阅读说明：本技术 用于将集成电路嵌入到3d打印对象中的方法和3d打印系统 (Method for embedding an integrated circuit into a 3D printed object and 3D printing system ) 是由 尼基塔·韦希科夫 于 2019-08-22 设计创作，主要内容包括：提供一种用于将集成电路(IC)嵌入到3D打印对象中的方法。所述方法包括提供长丝,所述长丝具有用于3D打印对象的材料,以及嵌入于所述长丝材料内的集成电路。使用所述长丝形成所述3D打印对象的至少一部分。提供一种用于实施所述方法的3D打印系统。所述3D打印系统包括长丝施配器,其用于存储和施配所述3D打印长丝。平台提供用于在打印所述对象时支撑所述对象的工作台面。提供用于控制3D打印机的打印操作并且用于用其中嵌入有所述IC的所述长丝3D打印所述对象的处理器。提供用于在所述IC嵌入于所述3D打印对象中时配置所述IC的配置电路。(A method for embedding an Integrated Circuit (IC) into a 3D printed object is provided. The method includes providing a filament having a material for 3D printing an object, and an integrated circuit embedded within the filament material. Forming at least a portion of the 3D printed object using the filament. A 3D printing system for implementing the method is provided. The 3D printing system includes a filament dispenser for storing and dispensing the 3D printed filaments. The platform provides a countertop for supporting the object while printing the object. A processor is provided for controlling a printing operation of a 3D printer and for 3D printing the object with the filament having the IC embedded therein. A configuration circuit is provided for configuring the IC when embedded in the 3D printed object.)

1. A method for embedding an integrated circuit into a 3D printed object, the method comprising:

providing a filament comprising a material for 3D printing an object, and an integrated circuit embedded within the filament; and

forming the 3D printed object using the filament.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the filament further comprises

Melting the material to a liquid state;

embedding one or more integrated circuits within the molten material; and

extruding the molten liquid material into a wire shape.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein forming a 3D printed object using the filament further comprises 3D printing an object such that the embedded integrated circuit is embedded within the object during the 3D printing.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the integrated circuit is characterized as a tag for identifying the object, and further comprising configuring the tag for use in forming the object.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the filament further comprises providing the filament including the material for 3D printed objects, the integrated circuit coupled to an antenna, the integrated circuit and the antenna being embedded within the filament.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the antenna comprises one of a wire loop or one or more wire segments.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the antenna comprises two wires, each wire having a first end coupled to the integrated circuit and a second end coupled to a magnet, and during forming the 3D printed object using the filament, the filament melts to a relatively low viscosity around the magnets and antenna such that magnetic attraction between the magnets causes the magnets to couple together and form a loop antenna.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the antenna is 3D printed on the object using conductive ink.

9. A3D printing system, comprising:

a filament dispenser for storing and dispensing a 3D printed filament, the 3D printed filament comprising material for a 3D printed object, and one or more integrated circuits embedded within the filament;

a platform for providing a countertop for supporting the object while printing the object;

a processor for controlling a printing operation of the 3D printer;

a printer head positioned relative to the platform and coupled to receive the 3D printing filament from the filament dispenser, the printer head for directing deposition of the material for 3D printing the object and at least one of the integrated circuits embedded within the filament under control of the processor; and

an Integrated Circuit (IC) configuration circuit to configure the at least one IC when embedded in the 3D printed object.

10. A method for embedding an integrated circuit into a 3D printed object, the method comprising:

melting a plastic material into a liquid state;

embedding one or more integrated circuits within the molten plastic material;

forming the molten liquid plastic material into a strand-shaped filament;

providing the filament for a 3D printed object, at least one of the integrated circuits being embedded within the 3D printed object when the 3D printed object is printed; and

configuring the at least one integrated circuit while printing the 3D printed object.

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to three-dimensional (3D) printing, and more particularly, to a method and 3D printing system for embedding integrated circuits into 3D printed objects.

Background

The use of 3D printing is becoming more common and more readily available. The product prototype can be built more quickly with 3D printing, allowing for faster time to market. Through 3D printing, designers and creators have new tools for testing ideas and for authoring works and other objects. However, 3D printing may also result in relatively easy copying of other people's products. For example, a successful product that a company requires time and expense to design and produce may be copied and sold by a competitor simply using 3D printing techniques.

As protection against copying, an identification tag may be embedded in the 3D printed object. There are various types of identification tags. One type is known as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), which involves the use of wirelessly auditable Integrated Circuit (IC) tags. Another type of tag uses Near Field Communication (NFC) for short-range wireless communication. There is a need for a method for embedding a tag into a 3D printed object that is easy and does not interfere too much with the normal 3D printing process. Furthermore, the tag should not be made easily removable from the object.

Therefore, there is a need for a way of embedding ICs in 3D printed products that achieves at least some of the above objectives.

Disclosure of Invention

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for embedding an integrated circuit into a 3D printed object, the method comprising:

providing a filament comprising a material for 3D printing an object, and an integrated circuit embedded within the filament; and

forming the 3D printed object using the filament.

In one or more embodiments, the material is characterized as plastic.

In one or more embodiments, providing the filament further comprises

Melting the material to a liquid state;

embedding one or more integrated circuits within the molten material; and

extruding the molten liquid material into a wire shape.

In one or more embodiments, forming a 3D printed object using the filament further comprises 3D printing the object such that the embedded integrated circuit is embedded within the object during the 3D printing.

In one or more embodiments, the integrated circuit features a tag for identifying the object, and the method further comprises configuring the tag for use in forming the object.

In one or more embodiments, the integrated circuit communicates configuration information with the configuration circuit using wireless communication.

In one or more embodiments, providing the filament further comprises providing the filament including the material for the 3D printed object, the integrated circuit coupled to an antenna, the integrated circuit and the antenna being embedded within the filament.

In one or more embodiments, the antenna comprises one of a wire loop or one or more wire segments.

In one or more embodiments, the antenna comprises two wires, each wire having a first end coupled to the integrated circuit and a second end coupled to a magnet, and during formation of the 3D printed object using the filaments, the filaments fuse to a relatively low viscosity surrounding the magnets and antenna such that magnetic attraction between the magnets causes the magnets to couple together and form a loop antenna.

In one or more embodiments, the antenna is 3D printed on the object using conductive ink.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a 3D printing system comprising:

a filament dispenser for storing and dispensing a 3D printed filament, the 3D printed filament comprising material for a 3D printed object, and one or more integrated circuits embedded within the filament;

a platform for providing a countertop for supporting the object while printing the object;

a processor for controlling a printing operation of the 3D printer;

a printer head positioned relative to the platform and coupled to receive the 3D printing filament from the filament dispenser, the printer head for directing deposition of the material for 3D printing the object and at least one of the integrated circuits embedded within the filament under control of the processor; and

an Integrated Circuit (IC) configuration circuit to configure the at least one IC when embedded in the 3D printed object.

In one or more embodiments, the at least one integrated circuit is one of a Near Field Communication (NFC) integrated circuit or a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) integrated circuit.

In one or more embodiments, the material used for 3D printing the object is plastic.

In one or more embodiments, the 3D printing system additionally includes an antenna coupled to each of the one or more integrated circuits embedded within the filament.

In one or more embodiments, the antenna includes a conductor loop.

In one or more embodiments, the antenna comprises two wires, each wire having a first end coupled to the integrated circuit and a second end coupled to a magnet, the magnetic attraction between the magnets coupled together forming a loop antenna.

According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for embedding an integrated circuit into a 3D printed object, the method comprising:

melting a plastic material into a liquid state;

embedding one or more integrated circuits within the molten plastic material;

forming the molten liquid plastic material into a strand-shaped filament;

providing the filament for a 3D printed object, at least one of the integrated circuits being embedded within the 3D printed object when the 3D printed object is printed; and

configuring the at least one integrated circuit while printing the 3D printed object.

In one or more embodiments, embedding one or more integrated circuits within the molten plastic material further comprises coupling each of the one or more integrated circuits to an antenna, the integrated circuits and the antenna being embedded within the filament.

In one or more embodiments, the antenna comprises one of a wire loop or one or more wire lengths.

In one or more embodiments, the antenna comprises two wire lengths, and the method further comprises coupling a magnetic coupler to an end of each of the one or more wire lengths.

These and other aspects of the invention are apparent from and will be elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.

Drawings

The present invention is illustrated by way of example and is not limited by the accompanying figures, in which like references indicate similar elements. Elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale.

Fig. 1 illustrates a conceptual diagram of a 3D printing system according to an embodiment.

Fig. 2 shows a portion of a 3D printed filament according to an embodiment.

Fig. 3 illustrates a top view of a 3D printed object formed from the filament of fig. 2, according to an embodiment.

Fig. 4 shows a portion of a 3D printed filament according to an embodiment.

Fig. 5 illustrates a top view of a 3D printed object formed from the filament of fig. 4, according to an embodiment.

Fig. 6 shows a conceptual diagram of an apparatus for forming a 3D printed filament according to an embodiment.

Detailed Description

In general, a method and a 3D printing system for embedding an IC into a 3D printed object are provided. In one embodiment, a filament to provide material for a 3D printed object includes an integrated circuit embedded within the filament. The filament is used in a 3D printing system to form an object and embeds an IC when 3D printing the object. In one embodiment, the IC is configured to be used as a tag for identifying a manufacturing source, such as an object. The IC may have an antenna attached and included in the filament. The IC and antenna may be extruded together when printing the object. The method and 3D printing system may be used to more easily provide objects with embedded ICs, do not complicate the manufacture of the objects, and may be less costly than other methods of embedding ICs.

According to an embodiment, there is provided a method for embedding an integrated circuit into a 3D printed object, the method comprising: providing a filament having a material for a 3D printed object, and an integrated circuit embedded within the filament; and forming the 3D printed object using the filament. The material may be characterized as plastic. The step of providing filaments may additionally comprise melting the material to a liquid state; embedding one or more integrated circuits within the molten material; and extruding the molten liquid material into a wire shape. The step of forming the 3D printed object using the filament may additionally comprise 3D printing the object such that the embedded integrated circuit is embedded within the object during 3D printing. The integrated circuit may be characterized as a tag for identifying an object, and the method may additionally include configuring the tag for use in forming the object. The integrated circuit may communicate configuration information with the configuration circuit using wireless communication. The step of providing a filament may additionally comprise providing a filament comprising a material for a 3D printed object, an integrated circuit coupled to the antenna, the integrated circuit and the antenna being embedded within the filament. The antenna may comprise one of a wire loop or one or more wire segments. The antenna may comprise two wires, each wire having a first end coupled to the integrated circuit and a second end coupled to the magnet, and wherein during formation of the 3D printed object using the filament, the filament may melt to a relatively low viscosity around the magnet and the antenna such that magnetic attraction between the magnets causes the magnets to couple together and form a loop antenna. The antenna 3D may be printed on the object using conductive ink.

In another embodiment, there is provided a 3D printing system, comprising: a filament dispenser for storing and dispensing a 3D printed filament, the 3D printed filament comprising material for a 3D printed object, and one or more integrated circuits embedded within the filament; a platform for providing a countertop for supporting an object while printing the object; a processor for controlling a printing operation of the 3D printer; a printer head positioned relative to the platform and coupled to receive a 3D printing filament from the filament dispenser, the printer head for directing, under control of the processor, deposition of material for 3D printing the object and at least one of the integrated circuits embedded within the filament; and an Integrated Circuit (IC) configuration circuit to configure the at least one IC when embedded in the 3D printed object. The at least one integrated circuit may be one of a Near Field Communication (NFC) integrated circuit or a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) integrated circuit. The material used for the 3D printed object may be plastic. The 3D printing system may additionally include an antenna coupled to each of the one or more integrated circuits embedded within the filament. The antenna may include a conductor loop. The antenna may comprise two wires, each wire having a first end coupled to the integrated circuit and a second end coupled to a magnet, wherein the magnetic attraction between the magnets coupled together forms a loop antenna.

In yet another embodiment, a method for embedding an integrated circuit into a 3D printed object is provided, which may include: melting a plastic material into a liquid state; embedding one or more integrated circuits within a molten plastic material; forming molten liquid plastic material into a strand-shaped filament; providing a filament for a 3D printed object, wherein at least one of the integrated circuits is embedded within the 3D printed object when the 3D printed object is printed; and configuring the at least one integrated circuit while printing the 3D printed object. The step of embedding the one or more integrated circuits within the molten plastic material may additionally include coupling each of the one or more integrated circuits to an antenna, the integrated circuit and the antenna being embedded within the filament. The antenna may comprise one of a wire loop or one or more wire lengths. The antenna may comprise two wire lengths, and wherein the method may additionally comprise coupling a magnetic coupler to an end of each of the one or more wire lengths.

Fig. 1 illustrates a conceptual diagram of a 3D printing system 10 according to an embodiment. The 3D printing system 10 includes a platform 12, a printing head 14, nozzles 16, controls 18, a computer 20, a filament dispenser 22, filaments 24, and IC configuration circuitry 34. Filament 24 includes a plurality of ICs 26. The IC configuration circuit 34 includes a wireless interface 36 for communicating with a plurality of ICs when used in 3D printing of an object, such as the object 32 shown in the platform 12.

The printing head 14 is mounted so that it is free to move as required under the direction of the control 18 to print a three-dimensional object. The printing head 14 may also include a motor (not shown) for feeding the filaments 24 from the dispenser 22 to the object being printed. In one embodiment, the dispenser 22 includes a roll on which the filament is wound. There may be more than one dispenser in the 3D printing system 10. The print head 14 may also include a heater (not shown) for melting the filament 24 as the filament 24 is fed to the object being printed. Movement of the print head 14 is provided using conventional mechanisms. The mechanism may include a motor and a movable support structure. The mechanism may be any conventional mechanism and is not shown in fig. 1. The operation of the print head 14 is controlled by a control 18. Generally, a Computer Aided Design (CAD) embodiment of the object to be printed is loaded in the computer 20. The computer 20 includes a processor for executing CAD software and other application programs and control instructions. The computer 20 provides control signals to the control 18. The computer 20 may be integrated into the 3D printing system 10 or may be a stand-alone external computer. The control 18 controls the movement of the print head 14 and the extrusion of molten material 30 from the nozzle 16 to form the object 28. It should be noted that the object 28 is shown as a simple rectangle, but it may be any shape. Also extruded with the filament material is an IC 32. As part of the extrusion process to form the 3D printed object 28, the integrated circuit 32 is embedded within the object 28.

Generally, there are a number of different materials that may be used in the filaments 24. The choice of material is determined, at least in part, by the intended use of the object being 3D printed. These various materials are commonly referred to as "plastics" as a group. For purposes of description, this group of materials includes, but is not limited to, polylactic acid (PLA), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nylon, thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), plastic alloy (polycarbonate, PC), high impact polystyrene (high impact polystyrene, HIPS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), wax, Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA), polypropylene (PP), Polyoxymethylene (POM), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), Flexible Polyester (FPE), and the like. Other materials that may be used to form filaments 24 include wood, metals such as brass, copper, and bronze, various biodegradable materials, conductive fibers, magnetic fibers, clay fibers, ceramic fibers, and carbon fibers. In addition, combinations of materials may be used.

A plurality of ICs 26 are embedded within the material used to form filaments 24. Typically, in forming the filament, the plurality of ICs 26 are positioned one by one in the filament 24 such that there is a predetermined distance between the ICs as shown in fig. 1. The predetermined distance between ICs may be determined, for example, by the number of desired ICs to be embedded within the 3D printed object and the amount of material required to form the 3D printed object. More than one IC may be embedded in an object for several reasons. For example, more than one IC is used to provide redundancy. Further, using more than one IC may allow different portions of an object to be separately identified or authenticated to detect modifications to the object. A method and apparatus for forming filaments 24 is shown in fig. 6 and discussed later.

The IC may provide any type of functionality. The functionality may include, for example, identification, authentication, and measurement of physical properties, such as temperature or spatial orientation. Furthermore, the functionality may comprise a transmitter circuit for transmitting the respective measurement values. One limitation on the type of IC is determined by size. The size of each IC cannot be larger than the size of the nozzle 16 that can be extruded. Two common filament sizes were 3mm and 1.75 mm. For extruding universal filament sizes, a common size nozzle may have a diameter between about 0.3mm and 1.2 mm. The multiple ICs used as tags have a size smaller than some common filament sizes. However, most ICs are larger than the normal nozzle diameter. To accommodate the embedding of ICs having a diameter larger than the diameter of a normal nozzle, a larger diameter nozzle may be temporarily assembled for printing the IC. Because the IC is being embedded within the object, the larger trajectory of molten filament material deposited by the larger nozzle should not be a problem for printing relatively small portions of the interior of most 3D printed objects. The larger the nozzle, the larger the IC that can be extruded with the filament material.

As described above, the plurality of ICs 26 may be characterized as tags. The tags may be active or passive tags for identification and other purposes. In one embodiment, the tags communicate with the RFID reader using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). In another embodiment, the tag wirelessly communicates with the NFC reader using Near Field Communication (NFC). The use of labels is well known. An integrated circuit used as a tag can be formed to have an extremely small size with respect to other types of ICs. In a 3D printing system with more than one filament dispenser, one of the filament dispensers may have a filament with an IC while the other one or more filament dispensers only have printed material. Alternatively, different filament dispensers may have filaments of different IC types with different functionalities.

The tag may require configuration prior to use. Typically, the tag is not configured when embedded within filament 24. This allows the supplier to provide the filament with IC to any manufacturer who wants to use it. This configuration may occur just before the IC is inserted into the printed object 30. This configuration may occur after the IC is inserted if wireless communication through the material can be guaranteed. Further, if all ICs are configured in the same manner, the configuration may be performed while the filament 24 is still in the filament dispenser 22. An object may have multiple embedded ICs that are each configured differently. For ease of configuration, IC configuration circuitry 34 may be positioned close enough to print head 14 to allow wireless communication between IC configuration circuitry 34 and the IC being configured. Conventional wireless communication protocols, such as NFC or RFID, may be used, which will control, in part, the transmission distance. Further, the IC configuration circuit 34 may be controlled by the control 18 so that the operation may be timed with the printing operation. Configuration may mean inserting a specific firmware into the IC or that some identification is attached, e.g. setting an encryption key in the IC. Configuration may also include object or device registration in a database. The embedded IC may be registered in the database when starting to use the object. Thus, not only the IC but also the entire system can be configured at the same time. The configuration may include activation. The IC may be activated for use with or without the transfer of keys and firmware. Other types of configurations may also exist.

Fig. 2 shows a portion of a 3D printed filament 40 according to an embodiment. The 3D printing filament 40 includes an IC 42 and an antenna 44. Each IC in filament 40 may have an antenna attached. The antenna 44 is a loop antenna formed of a conductive wire. In one embodiment, the conductive line is formed of a metal such as copper. Antenna 44 is used by IC 42 for transmitting and receiving wireless communications. In addition, an antenna 44 may be used to power the IC 42. As is well known in the art, a current may be induced in a wire when the wire is in an electromagnetic RF field. Passive RFID tags are typically powered in this manner. Other types of ICs may also be inductively powered. In other embodiments, the antenna may be formed using conductive ink printed on the object rather than dispensed wire. Furthermore, in another embodiment, a battery for powering the IC may be embedded in the object along with the IC.

Fig. 3 illustrates a top view of a 3D printed object 46 being formed with the filament 40 of fig. 2, according to an embodiment. Referring to fig. 2 and 3, the filaments 40 are melted to a liquid state by the print head portion and dispensed onto the object 46 to form a melt track 48 of material. For purposes of simplicity and clarity, object 46 is shown as a rectangular material. In other embodiments, the object may be any shape. During formation of the object 46, the integrated circuit 42 and the antenna 48 are dispensed onto the object 46 in one layer. In other embodiments, the IC 42 and antenna 48 are dispensed using multiple layers. In fig. 3, when dispensing material from left to right in one continuous path without stopping the flow of material or raising the nozzle from the object being formed, the IC 42 is first dispensed in molten material, followed by the antenna 44. Thus, to ensure that the IC and antenna are reliably dispensed, the firmware for controlling the 3D printing system should be programmed to know the length of the antenna. In other embodiments, the antenna may be dispensed through a nozzle prior to dispensing the IC. Subsequent layers are then formed over the layer with the IC 42 and the antenna 44, embedding the IC 42 and the antenna 44 in the object 46.

Different 3D printed materials require different ranges of temperatures for 3D printing. For most commonly used materials, the temperature may range between 165 ℃ and 250 ℃. This temperature range is outside the operating temperature range set for most ICs. However, exposure to this temperature is for a relatively short time, and is not while the IC is in operation and should not damage most ICs.

Fig. 4 shows a portion of a 3D printed filament 54 according to another embodiment. The 3D printed filament 54 includes an embedded IC56 and two antenna segments 58 and 60 that are both attached to the IC 56. Each of antenna wire segments 58 and 60 may be formed of a metal, such as copper, and have a first end and a second end. First ends of the antenna segments 58 and 60 are connected to the IC 56. A second end of wire 58 is connected to magnet 62 and a second end of wire 60 is connected to magnet 64. When connected, magnets 62 and 64 act as connectors forming wire loops with wire segments 58 and 60. As shown in fig. 4, filament 54 may include multiple ICs coupled to a wire segment.

Fig. 5 illustrates a top view of a 3D printed object 66 formed with filament 54 of fig. 4, according to an embodiment. Referring to fig. 4 and 5, the filaments 54 are melted to a liquid state by the print head portion and dispensed onto the object 66 to form a melt track 68 of material. For purposes of simplicity and clarity, object 66 is shown as a rectangular material. In other embodiments, the object may be any shape. The integrated circuit 56, wire segments 58 and 60, and magnets 62 and 64 are dispensed with the molten material. To form a closed loop and to allow the magnets to connect to one another, the melt track 68 is formed to provide a closed loop having a length approximately equal to the combined length of the IC56, the wires 58 and 60, and the magnets 62 and 64. The closed loop may be of any shape. For IC and antenna dispersion, the melt trace 68 begins at magnet 62 and ends at magnet 64, which is placed adjacent to magnet 62, so that when the material enclosing the two magnets is remelted to a relatively low viscosity, the magnetic attraction of the two magnets to each other will cause a magnetic connection to form, closing the loop. It should be noted that in another embodiment, there may be only one wire segment with one end attached to the IC and the other end connected to the magnet. Another magnet may be directly attached to the IC. As discussed above in the description of fig. 2, IC56 may be a passive device that is inductively powered from its loop antenna.

Fig. 6 shows a very schematic view of an apparatus 80 for forming a 3D printed filament according to an embodiment. The apparatus 80 includes a motor 82, a heater/mixer 84, a raw material hopper 86, raw material 88, a feed tube 90, an IC cartridge 92, an IC 94, and a nozzle 96. In one embodiment, the stock material 88 is plastic. The heater/mixer 84 receives the feedstock 88 and heats the material to a molten liquid state. The mixer portion of the heater/mixer 84 may be a screw type mixer. In other embodiments, other mixer types may be used. The mixer is powered by the motor 82 and draws liquid material into the feed tube 90. The material is maintained at a constant pressure to ensure that the diameter of the extruded material passing through the nozzle 96 has a constant cross-section. The cartridge 92 inserts the ICs 94 one at a time into the liquid material in the feed tube 90. The rate of insertion of the ICs may be adjusted to control the spacing between the ICs 100 in the resulting filaments 98. The IC may also include an antenna as shown in fig. 2 or fig. 4. The width of the cartridge 92 is adjusted to accommodate the extra length of the antenna. In making the filaments 98, the filaments 98 solidify and may be wound onto a spool as the filaments 98 are extruded through the nozzle 96. The roll may then be used as a dispenser, such as dispenser 22. The amount of bending of the filament 98 upon winding is relatively low, so the material is not under any significant stress prior to use in a 3D printed object.

Various embodiments, or portions of embodiments, may be implemented in hardware, or as instructions on a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium, including any mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine, such as a personal computer, hand-held computer, file server, smart phone, or other computing device. Non-transitory machine-readable storage media may include volatile and non-volatile memory, such as Read Only Memory (ROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, NVM, and so forth. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium does not include a transitory signal.

Although the invention is described herein with reference to specific embodiments, various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of present invention. Any advantages, or solutions to problems that are described herein with regard to specific embodiments are not intended to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or element of any or all the claims.

Furthermore, the terms "a" or "an," as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. In addition, the use of introductory phrases such as "at least one" and "one or more" in the claims should not be construed to imply that the introduction of another claim element by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim element to inventions containing only one such element, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an". The same holds true for the use of definite articles.

Unless otherwise stated, terms such as "first" and "second" are used to arbitrarily distinguish between the elements such terms describe. Thus, these terms are not necessarily intended to indicate temporal or other priority of such elements.