阅读说明：本技术 一种盐碱地葡萄不下架免埋土越冬栽培方法 (Overwintering cultivation method for saline-alkali soil grapes without leaving shelves and burying soil ) 是由 王振平 李栋梅 王振莉 于 2020-03-31 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及一种盐碱地葡萄不下架免埋土越冬栽培方法。属葡萄栽培技术领域。其目的是解决埋土防寒区盐碱荒地葡萄难以种植成活、冬季下架埋土费工费时、枝蔓损伤、品质较差以及生态环境破坏等一系列问题。是通过根域限制局部改良盐碱土壤,定植抗抽干抗寒抗盐碱葡萄砧木,高接(60～130cm)所需品种；次年培养嫁接品种枝蔓,冬剪保留50～120cm成熟枝蔓；第三年萌芽前在嫁接口以下10cm处将砧木向同一方向弯曲形成单古约特L形树形,冬季按照单(双)古约特L形树形培养；第四年以后逐步培养成型；冬季对砧木主干涂白,采用防寒保湿材料包裹所有接穗枝和嫁接口以下10cm砧木,提高接穗品种的抗寒性。最终实现埋土防寒区盐碱地葡萄不下架免埋土越冬防寒栽培。(The invention relates to a method for overwintering culture of grapes in saline-alkali soil without leaving a shelf and without burying soil, belongs to the technical field of grape culture, and aims to solve a series of problems that grapes in saline-alkali wasteland in a soil-buried cold-proof area are difficult to plant and survive, labor and time are wasted when the grapes are buried in the soil, branches and tendrils are damaged, the quality is poor, the ecological environment is damaged and the like.)

1. A specific method for the saline-alkali land grape non-frame burying-free overwintering cultivation method is characterized by firstly analyzing and measuring salt content and pH value of saline-alkali land soil, calculating the improvement quantity of saline-alkali land soil, enabling improved soil grape stocks to grow normally, secondly, digging planting ditches with the width of 60-100 cm, digging plastic films with the row spacing of 3.0-3.5 cm, planting ditches with the depth of 30cm, removing excessive irrigation by using a plastic film with the width of 0.9-1.3 m and the thickness of 0.08-0.15 mm (8-15 filaments) at the two sides and the bottom of the planting ditches, remaining strong and robust 30cm at the centers of the ditches, removing excessive irrigation by using drainage seams, forming groove type ditches, or trimming branches with the row spacing of 2.5-3.0 m and the row spacing of 4.0-10.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.7 cm, building materials with a brick heads or other building materials with the height of 1.5-2.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.7 cm.

2. The method comprises the steps of firstly analyzing and measuring the salt content and the pH value of saline-alkali soil, calculating the improvement quantity of the saline-alkali soil, enabling the improved soil grape rootstock to grow normally, secondly, laying plastic films with the row spacing of 3.0-3.5 m, the width of 60-80 cm, the planting ditch with the depth of 70-100 cm on two sides and the bottom of the planting ditch, leaving 30cm of non-laying film in the center of the ditch, draining excessive irrigation water as a drainage seam, forming a groove type, uniformly mixing saline-alkali soil with rotten or nutrient soil according to a certain proportion, filling the mixture into a ditch or a full-leaf grafting pond, keeping the soil below the ditch or the planting pond, tying a binding and tying a binding with 10-15 cm, irrigating water sinking, ensuring that the salt content of the improved soil is reduced to below 0.3%, adjusting the pH to 6.5-8.5, and binding with a binding rod to a binding and a red grafting rod to form a vertical seedling, a thick branch, a thick seedling, a thick.

3. The method comprises the following steps of firstly analyzing and measuring the salt content and the pH value of saline-alkali soil, calculating the improvement quantity of the saline-alkali soil, enabling the improved soil grape rootstock to grow normally, secondly, laying plastic films with the row spacing of 3.0-3.5 m, the width of 60-80 cm, the planting ditch with the depth of 70-100 cm on two sides and the bottom of the planting ditch, leaving 30cm of non-laying film in the center of the ditch, removing excessive irrigation as drainage seams to form a groove type, uniformly mixing saline-alkali soil with rotten or nutrient soil according to a certain proportion, filling the mixture into the ditch or a full-leaf grafting pond, keeping the soil below the ditch or the planting pond, tying and tying a binding with 10-15 cm, irrigating water sinking, ensuring that the salt content of the improved soil is reduced to below 0.3%, adjusting the pH to 6.5-8.5, to 8.5, and binding with a binding rod to a binding with a red grafting rod, forming a vertical seedling, a thick.

4. The method comprises the following steps of firstly analyzing and measuring the salt content and the pH value of soil in saline and alkaline land, calculating the improved quantity of soil in the saline and alkaline land, enabling the improved soil grape rootstock to grow normally, then, according to a row spacing of 2.5-3.0 m, a plant spacing of 4.0-10.0 m, building a first plastic film with a clear size of 1.5-2.0 m in length, 1.5-2.0 m in width and 0.5-0.6 m in height, directly contacting the bottom with the ground, laying a second plastic film with a thickness of 0.08-0.15 mm (8-15 wires) at the bottom and around the planting pond, leaving a water seepage hole of 0.5m in the center of the bottom, removing excessive filling water, forming a box pool type, then, according to the salt content and the pH value of soil, binding the soil and rotten organic fertilizer or nutrient soil in a certain proportion, uniformly mixing and filling into a planting ditch or a planting pool, irrigating water, keeping the soil with the soil, keeping the soil below the salt content and the binding, keeping the soil, the binding, the soil, binding, the soil, the binding, the soil binding, the soil binding, the root, the seedling.

5. The method comprises the following steps of firstly analyzing and measuring the salt content and the pH value of soil in saline and alkaline land, calculating the improved quantity of soil in the saline and alkaline land, enabling the improved soil grape rootstock to grow normally, then, cutting a first branch with a row spacing of 2.5-3.0 m and a plant spacing of 4.0-10.0 m, building a first plastic film with a clear size of 1.5-2.0 m in length, 1.5-2.0 m in width and 0.5-0.6 m in height, directly contacting the bottom with the ground, laying a second plastic film with a thickness of 0.08-0.15 mm (8-15 wires) at the bottom and around the planting pond, leaving a water seepage hole with a thickness of 0.5m and ×.5m in the center of the bottom, removing excessive irrigation water, forming a box-type pool, then, uniformly filling a strong planting ditch or a strong planting pool with saline-alkali soil and rotten organic fertilizer or nutrient soil according to a certain proportion, and a weak soil, and a binding soil according to a certain proportion, and a moderate salt content and a pH value of the soil, and a binding to a normal root height of the root, cutting a special seedling.

6. The method comprises the following steps of firstly analyzing and measuring the salt content and the pH value of saline-alkali soil, calculating the improved quantity of the saline-alkali soil, enabling the improved soil grape rootstock to grow normally, then, cutting a first branch with a row spacing of 2.5-3.0 m and a plant spacing of 4.0-10.0 m, building a first plastic film with a clear size of 1.5-2.0 m in length, 1.5-2.0 m in width and 0.5-0.6 m in height, directly contacting the bottom with the ground, laying a second plastic film with a thickness of 0.08-0.15 mm (8-15 wires) on the bottom and the periphery of a planting pond, leaving a water seepage hole with a thickness of 0.5 850.5 m in the center of the bottom, removing excessive irrigation water, forming a box type, then, uniformly filling a strong planting ditch or a planting pond with saline-alkali soil and rotten organic fertilizer or nutrient soil according to a certain proportion, enabling the saline-alkali soil to be tied to be kept in a saline-alkali soil, or a weak soil with a saline-alkali soil or a nutrient soil, a saline-alkali soil, a saline-alkali soil is tied to be tied to a normal plant, a normal seedling is cut, a normal seedling is reserved, a thick, a seedling is cut, a seedling is grown in a seedling, a seedling is cut, a seedling is grown first seedling is cut, a seedling is grown in a seedling, a seedling is grown first seedling is grown in a seedling, a seedling is grown in a seedling, a seedling is grown first seedling is grown in a seedling is kept in a seedling, a seedling cut, a seedling is grown in a seedling cut, a seedling.

Technical Field

The invention relates to a method in the technical field of grape cultivation in saline-alkali soil in a soil-burial and cold-proof area, in particular to a method for realizing the non-off-shelf soil-burial and cold-proof overwintering cultivation of grapes in the saline-alkali soil by locally improving the soil in the saline-alkali soil by utilizing a root zone limiting technology and wrapping scion branches by adopting cold-resistant and salt-resistant rootstocks for field planting, cultivation, high grafting, shaping and heat-preservation and moisture-preservation materials.

Background

China has 14.8 hundred million acres of saline-alkali soil, and is mainly concentrated in northwest, northeast, north China and coastal areas. Northwest, northeast and north China are used as important producing areas of high-quality grapes in China, large-area saline-alkali wasteland is not developed and utilized, and land resource waste is caused. The soil burying and cold protection in winter are also an important measure for the safe overwintering of grapes in northern China, are main fierce causes of ecological damage, and are important factors for increasing the production cost and causing the quality reduction of the grapes. Before burying soil and cold-proof in winter every year, the branches and tendrils of the grapes must be manually bent one by one to be tightly adhered to the ground and buried by soil, then mechanical soil covering is carried out for 60-80 cm in thickness to achieve safe overwintering, mechanical and manual soil removal and shelving are carried out in the second year, and only the process can be increased by 400 yuan/666.6 m²The labor cost of about 40% of the whole year, and only this work can cause mechanical damage to branches and tendrils and partial bud damage of about 3-5% of the year, which results in plant shortage and broken row and incomplete garden appearance. Moreover, the self-rooted seedlings are commonly planted in China, and the freezing injury of root systems in winter is serious, so that the yield and the quality of grapes are seriously influenced. In addition, the traditional improvement technology is adopted to improve and plant the grapes in the saline-alkali soil, the growth and development of the grapes can be met in a short period, but through the soil burying and cold protection in winter for many years, a large amount of un-improved deep saline-alkali soil covers grape branches and tendrils, the improved soil structure is damaged, the soil is repeatedly salinized, and the long-term normal growth of the grapes is difficult to meet. Therefore, a cultivation mode combining the once-for-all saline-alkali soil improvement and overwintering and cold protection without lowering the grape frame is sought, the saline-alkali soil grape planting concept and mode are thoroughly changed, saline-alkali soil desert resources are changed into high-quality grape production bases, the grape planting area is expanded, and the saline-alkali soil in the north of China is improvedThe income of farmers in the region plays an important role.

Disclosure of Invention

The technical problems to be solved by the invention are as follows: aiming at the defects in the prior art, the method utilizes the limitation of the root zone to locally improve the saline-alkali soil, and reduces the soil improvement cost and the farming cost. And the complete technologies of local improvement of saline-alkali soil with brand new root zone limitation, field planting of cold-resistant and salt-resistant grape stocks, over grafting, pruning, wrapping of scion branches by heat-insulating materials and the like are provided for the saline-alkali grape planting in the buried-soil cold-proof area by utilizing the safe overwintering cold-resistant and salt-resistant grape stock over grafting, so that a series of problems of labor and time waste, cost increase, damage to branches and tendrils, poor grape quality, damage to ecological environment and the like caused by the saline-alkali grape planting and the off-shelf burying soil in winter are solved, and the non-off-shelf burying soil and cold-resistant overwintering planting of the saline-alkali grape in.

The technical scheme for solving the technical problem is as follows: the invention is realized by the following technical scheme, and provides a method for overwintering and cold-proof cultivation of grapes in saline-alkali soil in a soil-buried cold-proof area without getting off shelves, which mainly comprises the following seven aspects:

(1) the saline-alkali land root area limiting improvement method comprises the steps of firstly analyzing and measuring the salt content and the pH value of saline-alkali land soil, calculating the improvement amount of the saline-alkali land soil, enabling grape stocks in the improved soil to grow normally, secondly, digging planting furrows with the width of 60-80 cm and the depth of 70-100 cm according to the row spacing of 3.0-3.5 m, paving two sides and the bottom of the planting furrows with plastic films with the width of 0.9-1.3 m and the thickness of 0.08-0.15 mm (8-15 filaments), reserving 30cm of non-paved films in the center of the bottom of the furrows, using the planting furrows as drainage seams to discharge redundant irrigation water to form a groove type, or using bricks or other building materials to build a planting pond with the row spacing of 2.5-3.0 m and the plant spacing of 4.0-10.0 m, building a water gap size of 1.5-2.0 m in length, 1.5-2.0.0 m in width and 0.5-0.6 m in height, directly contacting the bottom of the planting pond with the ground, similarly using a nutrient film with the thickness of 0.08-0.15 mm (8 filaments) to fill the planting pond, and keeping the bottom of the saline-0.5 cm of the saline-alkali land soil uniformly or keeping the saline-alkali land soil with a mixed water hole, and the saline-alkali soil with the saline-alkali land soil, and the saline-alkali land soil in the saline-alkali land, and filling the saline-alkali land pond, and the saline-alkali land, and.

(2) And (3) cold-resistant and salt-resistant grape stock planting: the groove type and box-pool type improvement respectively plant the winter-crossing, drought-draining, cold-resistant and salt-resistant grape stocks (such as 1103P, 101-14, Riparia Glorie, 420AMGt, 196-17Cl, 161-49C, 3309C and hybrid vitis amurensis hybrids such as northern rose, northern red and levo-superior red) with the plant spacing of 1.0-4.0 m and the midpoint, grow annually, normally irrigate, fertilize, weed and pesticide, manage, and plant a bamboo rod or a thin steel bar with the length of 120-180 cm on each seedling side for binding the germinated branches and tendrils to ensure that the branches and tendrils grow vertically to form the grape stock land-setting seedlings (see the spring summer in the attached figure 1 and the attached figure 2).

(3) The grape variety grafting method comprises the following steps: in the current year of field planting, after the grape stock seedlings grow to be 80-150 cm high, when branches and tendrils are semi-lignified at the position 60-130 cm away from the ground, the top tips of the branches and tendrils are cut off (note: grafting at the same height must be selected in the same field, the height is preferably 70-110 cm), the needed grape varieties are grafted by adopting a green branch grafting technology, the grape varieties are cultured according to a grafted seedling management technology, newly-germinated scion branches are vertically bound on bamboo poles or thin steel bars, 3-5 full and mature winter buds are formed at the base parts of the scions in the current year, and simple package safe overwintering can be realized (see summer, autumn and winter in the second year of attached figures 1 and 2). Likewise, a hard branch grafting method may also be employed: namely, the method comprises the steps of culturing the seedling of the rootstock in the ground in the first year, cutting mature branches in winter by 70-140 cm after leaves fall in winter, performing hard-branch grafting in the spring of the second year by keeping the height of 60-130 cm, and normally culturing the seedling according to the hard-branch grafting (see attached figures 3 and 4).

(4) Pruning, namely after leaves of grafted seedlings of green branches in the first year fall, selecting and reserving 2-3 full and mature scions and winter buds for short pruning (see the attached drawing 1 and the attached drawing 2 in the second year in winter), selecting and reserving 1-2 newly germinated robust branches and verticals for each plant in the second year in spring (see the attached drawing 3 and the attached drawing 4 in the second year in spring), scientifically managing to enable grape branches and tendrils to be thickened, mature and aged to reach the expected growth height, after leaves fall in winter, cutting and reserving 50-120 cm mature branches and tendrils for standby (see the attached drawing 5 in the second year in winter and the attached drawing 6 in the second year in winter), removing wrapping materials before sprouting in the third year in spring, bending all the stocks to form right angles in the same direction at 10cm below interfaces, cutting and reserving 50-120 cm branches horizontally to tie the first branch to grow in the first year in flat and flat, and reserving a single branch before sprouting in the third year in spring for normal pruning, and reserving a tree form a tree shape, namely a single branch with a three branch shape, a three branch, a.

(5) Overwintering and cold proofing: after the leaves fall in autumn and winter are cut in the first year, the tree stocks and the scions which are resistant to dry and cold and salt are firstly coated with winter trunk whitening agents (the main components are lime, carbendazim, lime-sulfur agents, glue and the like), then the remaining scion branches and grafting openings are wrapped by cold-proof moisture-preserving materials for 10cm next, the wrapping is required to be tight, air leakage cannot occur (see the attached drawings 1 and 2 for winter), and the traditional soil-buried mode can be adopted for safe overwintering in the first year. After the second year, after pruning and forming in winter, the trunk of the stock is also coated with a winter trunk whitening agent, and then all scions and 10cm of the stock below the grafting opening (see the second winter in the attached drawings of 3, 4, 5 and 6) or horizontal bearing branches and 10cm of vertical stock below the horizontal branches (see the third winter in the attached drawings of 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12) are coated with a cold-proof and moisture-preserving material, so that the package is required to be tight and not to leak air.

(6) Wrapping material: the packaging material is flexible, foldable, environment-friendly, durable, heat-insulating and moisture-preserving, and can be rubber heat-insulating pipes, heat-insulating black-core quilts, various composite heat-insulating materials and the like.

(7) Releasing and storing the wrapping material: before sprouting in spring every year, all heat-insulating materials are removed, normalized and ordered, bundled, stored in a storehouse, protected from light and moisture, the service life of the greenhouse is prolonged, and the greenhouse is stored in winter for reuse.

Has the advantages that: the implementation effect of the invention is mainly reflected in that: (1) a large amount of saline-alkaline wastelands in the north of China are changed into high-quality grape bases, and grape planting areas and planting areas are enlarged; (2) based on the root-limited cultivation technology, the accurate management of grape water and fertilizer is required, the integrated full-automatic irrigation of the grape water and fertilizer is realized, water and fertilizer are saved, and the pollution of underground water resources and lakes and rivers caused by excessive irrigation and fertilization is avoided; (3) the quality of grape fruits can be effectively improved through the limited cultivation of root areas, and the grapes are promoted to mature in advance: (4) the soil grass growing management can be realized, and the soil management is simplified; (5) ecological damage caused by soil burying and cold prevention of grapes in winter is avoided, and labor cost is reduced by about 40%; (6) the damage of branches and tendrils buried in soil in winter is avoided, the garden is tidy, and the yield of grapes is always maintained at a high constant level; (7) all daily management of the vineyard, including grape picking and pruning (summer pruning and winter pruning), can realize mechanized operation, reduce the production cost; (8) the grape pruning is simple and easy to learn, and is convenient for farmers to master and operate; (9) the heat preservation treatment operation time in winter is longer, so that the problem of labor shortage caused by traditional soil burying and cold prevention centralized labor can be avoided; (10) the use of a large number of machines such as tractors for burying and unearthing in winter is avoided, and the energy consumption and the environmental pollution caused by the emission of waste gas caused by the use of the machines are reduced.

Description of the drawings:

FIG. 1: schematic diagram of first-year groove type cold-resistant and salt-resistant grape rootstock field planting, growth, grafting and winter pruning, heat preservation and cold prevention

FIG. 2 is a drawing: box-pond type cold-resistant and salt-resistant grape stock planting, growing, grafting and winter pruning heat-preservation and cold-proof schematic diagram in first year

FIG. 3: schematic diagram of groove type cold-resistant and salt-resistant culture in first year, hard branch grafting, culture and winter pruning, heat preservation and cold protection in second year

FIG. 4 is a drawing: first-year box-pool type cold-resistant and salt-resistant cultivation and second-year hard branch grafting, cultivation and winter pruning heat-preservation and cold-proof schematic diagram

FIG. 5: schematic diagram of growth of second-year groove type grafted seedlings, winter pruning and heat preservation and third-year shaping fruiting conditions

FIG. 6: schematic diagram of box-pool type grafted seedling growth in second year, winter pruning and heat preservation and spring shaping in third year

FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing the tank-type single-ancient-model L shaping vertical leaf-curtain result status and winter shaping heat preservation in the third year

FIG. 8 is a schematic view showing the box-pool type double-ancient form L shaping ("T" -shaped) vertical leaf curtain result status and winter shaping and heat preservation in the third year

FIG. 9 is a schematic view showing the fruiting state of the box-pool type single guyote L shaping V-shaped blade curtain and the shaping and heat preservation in winter in the third year

FIG. 10 is a schematic view showing the fruiting status of the box-pool type double-ancient form L shaping ("T" shape) "V-shaped blade curtain and the shaping and heat preservation in winter in the third year

FIG. 11 is a schematic view of the third year's trench type winter unicolor L shaping, winter insulation and fourth year's fruiting status

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of the three-year trench winter dual-paleo-model L shaping ("T" shape), winter insulation and the four-year fruiting status

Detailed Description

The technical solution of the present invention is further described below by way of specific embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.