阅读说明：本技术 改进的网球 (Improved tennis ball ) 是由 W.E.狄龙 F.M.西莫努蒂 于 2019-08-28 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及一种改进的网球。网球可以包括：球形空心弹性体芯,该球形空心弹性体芯具有小于1的比重和至少4.5 mm的厚度；以及纺织层,该纺织层覆盖球形空心芯。(The present invention relates to an improved tennis ball. Tennis balls may include: a spherical hollow elastomer core having a specific gravity of less than 1 and a thickness of at least 4.5 mm; and a textile layer covering the spherical hollow core.)

1. A tennis ball, comprising:

a spherical hollow elastomer core having a specific gravity of less than 1 and a thickness of at least 4.5 mm; and

a textile layer covering the spherical hollow core.

2. The tennis ball of claim 1, wherein the spherical hollow core has an internal pressure of no greater than 5 psi.

3. The tennis ball of claim 1, wherein spherical core comprises one or more ethylene copolymers, each of the one or more ethylene copolymers having a specific gravity less than or equal to 0.9.

4. The tennis ball of claim 3, wherein the ethylene copolymer has a flexural modulus of less than 35 MPA and a Shore D hardness of less than 30.

5. The tennis ball of claim 4, wherein the ethylene copolymer has a flexural modulus of less than or equal to 25 MPA.

6. The tennis ball of claim 3, wherein the ethylene copolymer consists of ethylene and an olefin.

7. The tennis ball of claim 3, wherein the ethylene copolymer comprises an olefin selected from the group consisting of butene, hexene, octene, pentene, heptene, nonene, and decene.

8. The tennis ball of claim 1, wherein the core has a thickness of no greater than 5.1 mm.

9. The tennis ball of claim 1, wherein the core comprises:

at least one rubber selected from the group of rubbers consisting of natural rubber, polybutadiene, isoprene, styrene butadiene rubber, and mixtures thereof; and

an ethylene copolymer in an amount in the range of 10 to 100 parts per hundred, wherein the specific gravity is less than or equal to 0.9.

10. The tennis ball of claim 1, wherein the textile layer comprises a woven fibrous material.

11. The tennis ball of claim 1, wherein the textile layer comprises a needle punched fibrous material.

12. The tennis ball of claim 1, wherein the tennis ball is an athletic match tennis ball having characteristics that meet the American tennis association and International tennis association standardization regulations promulgated by the International tennis Association on 7/1 of 2018.

13. The tennis ball of claim 1, wherein the tennis ball has less than 1.85 oz in²The moment of inertia of (a).

14. The tennis ball of claim 1, wherein the tennis ball has less than 1.80 oz in²The moment of inertia of (a).

15. The tennis ball of claim 1, wherein the core has a thickness of at least 4.8 mm.

16. A tennis ball package comprising:

a package having an internal pressure of no greater than 10 psi;

a plurality of tennis balls within the package, at least one of the plurality of tennis balls having,

a first tennis ball recovery factor value of at least 0.53 when measured from an initial velocity of 90 feet/second within 1 hour of the at least one of the plurality of tennis balls initially removed from the tennis ball package and not in use, and

a second tennis ball recovery coefficient value measured from an initial velocity of 90 feet/second after four months of exposure of the at least one of the plurality of tennis balls to atmospheric pressure, and

wherein the second coefficient of restitution value is at least 95% of the first coefficient of restitution value.

17. The tennis package of claim 16, wherein the second coefficient of restitution value is at least 96% of the first coefficient of restitution value.

18. The tennis package of claim 16, wherein at least one of a plurality of tennis balls has a first tennis rebound height that is recorded within one hour of the initial removal of the at least one of the plurality of tennis balls from the tennis package, wherein the at least one of a plurality of tennis balls has a second tennis rebound height that is recorded after the at least one of the plurality of tennis balls is exposed to atmospheric pressure for four months and not used, and wherein the second tennis rebound height is at least 96% of the first tennis rebound height.

19. The tennis package of claim 18, wherein the second tennis rebound height is at least 97% of the first tennis rebound height.

20. The tennis package of claim 16, wherein the package has an internal pressure of no greater than 5 psi.

21. The tennis package of claim 16, wherein at least one of the plurality of tennis balls has a first tennis ball deformation measured within 1 hour of the at least one of the plurality of tennis balls initially being removed from the tennis package and not being used, wherein the at least one of the plurality of tennis balls has a second tennis ball deformation recorded after the at least one of the plurality of tennis balls is exposed to atmospheric pressure for four months and not being used, and wherein the second tennis ball deformation is no greater than 0.020 inches as compared to the first tennis ball deformation.

22. The tennis package of claim 21, wherein the second tennis ball deflection is no greater than 0.015 inches as compared to the first tennis ball deflection.

23. The tennis package of claim 16, wherein each of the plurality of tennis balls comprises:

a spherical hollow elastomer core having a specific gravity of less than 1 and a thickness of at least 4.5 mm; and

a textile layer covering the spherical hollow core.

24. The tennis package of claim 23, wherein the spherical hollow core has an internal pressure of no greater than 5 psi.

25. The tennis package of claim 23, wherein the spherical core comprises an ethylene copolymer having a specific gravity of less than 0.9.

26. The tennis package of claim 25, wherein the ethylene copolymer has a flexural modulus of less than 25 MPA and a shore D hardness of less than 30.

27. The tennis package of claim 23, wherein the core has a thickness of no greater than 5.1 mm.

28. The tennis package of claim 16, wherein each of the plurality of tennis balls is a competitive game tennis ball having characteristics that meet the American tennis association and International tennis union standardization regulations promulgated by the International tennis union on 7/1 of 2018.

Background

Tennis balls are typically pressurized to enhance the rebound or rebound performance. When the pressure in the ball is reduced, the tennis ball loses the resilience or rebound energy. Competition accelerates this loss. As a result, tennis balls must be replaced frequently. Prior to initial use, such tennis balls must be packaged in a pressurized container to maintain their performance characteristics prior to such initial use.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an example tennis ball.

Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of the tennis ball of figure 1 taken along line 2-2.

Figure 3 is an exploded side view of the tennis ball of figure 1.

Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of an example tennis ball package having a set of tennis balls of figure 1 packaged in the package.

FIG. 5 is example 1 with WILSON^®Comparison between US OPEN tennis balls, these tennis balls were subjected to a rebound test within 1 hour after being initially removed from the pressurized can and not used, and then re-measured after a two month interval.

Detailed Description

Examples of tennis balls are disclosed herein that maintain performance over longer periods of time and during play, thereby increasing the life of the tennis ball. The increased comparable life (playable life) of such tennis balls reduces waste and reduces the frequency with which players, clubs and/or organizations purchase replacement tennis balls. Disclosed herein are example low pressure tennis balls having performance characteristics similar to those of higher pressurized tennis balls, thereby facilitating packaging of such tennis balls in lower pressure or no pressure packages. Example tennis balls are disclosed herein that exhibit the performance of premium tennis balls and maintain this high level of performance over an extended period of time.

Example tennis balls having characteristics that meet the standards and regulations associated with tennis balls used in competitive games established by the american tennis association and the international tennis association while providing such enhanced performance lifetimes are disclosed herein. For the purposes of this disclosure, "competitive game tennis" means tennis balls that meet the following specifications as presently published by the international tennis association and set forth below.

a. In addition to the stage 3 (red) foam ball, the ball should have a uniform outer surface consisting of a textile covering. If any seams are present, they should be stitchless.

b. The ball should conform to one of the types specified in the table immediately below or in the table below paragraph (d).

Note that:

¹the ball type canEither pressurized or pressureless. The pressureless ball should have an internal pressure no greater than 7 kPa (1 psi) and can be used for high altitude games above an altitude of 1,219 m (4,000 feet) and should be accommodated for 60 days or more at the altitude of a given tournament.

²This ball type is also recommended for high altitude games on any court surface type above an altitude of 1,219 m (4,000 feet).

³This ball type is pressurized and is an add-on ball that is only designated for high altitude games above altitude 1,219 m (4,000 feet).

⁴The amount of deformation should be an average of the individual readings along each of the three perpendicular axes. The difference between the two individual readings should not exceed 0.08 cm (0.031 inch).

c. Furthermore, all ball types specified under paragraph (b) should meet the requirements of durability as shown in the following table:

note that:

¹from the current version of ITF approved tennis balls, sorting surfaces and approved court(s) ((R))ITF Approved Tennis Balls, Classified Surfaces & Recognised Courts) The endurance test described results in the maximum allowable change of the specified attribute. The durability test uses laboratory equipment to simulate the effects of nine plays.

d. Only the ball types specified in the following table can be used in 10 and the following tennis competitions:

note that:

¹the amount of deformation should be an average of the individual readings along each of the three perpendicular axes. Differences between individual forward deflection readings do not existWithin limits. There is no specification for the amount of return distortion.

²The size and location of all the colored dots should be reasonable.

e. All tests of resilience, mass, dimensions, deformation and durability should be performed according to the specifications described in the current version of ITF approved tennis Balls, classification Surfaces and approved Courts (ITF approved Surfaces & approved Courts).

A more environmentally friendly example tennis ball is disclosed herein. The tennis balls disclosed are significantly longer lasting, thereby reducing waste. The longer life of the example tennis ball allows the player to use the ball for a longer period of time, thereby discarding the ball when fully used, and obtaining a replacement ball less frequently than a conventional tennis ball. The disclosed tennis balls maintain performance at or near atmospheric pressure, such that the tennis balls may be packaged in a low pressure or non-pressurized package, as a result of which example tennis balls may be packaged in a more environmentally friendly package.

The disclosed tennis balls are more desirable for tennis clubs or other places where a large number of tennis balls are often placed in a box or basket for use in lessons and/or practice. As a result, different balls may have different performance characteristics depending on their age and wear, thereby providing inconsistent performance. Such inconsistencies between balls may reduce the efficiency and enjoyment of the lessons and exercises. The different ages of different tennis balls in such baskets can further present challenges for maintaining baskets and boxes with playable balls at clubs or on vacations. The tennis balls disclosed have a performance lifetime such that they do not experience significant performance degradation over time. Because the tennis balls disclosed will have a useful competitive life of six months or more, a large number of tennis balls contained in such baskets or packages may have more consistent and uniform performance characteristics.

Disclosed herein is an example tennis ball that may include: a spherical hollow elastomer core having a specific gravity of less than 1.0 and a thickness of at least 4.5 mm; and a textile layer covering the spherical hollow core. For purposes of this disclosure, "specific gravity" is the ratio of the density of a substance at room temperature and atmospheric pressure to the density of a reference substance (i.e., water).

Disclosed herein is an example tennis ball comprising a spherical hollow elastomeric core and a textile layer covering the spherical hollow core. The tennis ball is a competitive game tennis ball because the tennis ball has characteristics that satisfy the standards of the american tennis association and the international tennis association published by the international tennis association on 7/1 of 2018. After four months of non-use and exposure to atmospheric pressure, the competitive game tennis ball exhibited a percent rebound drop of less than 4%. In other embodiments, after four months of non-use and exposure to atmospheric pressure, the competitive game tennis ball exhibits a percent rebound drop of less than 3%.

Disclosed herein is an example tennis ball package comprising a package at a pressure of no greater than 5 psi and a set of tennis balls within the package. Each of the tennis balls exhibited a percent drop in rebound of less than 4% after four months of non-use upon removal from the sealed package and exposure to atmospheric pressure. In other embodiments, after four months of non-use and exposure to atmospheric temperature, the competitive game tennis ball exhibits a percent rebound drop of less than 3%.

Disclosed herein is an example tennis ball package comprising a package at a pressure of no greater than 10 psi and a plurality of tennis balls within the package. At least one of the plurality of tennis balls has a first tennis ball recovery coefficient value measured from an initial velocity of 90 feet/second within 1 hour of at least one of the plurality of tennis balls initially removed from the tennis ball package and not in use, and a second tennis ball recovery coefficient value measured from an initial velocity of 90 feet/second four months after exposure of at least one of the plurality of tennis balls to atmospheric pressure. The second coefficient of restitution value is at least 95% of the first coefficient of restitution value.

Fig. 1-3 illustrate an example tennis ball 10. Figure 1 is a perspective view of a tennis ball 10. Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of tennis ball 10 taken along line 2-2 of figure 1. Figure 3 is an exploded view of tennis ball 10. Tennis ball 10 maintains performance for a longer period of time and during play, thereby increasing the life of tennis ball 10. Tennis ball 10 has performance characteristics similar to a higher pressurized tennis ball, thereby facilitating packaging of tennis ball 10 in a lower pressure package. Tennis ball 10 may be manufactured in a warmer environment, or tennis ball 10 may be packaged in a warmer environment with less risk of negative or vacuum pressure occurring within tennis ball 10 when at room or lower temperatures. Tennis ball 10 may be packaged in a less pressurized or non-pressurized package while maintaining performance over an extended period of time.

As shown by fig. 1 and 2, tennis ball 10 includes an outer textile layer 12 and a core 14. The outer textile layer 12 includes at least one layer of textile material that is secured to the core 14 and about the core 14. As illustrated by fig. 1 and 3, in one embodiment, the outer textile layer 12 comprises two interwoven (inter-connected) "stadium-shaped" formed slugs (panels) 16 of textile material that are bonded to the core 14 along seams 18 (as illustrated in fig. 2 and 3). In other embodiments, the outer textile layer 12 may be provided by fillets having other shapes, such as, for example, dog-bone shapes. In some embodiments, the textile layer 12 may be formed from fibers that are not provided in the form of fillets, but which are individually or collectively connected or bonded to the core 14.

In one embodiment, tennis ball 10 may be formed by soaking or coating core 14 with an adhesive, such as a synthetic or natural rubber adhesive. In this embodiment, the outer edge of at least one of the two dog-bone or stadium-shaped fillets 16 of textile material is coated with an adhesive, such as a synthetic or natural rubber adhesive. A dog-bone shaped fillet 16 is then applied over the core 14 and to the core 14, with the edges of the dog-bone shaped fillet 16 abutting or in close proximity along a seam comprised of bonding adhesive while the adhesive is in a bonded state to form the tennis ball shown in fig. 1. The adhesive is then allowed to dry or cure.

In one embodiment, outer textile layer 12 includes a layer of fibrous material, such as felt. In one embodiment, the outer textile layer 12 comprises a woven fibrous material. In one embodiment, the outer textile layer 12 comprises needle-punched (needle-punched) fibrous material. In other embodiments, the outer textile layer 12 may comprise other materials.

In one such embodiment, the outer textile layer comprises a layer of felt-bonded core 14 using a rubber-based adhesive. The felt applied to the cover may comprise a woven fibrous material or a needle felt. The felt may comprise natural fibers (such as wool), synthetic fibers (such as nylon), or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the felt cover may comprise a needled felt including fibers having a wool content of 70% and a nylon content of 30%. The needled felt may have a high level of elongation. For example, the mat can have a diagonal elongation of greater than 12% at an application load of 5 psi. In other embodiments, other mixtures of natural and synthetic fibers can be used. In other embodiments, felts having other elongation values can be used.

The core 14 comprises a hollow spherical structure having spherical walls formed of a rubber or rubber-like material. In one embodiment, the core 14 is formed from two hemispherical halves (half) or half shells 20-1, 20-2 that are molded, connected and/or bonded together. In one embodiment, an adhesive 22, such as a natural rubber or synthetic rubber adhesive, can be used to connect or join the housing halves 20-1 and 20-2 together. In one embodiment, the two hemispherical halves or housing halves 20-1, 20-2 are connected in a pressure chamber such that the interior of the connected halves is pressurized. In one embodiment, the two hemispherical halves or housing halves 20-1, 20-2 are adjoined in a pressure chamber such that the interior of the joined halves has a pressure of no greater than 5 psi. In other embodiments, the internal pressure of the formed core can be about 4 psi, 3psi, 2 psi, or 1 psi. In other embodiments, the core 14 may be formed in other ways. In some embodiments, the cartridge 14 may additionally contain a valve that facilitates pressurization of the interior of the cartridge 14. In other embodiments, the core 14 may be formed in a non-pressurized cavity and pressurized during the molding or curing process without the use of a valve attached to the core.

In the illustrated exampleThe core 14 has a thickness T (shown in fig. 2) of at least 4.8 mm. In one embodiment, the thickness T of the core 14 is at least 4.8 mm and no greater than 5.1 mm. In another embodiment, the core can have a thickness T of at least 4.5 mm. The core thickness of a conventional pressurized tennis core is about 3.5 mm. The core has a specific gravity of less than 1.0. In one embodiment, the specific gravity is about 0.985. In other embodiments, the formulation (formulation) of the core can have a specific gravity of 0.99 or less. Within other limitations, the core can have a density of less than or equal to 1.0 g/cm³The density of (c).

In one embodiment, the core 14 comprises an ethylene copolymer having a specific gravity of less than 0.9. In one embodiment, the ethylene copolymer has a specific gravity of less than 0.9, a flexural modulus of less than 35 MPA, and a shore D hardness (shore D hardness) of less than 30. In another embodiment, the ethylene copolymer can have a flexural modulus of less than or equal to 25 MPA. The core 14 can include one or more ethylene copolymers. The olefin of the one or more ethylene copolymers may be butene, hexene, octene, pentene, heptene, nonene, and decene.

In one embodiment, the core comprises at least one rubber selected from the group consisting of natural rubber, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, styrene butadiene rubber and/or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the core may additionally include fillers, activators, accelerators (accelerators), retarders (retarders) and the like, sulfur vulcanizing agents, and/or ethylene copolymers having a specific gravity of less than 0.9. In one embodiment, the core 14 is formed from a mixture of rubber including polybutadiene rubber, natural rubber, and styrene-butadiene rubber and thermoplastic copolymers including ethylene and butane, zinc oxide as an activator, silica (silica) as a filler for weight, and sulfur as a hardener, accelerator, retarder, antioxidant, and vulcanization polymer component.

In some embodiments, the ethylene copolymer may comprise a copolymer of ethylene with butane, hexane, or octane, and mixtures thereof. Some example materials include, but are not limited to, ENGAGE under the trade name ENGAGE^®Sold and available from midland, michiganCommercially available materials from The Dow Chemical Company of Midland, Michigan or Exxon Mobil Corporation of Irving, Tex., under The trade name EXACT^®The materials sold.

In one embodiment, the ethylene copolymer is Dow^®ENGAGE^®7270 which is a copolymer of ethylene and butane having a specific gravity of 0.880, a flexural modulus of 22.1 MPA and a durometer on the shore D hardness scale of 26. In one such embodiment, the outer textile layer comprises a layer of felt bonded to the core 14 using a rubber-based adhesive.

One example tennis ball 10 (example 1) includes a core 14, the core 14 including Dow^®ENGAGE^®7270 which is a copolymer of ethylene and butane having a specific gravity of 0.880, a flexural modulus of 22.1 MPA and a shore D hardness or durometer value of 26. The core 14 has a thickness of 4.8 mm. An example tennis ball 10 (example 1) has an outer textile layer 12, the outer textile layer 12 comprising a needled felt formed from fibres having a wool content of 70% and a nylon content of 30%. The outer textile layer 12 is bonded to the surface of the core 14 using a rubber-based adhesive.

Table 1 below illustrates various attributes of two example 1 tennis balls (PLB-5B) with Wilson sports products of Wilson sports Goods Co. of Chicago, Illinois^®Comparison of US OPEN Extra Duty tennis balls. Wilson^®US OPEN Extra Duty tennis is a top-level, commercially-available tennis ball that is configured for competitive games and is similar to tennis balls used in the U.S. published major tennis tournament.

For tennis balls from two exemplary prototypes (PLB-5B) and Wilson^®Tennis ball characteristics and performance data were measured and recorded for a group of 6 tennis balls for each of the US OPEN tennis balls. The characteristic and performance data include internal ball pressure, ball size, ball weight, ball deflection, ball rebound height, and coefficient of restitution (COR) values obtained from various inward (bonded) ball velocities.

The internal ball pressure is measured by piercing the surface of the ball with a pressure gauge attached. Tennis ball deformation was measured using the Stevens Machine of Redland, Clarily, England, UK or using a conventional automatic compressor. The Stevens machine for measuring tennis ball deformation was a compressor designed by pexie ∙ hebert ∙ Stevens (Percy Herbert Stevens) and obtained uk patent No. 230250. Tennis ball deformation was measured by placing a tennis ball in a compressor and applying 3.5 lbf of preload compression force to the ball and zeroing the compressor's deformation indicator, then applying 18.0 lbf of additional compression load and recording the amount of deformation of the ball relative to the initial preload deformation value. Three deformation readings are taken on each ball, with the ball rotated 90 degrees between each reading/measurement.

Tennis ball rebound height was measured from the bottom of a tennis ball that dropped vertically from a height of 100 inches from a granite plate having a smooth surface and a thickness of at least 1.25 inches. As stated above, tennis balls configured for competitive games typically have rebound characteristics that fall within the range of 53 to 58 inches and the range of 48 to 53 inches for games at high altitude. The term "tennis ball rebound height" shall mean the measured maximum height of the bottom of a tennis ball recorded after the tennis ball falls from an initial height of 100 inches above a granite plate with a smooth surface.

Tennis COR measurements are obtained by projecting the ball away from a rigidly mounted and vertically positioned steel plate having a smooth surface and a thickness of 1 inch at an initial velocity (e.g., 60 fps, 90 fps, or 120 fps) and measuring the velocity of the ball rebounding from the steel plate using a shutter, such as model ADC VG03 of Automated Design Corporation of Romeoville, Illinois. A pneumatic cannon (such as the ADC air cannon of automated design companies of lomivorel, illinois) or other comparable ball launching device can be used to project tennis balls to achieve an initial ball velocity of 60 fps, 90 fps, or 120 fps. The term "tennis ball recovery value" means the tennis ball COR measurement obtained from a specified initial velocity away from a vertically positioned and rigidly mounted steel plate with a smooth surface and measuring the velocity of a ball rebounding from the steel plate using a shutter.

TABLE 1

As shown above, two tested example 1 tennis balls (PLB-5B) had Wilson's contact with pressure, in addition to the moment of inertia (MOI) of the tennis ball^®Performance characteristics of US OPEN tennis balls similar performance characteristics. Example 1 tennis balls exhibited less than the Wilson tested^®US OPEN tennis 8% MOI. And Wilson^®The greater wall thickness of the core 14 of the tennis ball of example 1 contributes to a reduced MOI value compared to the wall thickness of the US OPEN tennis ball. A lower MOI can help apply fast spin to example 1 tennis balls. The ability of a player to impart a fast spin to a tennis ball during play is important to many tennis players, especially to high-tech tennis players who often impart spin to the ball at impact during play. Two sets of tennis balls under PLB-5B were prepared, one containing Expancel foam during its manufacture and the other produced without using Expancel foam. Expancel comprises microspheres that expand to 40 times their size under heat. The microspheres can be placed inside the core shell prior to molding and then expanded under heat during the molding process to fill the volume within the molded core. In some core compositions, Expancel can improve the acoustic properties of the ball. Expancel foam is produced by Akron Nobel Chemical Products. The test results indicate that Expancel need not be used when ethylene butene copolymer (such as Engage) is included in the core composition.

In one embodiment, tennis balls can have less than 1.85 oz-in²The moment of inertia of (a). In one embodiment, tennis balls can have less than 1.80 oz-in²The moment of inertia of (a). Tennis balls constructed in accordance with this embodiment of the invention can have a lower MOI than conventional tennis balls and thus allow players to play the ball at the same timeA quick spin is more easily imparted to the ball during play, thereby improving the player's control and/or the player's ability to hit the ball harder while holding the ball in play.

Table 2 below illustrates an example tennis ball 10 (example 1) versus a commercial Wilson ball^®Summary of the properties of US OPEN tennis balls (premium pressurized tennis balls with an internal pressure of about 13 psi).

Table 2: physical properties:

as shown above, the tennis ball of example 1 had an internal pressure of 3.7 psi, significantly lower than Wilson^®US OPEN tennis balls and other commercially available tennis balls used in athletic competitions. Example 1 tennis balls also have a common relationship with Wilson within the requirements set forth by USTA and ITF^®US OPEN tennis balls are of comparable size, weight, deflection and rebound characteristics and are competitive tennis balls. Example 1 tennis balls also have a pressurized tennis ball, Wilson^®US OPEN tennis ball has comparable recovery attributes.

Example 1 tennis and Wilson^®US OPEN tennis balls have an extended performance life compared to tennis balls. Table 3 below provides example 1 tennis balls and WILSON^®Infiltration (permation) data of US OPEN tennis balls at various times after removal of the tennis balls from their respective pressurized packages or cans.

TABLE 3

As indicated in table 3 above, as well as fig. 5 and table 4 below, tennis balls made according to embodiments of the present application maintained their rebound height over time. In particular, even after holding the ball for 4 months in an atmospheric pressure environment, the rebound height is at least 96% of the initial rebound height. In another embodiment, the rebound height is at least 97% of the initial rebound height after 4 months of retention in an atmospheric pressure environment. In one embodiment, the height of rebound from the surface of an example prototype tennis ball has a first tennis ball rebound height recorded by measuring the rebound of a tennis ball within 1 hour of initial removal from the tennis ball package and non-use and a second tennis ball rebound height recorded by measuring the rebound of a tennis ball after the tennis ball is exposed to atmospheric pressure for four months and not used, and the second rebound height is at least 96% of the first rebound height. In another embodiment, the second rebound height is at least 97% of the first rebound height.

FIG. 5 provides example 1 with WILSON^®Comparison between US OPEN tennis balls, these tennis balls were subjected to a rebound test within 1 hour after being initially removed from the pressurized can and not used, and then re-measured after a two month interval. In the illustrated example, the tennis ball of example 1 was initially pressurized at a pressure no greater than 7 psi (6.7 psi and 6.0 psi), while the WILSON contained in the canister was initially pressurized at a pressure of 14.7 psi^®US OPEN tennis pressurization.

As shown by table 3 and fig. 5, the tennis ball of example 1 maintained rebound performance, exhibiting a percent rebound drop of less than 3% after four months of non-use and exposure to atmospheric pressure when removed from the sealed package/pressurized can. In contrast, WILSON^®US OPEN tennis balls exhibited a loss of about 5.4% in two months, twice the loss of rebound compared to example 1 tennis balls in half the aging time.

The surprising and unexpected results indicate that example 1, with a significantly thicker shell or core configuration of at least 4.8 mm and an internal pressure of less than 5 psi, exhibited a comparable performance to conventional high performance pressurized tennis balls (WILSON)^®US OPEN tennis ball). Meanwhile, the tennis ball of example 1 maintained performance for a significantly longer time than the conventional tennis ball. As a result, example 1 tennis balls may play longer in terms of play and last longer for players of an amusement game, as the amusement players do not necessarily require a new ball each time they desire a play.

Moreover, because the tennis ball of example 1 has a performance life in an atmospheric or non-pressurized environment, such a ball can be stored and contained in a sealed package at low pressure or a non-sealed package without significant performance degradation for an extended period of time. As a result, example 1 tennis balls may be packaged in a lower pressurized package or a non-pressurized package, thereby reducing packaging cost and complexity.

Table 4 below provides various tennis ball characteristics and performance data including internal ball pressure, weight, size, rebound, deflection, coefficient of restitution (COR), and penetration data for: (1) a set of six PENNs produced by Heideke technologies GmbH of Austria, Austria^®CHAMPIONSHHIP extra duty tennis; (2) a set of six DUNLOPs produced by Dunlop International European Ltd (Dunlop International Europe Ltd. of England) in England^®CHAMPIONSHUI ALL court tennis; (3) a group of six WILSON^®US OPEN extra duty tennis; and (4) a set of six ZERO general tennis balls constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. The internal ball pressure, size, weight, deflection, rebound height and COR values obtained for each of these tennis balls at different initial velocities were measured when the balls were initially removed from their respective receptacles. Initial measurements were taken within 1 hour of initial removal from the tennis ball container and non-use. The ball pressure, size, weight, deflection, rebound height and COR values are then re-measured after each monthly time interval. Tennis balls were not used except for the measurements listed above.

TABLE 4 COR penetration test

As shown in table 4 above, the PENN under test when removed from their pressurized cans over an extended period of time^®And PENN^®Tennis balls also experience significant performance degradation. For example, PENN^®Rebound height of CHAMPIONSHIP extra-volume tennis balls dropped by more than 6% after 1 month, approximately 10% after 3 months, and more than 10% after 4 months. Similarly, DUNLOP^®CHAMPIONSHUI all court tennis balls exhibit rebound height after 1 monthThe decrease was over 3.5% and after 3 months was about 8%. In contrast, ZERO G PROTOTYPE tennis balls exhibited less than 1.9% drop in rebound height after 2 months, and less than 2.8% drop after 4 months.

Accordingly, at least one of the tennis balls can be rebound tested by dropping the ball vertically from a height of 100 inches from the granite plate with a smooth surface and measuring the height of the bottom of the tennis ball rebounding from the smooth surface. The first tennis ball rebound height can be recorded by measuring the rebound of a tennis ball within 1 hour of being initially removed from the tennis ball package and not used. The second tennis ball rebound height can be recorded by measuring the rebound of a tennis ball after the tennis ball is exposed to atmospheric pressure for four months and not in use. In one embodiment, the second rebound height is at least 96% of the first rebound height. In another embodiment, the second rebound height is at least 97% of the first rebound height.

Additionally, the PENN^®CHAMPIONSHUI Extra duty tennis balls and DUNLOP^®The tennis ball deformation of CHAMPIONSHIP allcourt tennis balls also significantly degraded after being removed from their pressurized container and maintained in an environment at atmospheric pressure. Penn^®CHAMPIONSHIP extra-duty tennis balls exhibited an increase in tennis ball set of more than 4% after 1 month, an increase in tennis ball set of more than 4% after 2 months, and an increase in tennis ball set of more than 11% after 3 months. DUNLOP^®CHAMPIONSHIP all court tennis balls exhibited more than a 3% increase in tennis ball set after 1 month, more than an 8.5% increase in tennis ball set after 2 months, more than an 11% increase in tennis ball set after 3 months, and more than a 13% increase in tennis ball set after 4 months. In contrast, ZERO G PROTOTYPE tennis balls exhibited less than 0.5% increase in tennis ball deformation after 2 months, and less than 3.7% increase in tennis ball deformation after 4 months.

Accordingly, when at least one of the tennis balls was deformation tested by applying a 3.5 lbf compression preload to the ball and recording the preload deformation value and then applying an 18.0 lbf additional compression load and recording the second deformation value, the tennis ball deformation can be calculated by subtracting the preload deformation value from the second deformation value. A first tennis ball deformation can be recorded by measuring the tennis ball deformation for a tennis ball within 1 hour of being initially removed from the tennis ball package and not used. The second tennis ball deformation can be recorded by measuring the tennis ball deformation of the tennis ball after the tennis ball has been exposed to atmospheric pressure for four months and not in use. In one embodiment, the second tennis ball deflection is no greater than 0.020 inches as compared to the first tennis ball deflection. In another embodiment, the second tennis ball deflection is no greater than 0.015 inches as compared to the first tennis ball deflection. The term "tennis ball deformation" shall mean a deformation magnitude obtained by subtracting a preloaded tennis ball deformation magnitude from a second tennis ball deformation magnitude, wherein the preloaded tennis ball deformation magnitude is measured after applying a 3.5 lbf compression preload to the tennis ball, and wherein the second tennis ball deformation magnitude is measured after applying an additional compression load of 18.0 lbf to the tennis ball.

In addition, PENN^®CHAMPIONSHUI Extra duty tennis balls and DUNLOP^®The reduction in recovery coefficient ("COR") of CHAMPIONSHIP allcourt tennis balls is significantly greater than ZERO G PROTOTYPE tennis balls after being removed from their pressurized container and maintained in an environment at atmospheric pressure. For example, when tennis balls are projected at a predetermined speed (e.g., 60 fps, 90 fps, or 120 fps) onto a vertically positioned and rigidly mounted steel plate with a smooth surface, a shutter is used to measure the exit or return speed of the tennis ball. The ratio of the speed of a tennis ball after impact (outward) to the speed of a tennis ball before impact (inward) is COR. In one embodiment, a shutter (such as model ADC VG03 produced by automated design corporation of romeovarle, illinois) is used to monitor the speed of tennis balls. As shown in table 4, the COR was initially measured at predetermined speeds of 60 fps, 90 fps, and 120 fps for each of the balls within 1 hour of the initial removal of the balls from their respective unused packages/containers. The COR value of tennis balls was then retested at a predetermined speed after the balls had been exposed to an atmospheric pressure environment for a period of 1 month or more.

At a predetermined inward velocity of 90 fps, PENN^®CHAMPIONSHUI Extra duty tennis showCOR decreases by more than 6.5% after 1 month, more than 7% after 2 months, about 7% after 3 months, and about 10% after 4 months. DUNLOP^®CHAMPIONSHIP all court tennis balls exhibited a COR drop of more than 3.5% after 1 month, a COR drop of more than 6% after 2 months, and a COR drop of more than 7% after 3 months. In contrast, ZERO G PROTOTYPE tennis balls exhibited a COR decrease of less than 3.5% after 2 months, and a COR decrease of less than 4% after 4 and 6 months. Accordingly, ZERO G PROTOTYPE tennis balls exhibited a 5% or less reduction in COR from the initial COR value of unused tennis balls to a COR value obtained 4 months after unused tennis balls. In other words, a first COR value for at least one of the tennis balls can be obtained from an initial velocity of 90 feet/second within 1 hour of being initially removed from the tennis ball packaging and not used, a second COR value for the tennis ball after four months of exposure to atmospheric pressure can be recorded from the initial velocity of 90 feet/second, and in one embodiment, the second COR value is at least 95% of the first COR value.

Athlete testing was performed at various locations to determine compliance with Wilson^®The comparability property between US Open tennis balls compared to tennis balls formed according to embodiments of the present invention, Wilson^®US Open tennis balls are representative of standard premium pressurized tennis balls having an internal pressure of about 13 psi. As shown in table 5 below, the test was performed on 103 players with NTRP (National Tennis Rating Program) game level.

Table 5: athlete testing-athlete profiling

NTRP staging	Athlete # of
		5.0 or college athletes	56
4.5	25
		4.0	11
3.5 or less	5
		Uncertainty	6

The tests included athletes from male and female universities, both at the university of delaunay, at the university of north illinoni and at the university of south california. Requiring athletes to play Wilson^®US Open "controls" both tennis balls and the low pressure ball of example 1, and then ranks the balls for the following attributes: sound, control, feel, consistency of bounce, speed and fast spin. The results of the athlete testing are illustrated in table 6 below. Example 1 tennis and Wilson^®US Open tennis balls have the same appearance.

Table 6: athlete test-results:

the results of the athlete test are shown below:

in all contestability attributes, tennis and Wilson in example 1, except for fast spin^®US Open controls the difference in preferences among tennis balls in all categories is less than 5%. With respect to fast spin, instead of US Open controlled tennis, the player prefers the tennis ball of example 1.

Athlete tests found that about 25% of the athletes preferred the tennis ball of example 1 or there was no preference between the two types of tennis balls.

Athlete testing indicated that the athlete felt minimal differences in all of the competitive properties except spin, and that overall ball preference was shown, despite Wilson^®Open tennis is preferred by more players, but 40% of players prefer the tennis ball of example 1, and 13% of players have no preference between the two types of tennis. Our conclusion is that player tests show that the example 1 ball with lower initial tennis pressure exhibits comparable performance and is preferred by a large percentage of players when compared to USOpen premium pressurized tennis balls.

Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of an example tennis ball package 100. Package 100 includes a sealed package 102 and a group 104 of tennis balls 10 (described above). Although package 100 is illustrated as including three of such tennis balls 10, in other embodiments package 100 may include two tennis balls, four tennis balls, or more than four tennis balls 10.

Sealed package 102 can comprise a cylindrical can containing tennis ball 10. Sealed package 102 has an interior 106 containing tennis ball 10 and is sealed so as to have an internal pressure of no greater than 10 psi. In one embodiment, the package 102 is sealed so as to have an internal pressure of no greater than 8 psi. In another embodiment, the package 102 is sealed so as to have an internal pressure of no greater than 5 psi. In other embodiments, package 102 is sealed so as to have an internal pressure less than the internal pressure of an individual tennis ball 10. In one embodiment, the package 102 is sealed so as to have an internal pressure equal to atmospheric pressure, the pressure of the surrounding environment. In such embodiments, the sealing of the package 102 does not maintain the internal pressure of the package 102, but merely indicates that such package 100 has not been breached (pointer with) or used, in a "fresh" state.

In the illustrated example, the package 102 includes a cylindrical body 106 having a bottom panel 108 and a cylindrical sidewall 110. The top of the body 106 is provided with a top seal 112 and a removable lid or cover 114. A top seal 112 seals the interior 104. In one embodiment, top seal 112 comprises a metal plate, a portion of which may be scored to facilitate peeling a portion of the top seal to access interior 104 and to facilitate removal of ball 10. The removable cover 114 resiliently snaps around or pops (pop) onto the top of the body 106 over the top seal 112. After the top seal 112 is broken or removed, the top seal 112 helps to retain the ball 10 within the interior 104 during subsequent use.

As discussed above, the performance lifetime of tennis ball 10 allows tennis ball 10 to be packaged in a lower pressure package. In some embodiments, the package containing tennis ball 10 may be at atmospheric pressure, thereby eliminating the need to pressurize package 106 during packaging of tennis ball 10. Lower pressure package 102 reduces the complexity and cost of packaging tennis ball 10. In embodiments where the package 102 is not pressurized, but the package 102 is at atmospheric pressure, the top seal 112 may be omitted. In such embodiments, a tennis ball 10 may undergo post-manufacture operations at a remote location within a space time interval without such tennis ball having to be initially packaged in a pressurized package and then repackaged in a pressurized package again after such post-manufacture operations. One example of such a post-manufacture operation is the application of an identification to the exterior of such a tennis ball.

Although the package 102 is illustrated as a cylindrical can with a metal top (ceiling) panel and a removable top cover or covering, in other embodiments, the package 102 may have other configurations. In other embodiments, the body 106 of the tennis ball package or container can take other shapes, such as other cylindrical shapes, shapes having a polygonal cross-section, or other geometric shapes.

The ability of tennis ball 10 to have a performance life at low pressure conditions or atmospheric pressure facilitates the use of various packages. For example, in some embodiments, the wrapper 102 may comprise a breathable wrapper or a breathable net, wherein the top mechanism only indicates that the package being sold has not been breached or previously opened, thereby ensuring that there is no previous use of tennis balls at the point of sale.

Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to example embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter. For example, although different example embodiments may have been described as including features providing one or more benefits, it is contemplated that the described features may be interchanged with one another or alternatively be combined with one another in the described example embodiments or in other alternative embodiments. Since the technology of the present disclosure is relatively complex, not all changes in the technology are foreseeable. The present disclosure described with reference to the example embodiments and set forth in the appended claims is manifestly intended to be as broad as possible. For example, unless specifically stated otherwise, claims reciting a single particular element also encompass a plurality of such particular elements. The terms "first," "second," "third," and the like in the claims, merely distinguish between different elements and are not specifically associated with a particular order or particular numbering of the elements in the disclosure, unless otherwise specified.