable the included angle of the blast holes and the shield tunneling machine to be 180 degrees.

Preferably, the protection device in the fifth step and the sixth step comprises an explosion-proof outer plate extending into the working hole through the opening of the cutter head, the upper surface of the explosion-proof outer plate is provided with a cavity, a first explosion-proof inner plate is rotatably arranged in the cavity through a connecting shaft penetrating through the width direction of the tail part of the explosion-proof outer plate, and the first explosion-proof inner plate can rotate around the connecting shaft to a position vertical to the explosion-proof outer plate;

the first explosion-proof inner plate is a rectangular plate-shaped part with a hollow cavity inside, a partition plate is arranged in the hollow cavity of the first explosion-proof inner plate along the width direction of the hollow cavity, the partition plate divides the hollow cavity of the first explosion-proof inner plate into a plate cavity and an axial cavity for accommodating a connecting shaft, strip-shaped through holes are formed in two sides of the plate cavity in the width direction, second explosion-proof inner plates are symmetrically arranged in the plate cavity along the axial line in the length direction of the first explosion-proof inner plate, the strip-shaped through holes can penetrate through the outer sides of the second explosion-proof inner plates under the action of external force, and the inner sides of the second explosion-proof inner plates are clamped in the hollow cavity of the first explosion-proof inner plate to form connection of the second explosion-;

the second explosion-proof inner plates are rectangular plate-shaped pieces with hollow interiors, strip-shaped through holes are formed in the outer side of each second explosion-proof inner plate along the length direction of the second explosion-proof inner plate, a third explosion-proof inner plate is arranged in each second explosion-proof inner plate, the strip-shaped through holes can penetrate through the outer side of the third explosion-proof inner plate under the action of external force, and the inner side of the third explosion-proof inner plate is clamped in the second explosion-proof inner plate to form connection of the third explosion-proof inner plate and the second explosion-proof inner plate;

the third explosion-proof inner plate is a hollow rectangular plate-shaped part inside, the outer side of each third explosion-proof inner plate is provided with a long strip-shaped through hole along the length direction, a fourth explosion-proof inner plate is arranged in each third explosion-proof inner plate, the outer side edge of the fourth explosion-proof inner plate penetrates out of the long strip-shaped through hole and is provided with a round hole, the outer side of the fourth explosion-proof inner plate penetrates out of the long strip-shaped through hole under the action of external force, and the inner side of the fourth explosion-proof inner plate is clamped in the third explosion-proof inner plate to form connection of the fourth explosion.

Preferably, the two ends of the inner side of the second explosion-proof inner plate are provided with fixing elastic sheets, when the second explosion-proof inner plate is contracted inside the first explosion-proof inner plate, the fixing elastic sheets are clamped in inner side holes formed in the first explosion-proof inner plate, the other fixing elastic sheet is clamped in an inner side hole formed in the partition plate, when the second explosion-proof inner plate is subjected to external force, the fixing elastic sheets deform and pop out from the inner side holes and move outwards along with the second explosion-proof inner plate, and when the second explosion-proof inner plate is pulled out to the limit position, the fixing elastic sheets at the two ends of the second explosion-proof inner plate are respectively clamped in outer side holes of the first explosion-proof inner plate and the partition plate;

the inner side two ends of the third explosion-proof inner plate are also provided with fixing elastic sheets, when the third explosion-proof inner plate is contracted inside the second explosion-proof inner plate, the fixing elastic sheets are clamped in the inner side holes at the two ends of the second explosion-proof inner plate, when the third explosion-proof inner plate is subjected to external force, the fixing elastic sheets on the third explosion-proof inner plate deform and pop out from the inner side holes and move outwards along with the third explosion-proof inner plate, and when the third explosion-proof inner plate is pulled out to a limit position, the fixing elastic sheets are clamped in the outer side holes of the second explosion-proof inner plate;

the inboard both ends of fourth explosion-proof inner panel also are equipped with fixed shell fragment, work as the fourth explosion-proof inner panel contracts during the inside of third explosion-proof inner panel, and fixed shell fragment card is established in the inboard hole at third explosion-proof inner panel both ends, and when fourth explosion-proof inner panel received external force, fixed shell fragment on the fourth explosion-proof inner panel warp and pops out and moves to the outside along with the fourth explosion-proof inner panel in the follow inside hole, when fourth explosion-proof inner panel pulled out to extreme position, fixed shell fragment card was established in the outside hole of third explosion-proof inner panel.

Preferably, in the fifth step, after the protection device is inserted into the working hole, the connecting shaft is rotated to enable the first explosion-proof inner plate and the explosion-proof outer plate to be in a vertical state, the fourth explosion-proof inner plate is pulled outwards by utilizing a round hole in the fourth explosion-proof inner plate, and the fourth explosion-proof inner plate, the third explosion-proof inner plate and the second explosion-proof inner plate are moved to two sides of the first explosion-proof inner plate; and step six, after the pre-splitting blasting surface is blasted, the fourth explosion-proof inner plate is pushed inwards by using a round hole of the fourth explosion-proof inner plate, the third explosion-proof inner plate and the second explosion-proof inner plate are moved into a plate cavity of the first explosion-proof inner plate, then the connecting shaft is rotated, the first explosion-proof inner plate is recovered into a concave cavity of the explosion-proof outer plate, and the protection device is recovered.

Preferably, the explosion-proof outer plate is provided with a fixing hole, the tail end of the first explosion-proof inner plate is provided with a high-elasticity steel sheet, and when the first explosion-proof inner plate and the explosion-proof outer plate are in a vertical state, the high-elasticity steel sheet of the first explosion-proof inner plate is clamped by the fixing hole for fixing.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:

1) according to the method, the working hole is dug in the rock mass at the top of the cutter head of the shield machine, and the rock mass above the shield machine is cleaned in a pre-splitting blasting mode, so that the influence on the surrounding environment is small, the construction progress is not influenced by the method, the required time is short, and the operation is simple;

2) according to the invention, the working hole is excavated in the rock mass at the top of the cutter head of the shield machine, the rock mass and the shield machine are completely separated by using the protection device before blasting, and when the rock mass is cleaned by adopting a high-efficiency and less-destructive presplitting blasting mode, the structure of the shield machine cannot be damaged due to the protection of the protection device;

3) according to the protection device, the fourth explosion-proof inner plate, the third explosion-proof inner plate and the second explosion-proof inner plate are arranged inside the first explosion-proof inner plate, and the explosion-proof inner plates are telescopic and fixed through the matching of the fixing elastic sheet, the inner side hole and the outer side hole, so that the protection device is simple in structure, easy to manufacture and convenient to use in a tunnel with limited space;

4) according to the protection device, the concave cavity is formed in the anti-explosion outer plate, the first anti-explosion inner plate is fixed in the concave cavity through the connecting shaft, so that the first anti-explosion inner plate can be turned to be 90 degrees with the anti-explosion outer plate, the protection device does not occupy space, and the whole protection device perfectly fits the shape of an excavated working hole;

5) according to the invention, a rock mass of 50cm is reserved between the shield machine and the pre-splitting blasting surface as a protective layer during blasting, so that the protection of the shield machine is improved;

6) the invention sprays water after blasting, and presses fresh air into the soil cabin, thereby reducing dust in the soil cabin, removing harmful gas and enhancing safety.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is an overall schematic view of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the operation of the protective device of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the protection device of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic top view of the explosion proof outer panel of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the underside of the explosion proof outer panel of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a first burst inner panel of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the explosion proof inner panel of the present invention in an open condition;

FIG. 8 is a front elevational view of a first burst inner panel of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a left side elevational view of the first burst disk of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the shape of a working hole of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a presplitting blasting surface of the invention;

FIG. 12 is a schematic view of the angle of the sector explosion of the present invention;

the labels in the figure are: 1. the anti-explosion device comprises an anti-explosion outer plate, 101, a fixing hole, 2, a first anti-explosion inner plate, 201, a high-elasticity steel sheet, 202, a shaft cavity, 203, a plate cavity, 3, a second anti-explosion inner plate, 4, a third anti-explosion inner plate, 5, a fourth anti-explosion inner plate, 6, a partition plate, 7, a fixing elastic sheet, 8, an inner side hole, 9, an outer side hole, 10, a connecting shaft, 11, a handle, 12, a rock mass, 13, a working hole, 14, a pre-splitting blasting surface, 1401, a blasting hole, 15, a cutter head, 16 and a shield machine.

Detailed Description

The technical solution of the present invention is further described with reference to the following specific embodiments.