Apparatus and method for maintaining high performance plasma
阅读说明：本技术 保持高性能等离子体的装置和方法 (Apparatus and method for maintaining high performance plasma ) 是由 彭元凯 于 2020-04-15 设计创作，主要内容包括：本申请提供一种保持高性能等离子体的装置和方法,该装置包括：中心柱；真空容器,其环绕中心柱设置,真空容器用于容纳形成的等离子体；等离子体磁约束系统,其通过磁场限制、成形和控制真空容器内的等离子体,以使等离体子形成具有多个流体的位形；其中,多个流体由内至外形成多层,位于外层的流体包围位于内层的流体,相邻流体之间至少部分重叠。本申请通过形成具有多个流体的位形,高能电子流体包围热电子流体与热离子流体,高能电子流体的维持使得环向电流在最外封闭磁面的外部也有很大的环向电流,从而有效避免等离子体湍流及能量扩散,降低粒子在最外封闭磁面的再循环现象,有效提升封闭磁面内热离子与热电子的能量约束能力与稳定性。(The present application provides an apparatus and method for maintaining a high performance plasma, the apparatus comprising: a central column; a vacuum vessel disposed around the central column, the vacuum vessel for containing the formed plasma; a plasma magnetic confinement system that confines, shapes and controls the plasma within the vacuum vessel by a magnetic field to shape the plasma into a configuration having a plurality of fluids; the multiple fluids form multiple layers from inside to outside, the fluid positioned at the outer layer surrounds the fluid positioned at the inner layer, and adjacent fluids are at least partially overlapped. The high-energy electronic fluid surrounds thermionic fluid and thermionic fluid, and the high-energy electronic fluid maintains the annular current to have large annular current outside the outermost closed magnetic surface, so that plasma turbulence and energy diffusion are effectively avoided, the recirculation phenomenon of particles on the outermost closed magnetic surface is reduced, and the energy constraint capacity and stability of thermions and thermions in the closed magnetic surface are effectively improved.)
1. An apparatus for maintaining a high performance plasma, comprising:
a central column;
a vacuum vessel disposed around the center post, the vacuum vessel for containing the formed plasma;
a plasma magnetic confinement system that confines, shapes and controls the plasma within the vacuum vessel by a magnetic field to form the plasma into a configuration having a plurality of fluids; the fluids form a plurality of layers from inside to outside, the fluid positioned at the outer layer surrounds the fluid positioned at the inner layer, and adjacent fluids are at least partially overlapped.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of fluids comprises:
a thermionic fluid comprising thermions and a thermionic fluid comprising thermions distributed over an innermost layer of the configuration, the thermionic fluid and the thermionic fluid completely overlapping;
an energetic electron fluid comprising energetic electrons surrounding said thermionic fluid and said thermionic fluid.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the plurality of fluids further comprises an energetic ionic fluid comprising energetic ions distributed outside of the outermost closed magnetic faces of the thermionic and thermionic fluids and inside of the outermost boundary of the energetic electronic fluid.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the energetic ionic fluid at least partially overlaps the thermionic fluid, and the energetic electronic fluid.
5. A device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein each fluid is substantially D-shaped in cross-section.
6. The device of any one of claims 1-4, wherein at least one fluid forms a three-dimensional spherical ring shape.
7. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising a plurality of limiters disposed inside the vacuum vessel and on the surface of the center post, the limiters intercepting the thermionic and energetic electrons escaping from the thermionic and energetic electron fluid, the wall of the vacuum vessel intercepting the thermionic and energetic ions lost from the thermionic and energetic ionic fluids.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the limiter is insulated from the inner wall of the vacuum vessel, the limiter is negatively charged, the wall of the vacuum vessel is positively charged, and the limiter forms a different voltage with the wall of the vacuum vessel to output direct current.
9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the inner wall of the vacuum vessel is provided with a reflection surface for electromagnetic waves and photons having a frequency higher than that of the electromagnetic waves.
10. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the outer wall of the vacuum vessel is provided with a shielding structure that absorbs high energy bremsstrahlung generated by the high energy electrons to output thermal energy.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the diameter of the central column is 0.1-0.15W; wherein W is a width of the inner space of the vacuum vessel.
12. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the energetic electron fluid has a height of 0.8-0.9H; the width of the high-energy electron fluid is 0.8-0.9W; wherein H is a height of the inner space of the vacuum container, and W is a width of the inner space of the vacuum container.
13. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the height of each of the thermionic and thermionic fluids is 0.6-0.7H, and the width of each of the thermionic and thermionic fluids is 0.6-0.7W; wherein H is a height of the inner space of the vacuum container, and W is a width of the inner space of the vacuum container.
14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the temperature of the thermionic and thermionic fluids is 150-300 KeV.
15. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the temperature of the energetic electron fluid is 15-30 MeV.
16. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the density of said thermionic and thermionic fluids is (0.5-5) x1019m-3。
17. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the high energy electron fluid has a density of (0.5-5) x1017m-3。
18. The device of claim 1, wherein the configuration is shaped as a spherical ring.
19. A method of maintaining a high performance plasma, comprising:
forming and starting plasma in an annular vacuum container arranged around the central column;
confining, shaping and controlling the plasma within the vacuum vessel by a magnetic field to cause the plasma to form a configuration having a plurality of fluids; the multiple fluids form multiple layers from inside to outside, the fluid located at the outer layer surrounds the fluid located at the inner layer, and the multiple fluids are at least partially overlapped.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the plurality of fluids comprises:
a thermionic fluid comprising thermions and a thermionic fluid comprising thermions distributed in an innermost layer of the configuration, the thermionic fluid and the thermionic fluid substantially completely overlapping;
an energetic electron fluid comprising energetic electrons surrounding said thermionic fluid and said thermionic fluid.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein said plurality of fluids further comprises an energetic ionic fluid comprising energetic ions distributed outside of the outermost closed magnetic faces of said thermionic and thermionic fluids and inside of the outermost boundary of said energetic electronic fluid.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein said energetic ionic fluid at least partially overlaps said thermionic fluid, and said energetic electronic fluid.
23. A method according to any one of claims 19 to 22, wherein each fluid is substantially D-shaped in cross-section.
24. The method of any one of claims 19-22, wherein at least one fluid forms a three-dimensional spherical ring shape.
25. The method of claim 221, wherein said thermal electrons and said high energy electrons escaping from said thermionic fluid and said high energy electron fluid are intercepted by a plurality of limiters disposed inside said vacuum vessel, said wall of said vacuum vessel intercepts said thermions and said high energy ions lost from said thermionic fluid, said limiters are negatively charged, said wall of said vacuum vessel is positively charged, said limiters and said wall of said vacuum vessel form different voltages to output a direct current.
26. The method of claim 20, wherein the loss of heating and driving of the electromagnetic wave is reduced by providing a reflecting surface for electromagnetic waves and photons having a frequency higher than that of the electromagnetic waves on the inner wall of the vacuum vessel.
27. The method of claim 20, wherein the high energy bremsstrahlung generated by the energetic electrons is absorbed by a shielding structure disposed on an outer wall of the vacuum vessel to output heat.
28. The method of claim 19, wherein the central column has a diameter of 0.1-0.15W; wherein W is a width of the inner space of the vacuum vessel.
29. The method of claim 20, wherein the energetic electron fluid has a height of 0.8-0.9H; the width of the high-energy electron fluid is 0.8-0.9W; wherein H is a height of the inner space of the vacuum container, and W is a width of the inner space of the vacuum container.
30. The method of claim 20, wherein the height of each of said thermionic and thermionic fluids is 0.6-0.7H, and the width of each of said thermionic and thermionic fluids is 0.6-0.7W; wherein H is a height of the inner space of the vacuum container, and W is a width of the inner space of the vacuum container.
31. The method as claimed in claim 20, wherein the temperature of the thermionic and the thermionic fluids is 150-300 KeV.
32. The method of claim 20, wherein the temperature of the energetic electron fluid is 15-30 MeV.
33. The method of claim 20, wherein the density of said thermionic and thermionic fluids is (0.5-5) x1019m-3。
34. The method of claim 21, wherein the energetic electron fluid has a density of (0.5-5) x1017m-3。
35. The method of claim 20, wherein the configuration is in the shape of a spherical ring.
36. A variety of non-neutron fusion reactor cores comprising the apparatus for maintaining a high performance plasma of any of claims 1-18.
37. A power plant comprising an apparatus for maintaining a high performance plasma as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 18.
38. A heat generating station comprising an apparatus for maintaining a high performance plasma as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 18.
39. An extremely intense high energy broad spectrum photon source comprising an apparatus for maintaining a high performance plasma as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 18.
40. A space high energy broad spectrum photonic thruster comprising an apparatus for sustaining a high performance plasma according to any one of claims 1 to 18.
41. A high energy broad spectrum positive electron source comprising an apparatus for maintaining a high performance plasma according to any one of claims 1 to 18.
42. An isotope production station comprising the apparatus for maintaining a high performance plasma of any of claims 1-18.
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of plasma confinement, and particularly relates to a device and a method for maintaining high-performance plasma.
Background
Achieving controlled nuclear fusion will likely fundamentally solve human energy problems and therefore is receiving wide attention from many countries. There are two main approaches to achieve controlled nuclear fusion, inertial confinement fusion and magnetic confinement fusion. Tokamak (Tokamak) uses magnetic fields to confine high temperature plasma, which is considered to be the most promising device for controlled nuclear fusion at present, and has achieved significant results in research on scientific and engineering techniques. However, the tokamak device has some defects related to becoming a high-efficiency fusion reactor core, and the defects are more prominent: the plasma generator has the advantages of low hoop magnetic specific pressure value beta (the ratio of the heat energy to the magnetic energy of the plasma), excessively complex structure, various instability during operation, easy occurrence of large plasma fracture and the like; meanwhile, the scale of the traditional tokamak device is continuously increased, so that the construction and maintenance cost and the construction period of the traditional tokamak device are increasingly increased.
Future commercial fusion reactors require fusion cores with as high a high temperature plasma energy confinement efficiency and specific pressure β as possible to reduce construction and operating costs. The higher the confinement efficiency and the specific pressure β, the smaller the additional structure and magnetic field required to be able to generate a plasma of fusion energy. In the course of research to obtain high constraint efficiency and specific pressure beta, the Spherical Tokamak (Spherical Tokamak) device provides a new approach.
Compared with the traditional Tokamak, the spherical Tokamak has a more compact structure, higher magnetic field constraint efficiency and specific pressure, and has a natural polar section of a D-shaped annular body, so that the spherical Tokamak has better Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability, can realize better energy constraint and specific pressure on plasmas of the same scale, and realizes higher plasma energy density with lower structural equipment cost.
Although spherical tokamaks exhibit better MHD stability than conventional tokamaks, various instabilities still exist, such as new classical tear-away films (neochemical tear-off Mode or NTM), instability boundary local Mode (ELMs) instabilities, etc. common in tokamak devices.
MHD instability limits the highest plasma parameters achievable for plasmas in tokamak. For example, the maximum circumferential current, the maximum plasma pressure gradient, the specific pressure, the maximum plasma density and the like of the plasma are limited, and the technical parameter interval of the Tokamak plasma operation is further limited.
Disclosure of Invention
The present application is directed to an apparatus and a method for maintaining a high performance plasma, which can effectively improve the energy confinement capability and stability of the plasma.
In one aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides an apparatus for maintaining a high performance plasma, including:
a central column;
a vacuum vessel disposed around the central column, the vacuum vessel for containing the formed plasma;
a plasma magnetic confinement system that confines, shapes and controls the plasma within the vacuum vessel by a magnetic field to shape the plasma into a configuration having a plurality of fluids; the multiple fluids form multiple layers from inside to outside, the fluid positioned at the outer layer surrounds the fluid positioned at the inner layer, and adjacent fluids are at least partially overlapped.
In an alternative embodiment, the plurality of fluids comprises:
the thermionic fluid containing thermions and the thermionic fluid containing thermions distributed in the innermost layer of the bit pattern are completely overlapped.
An energetic electron fluid containing energetic electrons surrounding the thermionic and thermionic fluids.
In an alternative embodiment, the plurality of fluids further includes an energetic ionic fluid comprising energetic ions distributed outside the outermost closed magnetic surfaces of the thermionic and thermionic fluids and inside the outermost boundary of the energetic electronic fluid.
In an alternative embodiment, the energetic ionic fluid at least partially overlaps the thermionic fluid, and the energetic electronic fluid.
In an alternative embodiment, each of the fluids is substantially D-shaped in cross-section. Specifically, the cross section herein is substantially a cross section in the vertical direction of the device.
In an alternative embodiment, at least one of the fluids forms a three-dimensional spherical ring shape.
In an alternative embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a plurality of limiters disposed inside the vacuum vessel and on the surface of the center post, the limiters intercepting said thermionic and said high energy electrons escaping from said thermionic and said high energy electron fluids, the wall of the vacuum vessel intercepting said thermionic and said high energy ions lost from said thermionic and said high energy ionic fluids.
In an alternative embodiment, the limiter is insulated from the inner wall of the vacuum vessel, the limiter is negatively charged, the wall of the vacuum vessel is positively charged, and the limiter and the wall of the vacuum vessel form a different voltage to output a direct current.
In an alternative embodiment, the inner wall of the vacuum container is provided with a reflecting surface for electromagnetic waves and photons with a frequency higher than that of the electromagnetic waves.
In an alternative embodiment, the outer wall of the vacuum container is provided with a shielding structure, and the shielding structure absorbs high-energy bremsstrahlung generated by high-energy electrons to output heat energy.
In an alternative embodiment, the diameter of the central column is 0.1-0.15W; wherein W is the width of the inner space of the vacuum container.
In alternative embodiments, the height of the energetic electron fluid is 0.8-0.9H; the width of the high-energy electron fluid is 0.8-0.9W; wherein H is the height of the inner space of the vacuum container, and W is the width of the inner space of the vacuum container.
In an alternative embodiment, the height of the thermionic and thermionic fluids is 0.6-0.7H, and the width of the thermionic and thermionic fluids is 0.6-0.7W; wherein H is the height of the inner space of the vacuum container, and W is the width of the inner space of the vacuum container.
In an alternative embodiment, the temperature of the thermionic and thermionic fluids is 150-.
In an alternative embodiment, the temperature of the energetic electrons is 15-30 MeV.
In an alternative embodiment, the density of the thermionic and thermionic fluids is (0.5-5) x1019m。
In an alternative embodiment, the high energy electron fluid has a density of (0.5-5) x1017m-3。
In an alternative embodiment, the configuration is in the shape of a spherical ring.
In a second aspect, embodiments of the present application provide a method for maintaining a high performance plasma, including:
forming and starting plasma in an annular vacuum container arranged around the central column;
confining, shaping and controlling the plasma within the vacuum vessel by the magnetic field to form the plasma into a configuration having a plurality of fluids; the multiple fluids form multiple layers from inside to outside, the fluid positioned at the outer layer surrounds the fluid positioned at the inner layer, and the multiple fluids are at least partially overlapped.
In an alternative embodiment, the plurality of fluids comprises:
a thermionic fluid comprising thermoelectrons and a thermionic fluid comprising thermions distributed in an innermost layer of the configuration, the thermionic fluid and the thermionic fluid substantially completely overlapping;
an energetic electron fluid containing energetic electrons surrounding the thermionic and thermionic fluids.
In an alternative embodiment, the plurality of fluids further includes an energetic ionic fluid comprising energetic ions distributed outside the outermost closed magnetic surfaces of the thermionic and thermionic fluids and inside the outermost boundary of the energetic electronic fluid.
In an alternative embodiment, the energetic ionic fluid at least partially overlaps the thermionic fluid, and the energetic electronic fluid.
In an alternative embodiment, each of the fluids is substantially D-shaped in cross-section.
In an alternative embodiment, at least one of the fluids forms a three-dimensional spherical ring shape.
In an alternative embodiment, the wall of the vacuum vessel intercepts said thermionic and energetic electrons escaping from said thermionic and energetic electron fluids by providing a plurality of limiters inside the vacuum vessel, which intercept said thermionic and energetic ions lost from said thermionic and energetic fluids, the limiters are negatively charged, the wall of the vacuum vessel is positively charged, the limiters and the wall of the vacuum vessel form different voltages to output direct current.
In an alternative embodiment, the loss of heating and driving of electromagnetic waves is reduced by providing the inner wall of the vacuum container with a reflecting surface for electromagnetic waves and photons having a frequency higher than that of the electromagnetic waves.
In an alternative embodiment, the high-energy bremsstrahlung generated by the high-energy electrons is absorbed by a shielding structure arranged on the outer wall of the vacuum container to output heat.
In an alternative embodiment, the diameter of the central column is 0.1-0.15W; wherein W is the width of the inner space of the vacuum container.
In alternative embodiments, the height of the energetic electron fluid is 0.8-0.9H; the width of the high-energy electron fluid is 0.8-0.9W; wherein H is the height of the inner space of the vacuum container, and W is the width of the inner space of the vacuum container.
In an alternative embodiment, the height of the thermionic and thermionic fluids is 0.6-0.7H, and the width of the thermionic and thermionic fluids is 0.6-0.7W; wherein H is the height of the inner space of the vacuum container, and W is the width of the inner space of the vacuum container.
In an alternative embodiment, the temperature of the thermionic and thermionic fluids is 150-.
In an alternative embodiment, the temperature of the energetic electron fluid is 15-30 MeV.
In an alternative embodiment, the density of the thermionic and thermionic fluids is (0.5-5) x1019m-3。
In an alternative embodiment, the high energy electron fluid has a density of (0.5-5) x1017m-3。
In an alternative embodiment, the configuration is in the shape of a spherical ring.
In a third aspect, embodiments of the present application provide various neutron-free fusion reactor cores including the apparatus for maintaining high-performance plasma of the above embodiments.
In a fourth aspect, embodiments of the present application provide a power plant including the apparatus for maintaining high performance plasma of the above embodiments.
In a fifth aspect, embodiments of the present application provide a heat generating station including the apparatus for maintaining high performance plasma described in the above embodiments.
In a sixth aspect, embodiments of the present application provide an extremely strong high-energy broad-spectrum photon source, which includes the apparatus for maintaining high-performance plasma of the above embodiments.
In a seventh aspect, embodiments of the present application provide a space high-energy broad-spectrum photon thruster, which includes the apparatus for maintaining high-performance plasma of the above embodiments.
In an eighth aspect, embodiments of the present application provide a high-energy broad-spectrum positive electron source, which includes the apparatus for maintaining high-performance plasma of the above embodiments.
In a ninth aspect, embodiments of the present application provide an isotope production station that includes the apparatus for maintaining a high performance plasma of the above-described embodiments.
In the device and the method for maintaining high-performance plasma provided by the embodiment of the application, the plasma forms a configuration with a plurality of fluids, wherein the plurality of fluids form a plurality of layers from inside to outside, the high-energy electronic fluid surrounds the thermionic fluid and the thermionic fluid, the high-energy electronic fluid is maintained so that the circumferential current is not only inside the outermost closed magnetic surface, but also has a large circumferential current outside the outermost closed magnetic surface, the circumferential current generates a polar magnetic field, and the magnetic field generated by the magnet system is superposed to form the closed magnetic surface, and the closed magnetic surface stably restrains the thermionic and thermionic with high density and high temperature in a balanced manner, thereby effectively avoiding plasma turbulence and energy diffusion, reducing the possible recirculation phenomenon of particles on the outermost closed magnetic surface, and further effectively improving the energy constraint capacity and stability of the thermionic and thermionic in the closed magnetic surface. Compared with the existing fusion device, the device can realize steady-state or long-pulse operation.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the application.
The summary of various implementations or examples of the technology described in this application is not a comprehensive disclosure of the full scope or all features of the disclosed technology.
Drawings
In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like reference numerals may describe similar components in different views. Like reference numerals having letter suffixes or different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components. The drawings illustrate various embodiments, by way of example and not by way of limitation, and together with the description and claims, serve to explain embodiments of the application. The same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts, where appropriate. Such embodiments are illustrative, and are not intended to be exhaustive or exclusive embodiments of the present apparatus or method.
FIG. 1 illustrates a half-sectional view of an apparatus for sustaining a high performance plasma according to an embodiment of the present application, showing a configuration with three fluids.
Fig. 2 shows a half-sectional view of an apparatus for sustaining a high performance plasma according to an embodiment of the present application, showing a configuration with four fluids.
3 a-3 d illustrate a schematic diagram of a configuration with three fluids in an embodiment of the present application; wherein FIG. 3a is a schematic view of the distribution of the poloidal flux surfaces; FIG. 3b is a schematic view of the total loop current distribution; FIG. 3c is a schematic diagram of the circumferential current distribution carried by hot electrons and hot ions; FIG. 3d is a schematic diagram of the distribution of the circular current carried by the high-energy electrons.
Fig. 4 is a graph showing the experimental results of the configuration with three fluids in the example of the present application.
Description of the figures
1-a vacuum container; 2-a central column; 3-a limiter; 4-a reflecting surface; 5-a shielding structure; 6-vacuum chamber window; 7-a plasma magnetic confinement system; 71-toroidal field coil (TF coil); 72-poloidal field coil (PF coil); 8-thermionic, thermionic fluids; 9-a high energy electron fluid; 10-the outermost closed magnetic face of the thermionic, thermionic fluid; 11-the outermost boundary of the energetic e-fluid; 12-energetic ionic fluid.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present application clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings of the embodiments of the present application. It should be apparent that the described embodiments are only some of the embodiments of the present application, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the described embodiments of the application without any inventive step, are within the scope of protection of the application.
Unless defined otherwise, technical or scientific terms used herein shall have the ordinary meaning as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs. As used in this application, the terms "first," "second," and the like do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. The word "comprising" or "comprises", and the like, means that the element or item listed before the word covers the element or item listed after the word and its equivalents, but does not exclude other elements or items. The terms "connected" or "coupled" and the like are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections, but may include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect. "upper", "lower", "left", "right", and the like are used merely to indicate relative positional relationships, and when the absolute position of the object being described is changed, the relative positional relationships may also be changed accordingly.
Detailed descriptions of known functions and known components are omitted in the present application in order to keep the following description of the embodiments of the present application clear and concise.
Referring to fig. 1-2, the embodiments of the present application disclose an apparatus for maintaining a high performance plasma. The device includes:
a central column 2;
a vacuum vessel 1 disposed around the central column 2, the vacuum vessel 1 for containing the formed plasma;
a plasma magnetic confinement system 7 which confines, shapes and controls the plasma inside the vacuum vessel 1 by a magnetic field to form the plasma into a configuration having a plurality of fluids; in the configuration, a plurality of fluids form a plurality of layers from inside to outside, the fluid positioned at the outer layer surrounds the fluid positioned at the inner layer, and adjacent fluids are at least partially overlapped.
It should be noted that at least partial overlap may include partial overlap or may include complete overlap.
In some embodiments, the plasmons in the vacuum vessel form a shape having a plurality of fluids, which may be, but is not limited to, a spherical ring. The spherical ring here is understood to be a shape formed by penetrating the middle part of the ball. The through-hole is a hollow structure in the middle, and the through-hole may be from top to bottom or from left to right, and is not particularly limited herein.
In the device and the method for maintaining high-performance plasma provided by the embodiment of the application, the plasma forms a spherical annular shape with a plurality of fluids, so that the annular current is not only inside the outermost closed magnetic surface, but also has great annular current outside the outermost closed magnetic surface, and further a larger space is formed between the outermost closed magnetic surface 10 of the plasma and the inner wall and the inner structure of the vacuum container 1, the possible recycling phenomenon of particles on the outermost closed magnetic surface is reduced, the stability of the plasma is improved, the promotion of the energy constraint capacity and the stability of hot electrons and hot ions in the closed magnetic surface are facilitated. Compared with the existing fusion device, the device can realize steady-state or long-pulse operation.
In the embodiment of the application, the device for maintaining the high-performance plasma forms the high-performance plasma which at least comprises three different particles of high-energy electrons, hot electrons and hot ions. Each type of particle forms a different fluid, and a plurality of different fluids further form a configuration having a positional relationship.
Wherein the fluid in the outer layer of the plurality of fluids surrounds the fluid in the inner layer. Each fluid contains one of the particles of the plasma. When two fluids are partially overlapped, the particles contained in one of the fluids may be partially distributed in the other fluid in the overlapping region, i.e. the particles are mixed and distributed. When the two fluids are completely overlapped, the particles contained in the two fluids are mixed and distributed in the overlapped area. Wherein substantially overlapping means substantially identical in shape and position.
The following description will be made in conjunction with specific examples.
In some embodiments, referring to fig. 1 and 3, the plurality of fluids comprises:
the thermionic fluid 8 containing thermions and the thermionic fluid 8 containing thermions, which are distributed in the innermost layer of the configuration, are illustrated in the figure by the same reference number 8, since the two fluids are substantially completely superposed;
and a high-energy electron fluid 9 containing high-energy electrons, which is distributed outside the thermionic fluid 8 and the thermionic fluid 8, and surrounds the thermionic fluid 8 and the thermionic fluid 8.
The term "contained" as used herein means that the corresponding particles are distributed in the fluid, that is, the thermionic particles are distributed in the thermionic fluid 8; thermionic particles are distributed in the thermionic fluid 8; the energetic electron fluid 9 has energetic electron particles distributed therein.
The high-energy electron fluid 9 surrounds the thermionic fluid and the thermionic fluid 8, the annular current is enabled to be not only inside the outermost closed magnetic surface 10 but also outside the outermost closed magnetic surface 10 by the maintenance of the high-energy electron fluid 9, and then a large space is formed between the outermost closed magnetic surface 10 of the plasma and the inner wall and the inner structure of the vacuum container 1. Reducing possible recycling phenomena of the particles on the outermost closed magnetic surface.
In some embodiments, referring to fig. 2, the plurality of fluids further comprises an energetic ionic fluid 12 comprising energetic ions distributed between the thermionic fluid and the thermionic and energetic electronic fluids 8, 9.
Specifically, the energetic ionic fluid 12 is distributed outside the outermost closed magnetic surfaces 10 of the thermionic fluid and the thermionic fluid 8 and inside the outermost boundary 11 of the energetic electronic fluid 9.
In some embodiments, the energetic ionic fluid at least partially overlaps the thermionic fluid, and the energetic electronic fluid.
In some embodiments, each fluid is substantially D-shaped in cross-section. Each fluid forms a spherical ring. In the embodiments of the present application, "substantially" means that the content of its definition is not absolute. For example, substantially D-shaped means that it is not formed as an absolute standard D-shape, but includes an approximate D-shape.
In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of fluids forms a three-dimensional spherical ring shape.
In the embodiment of the present application, the vacuum vessel 1 is provided with a plurality of vacuum chamber windows 6. The vacuum chamber window 6 is used for connecting a plasma heating and current driving system 7, a plasma feeding system, a plasma measuring system and the like, and heating, driving, measuring and the like of plasma formed in the vacuum chamber are achieved.
In the embodiment of the present application, the vacuum container 1 may be, but not limited to, a cylindrical shape having a circular ring structure. There may be a central column 2 near the central axis of the ring structure.
In some embodiments, the vacuum vessel 1 has a single-layer structure. In other embodiments, the vacuum container 1 may have a double-layer structure, and is not particularly limited. The material of the vacuum vessel 1 may be, but is not limited to, stainless steel. The walls of the vacuum vessel 1 have a sufficient thickness (for example, may be 0.5cm to 10cm) to maintain the safety and stability of operation. Before the vacuum container 1 is put into operation, the surface of the vacuum container 1 can be cleaned by induction discharge or radio frequency/microwave discharge, and gas and impurities adsorbed on the inner surface of the vacuum container 1 are removed. The surface impurities may then be removed by boronation, silicidation, or beryllization. The vacuum vessel 1 can also be pumped to ultra-high vacuum (e.g., 10) using an oil-free vacuum pumping system-6Pa，)。
The inner wall of the vacuum container 1 is simple and clean, and the number of parts is reduced as much as possible, so that most of electron cyclotron radiation generated in the fusion process can be reflected into plasma, the loss of electron cyclotron radiation (also called synchrotron radiation) in the plasma electromagnetic wave heating and driving process is reduced, and the current driving efficiency is further improved.
The center post 2 may form a closed loop with the toroidal field coil 71.
In some embodiments, the apparatus for maintaining plasma further includes a plurality of limiters 3, the plurality of limiters 3 are disposed inside the vacuum vessel 1 and on the surface of the center pillar 2, the limiters 3 are insulated from the inner wall of the vacuum vessel 1, and the limiters 3 form different voltages from the inner wall of the vacuum vessel 1 to output direct current. The restrictor 3 is capable of intercepting or trapping thermionic and energetic electrons contained in the thermionic fluid 8 and the walls of the vacuum vessel 1 are capable of intercepting or trapping thermionic and energetic electrons contained in the thermionic fluid 8. When the plurality of fluids comprises a fluid of energetic ions, the walls of the vacuum vessel 1 may also intercept or trap energetic ions contained in the fluid of energetic particles. The limiter 3 forms a different voltage from the inner wall of the vacuum vessel 1 to output a direct current.
A plurality of limiters 3 (also called as holes) are arranged inside the vacuum container 1 and on the surface of the central column 2 for limiting the boundary of the plasma so as to prevent the plasma from contacting the wall of the vacuum container 1 and damaging the wall of the vacuum container 1. The limiter 3 can be made of high-temperature resistant materials such as molybdenum, tungsten and the like. The limiter on the central column 2 can be matched with a gas source (fuel) probe and other mechanisms.
The limiter 3 and the wall of the vacuum container 1 are designed to be insulated, and different voltages can be formed between the limiter and the wall, so that fusion energy output is realized. The limiter 3 can intercept lost thermal electrons, energetic electrons and a part of thermions escaping from the plasma, and the wall of the vacuum vessel 1 and other devices intercept most of the lost thermions and energetic ions, so that the limiter 3 is insulated from the wall of the vacuum vessel 1, the limiter 3 is negatively charged, the wall of the vacuum vessel 1 is positively charged, and a relatively high electric potential is formed between the two, which can be used to directly generate direct current.
In some embodiments, the inner wall of the vacuum vessel 1 is provided with a reflecting surface 4 for electromagnetic waves and photons of frequencies higher than those of the electromagnetic waves, and the reflecting surface 4 is used for reducing the heating and driving loss of the electromagnetic waves. The reflecting surface 4 can be arranged at the position of a vacuum chamber window and an inlet of a vacuum pump for installing all diagnostic systems.
In some embodiments, the outer wall of the vacuum container 1 is provided with a shielding structure 5, and the shielding structure 5 is used for absorbing high-energy bremsstrahlung generated by high-energy electrons to realize heat collection and output.
Bremsstrahlung due to high energy electrons, including high energy bremsstrahlung, i.e. hard X-rays; low energy bremsstrahlung, i.e. soft X-rays, etc. Low energy bremsstrahlung can be reflected by the vacuum vessel wall and then confined, and high energy bremsstrahlung is used to output energy.
The heat output may be, but is not limited to, generating electricity by heating water to produce steam. The shield structure 5 may be made of a heavy metal material such as lead. The thickness of the shielding structure is about, but not limited to, 30 cm.
In some embodiments, the plasma magnetic confinement system 7 comprises: a toroidal field coil (TF)71 for generating a toroidal magnetic field to form a magnetic surface nested helical magnetic field structure together with a poloidal magnetic field generated by plasma current to confine plasma; a poloidal field coil (PF)72 for generating a vertical magnetic field and a horizontal magnetic field to maintain plasma position equilibrium and a cross-sectional shape of the plasma. The toroidal field coil (TF)71 and the polar field coil (PF)72 are disposed outside or inside the vacuum chamber 1. The poloidal field coil 72 is inside or outside the toroidal field coil 71, but is not limited to this form.
The toroidal field coil 71 and the poloidal field coil 72 may be made of normal temperature normal conductors, low temperature normal conductors, or various superconductors. The toroidal field coils 71 are typically comprised of 12-32 circular or non-circular coils. The poloidal field coils 72 are typically comprised of 6-10 approximately circular coils. Each coil is again made up of 1 or more turns. Shapes include, but are not limited to, D-shapes.
In addition, the toroidal field coil 71 is provided with a support limit structure, a cooling structure, and a coil power supply system (none of which are shown) on the outside of the coil with respect to the poloidal field coil 72.
In some embodiments, the means for maintaining a high performance plasma further comprises a plasma heating and current drive system. The plasma heating and current drive system is coupled into the vacuum vessel 1 through the vacuum chamber window 6 in a vacuum, sealed manner. The plasma heating and current drive system is used to heat the plasma and drive the plasma current. The plasma heating and current driving system comprises an electromagnetic wave heating and current driving system, an ion heating and current driving system or a neutral beam heating and current driving system.
Electromagnetic waves include, but are not limited to, electron cyclotron waves, low noise waves, and the like. Electromagnetic waves are capable of driving electrons, including energetic electrons, with high efficiency. A large number of high-energy electrons are restrained by the magnetic field, can stably exist in the vacuum chamber for a long time, and form a large number of annular currents in the vacuum chamber. The annular current generates a polar magnetic field, and the magnetic field generated by the magnet system is superposed to form a closed magnetic surface, and the closed magnetic surface is used for restraining hot electrons and thermions with high density and high temperature in a balanced and stable manner. Thus, superior plasma confinement capability is achieved.
Taking an electron cyclotron as an example, the electron cyclotron heating and current driving system can use a radio frequency system consisting of a microwave source (a gyrotron), a transmission system and a transmitting antenna; and auxiliary subsystems such as control, microwave parameter measurement, power supply and cooling. The system transmits radio frequency waves with fundamental wave or harmonic wave in the electron cyclotron frequency range into the vacuum chamber, and the plasma is heated or driven by current without induction of the spiral coil through the interaction of the waves and the plasma in the vacuum chamber. In order to reduce the loss of electron cyclotron heating and driving, the window of all diagnostic systems and the inlet of the vacuum pump of the device of the embodiment of the present application can use the barrier structure of electron cyclotron radiation, so that the electron cyclotron is frequently reflected in the vacuum chamber until the electron cyclotron is completely absorbed by the plasma. Therefore, the efficiency of the whole electron cyclotron current drive is estimated to exceed 1A/W, which is far more than 10-100 times of the current drive efficiency in the existing Tokamak or spherical Tokamak device.
Millimeter waves in the electron cyclotron heating system can be injected into the vacuum chamber through the waveguide tube and the control system, and the injection angle and position of the millimeter waves can be adjusted, so that the purposes of efficient heating and current driving are achieved.
Furthermore, the method may also be an ion heating method or a neutral beam heating method, and is not particularly limited herein.
In the embodiment of the present application, the height of the internal space of the vacuum chamber 1 is H, and the width of the internal space of the vacuum chamber 1 is W. Wherein, when the internal space is in an irregular structure or shape, the height of the internal space is substantially the maximum height in the vertical direction; the width of the internal space is substantially the maximum width in the horizontal direction.
In some embodiments, the central post has a diameter of 0.1-0.15W.
In some embodiments, the height H of the energetic electron fluidehIs 0.8-0.9H. E.g. Heh0.85H. Width W of energetic electron fluidehIs 0.8-0.9W. For example, Weh＝0.85W。
In some embodiments, the height of the thermionic and thermionic fluids 8 is 0.6-0.7H. The width of the thermionic hot fluid and the thermionic fluid is 0.6-0.7W. Due to heatElectrons and thermions are mixed and distributed in the outermost closed magnetic surface 10, so that the height of the thermionic fluid and the thermionic fluid 8 is the height H of the spherical ring of the thermionic fluidelAnd height H of the spherical ring of thermionic fluidil. I.e. Hel＝Hil0.6-0.7H. Similarly, the width of the thermionic and thermionic fluids 8 is the width W of the spherical ring of the thermionic fluidelAnd width W of the spherical ring of thermionic fluidil. I.e. Wel＝Wil＝0.6-0.7W。
Since the height of the thermionic thermal fluid and the thermionic fluid 8 is 0.6-0.7H of the inner space of the vacuum container, it is said that the distance between the outermost closed magnetic surface 10 of the thermionic thermal fluid and the thermionic fluid 8 and the inner wall of the vacuum container 1 is 0.3-0.4H, so as to reflect that a larger space is formed between the outermost closed magnetic surface 10 and the inner wall and the inner structure of the vacuum container.
Similarly, since the width of the thermionic thermal fluid and the thermionic fluid 8 is 0.6-0.7W of the inner space of the vacuum container, it is said that the distance between the outermost closed magnetic surface 10 of the thermionic thermal fluid and the thermionic fluid 8 and the inner wall of the vacuum container 1 is 0.3-0.4W, so as to reflect that a larger space is formed between the outermost closed magnetic surface 10 of the plasma and the inner wall and the inner structure of the vacuum container.
In some embodiments, the distance between the inner wall of the vacuum chamber 1 and the outermost closed magnetic surface 10 is several times to more than one order of magnitude greater than the distance equivalent to a typical tokamak and a spherical tokamak.
In the embodiment of the application, because the outermost layer of the plasma has the high-energy electron fluid, the distance between the inner wall of the vacuum container 1 and the outermost closed magnetic surface of the configuration formed by the plasma is several times or even more than one order of magnitude larger than that of the existing Tokamak device and the spherical Tokamak device. The traditional Tokamak common limiter is in direct contact with the outermost closed magnetic face at the upper part, the lower part, the inner part and the outer part (any four optional or any combination) of the outermost interface of the closed magnetic face. The device of the embodiment of the application maintains larger distance between the upper part and the lower part of the outermost closed magnetic surface and the outside. Because the spherical annular shape formed by the method is formed with the high-energy electronic fluid, the maintenance of the high-energy electronic fluid enables the annular current to be not only inside the outermost closed magnetic surface, but also outside the outermost closed magnetic surface, so that a large space is formed between the outermost closed magnetic surface of the plasma and the inner wall and the inner structure of the vacuum container, and the distance between the outermost closed magnetic surface and the wall of the traditional Tokamak is several times larger or even more than one order of magnitude. For example, 2 times, 5 times, 10 times, 20 times, 50 times, etc., but not limited thereto.
In some embodiments, the means for maintaining a high performance plasma further comprises a plasma feed system. The plasma charging system is used to charge or replenish a plasma within the vacuum chamber. In the discharge cleaning, a gas to be supplied into the vacuum chamber is generally hydrogen, helium, or the like. Different gases are used depending on the cleaning method and purpose. The fuel used for the borohydride plasma discharge is hydrogen, boron powder or diborane, etc. The feeding method can be air jet (gas pulsing), pellet injection (pellet injection), ultrasonic molecular beam injection (ultrasonic molecular beam injection) and the like.
The plasma measurement and control system of the device for maintaining high performance plasma performs control of plasma current, waveform, position, cross-sectional shape, density, temperature, current density distribution or safety factor (q) value distribution and plasma rupture.
The device for maintaining high-performance plasma of the embodiment of the application forms high-performance plasma, and the high-performance plasma at least comprises three different particles of high-energy electrons, hot electrons and hot ions. The particles form different fluids, respectively, and the plurality of different fluids further form a spherical annular shape having a multi-fluid balance feature. Wherein, the multi-fluid can be three-fluid or four-fluid. The three fluids include thermionic fluids, and energetic electronic fluids, and the four fluids include thermionic fluids, energetic electronic fluids, and energetic ionic fluids, wherein the energetic ionic fluids contain energetic ionic particles, which may be particles produced by fusion combustion.
The structural features, forming processes and mechanisms and advantages of the spherical toroidal shape with three fluids will be described as an example.
Fig. 3a to 3d are schematic views showing a spherical annular shape with three fluids. Wherein, fig. 3a is a distribution diagram of the polar magnetic flux surface; FIG. 3b is a schematic view of the total loop current distribution; FIG. 3c is a schematic diagram of the circumferential current distribution carried by hot electrons and hot ions; FIG. 3d is a schematic diagram of the distribution of the circular current carried by the high-energy electrons. The outermost black border in each figure illustrates the limiter. Wherein the closed solid lines in fig. 3a represent closed flux surfaces and the dashed lines represent unclosed flux surfaces; in fig. 3b, 3c, 3d, the dashed lines represent different circumferential current iso-surfaces (current lines); solid line 10 represents the outermost closed magnetic face (flux face) and solid line 11 represents the outermost boundary of the energetic e-fluid (i.e., the circumferential current boundary). The high performance plasma includes: high-energy electrons, thermal electrons, thermions, which respectively form different fluids, such as thermions forming a thermionic fluid, thermions forming a thermionic fluid 8 (see fig. 3c), high-energy electrons forming a high-energy electronic fluid 9 (see fig. 3D), each fluid forming spherical rings of different sizes, with approximately "D" shaped cross-sections, which partially overlap. The thermal electrons, the thermions and the high-energy electrons all carry circular currents, the total circular current is shown in figure 3b, and a closed magnetic surface is formed together with an external magnetic field (shown in figure 3 a). The energetic electronic fluid 9 is formed with an outermost boundary 11. The thermionic and thermionic fluids 8 are distributed inside the outermost closed magnetic face 10, and the energetic electronic fluid 9 is maintained both inside and outside the outermost closed magnetic face 10. The boundary of the outermost closed magnetic surface 10 and the outermost boundary 11 of the energetic electron fluid (i.e., the boundary of the toroidal current) are controlled by the poloidal field coil current.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, the following are descriptions of the size, temperature, and density of the thermionic fluid, energetic electronic fluid, and energetic ionic fluid in the high performance plasma according to the embodiments of the present application:
wherein W represents the width of the cylindrical vacuum chamber 1 and H represents the height of the cylindrical vacuum chamber 1. The diameter of the central column 2 is about 0.1-0.15W.
Height H of high-energy electron fluid 9ehAbout, but not limited to, 0.8-0.9H. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention,Heh＝0.75H。
width W of high energy electronic fluid spherical ringehAnd is about, but not limited to, 0.8-0.9W. In an exemplary embodiment, Weh0.85W. For example, using the above parameters, the large radius r11 of the spherical ring of the energetic e-fluid is about 0.25W, the small radius r12 is about 0.175W, and the ring diameter ratio is about Aeh to 1.43, as shown in fig. 1.
Height H of spherical ring of thermionic fluid 8 and thermionic fluid 8el＝HilAnd is about, but not limited to, 0.6-0.7H. In the exemplary embodiment, Hel＝Hil0.65H. Width Wel＝WilAnd is about, but not limited to, 0.6-0.7W. In an exemplary embodiment, Wel＝Wil0.65W. For example, the spherical rings of thermionic and thermionic fluids using the above parameters have a large radius of about 0.2W, a small radius of about 0.125W, and a ring-to-ring ratio of about Ael＝Ail＝1.6。
The height of the energetic ionic fluid 12 (i.e., the fluid formed by the alpha particles) is slightly greater than the height H of the thermionic and thermionic fluids 8elAnd HilIs significantly less than the height H of the energetic electron fluid 9eh。
The parameters of temperature and density of the high-performance plasma are described as follows:
the thermionic and thermionic fluids 8 are at temperatures of, but not limited to, about 150-300 KeV. Specifically, for example, 160KeV, 180KeV, 190KeV, 210KeV, 250KeV, 270KeV, 290KeV, or the like may be used.
The temperature of the energetic electron fluid 9 is about, but not limited to, 15-30 MeV. For example, 16MeV, 18MeV, 19MeV, 21MeV, 25MeV, 27MeV, 29MeV, and the like can be used. The temperature of the high-energy ions generated by fusion is in a slowing down distribution (slow down distribution), and the peak temperature is about but not limited to 3 MeV.
The density of the thermionic and thermionic fluids 8 is about, but not limited to, (0.5-5) x1019m-3. The density of the energetic electron fluid is about, but not limited to, (0.5-5) x1017m-3。
Each fluid contributes to the force balance at each macroscopic position (macroscopic model). The force balance includes: lorentz force (j × B), pressure gradient (grad P), centripetal force (centrifugal force), and electric field force (electric field (E) forces). The flow velocity of electrons and ions generated by E multiplied by B is vertical to B, and the direction of E is radial, so that the flow velocity has polar flow velocity and circular flow velocity.
Taking the process and mechanism of forming and maintaining the spherical ring shape as an example, the present application is further described as follows:
(1) in the ignition stage or the plasma starting stage, an external electromagnetic wave is added to heat and drive a mechanism for forming a spherical annular shape: electromagnetic waves (EMW) enter a vacuum chamber from the outside to heat high-energy electronic fluid at the boundary, and a magnetic field generated by annular current carried by the high-energy electronic fluid and a magnetic field generated by an external magnet system are superposed to form a closed magnetic surface to restrain plasma. Meanwhile, in the outermost closed magnetic surface, i.e., in a region with a relatively high Electron density, the electromagnetic wave is converted into an Electron Bernstein Wave (EBW) which is absorbed by the plasma, thereby heating the plasma and increasing the plasma current.
(2) In the fusion plasma combustion phase (operation phase), the maintenance method of the spherical annular shape: hydrogen and boron fusion: p +11B→34He+8.68MeV；
High energy ions of fusion energy produced by fusion combustion, e.g. high energy alpha particles produced by fusion of hydrogen and boron, i.e.4He + + ions can heat and maintain the temperature and density of the thermal plasma, electrons with higher density in the outermost closed magnetic surface generate EBW radiation, the EBW part is converted into EMW to leave the closed magnetic surface, the high-energy electron fluid is heated, the temperature, density, rotation speed and annular current of the high-energy electron fluid are maintained, the closed magnetic surface is further maintained, the thermal plasma is restrained, the balance of multiple fluids is maintained, and therefore fusion combustion is maintained. The physical mechanism is just opposite to the mechanism of forming a spherical annular shape with multi-fluid balance characteristics by heating and driving with external electromagnetic waves. Meanwhile, the plasma portion with higher density generates a bootstrap current and a current for high-speed rotation of electrons and ions (the direction of electron rotation is opposite to that of ion rotation, and the two currents are added together), which constitute an important component of the plasma current.
Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating the experimental results of the three-fluid configuration in the embodiment of the present application, and it can be seen from fig. 4 that the three-fluid configuration in the embodiment of the present application has been verified through experiments.
Based on the mechanism, the spherical annular shape with the multi-fluid balance characteristic formed by the fusion system also has the following advantages:
the configuration of the plasma fluid in the embodiment of the application has the characteristic of natural bias filtering magnetic field configuration, and the interaction load of the plasma and the material is favorably reduced. In addition, during fusion power generation, a large part of fusion energy can be converted into energy output of photon radiation (electronic synchrotron radiation and electronic bremsstrahlung radiation), and the burden of interaction between plasma and materials can be reduced.
In the bit pattern with a plurality of fluids formed by plasma in the embodiment of the application, the outermost closed magnetic surface and the upper and lower external limiters can keep a larger distance, and the possible recirculation phenomenon of particles on the outermost closed magnetic surface is reduced, so that the energy constraint capacity of hot ions and hot electrons in the closed magnetic surface is favorably improved.
In the configuration of the plasma fluid in the embodiment of the application, the safety factor q tends to infinity on the outermost closed magnetic surface, the gradient of the current density is relatively low on the outermost closed magnetic surface, the stability of the tearing film is increased, and the stability of the plasma in the closed magnetic surface is further improved.
In the configuration described in the embodiment of the present application, the high-energy electron fluid has a very high temperature and a very low density, and since the driving efficiency is in direct proportion to the temperature and in inverse proportion to the density, the driving efficiency of the current is improved.
Compared with the existing fusion device, the device can realize steady-state or long-pulse operation.
The configuration and heat output and direct power generation mechanism described in the embodiments of the present application can reduce the parameter requirements of the Lawson criterion for fusion combustion. Fusion reactions are relatively easy to implement and the device is relatively small. Therefore, the device of the embodiment of the application can be used as a small distributed fusion energy source.
In summary, the apparatus for maintaining high performance plasma of the embodiments of the present application is a high efficiency compact Spherical Tokamak (ST) or Spherical Torus (ST) fusion reaction system for forming and maintaining a low aspect ratio Spherical toroidal shape with high confinement performance in a vacuum chamber, the system comprising: a vacuum vessel, a plasma confinement system, a plasma heating and current drive system, a plasma feed system, a plasma measurement and control system. The space in the vacuum container is used for forming plasma, the plasma is jointly restricted by an external magnetic field and a magnetic field formed by the cooperation of the current of the plasma, the temperature and the current of the plasma are formed by heating and driving through the power generated by a high-frequency electromagnetic wave device, the density of the plasma is maintained by injecting fuel into a charging system, and the physical parameters and functions of the plasma are obtained by a measuring system or can be adjusted and maintained through a control system.
Compared with a conventional Tokamak device, the device provided by the embodiment of the application can form a configuration with a plurality of fluids, high-energy electronic fluid surrounds thermionic fluid and thermionic fluid, the high-energy electronic fluid is maintained to enable the annular current to be not only inside the outermost closed magnetic surface, but also have large annular current outside the outermost closed magnetic surface, the annular current generates a polar magnetic field and is superposed with a magnetic field generated by a magnet system to form the closed magnetic surface, and the closed magnetic surface stably and balancedly restrains thermionic and thermionic ions with high density and high temperature, so that plasma turbulence and energy diffusion are effectively avoided, the possible recirculation phenomenon of particles on the outermost closed magnetic surface is reduced, and the energy restraint capability and stability of the thermionic and thermionic ions in the closed magnetic surface are effectively improved.
The embodiment of the application provides a method for maintaining high-performance plasma. The method can be realized by the device of the embodiment. The above description of the apparatus embodiments may therefore be used to understand and explain the embodiments of the method of maintaining a high performance plasma described below. The embodiments of the method of maintaining a high performance plasma described below may also be used to understand and explain the above-described apparatus embodiments.
The method for maintaining the high-performance plasma provided by the embodiment of the application comprises the following steps:
starting plasma in an annular vacuum container 1 arranged around a central column 2;
confining, shaping and controlling the plasma in the vacuum vessel 1 by the magnetic field to form the plasma into a configuration having a plurality of fluids; the multiple fluids form multiple layers from inside to outside, the fluid positioned on the outer layer surrounds the fluid positioned on the inner layer, and the multiple fluids are at least partially overlapped.
In some embodiments, the bit pattern comprises:
a thermionic fluid 8 comprising thermions and a thermionic fluid 8 comprising thermions distributed in the innermost layer of the configuration, the thermionic fluid and the thermionic fluid substantially completely overlapping;
an energetic electron fluid 9 containing energetic electrons surrounding the thermionic and thermionic fluids 8.
In some embodiments, the plasma further comprises an energetic ionic fluid 12 comprising energetic ions distributed outside the outermost closed magnetic face 10 of the thermionic and thermionic fluids 8 and inside the outermost boundary 11 of the energetic electronic fluid 9.
In some embodiments, the energetic ionic fluid at least partially overlaps the thermionic fluid, and the energetic electronic fluid.
In some embodiments, each fluid is substantially D-shaped in cross-section.
In some embodiments, the at least one fluid forms a three-dimensional spherical ring shape.
In some embodiments, by disposing a plurality of limiters 3 insulated from each other inside the vacuum vessel 1, the limiters 3 intercept thermionic and energetic electrons escaping from the thermionic fluid and the energetic electron fluid, and the wall of the vacuum vessel 1 intercepts thermions lost from the thermionic fluid. When the plurality of fluids comprises a fluid of energetic ions, the walls of the vacuum vessel 1 may also intercept or trap energetic ions contained in the fluid of energetic particles. The limiter 3 is negatively charged, the wall of the vacuum vessel 1 is positively charged, and the limiter 3 forms a different voltage from the wall of the vacuum vessel 1 to output a direct current.
In some embodiments, by providing the reflecting surface 4 for electromagnetic waves and photons having a frequency higher than that of the electromagnetic waves on the inner wall of the vacuum chamber 1, the loss of heating and driving of the electromagnetic waves is reduced.
In some embodiments, the high energy bremsstrahlung generated by the high energy electrons is absorbed by the shielding structure 5 disposed on the outer wall of the vacuum vessel to output heat.
In some embodiments, the diameter of the central post 2 is 0.1-0.15W; wherein W is the width of the inner space of the vacuum container.
In some embodiments, the height H of the energetic e-fluid 9eh0.8-0.9H; width W of the energetic e-fluid 9eh0.8-0.9W; where H is the height of the internal space of the vacuum chamber 1 and W is the width of the internal space of the vacuum chamber 1.
In some embodiments, the height H of the thermionic and thermionic fluids 8el＝HilWidth W of thermionic and thermionic fluids 8, 0.6-0.7Hel＝Wil0.6-0.7W; where H is the height of the internal space of the vacuum chamber 1 and W is the width of the internal space of the vacuum chamber 1.
The embodiment of the application provides various non-neutron fusion reactor cores, which comprise the device for maintaining the high-performance plasma of the embodiment.
The embodiment of the application provides a power station which comprises the device for maintaining high-performance plasma.
The power station can realize multiple energy output modes, wherein 40% is estimated to be converted into direct current, 30% is estimated to be in thermal engineering, the total energy output efficiency reaches the efficiency higher than 50%, and the output power is relatively high.
The embodiment of the application provides a heat-generating station which comprises the device for maintaining high-performance plasma of the embodiment.
There are various ways of maintaining the device capability output of a high performance plasma in embodiments of the present application.
The first energy output mode is as follows: heat output
Converting the fusion energy into photon radiation, including electron synchrotron radiation and electron bremsstrahlung, wherein bremsstrahlung generated by high-energy electrons comprises hard X-rays, namely high-energy bremsstrahlung; soft X-rays, i.e. low energy bremsstrahlung, etc. Synchrotron radiation and low-energy bremsstrahlung can be reflected by the wall of the vacuum container and then confined, and high-energy bremsstrahlung is used for outputting energy. A shield layer, such as a heavy metal such as lead, with a thickness of about, but not limited to, 30cm, may be placed between the vacuum vessel wall and the vacuum vessel wall, where the shield layer absorbs the high energy bremsstrahlung radiation and converts it to heat output. The heat output may be by, but not limited to, conventional methods, such as for heating, or generating steam by heating water, generating hot water, and the like.
And a second energy output mode: direct power generation
In the configuration of the embodiment of the application, hot electrons and thermions have different tracks at the boundary of the high-energy electron fluid, most of lost hot electrons are intercepted by the limiter, and most of escaped thermions are intercepted by the wall of the vacuum container and other parts, so that the limiter is insulated from the wall of the vacuum container, the limiter is negatively charged, the wall of the vacuum container is positively charged, and relatively high potential is formed between the limiter and the wall of the vacuum container and can be used for directly generating direct current. The potential is estimated to be proportional to the hot electron temperature.
In addition, the configuration of the plasmatic fluid in the embodiment of the application has the advantages of excellent plasma confinement capability, stability and the like, so that the plasmatic fluid has wide application, and can be used as a positive electron source or a space propulsion light source besides commercial power generation, including but not limited to the application.
The embodiment of the application provides an extremely strong high-energy broad-spectrum photon source, which comprises the device for maintaining high-performance plasma.
The embodiment of the application provides a space high-energy broad-spectrum photon thruster which comprises the device for maintaining high-performance plasma.
Electromagnetic waves are generated during fusion combustion. The device is provided with an opening, so that a wave source with high energy can be formed, and the device can be used for high-efficiency space propulsion.
The embodiment of the application provides a high-energy wide-spectrum positive electron source which comprises the device for maintaining high-performance plasma.
The hard X-rays generated by the high-energy electrons generate electron pairs (i.e., positrons and negative electrons) in lead or heavy metals. Part of the positive electrons hit the wall of the vacuum container and are combined with the negative electrons to become two 0.511MeV photons, and part of the positive electrons return to the vacuum container to be restrained, even are accelerated by electromagnetic waves, so that positive electron current is formed. The positron survival time (lifetime) is estimated to be longer, so the content of positrons in the plasma of the embodiment of the present application is relatively high, which can be as high as nearly 100 ten thousand times the world's positive electron source (1 Million). Therefore, the system can be called a positron source with extremely high positron content in the world, and the quantity of the positron source is related to the size of the device and the parameters of the plasma.
Embodiments of the present application provide an isotope production station that includes the apparatus for maintaining a high performance plasma of the above-described embodiments.
The above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or more versions thereof) may be used in combination with each other, and it is contemplated that the embodiments may be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations. The scope of the application should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.