阅读说明：本技术 用于中断低频无线电通信装置中未授权通信的系统和方法 (System and method for interrupting unauthorized communication in a low frequency radio communication device ) 是由 维拉·普拉卡什·沙阿 里希·塞蒂亚 古杰特·辛格·索汉 法希姆·可汗 于 2020-02-17 设计创作，主要内容包括：提供了用于中断低频无线电通信装置中未授权通信的系统和方法。传统的系统和方法可能无法通过在与低频无线电通信装置的低频带相同的频带中产生低频信号来中断未授权通信。本公开的实施方式通过经由低频无线电通信装置的方波生成器和装置线圈生成低频信号来克服传统系统和方法面临的限制；通过实现功率控制技术在计算装置上集成低频信号；并且经由计算装置上的集成低频信号中断低频无线电通信装置中的未授权通信。(Systems and methods for interrupting unauthorized communications in a low frequency radio communication device are provided. Conventional systems and methods may not be able to interrupt unauthorized communication by generating a low frequency signal in the same frequency band as the low frequency band of the low frequency radio communication device. Embodiments of the present disclosure overcome the limitations faced by conventional systems and methods by generating a low frequency signal via a square wave generator and device coil of a low frequency radio communication device; integrating a low frequency signal on a computing device by implementing a power control technique; and interrupting unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device via the integrated low frequency signal on the computing device.)

1. A method for interrupting unauthorized communications in a low frequency radio communication device, the method comprising:

identifying, by one or more hardware processors, a plurality of high frequency bands and a plurality of low frequency bands corresponding to a low frequency radio communication device, wherein the low frequency radio communication device comprises a receiver;

generating one or more low frequency signals corresponding to the plurality of low frequency bands via a square wave generator and a device coil, wherein the square wave generator and the device coil correspond to the low frequency radio communication device, and wherein the one or more low frequency signals are generated by implementing a frequency oscillation technique on the plurality of low frequency bands;

integrating the one or more low frequency signals on a computing device by implementing a power control technique, wherein the computing device is in communication with the low frequency radio communication device via the receiver; and is

Interrupting unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device via the integrated one or more low frequency signals on the computing device.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more low frequency signals are generated as robust electromagnetic waves for interrupting unauthorized communications in the low frequency radio communication device when integrated into the computing device.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the integrated one or more low frequency signals are programmed via a voltage controller for interrupting unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of interrupting unauthorized communication comprises draining a battery of the low frequency radio communication device from a predetermined range for interrupting unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of draining the battery is performed via one or more low frequency signals integrated on the computing device.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein, prior to the interrupting step, a plurality of electromagnetic frequencies surrounding the computing device are detected via a detection mechanism of the integrated one or more low frequency signals, and wherein the detection mechanism is enabled via a microcontroller of the computing device.

7. The method according to claim 3, wherein the step of programming comprises not interrupting the integrated one or more low frequency signals corresponding to the hearing aid device detected by the computing device.

8. A system (100) for interrupting unauthorized communication in a low frequency radio communication device, the system (100) comprising:

a memory (102) storing instructions;

one or more communication interfaces (106); and

one or more hardware processors (104) coupled to the memory (102) via the one or more communication interfaces (106), wherein the one or more hardware processors (104) are configured by the instructions to:

identifying a plurality of high frequency bands and a plurality of low frequency bands corresponding to a low frequency radio communication device, wherein the low frequency radio communication device comprises a receiver;

generating one or more low frequency signals corresponding to the plurality of low frequency bands via a square wave generator and a device coil, wherein the square wave generator and the device coil correspond to the low frequency radio communication device, and wherein the one or more low frequency signals are generated by implementing a frequency oscillation technique on the plurality of low frequency bands;

integrating the one or more low frequency signals on a computing device by implementing a power control technique, wherein the computing device is in communication with the low frequency radio communication device via the receiver; and is

Interrupting unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device via the integrated one or more low frequency signals on the computing device.

9. The system (100) of claim 8, wherein, when integrated into the computing device, the one or more low frequency signals are generated as robust electromagnetic waves for interrupting unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device.

10. The system (100) of claim 8, wherein the integrated one or more low frequency signals are programmed via a voltage controller for interrupting unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device.

11. The system (100) of claim 8, wherein the step of interrupting unauthorized communication comprises draining a battery of the low frequency radio communication device from a predetermined range for interrupting unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device.

12. The system (100) of claim 11, wherein the step of draining the battery is performed via one or more low frequency signals integrated on the computing device.

13. The system of claim 8, wherein, prior to the interrupting step, a plurality of electromagnetic frequencies surrounding the computing device are detected via a detection mechanism of the integrated one or more low frequency signals, and wherein the detection mechanism is enabled via a microcontroller of the computing device.

14. The system of claim 10, wherein the step of programming control includes not interrupting the integrated one or more low frequency signals corresponding to the hearing aid device detected by the computing device.

15. One or more non-transitory machine-readable information storage media comprising one or more instructions that when executed by one or more hardware processors cause:

identifying, by one or more hardware processors, a plurality of high frequency bands and a plurality of low frequency bands corresponding to a low frequency radio communication device, wherein the low frequency radio communication device comprises a receiver;

generating one or more low frequency signals corresponding to the plurality of low frequency bands via a square wave generator and a device coil, wherein the square wave generator and the device coil correspond to the low frequency radio communication device, and wherein the one or more low frequency signals are generated by implementing a frequency oscillation technique on the plurality of low frequency bands;

integrating the one or more low frequency signals on a computing device by implementing a power control technique, wherein the computing device is in communication with the low frequency radio communication device via the receiver; and is

Interrupting unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device via the integrated one or more low frequency signals on the computing device.

Technical Field

The disclosure herein relates generally to low frequency radio systems and, more particularly, to systems and methods for interrupting unauthorized communications in low frequency radio communication devices.

Background

The digital world has grown rapidly and digital assessment has become increasingly important, especially in educational and related fields. Educational systems are increasingly using digital tools for online testing and assisted assessment. Educational institutions are using digital tools and techniques to administer, report, manage tests and examinations. When used in conjunction with the correct learning device, digital assessment can test faster and more safely, can provide immediate feedback to students, and can provide key data to educators, which can be further used for personalized instruction. However, privacy and security are the most critical aspects to be addressed when using digital technology in educational systems. Digital technology may provide an opportunity to resort to illicit means of writing an examination if improperly performed.

Disclosure of Invention

Embodiments of the present disclosure propose a technical improvement as a solution to one or more of the above-mentioned technical problems recognized by the inventors in conventional systems. For example, in one embodiment, a method for interrupting unauthorized communication in a low frequency radio communication device, the method comprising: identifying, by one or more hardware processors, a plurality of high frequency bands and a plurality of low frequency bands corresponding to a low frequency radio communication device, wherein the low frequency radio communication device comprises a receiver; generating one or more low frequency signals corresponding to a plurality of low frequency bands via a square wave generator and a device coil, wherein the square wave generator and the device coil correspond to a low frequency radio communication device, and wherein the one or more low frequency signals are generated by implementing a frequency oscillation technique over the plurality of low frequency bands; integrating one or more low frequency signals on a computing device by implementing a power control technique, wherein the computing device communicates with a low frequency radio communication device via a receiver; interrupting unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device via the integrated one or more low frequency signals on the computing device; detecting, via a detection mechanism of the integrated one or more low frequency signals, a plurality of electromagnetic frequencies around the computing device, and wherein the detection mechanism is enabled via a microcontroller of the computing device; and without interrupting the integrated one or more low frequency signals corresponding to the hearing aid device detected by the computing device.

In another aspect, there is provided a system for interrupting unauthorized communication in a low frequency radio communication device, the system comprising: a memory storing instructions; one or more communication interfaces; and one or more hardware processors coupled to the memory via one or more communication interfaces, wherein the one or more hardware processors are configured by the instructions to: identifying a plurality of high frequency bands and a plurality of low frequency bands corresponding to a low frequency radio communication device, wherein the low frequency radio communication device includes a receiver; generating one or more low frequency signals corresponding to a plurality of low frequency bands via a square wave generator and a device coil, wherein the square wave generator and the device coil correspond to a low frequency radio communication device, and wherein the one or more low frequency signals are generated by implementing a frequency oscillation technique over the plurality of low frequency bands; integrating one or more low frequency signals on a computing device by implementing a power control technique, wherein the computing device communicates with a low frequency radio communication device via a receiver; interrupting unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device via the integrated one or more low frequency signals on the computing device; detecting, via a detection mechanism of the integrated one or more low frequency signals, a plurality of electromagnetic frequencies around the computing device, and wherein the detection mechanism is enabled via a microcontroller of the computing device; and without interrupting the integrated one or more low frequency signals corresponding to the hearing aid device detected by the computing device.

In yet another aspect, one or more non-transitory machine-readable information storage media are provided, comprising one or more instructions that when executed by one or more hardware processors cause the one or more hardware processors to perform a method for interrupting unauthorized communication in a low frequency radio communication device, the method comprising: identifying a plurality of high frequency bands and a plurality of low frequency bands corresponding to a low frequency radio communication device, wherein the low frequency radio communication device includes a receiver; generating one or more low frequency signals corresponding to a plurality of low frequency bands via a square wave generator and a device coil, wherein the square wave generator and the device coil correspond to a low frequency radio communication device, and wherein the one or more low frequency signals are generated by implementing a frequency oscillation technique over the plurality of low frequency bands; integrating one or more low frequency signals on a computing device by implementing a power control technique, wherein the computing device communicates with a low frequency radio communication device via a receiver; interrupting unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device via the integrated one or more low frequency signals on the computing device; detecting, via a detection mechanism of the integrated one or more low frequency signals, a plurality of electromagnetic frequencies around the computing device, and wherein the detection mechanism is enabled via a microcontroller of the computing device; and without interrupting the integrated one or more low frequency signals corresponding to the hearing aid device detected by the computing device.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.

Drawings

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this disclosure, illustrate exemplary embodiments and together with the description, serve to explain the principles disclosed.

Fig. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a system for interrupting unauthorized communications in a low frequency radio communication device, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

figure 2 is a flow chart illustrating the steps involved in interrupting unauthorized communications in a low frequency radio communication device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a spectral graphical output of multiple high-band and multiple low-band generated using a standard spectral analyzer, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 illustrates a design for programming one or more low frequency signals via a voltage divider (or voltage controller) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a design of one or more low frequency signals generated using a 555 timer IC, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

fig. 6 illustrates a complete integration of one or more low frequency signals on a computing device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

Detailed Description

Exemplary embodiments are described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. Wherever convenient, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. Although examples and features of the disclosed principles are described herein, modifications, alterations, and other implementations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosed embodiments. The following detailed description is to be considered exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide systems and methods for interrupting unauthorized communications in a low frequency radio communication device. Digital learning can be defined as a web-based learning that effectively utilizes information technology to impart knowledge to students. The digital processing system encourages active learning, knowledge building, querying, and exploration by learners, and allows teachers and/or learners to communicate remotely and share data in different physical classroom locations. Digital technology is often exciting to learners and provides a potentially more engaging choice to enhance and alter the learning process of students.

The purpose of incorporating digital technology into a classroom is to prepare students for future workforce, i.e., for work that may involve technology, and that requires the type of skill taught and the manner in which the technology is used. The introduction of educational systems reduces or eliminates the burdensome paperwork of previous systems. Since most tests are conducted on-line, the teacher does not need to return home with a bundle of examination papers for evaluation.

However, in implementing digital technology, various security aspects must be considered. A secure online examination system will provide a better and more secure online examination. This also helps to improve the branding and reputation of the organization. Most of the entrance examinations, recruitment examinations, certification examinations of professional certification institutions and psychological tests for evaluating the personality of the education institutions are performed on the internet. If one wants to benefit from the use of digital technology, a safe examination procedure is essential. Abuse of the technology can be prevented and prevention of cheating can be achieved.

The disclosed method seeks to overcome the limitations faced by conventional systems and methods, particularly when implementing/using digital technology in educational systems. For example, the disclosed method provides for interrupting unauthorized communications in low frequency radio systems so that such systems cannot illicitly abuse test cheating.

Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to fig. 1-6, wherein like reference numerals represent corresponding features consistently throughout the several views, there is shown preferred embodiments and which are described in the context of the following exemplary systems and/or methods.

Fig. 1 shows an exemplary block diagram of a system 100 for interrupting unauthorized communication in a low frequency radio communication device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more processors 104, a communication interface device or input/output (I/O) interface 106, and one or more data storage devices or memories 102 operatively coupled to the one or more processors 104. The one or more processors 104, which are hardware processors, may be implemented as one or more microprocessors, microcomputers, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, central processing units, state machines, logic circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals based on operational instructions. Among other capabilities, the processor is configured to retrieve and execute computer readable instructions stored in the memory 102. In one embodiment, system 100 may be implemented in various computing systems, such as a laptop, a notebook, a handheld device, a workstation, a mainframe computer, a server, a network cloud, and so forth.

The I/O interface device 106 may include various software and hardware interfaces, such as a network interface, a graphical user interface, etc., and may facilitate a variety of communications within various network N/ws and protocol types, including wired networks (e.g., LAN, cable, etc.) as well as wireless networks (e.g., WLAN, cellular, or satellite). In one embodiment, the I/O interface device may include one or more ports for connecting multiple devices to each other or to another server. The system 100 may be coupled to external data sources through the I/O interface 106.

Memory 102 may include any computer-readable medium known in the art, including, for example, volatile memory (e.g., Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) and Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)) and/or non-volatile memory, such as Read Only Memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM, flash memory, a hard disk, an optical disk, and magnetic tape. In one embodiment, the memory 102 may be configured to store any data associated with the interruption of unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device. In one embodiment, information relating to high and low frequency bands, generated low frequency signals, and interruptions of unauthorized communication in low frequency radio communication devices, etc. is stored in memory 102. Furthermore, all information (inputs, outputs, etc.) relating to the interruption of unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device may also be stored as historical data in the database for reference.

Referring to fig. 1, fig. 2 illustrates an exemplary flow chart of a method for interrupting unauthorized communication in a low frequency radio communication device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more data storage devices operatively coupled to the memory 102 of the one or more hardware processors 104 and configured to store instructions for execution by the one or more processors 104 to perform the steps of the method. As shown in fig. 1 and the flow chart, the steps of the method of the present disclosure will now be explained with reference to the components of the system 100. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the hardware processor 104, when configured with instructions, performs one or more of the methods described herein.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, at step 201, the one or more hardware processors 104 are configured to identify a plurality of high frequency bands and a plurality of low frequency bands corresponding to a low frequency radio communication device. As is known in the art, the radio spectrum (i.e., the radio communications portion of the electromagnetic spectrum) extends from a very low frequency band to a very high frequency band. Although low frequency radio communication devices have particular utility, such devices may also be used for unauthorized communication, particularly during examinations.

Typically, a low frequency radio communication device for unauthorized communication, especially during an examination, comprises a global system for mobile communications (GSM) module for connecting the low frequency radio communication device to the outside world, and the audio output of the GSM module is connected to the coil. The low frequency radiation from the coil is coupled to the user's receiver (or hidden earpiece) to listen to the outside world. The magnetic field lines couple the audio output to the receiver.

The frequency bands used in such a low frequency radio communication apparatus are a low frequency band and a high frequency band. As is known in the art, the high frequency bands are the 2G, 3G and 4G bands, while the low frequency range is 20Hz to 20kHz (20Hz-20,000 Hz). The disclosed method provides for mitigation of low frequency bands that interrupt unauthorized communications. Thus, a plurality of high frequency bands and a plurality of low frequency bands are initially identified for the low frequency radio communication device. In an example implementation, by referring to fig. 3, an example of the identified plurality of high frequency bands and plurality of low frequency bands may be referenced, where the identified plurality of high frequency bands and plurality of low frequency bands are generated using a standard spectrum analyzer.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, at step 202, the one or more hardware processors 104 are configured to generate one or more low frequency signals corresponding to a plurality of low frequency bands via a square wave generator and a device coil of a low frequency radio communication device. Thus, upon identifying a plurality of low frequency bands, one or more low frequency signals may be generated in the same frequency band such that the one or more low frequency signals so generated may continue to interfere with communications between the transmitter module and the receiver. By using the disclosed method, the signal generation system continuously interrupts the user via one or more low frequency signals, thereby interrupting unauthorized communication in any low frequency radio communication device.

In one embodiment, the one or more low frequency signals are generated by implementing a frequency oscillation technique over a plurality of low frequency bands. One or more low frequency signals generated to interrupt unauthorized communications are amplified to a 1Hz frequency signal for generating an interrupt in an external communication device operating at audio frequencies. Thus, the one or more low frequency signals generated by implementing the frequency oscillation technique are square wave signals that start the oscillation timer IC.

With reference to fig. 4, it may be noted that the proposed design for integration includes a voltage divider (also referred to herein as a voltage controller) for programming one or more low frequency signals integrated on the computing device. Further, by referring to fig. 5, reference may be made to a design example of the one or more low frequency signals generated, which are square wave signals generated using a 555 timer IC.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, at step 203, the one or more hardware processors 104 are configured to integrate the one or more low frequency signals on the computing device by implementing power control techniques. A computing device may include any electronic device, information handling system that takes input and produces some output, such as a laptop computer or any desktop computer. The computing device (integrated on one or more low frequency signals) communicates with the low frequency radio communication device via the receiver. Power control techniques implement a programmable IC that switches between different powers as a relay controller to amplify the signal.

In one embodiment, the range of the one or more low frequency signals is maintained at 2-3 feet for integration, so that the one or more low frequency signals do not interrupt other surrounding systems while being integrated. Furthermore, the power from the one or more low frequency signals is low enough to avoid any electromagnetic interference to the computing device, but high enough to interrupt the receiver. Furthermore, integration of one or more low frequency signals is observed, resulting in low power consumption of the computing device. By referring to fig. 6, reference may be made to the complete integration of one or more low frequency signals on a computing device.

Referring again to fig. 6, it may be noted that FT240X or any alternative chip facilitates the programming control (on/off) of the integrated low frequency signal or signals. Further, the proposed design includes a plurality of coils, wherein each of the plurality of coils has a size of 10.5 × 11.0cm, a number of turns 29, and a gauge of wire is 24/26. The proposed design may include a 6.0 x 3.5cm size spare coil and number 36 wire.

Programming the integrated one or more low frequency signals on the computing device helps to not interrupt the integrated one or more low frequency signals corresponding to the hearing aid devices detected by the computing device, i.e. a disabled candidate using a hearing aid device (or marked as hearing impaired) may use the hearing aid device, and the programming ensures that the integrated circuit does not activate to generate any low frequency signals and thus does not interrupt the hearing aid device.

Referring again to fig. 5, it can be noted that the battery power of the computing device (i.e., laptop) is 7.6 volts and 8000 mAH. The approximate power required for the integrated one or more low frequency signals is less than 0.15W. Assuming a test duration of about three hours, the proposed design using integrated one or more low frequency signals with a power consumption of 150mW may even cause any problems, even if running continuously. This design with integrated one or more low frequency signals also tests for interference with the normal operation of the laptop computer. It is observed that the integrated low frequency signal or signals do not interrupt the performance of the laptop computer, especially the audio portion of the sound card.

When integrated into a computing device, one or more low frequency signals are generated as robust electromagnetic waves for interrupting unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device, i.e., the integrated one or more low frequency signals are much more robust than any signal generated by the low frequency radio communication device (communicating with the computing device) using a GSM module and coil. The computing device includes a microcontroller (not shown) that enables an integrated detection mechanism of one or more low frequency signals for detecting a plurality of electromagnetic waves around the computing device via Wifi or an antenna.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, at step 204, the one or more low frequency signals, when integrated onto the computing device, interrupt unauthorized communication in the low frequency radio communication device. As described above, since the integrated one or more low frequency signals are more robust than any other signal in the vicinity, the receiver of the low frequency radio communication device receives such robust integrated one or more low frequency signals, thereby mitigating/interrupting the communication of the receiver with the GSM module. Furthermore, the integrated one or more low frequency signals drain the battery of the low frequency radio communication device from the predetermined range, thereby interrupting any unauthorized communication.

According to embodiments of the present disclosure, advantages of achieving the disclosed methods may be considered in detail. The disclosed methods may also be implemented in other areas where unauthorized communications will be interrupted, for example, in military purposes and other sensitive areas. When integrated on a computing device, the one or more low frequency signals provide less battery consumption of the computing device. Furthermore, the integrated one or more low frequency signals do not disrupt the performance of the computing device.

Furthermore, by implementing the proposed method, it was observed that the square wave performance was superior to the sine wave and the operating frequency was optimal at 1.4 to 2.4 KHz. A 555IC based circuit will generate a tone of the desired frequency and its output is connected to the coil that will radiate. The output power of the system can be varied by activating appropriate relays.

The written description describes the subject matter herein to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the embodiments. The scope of the subject embodiments is defined by the claims and may include other modifications that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have similar elements which do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.

Embodiments of the present disclosure address the unresolved problem of interrupting unauthorized communication in a low frequency radio communication device. Thus, this embodiment provides for generating one or more low frequency signals as robust electromagnetic waves when integrated into a computing device to interrupt unauthorized communication in a low frequency radio communication device. Further, embodiments herein also provide for draining the battery of the low frequency radio communication device from a predetermined range and detecting a plurality of electromagnetic frequencies around the computing device via an integrated detection mechanism of one or more low frequency signals.

It will be appreciated that the scope of protection extends to such programs, in addition to computer readable devices having messages therein; such computer readable storage means contain program code means for implementing one or more steps of the method when the program is run on a server or a mobile device or any suitable programmable device. The hardware devices may be any type of device that is programmable including, for example, any type of computer, such as a server or personal computer, etc., or any combination thereof. The apparatus may also comprise means which may be, for example, a hardware device (e.g., an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)) or a combination of hardware and software devices (e.g., an ASIC and an FPGA) or at least one memory in which the at least one microprocessor and software module are located. Thus, the apparatus may comprise hardware means and software means. The method embodiments described herein may be implemented in hardware and software. The apparatus may also include software means. Alternatively, embodiments may be implemented on different hardware devices, e.g., using multiple CPUs.

Embodiments herein may include hardware and software elements. Embodiments implemented in software include, but are not limited to, firmware, resident software, microcode, and the like. The functions performed by the various modules described herein may be implemented in other modules or combinations of other modules. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

The steps described are set forth in order to explain the illustrative embodiments, and it is expected that ongoing technological development will change the manner in which particular functions are performed. These examples are given herein for the purpose of illustration, and not limitation. Further, boundaries of functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed. Alternatives (including equivalents, extensions, variations, deviations, etc., described herein) will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. Such alternatives fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosed embodiments. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "having," "including," and "containing," and other similar forms, are intended to be equivalent and open-ended in that the item or items following any one of these terms are not meant to be an exhaustive list of such item or items, or are meant to be limited to only the listed item or items. It must also be noted that, as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Furthermore, one or more computer-readable storage media may be used to implement embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A computer-readable storage medium refers to any type of physical memory on which processor-readable information or data may be stored. Thus, a computer-readable storage medium may store instructions for execution by one or more processors, including instructions for causing a processor to perform steps or stages consistent with embodiments described herein. The term "computer-readable medium" should be taken to include tangible items and not include carrier waves and transitory, i.e., non-transitory, signals. Examples include Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), volatile memory, non-volatile memory, hard drives, CD ROMs, DVDs, flash drives, diskettes, and any other known physical storage medium.

The present disclosure and examples are to be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the disclosed embodiments being indicated by the following claims.