阅读说明：本技术 减少颗粒排放物的方法 (Method for reducing particulate emissions ) 是由 R·F·克拉克内尔 A·A·阿拉迪 V·佩利切亚里 于 2019-01-08 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种用于减少来自直喷式火花点火发动机的颗粒排放物的方法,其中所述方法包括用汽油组合物给所述发动机供给燃料,其中所述汽油组合物包括烃基础燃料,所述烃基础燃料包括基于所述基础燃料不大于5％v的具有至少9个碳原子的芳烃、高达150℃的T90和不大于190℃的终沸点。(A method for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, wherein the method comprises fuelling the engine with a gasoline composition, wherein the gasoline composition comprises a hydrocarbon base fuel comprising not more than 5% v, based on the base fuel, of aromatic hydrocarbons having at least 9 carbon atoms, a T90 of up to 150 ℃ and a final boiling point of not more than 190 ℃.)

1. A method for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, wherein the method comprises fuelling the engine with a gasoline composition, wherein the gasoline composition comprises a hydrocarbon base fuel comprising no more than 5% v, based on the base fuel, of aromatic hydrocarbons having at least 9 carbon atoms, a T90 of up to 150 ℃ and a final boiling point of no more than 190 ℃.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon base fuel has a final boiling point of no greater than 180 ℃.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein said reduction in particulate emissions is measured by a reduction in the PM index (stage 2010-01-2115) of said gasoline composition.

4. The method of any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the PM index of the gasoline composition is 1.0 or less.

5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the gasoline composition contains 0 to 10% v of at least one oxygenate selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and isobutanol, and diethyl carbonate.

6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the hydrocarbon base fuel contains 10 to 20% v olefins.

7. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the hydrocarbon base fuel contains 12 to 18% v olefins.

8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the hydrocarbon base fuel contains no more than 5% v, based on the base fuel, of olefins having at least 10 carbon atoms.

9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the base fuel has an initial boiling point in the range of 30 to 40 ℃, a T10 in the range of 45 to 57 ℃, a T50 in the range of 82 to 104 ℃, a T90 in the range of 140 to 150 ℃.

10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the fuel composition comprises one or more antioxidants.

11. Use of a gasoline composition for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, wherein the gasoline composition comprises a hydrocarbon base fuel comprising no more than 5% v, based on the base fuel, of aromatic hydrocarbons having at least 9 carbon atoms, a T90 of up to 150 ℃ and a final boiling point of no more than 190 ℃.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a method for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine.

Background

There is an increasing concern about the environmental impact of particulate emissions from spark-ignition combustion engines, particularly direct injection spark-ignition engines. This has led to an increasing demand for motor vehicles which can be operated with reduced particle emissions.

Hydrocarbon fuels currently being developed for spark-ignition combustion engines may not be optimized or may actually be disadvantageous for direct injection spark-ignition engines, particularly when particulate emission levels are referenced. It is therefore desirable to find ways to reduce particulate emissions from operating a direct injection spark ignition engine.

WO2004/113476 discloses a gasoline composition meeting certain parameters for use as fuel in a spark ignition engine resulting in improved stability of the engine crankcase lubricant. However, there is no mention in this document of the use of such fuels for reducing particulate emissions in a direct injection spark ignition engine.

Disclosure of Invention

According to the present invention there is provided a method for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, wherein the method comprises fuelling the engine with a gasoline composition, wherein the gasoline composition comprises a hydrocarbon base fuel comprising no more than 5% v, based on the base fuel, of aromatic hydrocarbons having at least 9 carbon atoms, a T90 of up to 150 ℃ and a final boiling point of no more than 190 ℃.

According to the present invention there is further provided the use of a gasoline composition for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, wherein the gasoline composition comprises a hydrocarbon base fuel comprising not more than 5% v, based on the base fuel, of aromatic hydrocarbons having at least 9 carbon atoms, a T90 below 150 ℃ and a final boiling point of not more than 190 ℃.

It has been surprisingly found that by selecting a gasoline composition that meets certain parameters, particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine can be reduced.

Detailed Description

The low C9+ aromatics content, along with a T90 of less than 150 ℃ and a final boiling point of no more than 190 ℃, is considered a key parameter for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition internal combustion engine fueled by the gasoline composition of the present invention.

By "not more than 5% v of aromatics having at least 9 carbon atoms" is meant that the hydrocarbon base fuel contains aromatics having 9 or more carbon atoms in the range of 0 to 5% v, respectively, based on the amount of the base fuel.

The use and method of the present invention may be used to achieve any degree of reduction in particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, including reduction to 0 (i.e. elimination of particulate emissions). Which may be used for the purpose of achieving a desired target level of particulate emissions. The methods and uses herein preferably achieve 5% reduction or greater in particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, more preferably 10% reduction or greater in particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, even more preferably 15% reduction or greater in particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, and particularly preferably 30% reduction or greater in particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, as compared to using a gasoline fuel composition having a final boiling point of greater than 190 ℃, having a T90 of 150 ℃ or greater than 150 ℃, and comprising greater than 5 v% of an aromatic hydrocarbon having 9 or more carbon atoms.

Any suitable method may be used herein to measure particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine. One example of a suitable method for measuring particulate emissions can be found in the following SAE paper: SAE stages 2010-01-2115, 10/25/2010, which measures the reduction in particulate emissions by a reduction in the PM index of the gasoline composition. The gasoline composition suitable for use in the present invention preferably has a PM index of 1.0 or less, more preferably 0.95 or less, even more preferably 0.9 or less, measured according to the test method disclosed in SAE 2010-01-2115.

Gasoline contains a mixture of hydrocarbons whose optimum boiling range and distillation curve vary according to the climate and season of the year. The hydrocarbons in gasoline as defined above may be conveniently derived in known manner from straight run gasoline, synthetically produced aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures, thermally or catalytically cracked hydrocarbons, hydrocracked petroleum fractions or catalytically reformed hydrocarbons and mixtures of these. Oxygenates, whether fossil or bio-derived, can be incorporated into gasoline and comprise alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, tert-butanol and isobutanol) and ethers, preferably ethers containing 5 or more carbon atoms per molecule, such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE). The amount of oxygenate present in the fuel composition depends on the current fuel specifications for the oxygenate type. For example, the EN228 specification defines the maximum oxygen content as 3.73% oxygen by mass, and so the level of oxygenate must be adjusted to meet this specification.

It is preferred to avoid the inclusion of tert-butanol or MTBE. Accordingly, preferred gasoline compositions of the present invention contain 0 to 10% by volume of at least one oxygenate selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and isobutanol.

Theoretical modeling has shown that the inclusion of ethanol in the gasoline composition of the present invention will further enhance the stability of engine lubricants, particularly under cooler engine operating conditions. Thus, it is preferred that the gasoline composition of the present invention contains up to 10% ethanol by volume, preferably 2 to 10% v, more preferably 4 to 10% v, for example 5 to 10% v ethanol.

Other oxygenates that may be included in the gasoline compositions herein include ethanol and CO₂Diethyl carbonate (DEC), esters (e.g., ethyl acetate), and ketones (e.g., methyl ethyl ketone) produced by catalysis.

Oxygenates may help reduce PN emissions by chemical means.

The gasoline composition according to the invention is advantageously lead-free (lead-free) and this may be required by law. Where warranted, lead-free explosion-proof compounds and/or valve seat recession protector compounds (e.g., known potassium, sodium or phosphorus compounds) may be present.

Octane levels can be defined by RON, MON or explosion proof index (Aki) ((RON + MON)/2). If RON is specified, it will typically be greater than 92. If an explosion protection index is specified, it will typically be higher than 85.

Modern gasoline is essentially a low sulphur fuel, for example containing less than 200ppmw sulphur, preferably no more than 50ppmw sulphur.

As will be readily understood by a person skilled in the art, a hydrocarbon base fuel as defined above may conveniently be produced in a known manner by blending suitable hydrocarbon (e.g. refinery) streams to meet the defined parameters. The olefin content can be increased by including an olefin-rich refinery stream in any relative proportion and/or by adding a synthesis component (e.g., diisobutylene).

Diisobutylene, also known as 2,4, 4-trimethyl-1-pentene (Sigma Aldrich Fine Chemicals, usa), is typically a mixture of isomers (2,4, 4-trimethyl-1-pentene and 2,4, 4-trimethyl-2-pentene) prepared by heating the sulfuric acid extract of isobutylene from the butene isomer separation process to about 90 ℃. The yield was typically 90% with 80% dimer and 20% trimer mixed as described in cocker-ostmo (Kirk-Othmer) encyclopedia of chemical technology, 4 th edition, volume 4, page 725.

The gasoline composition as defined above may comprise one or more additives such as antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, ashless detergents, dehazers, dyes, lubricity improvers and synthetic or mineral oil carrier fluids in various ways. Examples of suitable such additives are generally described in U.S. Pat. No.5,855,629 and DE-A-19955651.

The additive components may be added to gasoline individually or may also be blended with one or more diluents to form an additive concentrate and added together to the base fuel.

Preferred gasoline compositions for use in the process of the present invention include one or more antioxidants to improve the oxidative stability of the gasoline composition. Any antioxidant additive suitable for use in gasoline compositions may be used herein. Preferred antioxidants for use herein are hindered phenols such as Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT). Preferably, the gasoline composition comprises from 10ppmw to 100ppmw of antioxidant.

The high octane components that may be biologically derived and suitable for use herein that are free of oxygen include isobutylene or isooctenes, isooctanes, trimethylbutanes, and isoamylenes. These high octane oxygen-free compounds may help reduce PN emissions through ignition and combustion optimization.

Preferred gasoline compositions for use in the process of the present invention have one or more of the following characteristics: -

(i) The hydrocarbon base fuel contains at least 10% v olefins,

(ii) the hydrocarbon base fuel contains at least 12% v olefins,

(iii) the hydrocarbon base fuel contains at least 13% v olefins,

(iv) the hydrocarbon base fuel contains up to 20% v olefins,

(v) the hydrocarbon base fuel contains up to 18% v olefins,

(vi) the base fuel has an Initial Boiling Point (IBP) of at least 28 c,

(vii) the base fuel has an IBP of at least 30 c,

(viii) the base fuel has an IBP up to 42 c,

(ix) the base fuel has an IBP up to 40 c,

(x) The base fuel has a T of at least 42 DEG C₁₀，

(xi) The base fuel has a T of at least 45 DEG C₁₀，

(xii) The base fuel has a T of at least 46 DEG C₁₀，

(xiii) The base fuel has a T of up to 58 DEG C₁₀，

(xiv) The base fuel has a T of up to 57 DEG C₁₀，

(xv) The base fuel has a T of up to 56 DEG C₁₀，

(xvi) The base fuel has a T of at least 80 DEG C₁₀，

(xvii) The base fuel has a T of at least 82 DEG C₁₀，

(xviii) The base fuel has a T of at least 83 DEG C₁₀，

(xix) The base fuel has a T of up to 105 DEG C₁₀，

(xx) The base fuel has a T of up to 104 DEG C₁₀，

(xxi) The base fuel has a T of up to 103 DEG C₁₀，

(xxii) Basic fuelThe material has a T of at least 135 DEG C₉₀，

(xxiii) The base fuel has a T of at least 140 DEG C₉₀，

(xxiv) The base fuel has a T of at least 142 DEG C₉₀，

(xxv) The base fuel has a T of up to 150 DEG C₉₀，

(xxvi) The base fuel has a T of up to 145 DEG C₉₀，

(xxvii) The base fuel has a T of up to 143 DEG C₉₀，

(xxviii) The base fuel has an FBP of no greater than 190 c,

(xxix) The base fuel has an FBP of no greater than 185 c,

(xxx) The base fuel has an FBP of no greater than 180 c,

(xxxi) The base fuel has an FBP of no greater than 175 c,

(xxxii) The base fuel has an FBP of no greater than 172 c,

(xxxiii) The base fuel has an FBP of at least 165 ℃, and

(xxxiv) The base fuel has an FBP of at least 168 ℃.

Examples of preferred combinations of the above features include (i) and (iv); (ii) and (v); (iii) and (v); (vi) (viii), (x), (xii), (xvi), (xix), (xxii), (xxv), and (xxix); (vii) (ix), (xi), (xiv), (xvii), (xx), (xxiii), (xxv), and (xxx); and (vii), (ix), (xii), (xv), (xviii), (xxi), (xxiv), (xxvii), (xxxiii), and (xxxiv).

In addition to reducing particulate emissions in direct injection spark ignition engines, the use of the gasoline compositions described herein may provide one of a number of benefits. These benefits include reduced frequency of oil changes, reduced wear on the engine (e.g., wear on engine bearings), reduced wear on engine components (e.g., wear on camshafts and piston cranks), improved acceleration performance, increased maximum power output, and/or improved fuel economy.

The invention will be understood from the illustrative examples that follow, wherein temperatures are in degrees celsius and parts, percentages and ratios are by volume unless otherwise indicated. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that various fuels are prepared in known manners from known refinery streams and, therefore, can be readily reproduced based on knowledge of given composition parameters.

In an example, a particulate matter emissions test for a gasoline composition in a direct injection spark ignition engine fueled by a test fuel was achieved using the following steps.

Examples of the invention