Method and apparatus for optimizing optical performance of interferometer
阅读说明：本技术 用于优化干涉仪的光学性能的方法及设备 (Method and apparatus for optimizing optical performance of interferometer ) 是由 L.L.德克 于 2017-11-08 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种用干涉仪测量测试对象的性质的方法,包含：a)提供校准信息,校准信息将干涉仪的对焦设定相关到测试对象相对于干涉仪的参考表面的位置；b)确定测试对象相对于参考表面的位置；以及c)使用干涉仪来收集测试对象的干涉仪图像,以用于测量测试对象的性质。(A method of measuring properties of a test object with an interferometer, comprising: a) providing calibration information relating a focus setting of the interferometer to a position of the test object relative to a reference surface of the interferometer; b) determining a position of the test object relative to a reference surface; and c) collecting interferometer images of the test object using the interferometer for measuring properties of the test object.)
1. A method of measuring a property of a test object with an interferometer, the method comprising:
a. providing calibration information relating a focus setting of the interferometer to a position of the test object relative to a reference surface of the interferometer;
b. determining a position of the test object relative to the reference surface; and
c. collecting interferometer images of the test object using the interferometer for measuring properties of the test object;
d. wherein the method further comprises: based on the calibration information and the determined position of the test object relative to the reference surface, mathematically propagating at least one wavefront derived from the interferometer image using one or more electronic processors to improve the contrast of the wavefront derived from the interferometer image.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the interferometer comprises a graduated-scale table for supporting the test object, and wherein determining the position of the test object relative to the reference surface comprises manually or automatically reading the graduated-scale table.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the interferometer comprises a light source having a variable wavelength, wherein the interferometer image is collected while adjusting the wavelength of the light source, and wherein the position of the test object relative to the reference is determined based on the interferometer image collected while adjusting the wavelength of the light source.
4. The method of claim 1, comprising mathematical propagation of a wavefront derived from the interferometer image based on the calibration information and the determined position of the test object relative to the reference to improve focusing of the wavefront, and wherein the measurement of the property of the test object is determined based on the propagated wavefront.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the measured property of the test object comprises a surface topography, a thickness distribution, or a material uniformity distribution.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the measured property of the test object comprises a thickness distribution or a material uniformity distribution, and wherein the method further comprises mathematically propagating at least one other wavefront derived from the interferometer image.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the focus setting is a position of best focus of an image of an object produced by the interferometer.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the calibration information.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the calibration information comprises:
a. collecting, using the interferometer, interferometer images of an artefact object having known surface features for each of the different positions of the artefact object relative to the reference surface; and
b. for each of the different locations of the artefact object, one or more electronic processors are used to mathematically propagate a wavefront derived from the interferometer image to determine the location of best focus of the image of the artefact object produced by the interferometer.
10. An interferometer system for measuring a property of a test object, the system comprising:
a. an interferometer for collecting interferometer images of the test object;
b. one or more electronic processors coupled to the interferometer for analyzing the collected interferometer images, wherein the one or more electronic processors are configured to store calibration information relating the focus setting of the interferometer to the position of the test object relative to a reference surface of the interferometer, and wherein the one or more electronic processors are configured to: mathematically propagating at least one wavefront derived from the interferometer image based on the calibration information and information of the position of the test object relative to the reference surface to improve focusing of the wavefront derived from the interferometer image.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein the interferometer comprises a light source having a variable wavelength, wherein the interferometer is configured to collect the interferometer images while adjusting the wavelength of the light source, and wherein the one or more electronic processors are configured to determine information of the position of the test object relative to the reference surface based on the interferometer images collected while adjusting the wavelength of the light source.
12. The system of claim 10, wherein the electronic processor is configured such that hardware of the interferometer is adjusted based on the calibration information and information of the position of the test object relative to the reference surface to improve focusing of the interferometer image, and wherein hardware adjustment comprises a mechanical, optical, or electro-optical adjustment of the reference surface to improve the focusing power of the interferometer image.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the interferometer comprises a detector for detecting the interferometer image, and wherein the hardware adjustment comprises adjusting a position of the detector.
14. The system of claim 10, wherein the one or more electronic processors are configured to mathematically propagate at least one wavefront derived from the interferometer image based on the calibration information and information of the position of the test object relative to the reference surface to improve a contrast of the wavefront derived from the interferometer image, and wherein the one or more electronic processors are further configured to determine a property of the test object based on the propagated wavefront.
15. The system of claim 10, wherein the measured property of the test object comprises a surface topography, a thickness distribution, or a material uniformity distribution.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein the measured property of the test object comprises a thickness profile or a material uniformity profile, and wherein the one or more electronic processors are further configured to mathematically propagate at least one other wavefront derived from the interferometer image.
17. The system of claim 10, wherein the focus setting is a position of best focus of an image of an object produced by the interferometer.
18. An interferometer system for measuring a property of a test object, the system comprising:
a. an interferometer for collecting interferometer images of the test object;
b. one or more electronic processors coupled to the interferometer for analyzing the collected interferometer images,
c. wherein:
i. the interferometer includes a light source having a variable wavelength,
the interferometer is configured to collect the interferometer image while adjusting the wavelength of the light source, and
the one or more electronic processors are configured to determine information of a position of the test object relative to a reference surface of the interferometer based on the interferometer images collected while adjusting the wavelength of the light source; and
d. wherein the one or more electronic processors are further configured to mathematically propagate at least one wavefront derived from the interferometer image based on the determined information of the position of the test object relative to the reference surface to improve the contrast of the wavefront derived from the interferometer image.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein the one or more electronic processors are further configured to determine a property of the test object based on the propagated wavefront.
20. The system of claim 18, wherein the one or more electronic processors are configured to mathematically propagate at least one wavefront derived from the interferometer image based on information of the position of the test object relative to the reference surface and calibration information relating the focus setting of the interferometer to the position of the test object relative to the reference surface.
21. The system of claim 20, wherein the measured property of the test object comprises a surface topography, a thickness distribution, or a material uniformity distribution.
Background
Interferometry for optical wavefront and surface topography measurements has become and has become a popular technique for high precision measurements due to its ease of use, performance, and versatility. Phase shifting interferometry ("PSI") is an interferometric technique. PSI involves accurately moving one of the surfaces of the cavity (typically the reference surface) using, for example, a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) while observing the cavity interference on a camera focused on the test surface. Analyzing the changes in the interference pattern allows one to calculate the complex optical field with respect to the difference between the test surface and the reference surface. If the reference surface morphology is known, the test surface morphology can be extracted to a high degree of accuracy from the measured field. Focusing is typically performed manually, where the operator adjusts the focusing until the surface feature or edge is most visually sharp (sharpest). However, accurate visual focus becomes difficult if there are no surface features, so users often resort to other methods, such as placing a soft non-reflective surface (like paper) with sharp edges in contact with the test surface to serve as a surrogate feature for focusing.
Early instruments used relatively low density imagers (i.e., VGA density, 320 x 240 or 640 x 480 pixels) because higher density imagers were not available or too expensive at the time. The measurable spatial frequencies obtained with these imagers are adequate (modest) and thus visual focus is sufficient. Modern instruments routinely use high density imaging formats, considering 1Mpix to 4Mpix camera routines and larger formats (25 Mpix).
Disclosure of Invention
It has been recognized that the high-density imaging formats of typical modern interferometric instruments can achieve spatial resolutions far beyond the ability of visual recognition by the user, and therefore, the fact that visual focusing is still employed means that these instruments rarely operate at optimal focus, which can compromise optical performance.
What is needed is an interactive or automated way to focus the instrument or compensate for out-of-focus conditions that is superior to the visual interpretation of live images of interference patterns. To address this need, embodiments herein provide methods and apparatus to measure and correct instrument focus to optimize the quality of interferometrically generated surface topography or wavefront maps.
In general, in one aspect, a method of measuring properties of a test object with an interferometer is disclosed. The method comprises the following steps: a) providing calibration information relating a focus setting of the interferometer to a position of the test object relative to a reference surface of the interferometer; b) determining a position of the test object relative to a reference surface; and c) collecting interferometer images of the test object using the interferometer for measuring properties of the test object. For example, the focus setting may be a position of best focus of an image of the subject produced by the interferometer. The method further comprises at least one of: i) prior to collecting at least some of the interferometer images, adjusting the focus of the interferometer on hardware based on the calibration information and the determined position of the test object relative to the reference surface to improve the focus of the interferometer images; and ii) based on the calibration information and the determined position of the test object relative to the reference surface, mathematically propagating at least one wavefront derived from the interferometer image using one or more electronic processors to improve the contrast of the wavefront derived from the interferometer image.
Embodiments of the method may include any of the following features.
The interferometer may comprise a graduated table for supporting the test object, and wherein determining the position of the test object relative to the reference surface comprises manually or automatically reading the graduated table. Alternatively, or additionally, the interferometer includes a light source having a variable wavelength, wherein the interferometer image is collected while adjusting the wavelength of the light source, and wherein the position of the test object relative to the reference is determined based on the interferometer image collected while adjusting the wavelength of the light source.
The method may include adjusting the interferometer on hardware to improve the focus of the interferometer image, and wherein adjusting includes mechanical, optical, or electro-optical adjustment of the focus of the interferometer to improve the focus of the interferometer image. For example, the interferometer may comprise a detector for detecting an image of the interferometer, and wherein adjusting comprises adjusting the position of the detector or adjusting focusing optics upstream of the detector. Alternatively, or additionally, the method may comprise mathematically propagating a wavefront derived from the interferometer image based on the calibration information and the determined position of the test object relative to the reference to improve focusing of the wavefront, and wherein the measurement of the property of the test object is determined based on the propagated wavefront.
The measured property of the test object may comprise a surface topography, a thickness distribution, or a material uniformity distribution. For example, when the measured property of the test object comprises a thickness distribution or a material uniformity distribution, and the method may further comprise mathematically propagating at least one other wavefront derived from the interferometer image.
The method may further comprise determining calibration information. For example, determining calibration information may comprise: a. collecting, using an interferometer, interferometer images of an artefact object having known surface features for each of the different positions of the artefact object relative to a reference surface; mathematically propagating a wavefront derived from the interferometer image using one or more electronic processors for each of the different locations of the artefact object to determine the location of best focus of the image of the artefact object produced by the interferometer.
In general, in another aspect, an interferometer system for measuring a property of a test object is disclosed. The system comprises: a) an interferometer for collecting interferometer images of a test object; and b) one or more electronic processors coupled to the interferometer to analyze the collected interferometer images, wherein the one or more electronic processors are configured to store calibration information relating an interferometer's focus setting to a position of the test object relative to a reference surface of the interferometer. For example, the focus setting may be a position of best focus of an image of the subject produced by the interferometer. The one or more electronic processors are configured to at least one of: i) prior to collecting at least some of the interferometer images, causing hardware of the interferometer to be adjusted based on the calibration information and information of the position of the test object relative to the reference surface to improve a focus of the interferometer images; and ii) mathematically propagating at least one wavefront derived from the interferometer image based on the calibration information and the information of the position of the test object relative to the reference surface to improve focusing of the wavefront derived from the interferometer image.
Embodiments of the system may include any of the following features.
The interferometer may comprise a graduated table for supporting the test object and a reader for reading the position of the test object relative to the reference surface, and wherein the reader provides information of the position of the test object relative to the reference surface to the one or more electronic processors. Alternatively, or additionally, the interferometer may include a light source having a variable wavelength, wherein the interferometer is configured to collect interferometer images while adjusting the wavelength of the light source, and wherein the one or more electronic processors are configured to determine information of the position of the test object relative to the reference surface based on the interferometer images collected while adjusting the wavelength of the light source.
The electronic processor can be configured such that hardware of the interferometer is adjusted based on the calibration information and the information of the position of the test object relative to the reference surface to improve focusing of the interferometer image, and wherein the hardware adjustment includes a mechanical, optical, or electro-optical adjustment of the reference surface to improve focusing of the interferometer image. For example, the interferometer may comprise a detector for detecting an interferometer image, and wherein the hardware adjustment comprises an adjustment to the position of the detector. Alternatively, or additionally, the one or more electronic processors may be configured to mathematically propagate at least one wavefront derived from the interferometer image based on the calibration information and information of the position of the test object relative to the reference surface to improve the contrast of the wavefront derived from the interferometer image, and wherein the one or more electronic processors are further configured to determine a property of the test object based on the propagated wavefront.
The measured property of the test object may comprise a surface topography, a thickness distribution, or a material uniformity distribution. For example, when the measured property of the test object is a thickness distribution or a material uniformity distribution, and the one or more electronic processors may be further configured to mathematically propagate at least one other wavefront derived from the interferometer image.
In general, in yet another aspect, an interferometer system for measuring a property of a test object is disclosed. For example, the measured property may include a surface topography, a thickness distribution, or a material uniformity distribution. The system comprises: a) an interferometer for collecting interferometer images of a test object; and b) one or more electronic processors coupled to the interferometer for analyzing the collected interferometer images. The interferometer includes a light source having a variable wavelength and is configured to collect interferometer images while adjusting the wavelength of the light source. Further, the one or more electronic processors are configured to determine information of a position of the test object relative to a reference surface of the interferometer based on the interferometer images collected while adjusting the wavelength of the light source. The one or more electronic processors are further configured to mathematically propagate at least one wavefront derived from the interferometer image based on the determined information of the position of the test object relative to the reference surface to improve the contrast of the wavefront derived from the interferometer image.
In addition to the features described for the previous system, embodiments of the system may include any of the following features.
The one or more electronic processors may be further configured to determine a property of the test object based on the propagated wavefront.
The one or more electronic processors may be configured to mathematically propagate at least one wavefront derived from the interferometer image based on information of the position of the test object relative to the reference surface and calibration information relating the focus setting of the interferometer to the position of the test object relative to the reference surface.
As used herein, "camera" and "detector" and "imager" are used interchangeably to refer to a device that records images of a test object, including interferometer images, and include, without limitation, charge-coupled device ("CCD") detectors, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor ("CMOS") detectors, microbolometer detectors, and other such detectors.
The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an interferometer system.
Fig. 2 is a side-by-side graph of instrument transfer function ("ITF") focused by the naked eye (left) and digitally refocused (right) imaged over a 100mm diameter field with a 4MPix imager by the imaging system.
Fig. 3 is a graph of focus metric (strehl ratio) as a function of refocused position.
FIG. 4 is another representation of the interferometer system of FIG. 1 for measuring a typical Fizeau interferometer for testing optical flat (flat). TF-test plate cavity length of G.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating calibration of a focusing mechanism using object space processing.
Fig. 6 is a flowchart illustrating calibration of the focusing mechanism using the subject space process.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating calibration of a focusing mechanism using image space processing.
FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating calibration of a focusing mechanism using image space processing.
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a swept wavelength phase-shifting interferometry ("SWPSI") system implementing frequency-shifting phase-shifting interferometry ("FTPSI").
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating refocusing using a calibration and focus mechanism.
FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating refocusing using a calibration and focus mechanism.
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating digital propagation refocusing to an optimal focus position using a complex field of calibration and cavity wavefronts.
FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating refocusing to an optimal focus position using digital propagation of the complex field of the calibration and cavity wavefronts.
FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating refocusing to an optimal focus position in a 3-surface cavity using calibration and digital propagation of the complex field of each of the multiple cavity wavefronts.
FIG. 15 is a flow chart illustrating refocusing to an optimal focus position in a 3-surface cavity using calibration and digital propagation of the complex field of each of the multiple cavity wavefronts.
Fig. 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating refocusing to an optimal focus position in a 4-surface cavity using calibration and digital propagation of the complex field of each of the multiple cavity wavefronts.
FIG. 17 is a flow chart illustrating refocusing to an optimal focus position in a 4-surface cavity using calibration and digital propagation of the complex field of each of the multiple cavity wavefronts.
Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.
Detailed Description
Disclosed herein are interferometers for measuring surface topography, morphology (form) or texture (texture) or optical wavefront, which contain components for determining the position of an object under test using a distance measuring system, and automatically or interactively adjusting the optical focus properties of the interferometer to optimize the quality and resolution of the final topography image. Methods of using the interferometer are also disclosed.
In certain embodiments of the method using an interferometer, the optimization of the final topography image comprises the following three steps: i) an initial calibration to determine proper focus settings relative to a reference position as a function of test object position; ii) determining the position of the test object surface relative to the reference position by means of the distance measuring system; and iii) adjusting the instrument, either in hardware or in software, to bring the test object surface into optimal focus.
In general, a reference position corresponds to a surface with a very low spatial frequency content (content), such as a reference plate in a typical interferometer.
An article or other component with known surface features may be used to set and calibrate the focus mechanism. This is in contrast to a test sample with surface height variations of interest but no other features in determining the best focus position. This calibration may be performed only once, periodically, or prior to each measurement.
In some embodiments, the distance measurement system may be a simple mechanical system, such as a ruler on the test object table, to mark the position of the test object surface relative to the reference surface. The scale may be read directly by a user, or an automated optical reader may be used to provide information about the position of the test object surface to an electronic controller operating the interferometer system. In other embodiments, the position of the test object on the test object surface relative to the reference position may be read from the encoder scale using an optical reader, rather than using a simple ruler.
Further, in some embodiments, a distance measurement of the test object surface relative to the reference surface may be determined by analyzing interferometric data acquired while adjusting the wavelength of the light source. In such embodiments, the distance measurement system is part of an overall data analysis system for a wavelength scanning interferometer system, as described further below. Further, in such embodiments, the object being tested may contain multiple surfaces (such as, for example, the front and back surfaces of the sample), and the data analysis system may determine the position of each of the multiple surfaces of the test object relative to the reference surface in order to selectively focus on one or more surfaces and/or correct for defocus.
In general, the desired accuracy of the distance measurement is at least on the order of the depth of focus of the imaging system used to image the object under test to the camera, which for many embodiments is on the order of hundreds of microns or even millimeters in object space.
In the case of implementing the correction of the focus position on hardware, embodiments may include any mechanical, optical, or electro-optical component for adjusting the focus of the test object. For example, an automated mechanical stage supporting a camera may be used to adjust the position of the camera based on the distance measurement so that the test object surface is in focus. In other examples, the position and/or optical power (power) of one or more optical elements used to image the test object to the detector may be adjusted to better focus the test surface onto the camera.
In the case of a correction of the in-focus position implemented on software, the electronic processing system for analyzing the interferometric image extracts the wavefront corresponding to the cavity formed by each test surface and reference surface of interest and digitally propagates this wavefront to a better in-focus position based on the distance measurement.
After improving the in-focus position of the interferometer image collected by the camera, the system can determine information about the test object, including information such as surface height distribution (profile), thickness distribution, and/or material uniformity distribution, with greater accuracy.
Exemplary interferometer System
FIG. 1 shows an embodiment including a Fizeau interferometer 100. Fizeau interferometer 100 includes a light source 102. The light source 102 may be a laser source, such as a helium-neon (HeNe) laser that emits light having a wavelength λ of 633 nm. An optical element 102, schematically depicted as a lens (only a single element is shown in fig. 1), may be used to collimate the light emitted from the source 102. A portion of the light is transmitted through the beam splitter 108 before it impinges on a partially transparent reference optical element 114 having a partially transparent back reference surface 115. The partially transparent reference surface 115 splits the light into a reference beam and a measurement beam. The measurement beam is transmitted through the back reference surface 115 and propagates to the object of interest 104, the front surface of the object of interest 104 lying in the plane 106. During calibration (as described in more detail below), the object of interest 104 may be an article of manufacture containing one or more surface features (not shown in fig. 1) having known characteristics. These characteristics may include the height of the features, the line width of the features, and/or the spacing between features.
The measurement and reference beams are reflected by the beam splitter 108 and imaged by an optical element 112 (shown as a single element in FIG. 1) onto a detector 110. Light reflected from the front surface of article 104 is combined with reference light reflected from back surface 115 of reference optical element 114 at detector 110, and detector 110 electronically images the resulting interference pattern. The detector 110 may be a two-dimensional detector, such as a CCD camera having a two-dimensional array of pixels. Carrier fringe interferometry is one type of instrument that can use the methods and apparatus described herein. For example, in carrier fringe interferometry, the reflected measurement and reference beams are angled such that there are dense interference fringes at the detector 110. The number of fringes over the field, called the carrier frequency, can be very high-on the order of hundreds of fringes over the field of view (FOV) of the instrument. The FOV is the spatial range observable by the instrument and may depend on the optical configuration. The FOV may be changed, typically by adjusting the instrument "zoom", for example. In the carrier-fringe approach, there is spatial encoding of the phase information. Increasing zoom reduces the viewable spatial extent but increases the sampling density-generally resolving finer details.
Other interferometer instruments may be used, such as systems using phase shifting techniques. In the phase shifting technique, the phase information is changed in time (temporally) to generate a sequence of interferogram frames. In general, the methods and apparatus described herein may be used in any interferometer (i.e., an interferometer that produces a topographical representation of a surface of an article).
The measurement data 118 recorded by the detector 110 is sent to the electronic processor 114. The transmitted measurement data 118 may contain a detected interference pattern that is an electronic image plane hologram of the object 104 from which a digital image of the reflected object wavefront may be computed using fourier processing. Fourier processing broadly includes DFT, FFT and other frequency transforms that convert spatially periodic features into spatial frequencies and vice versa. The electronic processor 114 contains software that allows processing of these holograms to directly measure the phase of the wavefront and to generate an electronic 3D image of the object surface. The electronic processor 114 can also receive information 116 from a positioning device 119, the positioning device 119 reporting at least the z-position of the test object 104 supported on the table 117. For example, the positioning device 119 may be optically, acoustically, or mechanically based, or use any other method that provides the positioning accuracy needed for in-focus applications. For example, in one embodiment, the positioning device 119 is an optical encoder system.
Further, for embodiments in which focus correction is implemented in hardware, the system may include an encoded, motorized focus mechanism 121 to move the camera 110 (or alternatively the imaging optics) along the optical axis to bring the test surface into focus based on information 123 from the processor 114, the information 123 in turn being based on z-position information about the test object 104.
Determining performance of focus settings
A Method for accurately assessing the instrument transfer function ("ITF") of an interferometer by measuring a specially designed article is described in commonly owned U.S. provisional application Serial No. 62/273,972 entitled "Method and Apparatus for optimizing the Optical Performance of Interferometers", filed 12/2015 at 31/2015, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. Such a method may be implemented herein to determine an optimal position of a stage supporting a test object by first measuring a degree of focus of an article supported by the stage. The article may contain phase or intensity characteristics. In particular, the above provisional application describes how to process the complex wavefronts obtained from PSI (phase shifting interferometry) measurements of the artefact, determining the distance to the plane of best focus-a process referred to herein as "focus processing", by approximating a maximization metric, based on the Strehl ratio derived from the measured surface features of the artefact after optical propagation of the measured complex field. Figure 2 illustrates the importance of correctly focusing on the surface being tested. In particular, fig. 2 compares the ITF performance of an interferometer system at different spatial frequencies based on both pure visual focus (left graph) versus digital refocusing (right graph), such as described herein and in the above-mentioned provisional application.
Currently manufactured commercial interferometers for optical metrology employ a visual focus method to set the focus. As shown in fig. 2, visual focus is insufficient because new higher density imagers are integrated into the interferometer to improve lateral resolution. The embodiments described herein (such as the interferometer and its operation in FIG. 1) describe methods and systems that automatically and optimally focus these instruments.
Based on the interference image recorded by the camera 110, the electronic processor extracts a "complex field" of the cavity formed by the reference surface of the reference plate 114 and the front surface of the test object 104, where the complex field is a function of the lateral coordinates (e.g., x-and y-coordinates) of the test object. For example, for a phase-shifting interferometry ("PSI") system, a sequence of N images is recorded for N different phase shifts. The phase shift, which is on the order of the optical wavelength and much smaller than the depth of focus of the optical imaging system, can be introduced by a piezoelectric transducer on the stage 117 supporting the test object. In this case, the complex field is determined by the set of phase-shifted frames acquired during PSI acquisition, as described below.
Let the complex coefficient of the PSI algorithm of N frames be CjWherein j is 0 … N-1. Various N-frame PSI algorithms are known in the art, see, for example, commonly owned U.S. patent nos. 5,473,434 and 7,933,025, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Let the pixelxN measured intensities ofx,jAnd (4) showing. "plural field" FxThen it is expressed as:
wherein the pixelxPhase of
and amplitude AxComprises the following steps:
relative intensity of | Fx|2＝Ax 2。
To mathematically propagate the optical wavefront corresponding to a given cavity in software to improve focusing, this complex field F is appliedxPropagate to a new Z' plane, becoming Fx', from Fx' can use
E.g. based on the number of bits to be derived from z1Is propagated to z2The step of decomposing and reconstructing the plane wave of (1) is;
a. fourier transform z1，U(x,y；z1) To obtain an angular spectrum of the complex wave front
b. Combining angular spectrum with propagation kernel
c. Removing the evanescent frequency (α2+β2>1 those frequencies return to zero)
d. Inverse Fourier transform to obtain a new plane U (x, y; z)2) Complex wave front of
For spherical wavefronts, the above mathematical theory uses the Sziklas coordinate transformation modification to account for changes in magnification during propagation. See, e.g., e.sziklas&Siegman, "Diffraction Calculations using FFT methods", Proc. IEEE, 410-. All z' is now measured relative to the beam waist position. Accordingly, from z for a spherical wavefront1To z2The steps of (1) are as follows:
a. coordinate transformation, e.g. x1,2′→x1,2/z1,2,y1,2′→y1,2/z1,2And is and
b. with these transformations, propagation proceeds identically to the above plane wave sequence.
To determine the performance of a given focus setting, the calibration artefact is measured by the interferometer system to determine the complex field. This complex field may be processed to extract a metric indicative of ITF. Furthermore, the complex field may be propagated digitally to other in-focus positions where the same metric is calculated. By comparing the results of the different focusing positions, the optimal focusing position can be determined. U.S. provisional application serial No. 62/273,972, referenced above and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes various methods and techniques for calculating this focus performance metric. One example of such "focusing process" of a wavefront corresponding to a given cavity includes a complex field applied to the wavefront and a calibration article having a step edge:
1) optical propagation to a new z-plane;
2) for each trace (trace) in the new z-plane (a series of pixels centered on and perpendicular to the step edge of the calibration article);
a. extracting a trace phase distribution from the propagated field;
b. fitting the distribution to a step to determine step height and phase tilt (i.e., sample tilt as a whole);
c. normalizing the trace by removing the phase tilt and dividing by the step height determined by the fitting;
d. differentiating the normalized trace with respect to location (e.g., nearest neighbor difference) and applying a fourier window (which minimizes error due to variations on the DC component);
e. a circular moving trace around its center (location of the step);
f. performing inverse Fourier transform;
g. calculating a phase and an amplitude at each frequency component;
h. calculating the phase slope with a weighted linear fit (weights derived from the amplitude);
i. removing the phase slope to obtain a phase residual error;
j. a circular movement trace around its center (this removes the movement in step 2. e); and is
k. The complex spectrum is reconstructed using the phase residuals and amplitudes at each frequency. (Note, step (ii))
e-j digitally processing the traces such that the step edge is in the middle of the trace and normal to the optical axis)
3) Averaging over the entire complex trace spectrum (note that averaging over the complex values tends to reduce random noise. Assuming the product step is perfect, the result is equivalent to ITF due to the differentiation of step 2.d and the normalization of step 2. c)
4) Summing spectral components of at least some portions of the averaged spectrum
5) Steps 1-4 are repeated for different focus planes until the summation in step 4 is maximized.
Once the best focus plane is found, the surface field is Fresnel (Fresnel) propagated to this plane and the final ITF is calculated using steps 2 and 3.
Note that the sequence overview in step 2 is one possible sequence. Other sequences may also be used. Overall, however, a stepped phase detrended spectrum is preferably produced as a result. In particular, it is important to account for misalignment of the step edges with respect to the imager sample points.
The process does not require that the step height be known a priori (which is measured in each trace). Since the lateral shift of the edges equates to phase tilt in the fourier domain, removing the phase tilt eliminates edge misalignment in each trace. Finally, averaging the complex trace spectrum minimizes random fluctuations in the single trace fourier amplitude.
The use of the sum of spectral components as a focus metric is very efficient and generally related to the strehl ratio. Fig. 3 shows the value of this metric as a function of the field propagation distance of the surface in nominal focus. The position of best focus is indicated by the position at which the maximum of the focus metric occurs.
Focus calibration of an exemplary Fizeau interferometer system
FIG. 4 is another schematic representation of an interferometer similar to interferometer 100 of FIG. 1. The interferometer is for measuring the surface topography of a test object plate ("test plate" in fig. 4), and has a fizeau geometry. The transmissive plate ("TF" in fig. 4) serves as an interference reference, and the test plate is located at a distance from TF and aligned, thus creating interference fringes at the camera. The interferometer also contains an encoded, motorized focusing mechanism ("focusing mechanism" in fig. 4) that moves the camera (or alternatively the imaging optics) along the optical axis to bring the test surface into focus. The computer controls the measurement process, analyzes the data and calculates and presents the results. The interferometer in fig. 4 also contains a piezoelectric transducer ("PZT phase modulator" in fig. 4) to introduce a phase shift in the sequence of phase shifts of the image recorded by the camera.
Referring to fig. 4, assuming that the TF-test surface cavity length (G) is known, the focusing process of the complex field of PSI measurements (as described above) can find the additional distance Δ in object space from the test surface to the best focus plane if the test plate contains surface features (or intensity or phase) with known characteristics. It is convenient to measure the best focus position with respect to TF, since the TF position is fixed in the system, and this is simply the sum of G and the propagation distance Δ. The object space position is optically conjugate to the position of the imager in image space. Thus two conjugate positions can be determined. The focusing process just described occurs in the object space, but it may sometimes be advantageous to perform it in the image space, for example if the sampling in the object space is poorly understood.
Accordingly, this basic approach requires knowledge of the cavity length G and the complex field describing the optical distribution in the cavity. However, information about the length of the cavity may be determined a priori, from an examination of the z-position of the test object, and/or from the interferometric data itself, such as by using wavelength tuning (as described in more detail below). Similarly, knowledge of the complex field describing the optical distribution in the cavity is extracted from the interference image recorded by the camera, including, for example, by processing a sequence of phase-shifted interferometer images. Variations on this method are used to find the focus, calibrate the encoded focus mechanism, and correct out-of-focus measurements.
Before the focusing mechanism can be used, the fizeau interferometer is calibrated to establish what image position corresponds to the best focus for a particular subject position. The calibration may be performed in image or object space. FIG. 5 illustrates calibration in object space using a calibration artifact. Because the collimator is located just to the left of the TF and the TF is fixed to the fizeau interferometer, the TF serves as a convenient image/object space boundary; to the left is the image space and to the right is the object space.
With the calibration article positioned as shown ("article" in fig. 5), the PSI measurement generates a cavity complex field. Assuming that the TF-article cavity length (D1) and spatial sampling in object space are known, the distance between the article surface and the best focus (D2 in object space) can be obtained by a process of focusing the cavity complex field. The object spatial position D1+ D2 is then conjugated to the imaging plane located at the encoder position P. By repeating this measurement with the imager (i.e., camera) placed at a different encoder position, the focus encoder can be calibrated over the entire measurement space. This exemplary process is summarized in fig. 6. In particular, in this process, for each of a plurality of camera positions, an optimal focus position of the test object is determined by optimizing a merit (merit) function based on the ITF, which is derived from the complex field of propagation as a function of the propagation distance.
Alternatively, the calibration may be performed in image space, as shown in fig. 7. In this case, for each of a plurality of test production levels, an optimum focus position in the image space is determined by focus processing of a plurality of fields in the image space. The conversion between object space and image space may generally be based on the measured image according to known features of the test article in object space and known pixel spacing of the camera in image space. By repeating the measurement with the artefact placed at different object spatial positions, the focus encoder can be calibrated over the entire measurement space. This exemplary process is summarized in fig. 8.
Focusing measuring mechanism
The calibration technique assumes that the cavity length "D1" between the reference surface and the article surface is known. Furthermore, applying calibration and subsequent focus correction to the test object requires knowledge of the cavity length D1. Although there are many possible ways to obtain this information, two options are described in detail.
(1) Direct measurement of chamber length using ruler or coded table
A ruler or a ruled table is the simplest option. The cavity length information can then be manually entered into the system. Alternatively, encoding the stage on which the test object is supported and including an optical reader would allow the interferometer system to automatically read the encoder, eliminating the need to manually enter the chamber length. This is illustrated, for example, in the interferometer of FIG. 1 described above, where the positioning device 119 provides z-position information 116 to the electronic processor 114 for processing of the interference image captured by the camera 110.
(2) Replacing mechanical PSI with wavelength tuning and FTPSI processing
In other embodiments, rather than mechanically shifting the phase, wavelength tuning is used to introduce a phase shift corresponding to the sequence of phase-shifted interference images. In particular, the light source of the interferometer is a wavelength tunable laser and the sequence of interference images is recorded by a camera for a sequence of wavelength shifts, thereby providing an alternative, non-mechanical way to acquire a sequence of phase-shifted interferograms. Such a technique may be referred to as scanning wavelength PSI ("SWPSI") to distinguish from mechanical PSI. In addition, frequency translation PSI ("FTPSI") analysis techniques can be applied to the SWPSI data to accurately determine the cavity length. Further, for test samples having one or more additional surfaces that create interferometer cavities with each other and a reference surface, the FTPSI can extract the cavity length for all such cavities. In addition, SWPSI with FTPSI processing has been shown to provide improved homogeneity (homogeneity) measurements and to eliminate spatially dependent phase shifts when measuring fast spherical cavities. FTPSI is described in commonly owned U.S. patent nos. 6,882,432 and 6,924,898, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. For completeness, one embodiment of a SWPSI interferometer that implements FTPSI is described below.
SWPSI interferometer systems and examples of FTPSI processing
A schematic diagram of such a SWPSI interferometer system 900 is shown in figure 9. The system 900 is adapted to measure optical interference between reflections from the front surface 902 and the back surface 903 of a transparent measurement object 901 (e.g., an optical flat plate). The measured optical interference contains contributions (contributions) from additional reflections from surfaces 911 and 921 of reference objects 910 and 920, respectively. For example, the reference objects 910 and 920 may be reference plates with well-characterized surfaces. Surface 902 is separated from surface 921 by a gap 925 and surface 903 is separated from surface 911 by another gap 915. The system 900 comprises a mount (not shown) for positioning the object 901 relative to the reference objects 910 and 920, and a computer 990. System 900 additionally includes a tunable light source 940 (e.g., a laser diode), a driver 945 connected to light source 940 to adjust the optical frequency of its output, a beam splitter 950, collimation optics 930, imaging optics 960, a camera 970, and a frame grabber 980 for storing images detected by camera 970. In some embodiments, a single device may perform both control and measurement functions (e.g., frame grabber 980 may be incorporated into computer 990). Driver 945 at nominal optical frequency v0The frequency range Δ ν tunes the optical frequency ν of the light source 140.
During operation, controller 990 causes driver 945 to control the optical frequency of light emitted by light source 940, and causes frame grabber 980 to store the optical interference image detected by camera 970 for each specified optical frequency. The frame grabber 980 sends each of the images to the controller 990, and the controller 990 analyzes them using the PSI algorithm. In some embodiments, driver 945 linearly modulates the optical frequency of light source 940 as a series of interferometric images are recorded. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the driver may modulate the optical frequency in discrete steps or according to other functions.
During operation, light source 940 directs light having an optical frequency v to beam splitter 950, and then beam splitter 950 directs the light to collimating lens 930 to collimate the light into a planar field. Optionally, a second beam splitter (not shown) directs a portion of the light to the optical frequency monitor. Surface 921 reflects a first portion of light to form a first reference wavefront 905a, and surfaces 902 and 903 of object 901 reflect additional portions of light to form wavefronts 905b and 905c, respectively. Surface 911 also reflects a portion of the light to form second reference wavefront 905 d. Lenses 930 and 960 then image wavefronts 905a, 905b, 905c, and 905d onto camera 970, where they form an optical interference pattern. The optical interference pattern also includes contributions from higher order (order) reflections within the cavity 909. Higher order reflections include, for example, interference between light reflected from the surface 921 and light first reflected off the surface 902, then reflected by the surface 921, and then reflected again by the surface 902.
In the following analysis, we first consider the optical interference pattern produced by the optical frequency tuned in a substantially two-surface interferometer cavity (e.g., the cavity formed by surface 921 and surface 902). The surfaces are separated by a physical gap L and contain a medium with a refractive index n. For example, the gap may be filled with air, which has a refractive index of about 1. The product of the refractive index and the gap thickness (nL) is called the optical thickness (which equals the physical thickness, L, for air). The total phase difference between the light ray with wavenumber k reflected from surface 902 and the light ray reflected p times from surface 903
where v is the optical frequency of the light, c is the speed of light, and Φ is the overall constant phase. The x and y strain (dependence) and phase of the gap LThis is explicitly shown in equation 4 to illustrate the spatial variation in phase. In some embodiments, the index of refraction n may also have x and y strain amounts. The extraction of this phase variation distribution or phase map is the information typically of interest in PSI. For clarity, this explicit amount of x and y strain will be omitted from the following equations.
Tuning the source optical frequency v produces an interferometer phase change
Where the dots represent the differentiation with respect to time. Cavity interference is thus at frequency fCIs given by
Accordingly, in the fundamental cavity, multiple reflection events produce interference at frequencies that are harmonics of the 1 st order (i.e., p ═ 1) frequency.
In some embodiments, the nominal value of the optical thickness nL and the optical frequency tuning rate
Further, the frequency f may be identified by transforming the interference intensity data measured by the camera 970 to the frequency domain (e.g., by using a fourier transform) to produce a frequency spectrum and identifying the frequencies of corresponding peaks in the spectrumC。
Once f has been determinedCAnd for substantially linear frequency tuning, the interferometer phase for any fundamental cavity can be recovered from the complex amplitude of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of the interference, for which cavity the frequency f is in the representative first orderCAnd (3) estimating:
wherein
In equation 8, IjIs the intensity sample measured at the j optical frequency tuned to the optical frequency. N is the total number of intensity samples taken. WjIs the sampling weight associated with the Fourier window W, and fSIs the sampling rate. The Fourier window W is typically chosen to suppress the signal coming from far away fCAnd the contribution to the phase estimate from the effects of the finite observation interval. Examples of fourier windows include Hamming (Hamming) windows and Tukey (Tukey) windows. The tower footing window may be located near fCIs advantageous in that the tapering width of the window may be selected to effectively match the peak at fCWith zero weight added to these additional frequencies.
The complex values of dft (fc) over all pixels in equation 8 give a "complex field" of the wavefront corresponding to the cavity, similar to equation 1 for mechanical PSI analysis. Further, the cavity length D1 corresponds to nL in equation 6, which may be derived from the extracted first order (p ═ 1) frequency fcAnd optical frequency tuning rate
Phase of each camera pixel
The phase extraction analysis discussed above provides relative information about the cavity (i.e., the change from pixel to pixel). Absolute information about the cavity can be determined. From equation 6, the first order peak frequency f can be derivedcAnd frequency tuning rate
In some embodiments, a high-resolution spectrum of a small portion of the cavity (e.g., corresponding to one camera pixel) may be obtained in order to accurately determine fC. To this end, an accurate value of the optical thickness of the cavity may be determined for the portion of the cavity. In individual measurements, a low resolution spectrum of the entire cavity can be obtained. Using equations 7 and 8, this information can be used to determine the phase map and optical thickness variation of the cavity. The optical thickness of the entire cavity can then be determined by reference to the change in optical thickness to the optical thickness determined for a small portion of the cavity. Parameters affecting spectral resolution and spectral resolution limitations are discussed below.
The above analysis adequately describes the case where the object 901 is opaque and only the reflection from the surface 902 of the object 901 needs to be considered. However, in some embodiments, the object 901 is transparent and reflections from the surfaces 921, 902 and 903 should be considered. In the following analysis, the reflection from the surface 911 of the reference plate 910 is negligible. For example, the reference plate 910 may be replaced by a non-reflective stop (stop). There are now three basic two-surface cavities, corresponding to surface pairs 921 and 902, 921 and 903, and 902 and 903, respectively. Surface 921 and surface 902 are separated by a distance L (i.e., gap 925). In the following, the gap 925 is assumed to be filled with air and to have a refractive index equal to one. The object 901 has a thickness T and a refractive index n. It is assumed that the interferometer is configured such that all elementary cavities have a unique OPD. The first order frequencies are then spectrally separated and the interferometer phase for any fundamental cavity can be extracted using frequency decomposition and phase extraction given by equations 7 and 8. Thus, both the relative and absolute optical thickness profiles may be performed simultaneously for a plurality of elementary cavities.
In order to accurately determine the peak frequency f of each cavityC(necessary for accurate absolute optical thickness measurements), each peak of interest must be spectrally resolved (resolve). The spectral resolution limit of the Fourier decomposition is inversely proportional to the observation time, so that the minimum resolvable interference frequency is
Should pass f to be resolvedminTo separate all first order frequencies. The parameter μ is introduced as a practical case. Theoretical resolution limitations occur when μ ═ 0, but in practice the minimum resolvable frequency should be somewhat larger, considering the potential instrumental defects and phase error sensitivity.
Setting fC＝fminEquation 6 means Δ νmaxIs given by
If μ is 0, the result is 3.75 mm for an 80 gigahertz maximum tuning range, for example. The primary cavity gap should be larger than the limit derived from equation 10 in order to separate the first order frequencies. Furthermore, if it is desired to determine the first order peak frequency accurately, the tuning range must be larger than the range required by equation 10.
The analytical methods employed can now be summarized as: the interferometer cavity is configured to create a unique OPD for each elementary cavity, thereby ensuring a unique interference frequency via equation 6. The interferogram is then sampled while the optical frequency is varied. The interferogram recorded at each pixel may then be spectrally resolved with a frequency transform (such as a fourier transform) and a first order frequency peak corresponding to the fundamental cavity identified from the transformed data.
In some embodiments, a frequency transform at a particular first order frequency using equation 8 is applied to the data to estimate the phase map for each elementary cavity individually (using equation 7). The phase map may be used to determine information such as, for example, the surface profile of one or more cavity surfaces, and/or the relative optical thickness of one or more elementary cavities.
Alternatively, or additionally, the peak frequency values themselves may be used to determine the absolute optical thickness of the corresponding cavity, provided that the tuning range provides sufficient resolution. The information about the optical thickness and the optical thickness variation of each cavity can be combined to determine the complete optical thickness distribution of each cavity.
Setting focus with calibrated focus mechanism
Once the focus mechanism is calibrated, the system can focus on any location of the test object within the calibration volume even if the test object is otherwise featureless such that simple viewing of the test object on the camera does not provide information about relative focus. As shown in fig. 10, the test surface of interest is placed in an interferometer and the cavity length D1 is determined (e.g., by manual or automated detection of the encoded stage, or by FTPSI processing for the case of a SWPSI interferometer). Using D1 as an input, the electronic processor storing the calibration determines an image position P that is best in focus based on the calibration and causes the focusing mechanism to drive the imager (i.e., camera) to position P to bring the test surface into focus. The system then measures the surface in focus. The process steps are summarized in fig. 11.
Correction of defocus with calibrated focus mechanism
In other embodiments, the test surface measured in the out-of-focus condition may be corrected as shown in fig. 12. The test surface of interest is placed on the interferometer, the cavity length D1 is determined, and PSI (or FTPSI) measurements acquire a complex field (not in focus). Using D1 and calibration, the best in focus object position (D1+ D2) is determined, and the system digitally propagates the complex field a distance D2 to that position using, for example, fresnel propagation as described above. The test surface phase information is then recovered from the propagated field. The steps of the process are summarized in fig. 13.
Focusing in multiple cavity geometries with SWPSI and FTPSI
The ability of the FTPSI to accurately determine multiple cavity lengths of a test object having a resulting plurality of optical cavities is highly relevant to the proper focus problem described herein. In particular, even if one surface of interest is physically in focus, it necessarily means that one or more other test surfaces of interest are not in focus. However, by using the SWPSI interferometer and the FTPSI, the complex field corresponding to one or more cavities can be digitally propagated to the best in-focus position, so that subsequent phase extraction can be performed with improved lateral resolution achieved by optimizing focus. Note that the reference surface or surfaces in the case of multiple surfaces are assumed to be smooth on the scale of the focusing effect.
As described above and in commonly owned U.S. patent nos. 6,882,432 and 6,924,898, cited above and incorporated herein by reference, SWPSI and FTPSI can be applied to various cavity geometries to measure parallel optical flat plates to provide separate measurements of both surfaces of the flat plate, optical thickness, physical thickness, and homogeneity from a single acquisition. Because the surfaces occupy different positions on the optical axis, it is not possible to have all surfaces in focus simultaneously during measurement. The techniques described herein may address this issue. Consider the 3-surface Fizeau geometry shown in FIG. 14, which is used to measure the front surface S1 of the flat sheet and the optical thickness nT (physical thickness T times optical index n). The imager is positioned at a point marked P and the conjugate focus position determined from the focus mechanism calibration is then BF. The distance (L) from TF to BF is determined from the P and focus mechanism calibration, while the distances D1 and nT are found by FTSPI processing or some other means. The complex field from the TF S1 cavity is propagated digitally a distance L-D1 to refocus the S1 surface, while the TF S2 cavity field is propagated digitally a distance L-D1-nT to refocus the S2 surface. The steps of the process are summarized in fig. 15.
As the illuminating wavefront passes through the test plate, it is modified by surface and index non-homogeneity. The wavefront is further diffracted as it travels downstream. When correcting for defocus on a surface downstream of the test plate (like the S2 surface), the effectiveness of the method just described will depend on the spatial frequency content of the contribution of the test plate to the illumination wavefront. Defocus correction will be effective if the wavefront contribution from the test plate has sufficiently small spatial frequency content that the diffraction changes are small. Otherwise errors due to the evolving wavefront may occur.
In another embodiment, the two surfaces of the optical flat, S1 and S2, physical and optical thickness, and homogeneity (when combined with cavity volume measurements) were measured using the 4-surface fizeau geometry shown in fig. 16. For example, the imager is positioned at a point P whose conjugate focus position determined from the focus mechanism calibration is BF. The distance L from TF to BF is determined from P and the focusing mechanism calibration, while D1, D2, and nT are found by the FTSPI process. The complex field from the TF S1 cavity is digitally propagated a distance L-D1 to refocus the S1 surface. The complex field calculated directly from the RF fourier peak is not referenced to TF at S2. To properly refocus the S2 RF cavity, the configuration S2 RF TF S2 is used and each of the TF X cavities is refocused individually as they refer to TF. S2 the complex field from the cavity field is digitally propagated a distance L-D1-Tn to refocus the S2 surface, and from TF: the complex field of the RF cavity field is digitally propagated a distance L-D1-Tn-D2 to refocus the RF surface. The two surfaces obtained from each refocused field are then subtracted to obtain a focused surface from the RF cavity S2. Alternatively and equivalently, the surface may be obtained by the product of the conjugate of one field and the other. As mentioned earlier, the RF: S2 cavity defocus correction will be sensitive to the test plate contribution to the illumination wavefront. The steps of the process are summarized in fig. 17.
Range of
The focus correction techniques described herein may be applied to many different types of interferometers. For example, the interferometer may be of any of the following types: fizeau, tayman-Green, milau (Mirau), Linnik (Linnik), Michelson (Michelson), scheimng (Shearing), or any other common type of interferometer used for cross-sectional distribution or complete 3D imaging of surfaces or wavefronts. Furthermore, the focus correction described herein is independent of the type of measurement employed by the interferometer, whether surface morphology, waviness, roughness, etc. Furthermore, focus correction can be applied to the interferometer independently of the source wavelength or coherence properties, as long as interference between the surface under test and the reference is observed. Furthermore, particularly when using SWPSI and FTPSI, focus correction may be applied to measurements involving any number of surfaces or cavities, as long as the appropriate optical distance is measured or otherwise determined.
The features of the data processing element may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, or in combinations of them. Features may be implemented as a computer program product tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a machine-readable storage device, for execution by a programmable processor; and features may be implemented by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions of the described embodiments by operating on input data and generating output. The described features can be implemented as one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive and transmit data and instructions from and to a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. A computer program contains a set of instructions that can be used, directly or indirectly, in a computer to perform a certain activity or bring about a certain result. A computer program can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment.
Suitable processors for the execution of a program of instructions include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and the multiprocessor of any kind of computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. A computer contains a processor for executing instructions and one or more memories for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also contain, or be operatively connected to communicate with, one or more mass storage devices for storing data files; such devices include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and an optical disc. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and memory may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits).
To provide for interaction with a user, the features can be implemented on a computer having a display device, such as a CRT (cathode ray tube), LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, e-ink display or another type of display, for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, such as a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer.
While this specification contains many specifics of the implementations, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any invention or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions.
Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination.
Furthermore, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.
Similarly, while operations are illustrated in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the order illustrated or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In some cases, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.
Thus, particular embodiments of the subject matter have been described. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. Moreover, the processes illustrated in the figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In some embodiments, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous.
Several embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
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