阅读说明：本技术 非常规的地热资源的发电系统及相关工厂 (Power generation system of unconventional geothermal resource and related plant ) 是由 R·丰塔纳 G·切尔门蒂尼 于 2017-05-04 设计创作，主要内容包括：从地层中的非常规地热资源以常见的蒸汽的发电系统基于以下事实：该系统由地热井以及集成在井的深处的热泵组成，所述热泵由延伸的同心管道系统组成，管道系统中的较大直径的管道用于热交换和热输送流体的上升并且小直径管道用于从外部向其底端输送流体。(Power generation systems from unconventional geothermal resources in the formation with common steam are based on the following facts: the system consists of a geothermal well and a heat pump integrated in the depth of the well, consisting of an extended concentric pipe system, of which a pipe of larger diameter is used for the heat exchange and the ascension of the heat transfer fluid and a pipe of smaller diameter is used for the transfer of the fluid from the outside to its bottom end.)

1. A system for extracting heat from geothermal resources, comprising a geothermal well and a fluid conveyance pipe from the bottom of the well to the surface, characterized in that the conveyance pipe comprises upward and downward flow branches placed at the bottom of the geothermal well, communicating in a fluid-tight manner through a heat exchanger consisting of an extended system of concentric pipes, the largest diameter pipe being used for heat exchange and ascent of a hot carrier fluid, the smaller diameter pipe being used for conveying the carrier fluid from the outside to its lowermost end.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein a damper is disposed between the heat exchanger and the geothermal formation adapted to allow condensed phase to drain.

3. A system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the concentric pipes extend to near the bottom of the well.

4. The system according to any one of claims 1 and 3, characterized in that, thanks to the provision of the air lock through which the exhaust steam passes, it is protected by a peripheral consolidation location that encloses a pipe of larger diameter between the consolidation location and the pipe.

5. The system of any one of claims 1 and 4, wherein the smaller diameter pipe is completely isolated from the carrier fluid at the surface.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein the isolated pipe is about 140mm in diameter.

7. A system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein piping for carrying fluid piping is provided in the case of different liquid phases and vapours between the well and the power plant and the same plant.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a medium-low enthalpy geothermal energy conversion system for the production of electric energy and/or for civil use. Furthermore, the invention relates to a plant using such a system.

Background

From the first few years of the last century, it is known to develop geothermal electric energy in industrial type plants; such plants are very widespread, especially in italy, the development of underground energy dates back to 1913, and in iceland, such plants are of extremely high importance due to the food autonomy of this country.

Italy still retains a large amount of geothermal reserves, divided into three categories: low enthalpy (t <90 ℃), medium enthalpy (t <150 ℃), high enthalpy (t >150 ℃). The mid-to-low enthalpy reserves of most common liquid forms have not yet been exploited. High enthalpy reserves of most common steam form are developed, but there is still a wide opportunity to implement new plants.

In addition to the geological difficulties associated with correctly identifying useful sites, the development of geothermal energy also presents technical and administrative problems that complicate the start-up of geothermal energy development plants.

In particular, the first obstacle is caused by technical problems, that is to say by drilling, and therefore by evaluating the geological formations to be traversed. Furthermore, the pollution problems associated with drilling are obvious, which are exacerbated by the fact that geothermal resources often lead to the emission of foam substances (particularly consisting of sulphur) polluting the atmosphere. A slight seismic event caused by fluid re-injection is observed in the area of interest. Finally, environmental politics has properly presented a particular importance, and in fact, when building a new system, its impact on the existing ecosystem must be considered.

Finally, the system currently known is a pumping station, and therefore the right water management policy (recently considered as an essential element of the development of environmental protection) also represents an important point of view, both from a strategic and interplay point of view and also from an economic point of view. These problems lead to extensive complexity in the arrangement of the entire production system and have a considerable impact on the implementation time as well as on the investment and operating costs.

Document US3957108A provides a geothermal energy recovery process, which document provides a heat exchange system suitable for reducing problems associated with the disposal of hazardous components.

However, as can be seen from the description and the drawings, the system is not completely closed and therefore does not completely solve any of the problems described above.

Disclosure of Invention

In fact, the problem addressed by the present invention is to propose a system that overcomes those inconveniences and allows to implement the system at a reasonable price, to simultaneously increase the energy efficiency of the system, and thus to obtain a better performance.

In particular, the object of the present invention is to achieve a system that does not include re-injection wells, does not carry mobile harmful fluids to the surface, minimizes erosion or fouling of the rapids, and can limit environmental impact, vehicles reducing the structure exposed to landscapes and the changes of the nearby ecosystem of the plant.

This object is achieved by a closed circuit system according to the invention and very briefly described, comprising the following phases:

-introducing a heat exchanger in the underground soil into the well, communicating by upward and downward flow to the surface plant;

-injecting a carrier fluid (usually demineralized water) into said heat exchanger to completely evaporate the liquid;

-letting steam and/or hot water escape from the heat exchanger and be directed to the ground by the downward steam;

-using the steam and/or hot water produced for power generation or for civil use in areas of possible interest.

Turbine power generation systems are usually provided with a heat extraction system equipped with a cooling system for subsequent total steam condensation and reinjection into the subsurface soil.

Therefore, another object of the present invention is to achieve a simplified geothermal power generation system to obtain high efficiency while reducing the impact on the environmental landscape.

The above object is achieved by a system for extracting geothermal heat from a geological formation for use in a power generation system, said system being characterized in that it provides the following phases:

-injecting a carrier fluid purified in liquid phase by means of a specific isolation pipe (duct) into the geothermal well;

-exchanging heat between a carrier fluid and a fluid in a geological formation within a confined space arranged within said geothermal well;

-allowing the carrier fluid to rise in the form of superheated steam up to the power plant.

Drawings

Further features and advantages of the invention will be better understood from the following detailed description of two preferred embodiments, provided as a concise example and without limiting the description to the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art geothermal spring;

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a geothermal well of a system suitable for a common steam drum, according to a first embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a system according to the present invention deployed on the ground;

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a geothermal well of a system suitable for use with a common liquid tank, according to a second embodiment of the invention;

fig. 5 is a detailed view of the heat exchange area.

Detailed Description

Typically, as shown in figure 1, a geothermal well consists of a series of concentric cement pipes, the length of which increases as the diameter decreases. The drilled area of the geothermal tank containing high temperature fluids inside is generally not protected by piping until the maximum depth of the well. The closure of the spring eye on the ground is achieved by a high safety valve system (wellhead). In the case of a power plant, a well implemented in this way can produce some geothermal steam water, sufficient for supplying a set of electric turbines for generating electricity, thus guaranteeing cost savings. Near the outlet of the turbine power plant, the steam is completely condensed and the liquid is re-injected into the geothermal tank through a dedicated well in order to keep the pressure of the tank as constant as possible and to limit the number of uses.

Likewise, in the case of wells for the extraction of common liquids at high temperatures, the solution now described can then provide a service of hot water for important public facilities (such as hospitals, schools or different offices) ensuring savings.

Instead, this finding presupposes a change in the internal well structure in accordance with the invention, to obtain a further advantage in the complexity of the system.

In a first preferred embodiment, as shown in figure 2, in practice, the system provides for the introduction of a heat exchanger into the geothermal well, this heat exchanger essentially consisting of a system with two concentric pipes extending almost to the bottom of the well, wherein the inner one is of smaller diameter, the bottom is open and is adapted to introduce the carrier fluid into the well from the station as a starting point during the liquid phase, while the outer one is closed at the bottom and is adapted to let the carrier fluid reach the surface during the gas phase.

The geothermal heat exchanger is constructed to be completely isolated from the underground soil and surrounding environment to separately bring steam, typically composed of pure water or other suitable compound, generated internally as the carrier fluid is superheated to the surface and delivered to the power plant at low power (not shown). In fact, contact with the geological formation is not required, and therefore leakage of formation fluids (e.g., synthetic sulfur) contained in the well is unlikely to occur.

However, in order to clearly understand the operation of the geothermal power generation system protected by the present invention, a process of starting power generation according to the present invention is pointed out herein.

The carrier fluid in liquid phase is pumped through smaller sized piping to the bottom of the heat exchanger, which comprises larger piping with a closed bottom, so as to exchange heat with a high heat source consisting of high temperature fluid in the geothermal tank. By raising the temperature, the carrier fluid, which is normally composed of water or any other component free of salts, evaporates and is therefore recharged along the conveying pipe, overheating during ascent due to exchange with the fluid contained in the geothermal well. Once at the wellhead, the steam is conveyed by suitable piping to a power generation system, typically consisting of a steam turbine and a generator.

After the transfer of the thermal energy, the steam is completely condensed, falls to the bottom of the well where the circulation starts again, in fact creating a circulation flow in which the steam is naturally connected.

The carrier fluid leaks very little and, therefore, the process is carried out with very low water consumption.

Outside the heat exchanger, there is condensation of formation fluid, typically consisting of nearly saturated steam, in the gap between the heat exchanger and the drilled formation. As soon as the fluid condenses, it falls to the bottom of the well where it is reabsorbed into the geological formation (geological formation).

The heat exchange between the formation fluid outside the heat exchanger and the carrier fluid inside the heat exchanger is ensured by the condensation of the steam present in the external tank and the evaporation of the internal carrier fluid. Both of these mechanisms are characterized by high thermal efficiency.

To further ensure that the water level corresponding to the geothermal tank is maintained, due to the provision of the air lock, well protection may be provided with a peripheral consolidation location enclosing a larger diameter pipe between the consolidation location and the well through which steam from processes inside the power plant is again conveyed.

The evaporated vapour condenses as it falls and again balances the water volume in the tank.

In order to exchange heat under the right conditions, the central pipe (also called formation pipe) is completely isolated from the hot carrier fluid at the surface. For optimum performance, the diameter of the formation conduit is preferably 140 mm.

On the ground, there are power plants that are started at low power by turbines of the conventional type (radial turbines) or of the retrofit type (turbine turbines), as schematically depicted in fig. 3. Since the system has no innovative features for a person skilled in the art, it is not described further here, so that the description is not rendered cumbersome by adding relevant technical details.

However, the system now described is configured to define the synergy between the heat exchanger extracted in the geothermal well and the area surrounding the heat exchanger.

In order for the system to work with the required characteristics, three different zones within the exchanger must be defined:

-a bottom zone of limited length, wherein the carrier fluid is injected through a small diameter pipe into the bottommost part, superheated, and thus brought to boiling temperature;

-a larger length of intermediate zone, in which the carrier fluid is completely vaporized;

-a top region, wherein the carrier fluid is superheated within the conduit.

At the same time, condensation of formation fluids on the outside may occur in order to define a fully closed system. To this end, it is desirable to form a chamber between the outermost wall of the well and the outer wall of the largest diameter pipe.

From the above, the exchange mechanism in the geothermal tank is obviously of the condensation type by natural convection.

The electrical energy produced by the well depends to a large extent on the specific enthalpy of the formation fluids. The limiting factor of the well productivity is not represented by heat exchange (which is indeed very efficient), but by the head well conduction system (head well conduction system) carrying the fluid. In this case, the heat exchange coefficients are generally assumed to be high values, since they correspond to the phase change state (condensation of the formation fluid on the outside of the pipe and evaporation of the carrier fluid on the inside); assuming a heat exchange coefficient value of 1.2KW/MQ ℃ and an exchange surface of 200m²Almost equivalent to a 500mm 7 "pipe (17.78cm), with a temperature difference of 50 ℃ and a thermal potential energy value of 12Mw at moderate pressure, can generate about 3Mw of power.

In a second embodiment, as illustrated in fig. 4 and 5, the last cement protection pipe is inspected deep inside the geothermal tank and conveniently drilled in the top zone, the bottommost end of the well ending with a non-pipe section (open hole).

In particular, the structures inside the well comprise complex heat exchange systems consisting of different elements on two lines. The carrying fluid pipeline consists of a heat exchanger and a conveying pipeline leading to the ground; on this line there is connected a telescopic mechanical element which allows the length of the fixed mechanical element (called packer) to be varied.

The liquid forming line consists mainly of a hydraulic pump which pumps liquid into the spring through a window in the top zone and re-injects the liquid into the deeper zone through a delivery pipe carrying the fluid.

Fluid heat exchange: formation fluids and carrier fluids are always completely separated in the well. The transfer of thermal energy proceeds as follows:

injecting a carrier fluid (pure water) in superheated liquid phase into the well through the small diameter tubes, absorbing heat from the inner exchange tube walls and evaporating,

the steam rises to the wellhead through a delivery pipe, is ejected from the well and delivered to the thermal power plant, from where it is fed back in the form of a superheated liquid,

formation fluids (liquids) are drawn from the top region of the reservoir by a pump and forced into contact with the outer exchanger walls at high velocity, thereby generating heat, which is then cooled.

Formation fluid (liquid) is recharged to the bottom zone and a conventional circulation flow is established by the liquid density difference generated by cooling; the drained fluid tends to settle at the very bottom of the reservoir where it heats up rapidly when in contact with the rock.

Thus, the two zones in the well are separated hydraulically from the mechanical element, called packer, common to the two lines, fixed to the wall of the protection tubing.

In the gap between the isolated formation pipe and the protected external consolidation and containment station, another pipe open at the bottom is inserted towards the geothermal tank, on which pipe a supply pump carrying a fluid is mounted.

In order to allow correct operation and to avoid vibrations or (in the most severe case) collisions, the two ducts are held in a stable position by means of holding elements that hold the two ducts in mutual position, which must be parallel.

As will be better understood from the description of the operation, in this case the heat exchange outside the exchanger is ensured by formation circulating water in the well produced with the aid of an electric pump.

From the foregoing, it is apparent that the unconventional geothermal systems described herein provide efficient heat exchange between fluids (contaminated steam water or liquid water at high temperatures) present in geothermal formations in wells and carrier fluids composed of high purity water or other compositions.

It will thus be appreciated that the invention described in this way satisfies the intended objects, achieving an economically sensible system, with a significant reduction in the environmental impact, both with respect to the landscape and with respect to the pollution impact associated with the extraction of contaminated formation fluids, by reducing the enthalpy leakage for the injection of supercooled water or the temperature reduction in the well caused by the complete contact with the inside of the well.

It is indeed noted that the systems now introduced do not imply contaminated formation fluid extraction, but merely heat extraction by carrier fluid means due to efficient heat exchange with fluids present in the formation. Furthermore, from the process of implementation and description, there is no input of contaminated fluid into the environment and no re-flow for re-injection into the geological formation.

It is well understood that the solution described in the second embodiment appears to be particularly versatile, as it can also be used in low enthalpy developed fields, near residential and/or industrial areas for heating and/or cooling purposes, with economic sustainability advantages.

From the foregoing, it can be well understood that these solutions can reduce the number of wells drilled and simplify the plants on the surface, thus eliminating expensive purification systems of the fluids pumped into the atmosphere, minimizing overall the risks of environmental pollution.

Thus, the intended purpose of using and managing geothermal energy production in unconventional plants is also achieved, which can combine limited environmental and landscape impact with high energy efficiency values.

In particular, an innovative closed system loop is obtained, through which the high temperature geothermal heat is transferred to the carrier fluid deep into the well by means of heat exchange tubes inserted inside the well, which allow an efficient heat exchange between the fluid present in the geothermal formation and the carrier fluid consisting of high purity water.

The carrier fluid is injected into the well in liquid form, conveniently superheated and vaporized in piping completely isolated from the well, and then flowed out of the well at a sufficiently high pressure and temperature slightly below the formation and supplied to a power plant (turbine generator). At the outlet of the power plant, all the steam produced by the well is condensed again and pumped into the well, the leakage is greatly reduced.

Such closed loop systems may have great potential and if not greater efficiency under certain geological conditions, similar efficiency to the original geothermal formations to which fluids produced in deep water reservoirs (bearing) are re-injected.

However, in addition to this, such a system is good from an environmental point of view: in fact, the pollutants contained in the geological formations are never dispersed in the external environment in any case. On the other hand, the probability of contamination of the subsurface formation with shallow fluids is also reduced.

Finally, the problems associated with the temperature reduction of the formation fluids caused by the re-injection of cryogenic fluids are greatly limited.

Then:

cost reduction with equal possibility

No emission of harmful gases to the atmosphere or greenhouse effect

Environmental sustainability, as exhaustible resources are not used.

Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that solutions suitable for the usual steam drums can also be adopted when the underground soil is composed of geological formations of low permeability which cannot be exploited by known technical systems.

Thus, the possibilities of development in this field are expanded.

Preliminary calculations of the exchange coefficient for tanks at common liquids indicate that it is possible to obtain a quantity of wellhead steam sufficient to generate electrical power above 3MW with a fairly limited exchange length area (about 500 meters of pipe).

Considering a heat exchange with a coefficient value of 1.0KW/mq C, the exchange surface is 400mq, corresponding to a 9' 5/8(24.45cm) tube of approximately 500m, the intermediate temperature difference is 33 ℃, and the heat exchange potential is 13 MW. The selection and simulation of the above values is quite prudent, and we can consider that more sophisticated evaluations can exhibit higher values, at least 30% improvement, during the execution of the planning.

The completion model described above is suitable for application in geothermal reservoirs characterized by very low temperature gradients in the formation (equivalent to 1-5 ℃/100m), typically in permeable formations commonly used for natural fracturing.

As such, because the presently described system does not provide for injection of formation fluids, but only provides for heat exchange at a depth, the risk of events (such as minimum physical earthquakes or settling events) associated with impact on the geological system planning of the area of interest is greatly reduced.

Finally, the risk of chemical contamination is also almost zero, since the well is isolated from the subsurface soil. Therefore, no emission of CO into the atmosphere is expected₂And H₂S emissions or other emissions from the plant during the production phase.

In this way a significant range of the above solution is revealed.

It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not to be considered limited to the particular illustrations described above, which represent only exemplary embodiments of the invention, but that various modifications are possible.